A new-round electric power system reform and electric power deregulation reform is on going in China. Of which, the transmission and distribution price reform has generated great impacts on electric power companies. Under this background, how to tackle cross subsidy of electricity price has become a burning issue in China. In this paper, the cross subsidy of electricity price in China is reviewed. Firstly, three categories of cross subsidy of electricity price are introduced; Secondly, the reasons for cross subsidy of electricity price are discussed in details; Thirdly, the impacts of cross subsidy of electricity price are analyzed; Finally, several policy implications are proposed for tackling the issues of cross subsidy of electricity price in China. This paper can provide references for policy decision-making of related government administration..
The document discusses the perspectives of the North Carolina Electric Utility of the Future Steering Team on modernizing the electric utility system. It recommends that utilities adapt to evolving customer needs by offering more choices, planning for distributed energy resources, and reforming pricing structures. Regulatory policies should support new technologies, cost recovery methods, and incentives for innovation to facilitate the transition to the electric system of the future. The goal is to position North Carolina as an energy leader and promote economic prosperity.
Before we kick-off a new line-up of insightful studies and conversations on energy this 2021, we take a snapshot of the previous working papers which were featured last year.
These studies were produced under the Access to Sustainable Energy Programme-Clean Energy Living Laboratories (ASEP-CELLs) project implemented by the Ateneo School of Government (ASOG), and funded by the European Union.
To receive updates on our latest events and publications, please subscribe to our mailing list through this link: http://bit.ly/ASEPCELLsMailingList
Transactive Energy article in Metering International magazine Fall 2013. Provides practical explanation of transactive energy in an evolutionary context.
The Evolving Role of the Power Sector RegulatorLeonardo ENERGY
Highlights:
* Catalogues the objectives of power sector regulators and the challenges, opportunities and interdependencies.
* Examining the current and future landscape is critical to the development of low-carbon electricity systems.
* Regulation needs to evolve in a transparent, open manner.
* This will reduce risk, maximize learning and facilitate a healthy environment for clean energy investment.
* Deploying low-carbon electricity systems requires decisive action from power sector regulators.
Presented by Rose M. Baker and David L. Passmore at the Annual Users Conference of Regional Economic Models, Inc., “Regional Economies: the Building Block of the Global Community," in La Jolla, California, 22 October 2007.
This document evaluates alternative allocation systems for electricity subsidies in Colombia. It begins with background on Colombia's electricity sector, including its restructuring in 1994 following an energy crisis. Currently, 90% of residential customers receive subsidized electricity prices financed through contributions from higher-income consumers and commercial/industrial sectors. However, the system under-collects and requires government budget subsidies of around 15%. The document proposes and analyzes alternatives to improve the system by fully subsidizing low-income consumers without budget subsidies. This would require policy and regulatory changes to modify contribution levels and subsidy groups. Analysis shows relying only on residential contributions is infeasible, but including more contributors at reasonable tariff increases could fund full subsidies. Further stakeholder studies are
Competition in the electricity market promotes customer choice, innovation, savings, and clean energy resources according to Exelon. Customers in competitive markets can choose from dozens of electricity product offerings and suppliers have incentives to create new innovative products and services. Competition also provides long-term savings opportunities for customers as electricity prices have fallen in many competitive states. Additionally, competitive markets drive economic growth and job creation as businesses benefit from lower energy costs.
The document discusses the perspectives of the North Carolina Electric Utility of the Future Steering Team on modernizing the electric utility system. It recommends that utilities adapt to evolving customer needs by offering more choices, planning for distributed energy resources, and reforming pricing structures. Regulatory policies should support new technologies, cost recovery methods, and incentives for innovation to facilitate the transition to the electric system of the future. The goal is to position North Carolina as an energy leader and promote economic prosperity.
Before we kick-off a new line-up of insightful studies and conversations on energy this 2021, we take a snapshot of the previous working papers which were featured last year.
These studies were produced under the Access to Sustainable Energy Programme-Clean Energy Living Laboratories (ASEP-CELLs) project implemented by the Ateneo School of Government (ASOG), and funded by the European Union.
To receive updates on our latest events and publications, please subscribe to our mailing list through this link: http://bit.ly/ASEPCELLsMailingList
Transactive Energy article in Metering International magazine Fall 2013. Provides practical explanation of transactive energy in an evolutionary context.
The Evolving Role of the Power Sector RegulatorLeonardo ENERGY
Highlights:
* Catalogues the objectives of power sector regulators and the challenges, opportunities and interdependencies.
* Examining the current and future landscape is critical to the development of low-carbon electricity systems.
* Regulation needs to evolve in a transparent, open manner.
* This will reduce risk, maximize learning and facilitate a healthy environment for clean energy investment.
* Deploying low-carbon electricity systems requires decisive action from power sector regulators.
Presented by Rose M. Baker and David L. Passmore at the Annual Users Conference of Regional Economic Models, Inc., “Regional Economies: the Building Block of the Global Community," in La Jolla, California, 22 October 2007.
This document evaluates alternative allocation systems for electricity subsidies in Colombia. It begins with background on Colombia's electricity sector, including its restructuring in 1994 following an energy crisis. Currently, 90% of residential customers receive subsidized electricity prices financed through contributions from higher-income consumers and commercial/industrial sectors. However, the system under-collects and requires government budget subsidies of around 15%. The document proposes and analyzes alternatives to improve the system by fully subsidizing low-income consumers without budget subsidies. This would require policy and regulatory changes to modify contribution levels and subsidy groups. Analysis shows relying only on residential contributions is infeasible, but including more contributors at reasonable tariff increases could fund full subsidies. Further stakeholder studies are
Competition in the electricity market promotes customer choice, innovation, savings, and clean energy resources according to Exelon. Customers in competitive markets can choose from dozens of electricity product offerings and suppliers have incentives to create new innovative products and services. Competition also provides long-term savings opportunities for customers as electricity prices have fallen in many competitive states. Additionally, competitive markets drive economic growth and job creation as businesses benefit from lower energy costs.
The document provides tips for conserving electricity in lighting in Haryana, India. It discusses how switching from incandescent bulbs to compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) and efficient fluorescent tube lights can significantly reduce electricity usage and costs. CFLs use 75-80% less electricity than incandescent bulbs and last 5-10 times longer. Similarly, efficient T5 tube lights consume less power than regular T12 lights. Making these switches can help close the gap between electricity demand and supply in Haryana.
Group2 current scenario of deregulation in developed and developing countriesPulakesh k kalita
The document summarizes the deregulation scenarios of developing and developed countries' power systems. For developing countries, governments traditionally controlled vertically integrated power utilities, leading to inefficiencies like irrational pricing, production inefficiencies, high transmission/distribution losses, overstaffing, and reliability issues. India introduced reforms in the 1990s including unbundling utilities and establishing independent regulators. Developed countries that deregulated include the UK, Nordic countries, and others since the 1980s/90s, featuring separation of generation, transmission and distribution and market-based pricing through power pools. Deregulation generally aimed to increase competition and improve efficiency/prices.
11.[45 60]electricity billing systems at residential level in sylhet cityAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the perceived satisfaction levels of pre-paid versus post-paid electricity billing systems for residential subscribers in Sylhet City, Bangladesh. The study aims to compare subscriber satisfaction across key issues for the two billing systems through a questionnaire survey of 50 subscribers from each system. Prior research identified factors influencing satisfaction, including payment convenience, payment process convenience, control over consumption, and billing accuracy. The document provides background on electricity markets, billing systems, metering options, and prior literature on household energy consumption behavior in Bangladesh. It outlines the objectives and methodology of the small-scale comparative study.
Contemporary issues and challenges of power sector in haryanaSubmissionResearchpa
In this paper, a discussion has been made about the current contemporary issues and challenges of the power sector in Haryana. The issues related to tariff rates, transmission and distribution losses, financial constraints & NPA, capacity constraints, and aggregate technical and commercial losses are discussed. The Haryana Power Utilities (HPUs) are required to be changed adequately from substantial losses to the sound profits by taking legitimate activities for improving the financial efficiencies, and technical performance by Kamaljit Singh and Jasvinder Kaur 2020. Contemporary issues and challenges of power sector in haryana. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 8 (Aug. 2020), 132-135. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i8.547 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/547/523 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/547
Assessment of Energy Losses and Cost Implications in the Nigerian Distributio...Dr. Hachimenum Amadi
Energy shortages is the major challenge facing the industrial sector in Nigeria. This paper assessed the energy shortages due to technical losses in the Nigerian distribution network and the cost implications. The study was carried out based on network data collected over the period 2011-2015 from three electricity distribution companies (DisCos) drawn from the three major industrial cities of Nigeria. These data were simulated on the Electrical Transient Analysis program (ETAP) Version 12.6. The calculated energy losses for these cities for the said period are 108,959.87 MWH, 149,256 MWH and 72,743.08 MWH respectively. The corresponding revenue losses are N2,434,164,012, N3,538,754,758.8 and N1,699,751,530.1 respectively. The paper suggested remedial measures to reduce energy losses, mitigate losses arising from unannounced electricity cuts as well as achieve a more efficient and reliable electricity distribution network. The outcome of this research provides a data bank for policy makers and future researchers in the areas of electricity generation, transmission and distribution.
Electricity billing systems at residential level in sylhet cityAlexander Decker
This document discusses electricity billing systems in Sylhet City, Bangladesh. It provides background on the history of electricity systems in Bangladesh and describes the current structure, including a single buyer model. It then discusses the two main billing systems used - pre-paid and post-paid. The study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of subscriber satisfaction levels with the two systems through a questionnaire survey.
Contemporary issues and challenges of power sector in HaryanaSubmissionResearchpa
In this paper, a discussion has been made about the current contemporary issues and challenges of the power sector in Haryana. The issues related to tariff rates, transmission and distribution losses, financial constraints & NPA, capacity constraints, and aggregate technical and commercial losses are discussed. The Haryana Power Utilities (HPUs) are required to be changed adequately from substantial losses to the sound profits by taking legitimate activities for improving the financial efficiencies, and technical performance by Kamaljit Singh and Jasvinder Kaur 2020. Contemporary issues and challenges of power sector in Haryana. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 10 (Oct. 2020), 12-14. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i10.653 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/653/617 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/653
From interconnections of local electric power systems to Global Energy Interc...Power System Operation
The document discusses the concept of a Global Energy Interconnection (GEI) that would connect power systems across continents. It describes GEI as an objective trend in expanding international power interconnections. The document outlines several stages for creating GEI by 2050, starting with coordinating national power system development and using existing interconnections, then developing large renewable energy zones and continental interconnections by 2040, and finally fully connecting all continents by 2050 using ultra-high voltage transmission lines. Realizing GEI would allow large-scale development of renewable energy sources, increase power's share of final energy use, and replace fossil fuels with cleaner energy on a global scale.
Kathmandu | Apr-15 | Interactions Between Productive Use of Energy and Access...Smart Villages
John Holmes & Bernie Jones
Smart Villages in South Asia: Kathmandu Works hop Report The Smart Villages Initiative, working with its local partner Practical Action Consulting South Asia, held a workshop in Kathmandu, Nepal on 10th April 2015. The aim of the workshop was to learn lessons from Nepal’s experience of micro/mini-hydroelectric schemes for off-grid rural communities and associated initiatives to stimulate productive enterprises which could be shared with other stakeholders in the South Asia region.
This document discusses rate design pathways for electricity providers to establish fair utility rates for solar PV customers in a distributed energy age. It proposes an integrated cost recovery approach for utilities based on three interrelated pricing approaches: 1) Allowing utilities to recover their minimum necessary customer-related fixed costs through a fixed charge. 2) Classifying utility costs as demand, energy, or customer-related and ensuring solar customers pay their fair share of these costs. 3) Considering utility rate cases like We Energies' proposal to increase fixed charges for solar customers cautiously to avoid over-recovery of costs or discouraging solar adoption.
The American Public Power Association’s “Rate Design for Distributed Generation” report examines rate design options for solar and other distributed generation (DG), using public power utility case studies. The report discusses how utilities have educated customers about new rates, and how DG
and non-DG customers responded. While the rate design options have some drawbacks, and might not be technically feasible for all utilities, they offer the industry new models that account for the rate impacts of distributed generation.
The use of DG, particularly rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV), is growing fast. As of October 2014, just under 8,000 megawatts (MW) of solar capacity was installed on residential and business rooftops across the United States (U.S.).1
The growth of DG has been spurred by environmental concerns and economic considerations. Federal and state tax incentives are a driving force behind solar PV installations
and can together cover up to 70 percent of the total cost of solar panels in some states.2 Declining solar panel prices have also fueled growth in rooftop solar. Utility rate structures for distributed generation have provided a significant benefit to solar customers.
As DG becomes more widespread, rate analysts and researchers are developing new rate designs to help ensure that utilities recover their cost of service, encouraging while providing appropriate incentives for rooftop solar deployment.
Utilities can no longer afford to take a wait and see approach in rate design for DG, nor should they assume that old rate designs adopted before the escalation in DG installations will work in the future.
Most utilities in the U.S. use net metering to measure and compensate customers for the generation they produce. However net metering has several shortcomings and results in non-DG customers subsidizing DG customers.
Utilities have options other than traditional net metering. Many public power utilities have adopted new rate designs to serve DG customers. Some of these rate designs supplement net metering by recouping more of their fixed costs through fixed charges, while other designs provide comprehensive alternatives to net metering.
Utility rate setters must balance between simplicity and accuracy, align costs and prices, support environmental stewardship, and ensure that rate designs are well suited to customers. Customer communication and engagement are essential components of the rate-setting process.
This report does not examine every rate design option, nor does it suggest a single best option. It offers alternatives
to traditional net metering, with case studies. Utilities
can consider how they can adapt rate designs to suit their community’s needs, factoring in market structure, state policies, and other considerations.
The document discusses policies to promote renewable energy and energy efficiency in Maine. It proposes adopting an energy efficiency procurement model where utilities would be required to purchase all cost-effective energy efficiency. This would remove barriers like legislative approval requirements and allow the Efficiency Maine Trust to administer higher levels of efficiency programs funded through system charges or long-term contracts. Adopting Maine's renewable portfolio standard could meet 20-30% of electricity needs through efficiency investments.
This document summarizes an article about India's energy policy and the need to promote renewable energy sources. It discusses how India has vast renewable energy resources and the government has implemented various policies and incentives to promote greater renewable energy deployment. The key challenges are India's limited fossil fuel reserves, high fuel transportation costs, aging conventional power plants, need to rationalize power tariffs, and reduce transmission and distribution losses in the power sector. The government is aiming to source 10% of additional grid power from renewable sources by 2012 to help address these challenges in a sustainable manner.
The document provides an overview of India's power sector, including its generation, transmission, and distribution systems. It discusses the various sources of power generation in India, including thermal, hydro, nuclear, and renewable. It outlines the history and reforms of the power sector in India, including the establishment of state electricity boards, greater privatization post-1991, and more recent policies like the Electricity Act of 2003. The performance of the power sector is assessed, noting issues like high transmission and distribution losses. Key targets and reforms to improve the sector are also summarized.
Bidding strategies in deregulated power marketGautham Reddy
This document provides a 3-page summary of a report on bidding strategies in deregulated power markets. It includes an introduction describing electricity markets and deregulation. It then covers market structure under deregulation and operation of power systems. The remainder of the document outlines the report's contents which include an analysis of various bidding strategies and algorithms, case studies, and a literature review citing 48 relevant sources.
Steve Avary - Electricity Utility 2 point 0 PaperSteven Avary
The document discusses challenges facing electric utilities in balancing financial metrics with stakeholder objectives like conservation and renewable integration. Innovation is critical but limited by regulatory disincentives as efficiency benefits customers rather than utilities. New performance models like RIIO in the UK and the Iowa model provide incentives for outputs. Technologies like batteries and smart grids have reduced peak demand but require significant investment. Distributed generation also threatens the traditional utility model by enabling customer independence and reducing load growth. New policies are needed to absorb higher costs and share risks between utilities and customers.
2015 Altran Battery Storage White PaperPhilip Clark
The document discusses energy storage and its potential to transform the power and utilities markets. It provides an overview of the state of the electric industry, describing factors influencing the grid like renewable energy deployment and distributed generation. It then outlines various energy storage services and benefits, including providing bulk energy and ancillary grid services. Applications of energy storage systems are explored for both transmission and distribution infrastructure support.
Indian Power Sector - Industry AnalysisArjun Yadav
The power sector in India has entered into the growth stage since 2003. With a production of 1,006 TWh, India is the fifth largest producer and consumer of electricity in the world after Russia. The sector is also witnessing robust growth in renewable sources of energy with wind and solar energy estimated to contribute 15GW and 10GW respectively, during the next five year plan. The government passed the National Tariff Policy in 2006 that ensured adequate ROI to companies engaged in power generation, transmission and distribution and assured the consumers affordable rates.
IRJET- Demand Response Optimization using Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swar...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization to optimize demand response. It discusses how increasing population growth has increased energy demand, challenging utilities to balance supply and demand. Demand response aims to reduce peak loads by encouraging consumers to reduce electricity use during peak periods. Smart meters provide consumers information on their usage to help reduce loads. The document reviews literature on using particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithms to optimize dividing consumer loads into elastic and inelastic parts to better control total load and reduce costs. It finds genetic algorithms provide better results than particle swarm optimization for this application.
Market Based Criteria for Congestion Management and Transmission PricingIJERA Editor
Congestion Management is one of the major tasks performed by system operator to ensure the operation of transmission system within operating limits. In the emerging electric power market, the congestion management becomes extremely important and it can impose a barrier to the electricity trading. In the present paper, a concept of transmission congestion penalty factors is developed and implemented to control power overflows in transmission lines for congestion management. Here we presents a Re-dispatch methodology for cost of transmission network to its user. The transmission price computation considers the physical impact caused by the market agents in the transmission network. The paper includes case study for IEEE 5 bus power system.
This document discusses power system deregulation. It begins with an introduction that defines electric deregulation as changing rules and regulations that allow for competition among electricity suppliers. The objectives of deregulation are then outlined, including providing reliable supply at affordable prices. Key concepts like open access and the roles of generation companies, transmission companies, and distribution companies in the deregulated system are explained. The benefits of deregulation such as reduced prices and improved efficiency are also summarized. Organization models for restructuring the power utility are then described, followed by an explanation of how spot prices are calculated in a deregulated market.
The document provides tips for conserving electricity in lighting in Haryana, India. It discusses how switching from incandescent bulbs to compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) and efficient fluorescent tube lights can significantly reduce electricity usage and costs. CFLs use 75-80% less electricity than incandescent bulbs and last 5-10 times longer. Similarly, efficient T5 tube lights consume less power than regular T12 lights. Making these switches can help close the gap between electricity demand and supply in Haryana.
Group2 current scenario of deregulation in developed and developing countriesPulakesh k kalita
The document summarizes the deregulation scenarios of developing and developed countries' power systems. For developing countries, governments traditionally controlled vertically integrated power utilities, leading to inefficiencies like irrational pricing, production inefficiencies, high transmission/distribution losses, overstaffing, and reliability issues. India introduced reforms in the 1990s including unbundling utilities and establishing independent regulators. Developed countries that deregulated include the UK, Nordic countries, and others since the 1980s/90s, featuring separation of generation, transmission and distribution and market-based pricing through power pools. Deregulation generally aimed to increase competition and improve efficiency/prices.
11.[45 60]electricity billing systems at residential level in sylhet cityAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the perceived satisfaction levels of pre-paid versus post-paid electricity billing systems for residential subscribers in Sylhet City, Bangladesh. The study aims to compare subscriber satisfaction across key issues for the two billing systems through a questionnaire survey of 50 subscribers from each system. Prior research identified factors influencing satisfaction, including payment convenience, payment process convenience, control over consumption, and billing accuracy. The document provides background on electricity markets, billing systems, metering options, and prior literature on household energy consumption behavior in Bangladesh. It outlines the objectives and methodology of the small-scale comparative study.
Contemporary issues and challenges of power sector in haryanaSubmissionResearchpa
In this paper, a discussion has been made about the current contemporary issues and challenges of the power sector in Haryana. The issues related to tariff rates, transmission and distribution losses, financial constraints & NPA, capacity constraints, and aggregate technical and commercial losses are discussed. The Haryana Power Utilities (HPUs) are required to be changed adequately from substantial losses to the sound profits by taking legitimate activities for improving the financial efficiencies, and technical performance by Kamaljit Singh and Jasvinder Kaur 2020. Contemporary issues and challenges of power sector in haryana. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 8 (Aug. 2020), 132-135. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i8.547 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/547/523 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/547
Assessment of Energy Losses and Cost Implications in the Nigerian Distributio...Dr. Hachimenum Amadi
Energy shortages is the major challenge facing the industrial sector in Nigeria. This paper assessed the energy shortages due to technical losses in the Nigerian distribution network and the cost implications. The study was carried out based on network data collected over the period 2011-2015 from three electricity distribution companies (DisCos) drawn from the three major industrial cities of Nigeria. These data were simulated on the Electrical Transient Analysis program (ETAP) Version 12.6. The calculated energy losses for these cities for the said period are 108,959.87 MWH, 149,256 MWH and 72,743.08 MWH respectively. The corresponding revenue losses are N2,434,164,012, N3,538,754,758.8 and N1,699,751,530.1 respectively. The paper suggested remedial measures to reduce energy losses, mitigate losses arising from unannounced electricity cuts as well as achieve a more efficient and reliable electricity distribution network. The outcome of this research provides a data bank for policy makers and future researchers in the areas of electricity generation, transmission and distribution.
Electricity billing systems at residential level in sylhet cityAlexander Decker
This document discusses electricity billing systems in Sylhet City, Bangladesh. It provides background on the history of electricity systems in Bangladesh and describes the current structure, including a single buyer model. It then discusses the two main billing systems used - pre-paid and post-paid. The study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of subscriber satisfaction levels with the two systems through a questionnaire survey.
Contemporary issues and challenges of power sector in HaryanaSubmissionResearchpa
In this paper, a discussion has been made about the current contemporary issues and challenges of the power sector in Haryana. The issues related to tariff rates, transmission and distribution losses, financial constraints & NPA, capacity constraints, and aggregate technical and commercial losses are discussed. The Haryana Power Utilities (HPUs) are required to be changed adequately from substantial losses to the sound profits by taking legitimate activities for improving the financial efficiencies, and technical performance by Kamaljit Singh and Jasvinder Kaur 2020. Contemporary issues and challenges of power sector in Haryana. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 10 (Oct. 2020), 12-14. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i10.653 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/653/617 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/653
From interconnections of local electric power systems to Global Energy Interc...Power System Operation
The document discusses the concept of a Global Energy Interconnection (GEI) that would connect power systems across continents. It describes GEI as an objective trend in expanding international power interconnections. The document outlines several stages for creating GEI by 2050, starting with coordinating national power system development and using existing interconnections, then developing large renewable energy zones and continental interconnections by 2040, and finally fully connecting all continents by 2050 using ultra-high voltage transmission lines. Realizing GEI would allow large-scale development of renewable energy sources, increase power's share of final energy use, and replace fossil fuels with cleaner energy on a global scale.
Kathmandu | Apr-15 | Interactions Between Productive Use of Energy and Access...Smart Villages
John Holmes & Bernie Jones
Smart Villages in South Asia: Kathmandu Works hop Report The Smart Villages Initiative, working with its local partner Practical Action Consulting South Asia, held a workshop in Kathmandu, Nepal on 10th April 2015. The aim of the workshop was to learn lessons from Nepal’s experience of micro/mini-hydroelectric schemes for off-grid rural communities and associated initiatives to stimulate productive enterprises which could be shared with other stakeholders in the South Asia region.
This document discusses rate design pathways for electricity providers to establish fair utility rates for solar PV customers in a distributed energy age. It proposes an integrated cost recovery approach for utilities based on three interrelated pricing approaches: 1) Allowing utilities to recover their minimum necessary customer-related fixed costs through a fixed charge. 2) Classifying utility costs as demand, energy, or customer-related and ensuring solar customers pay their fair share of these costs. 3) Considering utility rate cases like We Energies' proposal to increase fixed charges for solar customers cautiously to avoid over-recovery of costs or discouraging solar adoption.
The American Public Power Association’s “Rate Design for Distributed Generation” report examines rate design options for solar and other distributed generation (DG), using public power utility case studies. The report discusses how utilities have educated customers about new rates, and how DG
and non-DG customers responded. While the rate design options have some drawbacks, and might not be technically feasible for all utilities, they offer the industry new models that account for the rate impacts of distributed generation.
The use of DG, particularly rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV), is growing fast. As of October 2014, just under 8,000 megawatts (MW) of solar capacity was installed on residential and business rooftops across the United States (U.S.).1
The growth of DG has been spurred by environmental concerns and economic considerations. Federal and state tax incentives are a driving force behind solar PV installations
and can together cover up to 70 percent of the total cost of solar panels in some states.2 Declining solar panel prices have also fueled growth in rooftop solar. Utility rate structures for distributed generation have provided a significant benefit to solar customers.
As DG becomes more widespread, rate analysts and researchers are developing new rate designs to help ensure that utilities recover their cost of service, encouraging while providing appropriate incentives for rooftop solar deployment.
Utilities can no longer afford to take a wait and see approach in rate design for DG, nor should they assume that old rate designs adopted before the escalation in DG installations will work in the future.
Most utilities in the U.S. use net metering to measure and compensate customers for the generation they produce. However net metering has several shortcomings and results in non-DG customers subsidizing DG customers.
Utilities have options other than traditional net metering. Many public power utilities have adopted new rate designs to serve DG customers. Some of these rate designs supplement net metering by recouping more of their fixed costs through fixed charges, while other designs provide comprehensive alternatives to net metering.
Utility rate setters must balance between simplicity and accuracy, align costs and prices, support environmental stewardship, and ensure that rate designs are well suited to customers. Customer communication and engagement are essential components of the rate-setting process.
This report does not examine every rate design option, nor does it suggest a single best option. It offers alternatives
to traditional net metering, with case studies. Utilities
can consider how they can adapt rate designs to suit their community’s needs, factoring in market structure, state policies, and other considerations.
The document discusses policies to promote renewable energy and energy efficiency in Maine. It proposes adopting an energy efficiency procurement model where utilities would be required to purchase all cost-effective energy efficiency. This would remove barriers like legislative approval requirements and allow the Efficiency Maine Trust to administer higher levels of efficiency programs funded through system charges or long-term contracts. Adopting Maine's renewable portfolio standard could meet 20-30% of electricity needs through efficiency investments.
This document summarizes an article about India's energy policy and the need to promote renewable energy sources. It discusses how India has vast renewable energy resources and the government has implemented various policies and incentives to promote greater renewable energy deployment. The key challenges are India's limited fossil fuel reserves, high fuel transportation costs, aging conventional power plants, need to rationalize power tariffs, and reduce transmission and distribution losses in the power sector. The government is aiming to source 10% of additional grid power from renewable sources by 2012 to help address these challenges in a sustainable manner.
The document provides an overview of India's power sector, including its generation, transmission, and distribution systems. It discusses the various sources of power generation in India, including thermal, hydro, nuclear, and renewable. It outlines the history and reforms of the power sector in India, including the establishment of state electricity boards, greater privatization post-1991, and more recent policies like the Electricity Act of 2003. The performance of the power sector is assessed, noting issues like high transmission and distribution losses. Key targets and reforms to improve the sector are also summarized.
Bidding strategies in deregulated power marketGautham Reddy
This document provides a 3-page summary of a report on bidding strategies in deregulated power markets. It includes an introduction describing electricity markets and deregulation. It then covers market structure under deregulation and operation of power systems. The remainder of the document outlines the report's contents which include an analysis of various bidding strategies and algorithms, case studies, and a literature review citing 48 relevant sources.
Steve Avary - Electricity Utility 2 point 0 PaperSteven Avary
The document discusses challenges facing electric utilities in balancing financial metrics with stakeholder objectives like conservation and renewable integration. Innovation is critical but limited by regulatory disincentives as efficiency benefits customers rather than utilities. New performance models like RIIO in the UK and the Iowa model provide incentives for outputs. Technologies like batteries and smart grids have reduced peak demand but require significant investment. Distributed generation also threatens the traditional utility model by enabling customer independence and reducing load growth. New policies are needed to absorb higher costs and share risks between utilities and customers.
2015 Altran Battery Storage White PaperPhilip Clark
The document discusses energy storage and its potential to transform the power and utilities markets. It provides an overview of the state of the electric industry, describing factors influencing the grid like renewable energy deployment and distributed generation. It then outlines various energy storage services and benefits, including providing bulk energy and ancillary grid services. Applications of energy storage systems are explored for both transmission and distribution infrastructure support.
Indian Power Sector - Industry AnalysisArjun Yadav
The power sector in India has entered into the growth stage since 2003. With a production of 1,006 TWh, India is the fifth largest producer and consumer of electricity in the world after Russia. The sector is also witnessing robust growth in renewable sources of energy with wind and solar energy estimated to contribute 15GW and 10GW respectively, during the next five year plan. The government passed the National Tariff Policy in 2006 that ensured adequate ROI to companies engaged in power generation, transmission and distribution and assured the consumers affordable rates.
IRJET- Demand Response Optimization using Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swar...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization to optimize demand response. It discusses how increasing population growth has increased energy demand, challenging utilities to balance supply and demand. Demand response aims to reduce peak loads by encouraging consumers to reduce electricity use during peak periods. Smart meters provide consumers information on their usage to help reduce loads. The document reviews literature on using particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithms to optimize dividing consumer loads into elastic and inelastic parts to better control total load and reduce costs. It finds genetic algorithms provide better results than particle swarm optimization for this application.
Market Based Criteria for Congestion Management and Transmission PricingIJERA Editor
Congestion Management is one of the major tasks performed by system operator to ensure the operation of transmission system within operating limits. In the emerging electric power market, the congestion management becomes extremely important and it can impose a barrier to the electricity trading. In the present paper, a concept of transmission congestion penalty factors is developed and implemented to control power overflows in transmission lines for congestion management. Here we presents a Re-dispatch methodology for cost of transmission network to its user. The transmission price computation considers the physical impact caused by the market agents in the transmission network. The paper includes case study for IEEE 5 bus power system.
This document discusses power system deregulation. It begins with an introduction that defines electric deregulation as changing rules and regulations that allow for competition among electricity suppliers. The objectives of deregulation are then outlined, including providing reliable supply at affordable prices. Key concepts like open access and the roles of generation companies, transmission companies, and distribution companies in the deregulated system are explained. The benefits of deregulation such as reduced prices and improved efficiency are also summarized. Organization models for restructuring the power utility are then described, followed by an explanation of how spot prices are calculated in a deregulated market.
Improving Distribution System Performance in Deregulated Electricity Industry...IOSRJEEE
In many developing countries, domestic electricity consumers having single phase appliances are most times supplied with single phase meters with incoming three phase supply lines. Due to frequent phase faults, these customers often change their supply from one phase to another whenever there is low voltage or no supply in the phase they are currently connected to. This action coupled with the fact that there is uneven distribution of loads on the distribution transformers in residential areas, lead to more transformer overload with consequential loss of power, equipment, man-hours, revenue and in extreme cases, life. When electricity was treated as a welfare commodity or as part of government social responsibility, these consequences where ignored. But with commercialization, privatization and deregulation, cost minimization and profit maximization have become the watchwords. As a means of minimizing this, utilizing the concept of phase-constrained electricity billing scheme in the deregulated Nigerian Power Industry was presented in this work. The phaseconstrained billing model involves re-arranging the service lines and setting up constraint matrices to relate the phase and service lines utilizable by customer to the electricity bill using penalty factors. To test the acceptability of this model, a customer behavior and utilization index based questionnaires were administered in the field. The survey was analyzed using the statistical attitude measurement technique based on the 5-point Likert Scale. The responses obtained showed that introducing a penalty factor in the billing which ensure that those using more phases pay higher will minimize frequent change of phases; and provide a direction for utilities and customers in resolving the power quality and availability problems associated with frequent phase changing.
The art of determining the cost of producing electrical energy per unit (i.e., one kWh), known as the economics of power generation. The economics of power generation has assumed a great importance in this fast developing Economics of Power Generation
This document discusses line-by-line embedded transmission pricing methodologies. It introduces concepts of deregulating the electric power industry and defines wheeling as transmitting electricity from a seller to buyer through a third party transmission network. It discusses different wheeling cost computation methodologies, including embedded and incremental cost approaches. It focuses on explaining the "line-by-line" embedded methodology in detail and how it can be used to calculate wheeling costs by allocating all existing and new transmission system costs to wheeling customers.
ADOPTING MEASURES TO REDUCE POWER OUTAGESelelijjournal
This work investigates and evaluates the electric energy interruptions to the residential sector resulting
from severe power outages. The study results show that this sector will suffer tangible and intangible losses
should these outages occur during specific times, seasons, and for prolonged durations. To reduce these
power outages and hence mitigate their adverse consequences, the study proposes practical measures that
can be adopted without compromising the consumers’ needs, satisfaction ,and convenience.
The document analyzes economic welfare gains from demand response and real-time pricing for industrial processes. Demand response refers to electricity users reducing consumption during peak periods in exchange for incentives. Real-time pricing sets electricity rates based on current generation costs. The paper models industrial load-shifting as a demand response method for a customer on day-ahead real-time pricing, demonstrating the economic benefits for the power system. Upgrading the grid with smart technology, pricing signals, and policies promoting responsive behavior could capture surplus welfare by making all participants more responsive to price changes and grid events.
This document compares conventional and modern techniques for electrical load forecasting based on artificial intelligence and expert systems. It summarizes the key differences between short-term, medium-term, and long-term load forecasting and describes some common methods used, including regression analysis, time series analysis, artificial neural networks, expert systems, and fuzzy logic. The document advocates that modern soft computing techniques provide more accurate load forecasts than traditional analytical methods by better representing the complex nonlinear relationships between load and influencing factors.
This document compares conventional and modern techniques for electrical load forecasting based on artificial intelligence and expert systems. It summarizes the key differences between short-term, medium-term, and long-term load forecasting and describes some common methods used, including regression analysis, time series analysis, artificial neural networks, expert systems, and fuzzy logic. The document advocates that modern soft computing techniques provide more accurate load forecasts than traditional analytical methods by better representing the complex, nonlinear relationships between load and influencing factors.
Comprehensive Evaluation Model for the Implementation Effect of China's Trans...AI Publications
This document proposes a comprehensive evaluation model to assess the implementation effect of China's transmission and distribution tariff reform. It establishes a four-dimensional index system including 12 indicators to evaluate economic efficiency, safety and reliability, energy saving and environment protection, and satisfaction. A hybrid model is proposed using the Best-Worst Method to determine indicator weights and the Matter-Element Extension Model to rank performance. This evaluation model can provide references for policymakers to improve tariff reform policies.
In this Energy Flash we give an overview of the package and discuss the challenges ahead and the many controversies surrounding the Clean Energy Package.
This document discusses measures to reduce power outages for the residential sector. It first reviews existing studies on assessing the costs of power outages and energy conservation strategies. It then outlines the objectives of the work, which are to estimate the adverse effects of power outages on residents and propose energy conservation strategies that reduce outages and costs. To achieve this, the author conducted a consumer survey to estimate outage costs based on residents' perceptions and willingness to pay. A mathematical model was also developed relating energy consumption, costs, and outages. The model shows that energy conservation can maximize benefits by reducing consumption and outages. The document evaluates outage costs using both the survey approach and mathematical modeling.
This work investigates and evaluates the electric energy interruptions to the residential sector resulting from severe power outages. The study results show that this sector will suffer tangible and intangible losses should these outages occur during specific times, seasons, and for prolonged durations. To reduce these power outages and hence mitigate their adverse consequences, the study proposes practical measures that
can be adopted without compromising the consumers’ needs, satisfaction, and convenience.
Tariff
The electrical energy produced by a power
station is delivered to a large number of
consumers. The consumers can be per-
suaded to use electrical energy if it is sold at rea-
sonable rates. The tariff i.e., the rate at which
electrical energy is sold naturally becomes atten-
tion inviting for electric supply company. The
supply company has to ensure that the tariff is
such that it not only recovers the total cost of
producing electrical energy but also earns profit
on the capital investment. However, the profit
must be marginal particularly for a country like
India where electric supply companies come un-
der public sector and are always subject to criti-
cism. In this chapter, we shall deal with various
types of tariff with special references to their ad-
vantages and disadvantages.
Utilities that rely on high energy usage during peak seasons face problems if consumption declines or weather is mild. Their rates often do not properly reflect costs, with too much of fixed costs built into energy charges. This exposes them to revenue shortfalls when customers conserve. Utilities should perform cost of service studies to set rates based on power supply, transmission, and distribution costs. They can then revise rates to move fixed costs from energy charges into customer or demand charges. This stabilizes revenues and reduces dependence on weather and usage levels.
Ambit Energy
How Ambit Energy is Revolutionizing the Power Industry?
https://peacestation7.com
introduction
Ambit Energy plays a significant role in the electricity industry as a retail electricity and natural gas provider. It operates in deregulated energy markets, meaning that it operates in areas where consumers have the freedom to choose their energy provider, rather than being confined to a single utility company.
Traditionally, the electricity industry has been dominated by large, vertically integrated utility companies that handle the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity. However, with the introduction of energy regulation in some markets, Ambit Energy emerged as an alternative option for consumers.
Ambit Energy offers a competitive and customer-centric approach to energy provision. By participating in deregulated markets, Ambit Energy aims to create a more competitive and dynamic environment. It provides consumers with the freedom to choose their energy supplier based on factors such as pricing, plans and customer service.
A key benefit of Ambit Energy’s role in the electricity industry is the competition it brings to the market, which can lead to lower energy prices and more innovative offerings. By giving consumers choice, Ambit Energy encourages traditional utility companies to improve their services and prices to remain competitive.
Furthermore, Ambit Energy focus on renewable energy sources is another important aspect of its role in the power industry. As the industry moves towards sustainable practices, Ambit Energy actively promotes and supports the use of clean and renewable energy resources. By providing renewable energy options to consumers, Ambit Energy contributes to reducing the environmental impact of the electricity industry and helps drive the transition towards a greener future.
In short, Ambit Energy role in the power industry consists of providing consumers with alternative options for their electricity and natural gas needs. Through its participation in deregulated markets and its emphasis on customer-centricity and renewable energy, Ambit Energy fosters competition, fosters consumer choice, and contributes to the ongoing transformation of the electricity industry.
Ambit Energy’s impact in revolutionizing the power industry is immense.
Through its consumer-centric approach, Ambit Energy empowers individuals by providing them the freedom to choose their energy provider, breaking away from the traditional monopolistic structure. This shift toward consumer choice and control over energy decisions is important in today’s world, where people seek options that suit their preferences, budget and environmental values. Ambit Energy’s entry into deregulated energy markets encourages healthy competition among providers, resulting in improved services, competitive pricing and a wider range of choices for consumers. This market competition encourages
The document discusses electric utility rate structures and how customers can identify potential ways to reduce energy costs. It provides background on utility costs and how rates are determined based on three main cost components: customer costs, energy/commodity costs, and demand costs. The summary then describes the basic rate structure most utilities follow, including customer charges, energy charges, and demand charges. It also discusses some common rate variations utilities use like seasonal pricing, block pricing, riders, and discounts.
Tariff is defined as the rate of consumption of electrical power. There are different tariff structures that distribute the cost of electricity among consumers in a fair manner and help utilities recover their capital investment costs. Some common tariff structures include simple tariff, flat demand tariff, block rate tariff, flat rate tariff, two part tariff, maximum demand tariff, power factor tariff, three part tariff, and peak tariff. Each structure determines electricity rates and bills in a different way based on factors like units consumed, maximum demand, time of use, and power factor.
Demand side management
It is also called as energy demand management
The modification of consumer demand for energy through various methods such as financial incentive and education is termed as demand side management.
Similar to The cross subsidy of electricity price in China (20)
The Statutory Interpretation of Renewable Energy Based on Syllogism of Britis...AI Publications
The current production for energy consumption generates harmful impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment causing instability to sustainable development goals. The constitutional reforms of British Government serve to be an important means of resolving any encountered incompatibilities to political environment. This study aims to evaluate green economy using developed equation for renewable energy towards political polarization of corporate governance. The Kano Model Assessment is used to measure the equivalency of 1970 Patents Act to UK Intellectual Property tabulating the criteria for the fulfillment of sustainable development goals in respect to the environment, artificial intelligence, and dynamic dichotomy of administrative agencies and presidential restriction, as statutory interpretation development to renewable energy. The constitutional forms of British government satisfy the sustainable development goals needed to fight climate change, advocate healthy ecosystem, promote leadership of magnates, and delegate responsibilities towards green economy. The presidential partisanship must be observed to delineate parties of concerns and execute the government prescriptions in equivalence to the dichotomous relationship of technology and the environment in fulfilling the rights and privileges of all citizens. Hence, the political elites can execute corporate governance towards sustainable development of renewable energy promoting environmental parks and zero emission target of carbon dioxide discharges. The economic theory developed in statutory interpretation for renewable energy serves as a tool to reduce detrimental impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment, mitigate climate change, and produce artefacts of bioenergy and artificial intelligence promoting sustainable development. It is suggested to explore other vulnerabilities of artificial intelligence to prosper economic success.
Enhancement of Aqueous Solubility of Piroxicam Using Solvent Deposition SystemAI Publications
Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is characterized by low solubility-high permeability. The present study was designed to improve the dissolution rate of piroxicam at the physiological pH's through its increased solubility by using solvent deposition system.
Analysis of Value Chain of Cow Milk: The Case of Itang Special Woreda, Gambel...AI Publications
Ethiopia has a long and rich history of dairy farming, which was mostly carried out by small and marginal farmers who raised cattle, camels, goats, and sheep, among other species, for milk. Finding the Itang Special Woreda cow milk value chain is the study's main goal. In order to gather primary data, 204 smallholder dairy farmer households were randomly selected, and the market concentration ratio was calculated using 20 traders. Descriptive statistics, econometric models, and rank analysis were used to achieve the above specified goals. Out of all the participants in the milk value chain, producers, cafés, hotels, and dairy cooperatives had the largest gross marketing margins, accounting for 100% of the consumer price in channels I and II, 55% in channels III and V, and 25.5% in channels V. The number of children under five, the number of milking cows owned, the amount of money from non-dairy sources, the frequency of extension service contacts, the amount of milk produced each day, and the availability of market information were found to have an impact on smallholders' involvement in the milk market. Numerous obstacles also limited the amount of milk produced and marketed. The poll claims that general health issues, sickness, predators, and a lack of veterinary care are plaguing farmers. In order to address the issue of milk perishability, the researchers recommended the host community and organization to construct an agro milk processor, renovate the dairy cooperative in the study region, and restructure the current conventional marketing to lower the transaction and cost of milk marketing.
Minds and Machines: Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Investment Decisions ...AI Publications
In the evolving landscape of financial decision-making, this study delves into the intricate relationships among Emotional Intelligence (EI), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Investment Decisions (ID). By scrutinizing the direct influence of human emotional intelligence on investment choices and elucidating the mediating role of AI in this process, our research seeks to unravel the complex interplay between minds and machines. Through empirical analysis, we reveal that EI not only directly impacts ID but also exerts its influence indirectly through AI-mediated pathways. The findings underscore the pivotal role of emotional awareness in investor decision-making, augmented by the technological capabilities of AI. It suggests that most investors are influenced by the identified emotional intelligence when making investment decisions. Furthermore, AI substantially impacts investors' decision-making process when it comes to investing; nevertheless, AI partially mediates the relationship between emotional intelligence and investment decisions. This nuanced understanding provides valuable insights for financial practitioners, policymakers, and researchers, emphasizing the need for holistic strategies that integrate emotional and technological dimensions in navigating the intricacies of modern investment landscapes. As the synergy between human intuition and artificial intelligence becomes increasingly integral to financial decision-making, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on the symbiotic relationship between minds and machines in investments.0
Bronchopulmonary cancers are common cancers with a poor prognosis. It is the leading cause of death by cancer in Algeria and in the world. Behind this unfavorable prognosis hides numerous disparities according to age, sex, and exposure to risk factors, ranking 4th among incident cancers and developing countries including Algeria, all sexes combined. It ranks 2nd cancers in men and 3rd among women. Whatever the age observed, the incidence of this cancer is higher in men than in women, however the gap is narrowing to the detriment of the latter. The results of scientific research agree to relate trends in incidence and mortality rates to tobacco consumption, including passive smoking. Furthermore, other risk factors are mentioned such as exposure to asbestos in the workplace or to radon for the general population, or even genetic predisposition. However, the weight of these etiological and/or predisposing factors is in no way comparable to that of tobacco in the genesis of lung cancer and the resulting mortality. We provide a literature review in our article on the descriptive and analytical epidemiology of lung cancer.
Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thaila...AI Publications
The objective of this paper is to present Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thailand agriculture and enhancing farmer productivity. In view of the demand for organic fertilizers, efforts should also be made to enhance and to develop more effective of compost, bio-fertilizer, and bio-pesticides currently used by farmers. Likewise, emphasis should also be laid on the cultivation of legumes and other crops that can enhance the fertility of the soil, as practiced by farmers in many developing countries to fertilize their lands. On the other hand, most of the farmers who practice this farm system found that they are adopting a number of SLMs and interested in joining the meeting or training to gain more and more knowledge.
Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Tha...AI Publications
The objective os this study is to present Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Thailand and Vietnam with SLM practices. Farmer’s adoption and investment in SLM is a key for controlling land degradation, enhancing the well-being of society, and ensuring the optimal use of land resources for the benefit of present and future generations (World Bank, 2006; FAO, 2018). And agriculture remains an essential element of lives of many farmers in term of the strong cultural and symbolic values that attach current working generation to do and to spend time for it but not intern of income generating.
Growth, Yield and Economic Advantage of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Varieties in R...AI Publications
Haphazard and low soil fertility, low yielding verities and poor agronomic practices are among the major factors constraining onion production in the central rift valley of Ethiopia. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted in East Showa Zone of Adami Tulu Jido Combolcha district in central rift valley areas at ziway from October 2021 to April 2022 to identify appropriate rate of NPSB fertilizer and planting pattern of onion varieties. The experiment was laid out in split plot design of factorial arrangement in three replications. The main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates and varieties (red coach and red king) significantly (p<0.01) influenced plant height, leaf length, leaf diameter, leaf number and fresh leaf weight, shoot dry matter per plant, and harvest index. Total dry biomass, bulb diameter, neck diameter, average fresh bulb weight, bulb dry matter, marketable bulb yield, and total bulb yield were significantly (p<0.01) influenced only by the main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates. In addition, unmarketable bulb yield was statistically significantly affected (p≥0.05) by the blended fertilizer rates and planting pattern. Moreover, days to 90% maturity of onion was affected by the main factor of NPSB fertilizer rate, variety and planting pattern. The non-fertilized plants in the control treatment were inferior in all parameters except unmarketable bulb yield and harvest index. Significantly higher marketable bulb yield (41 t ha-1) and total bulb yield (41.33 t ha-1) was recorded from 300 kg ha-1 NPSB blended fertilizer rate applied. Double row planting method and hybrid red coach onion variety had also gave higher growth and yields. The study revealed that the highest net benefit of Birr, 878,894 with lest cost of Birr 148,006 by the combinations of 150 kg blended NPSB ha-1 with double row planting method (40cm*20cm*7cm) and red coach variety which can be recommendable for higher marketable bulb yield and economic return of hybrid onion for small scale farmers in the study area. Also, for resource full producers (investors), highest net benefit of Birr 1,205,372 with higher cost (159,628 Birr) by application of 300 kg NPSB ha-1 is recommended as a second option. However, the research should be replicated both in season and areas to more verify the recommendations.
Evaluation of In-vitro neuroprotective effect of Ethanolic extract of Canariu...AI Publications
The ethanolic extract of canarium solomonense leaves (ecsl) was studied for its neuroprotective activity. The neuroprotective activity of ECSL was found to have a significant impact on neuronal cell death triggered by hydrogen peroxide (MTT assay) in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Scopolamine, a muscarinic receptor blocker, is frequently used to induce cognitive impairment in laboratory animals. Injections of scopolamine influence multiple cognitive functions, including motor function, short-term memory, and attention. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, memory enhancing activity in scopolamine-induced amnesic rats was evaluated. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, ECSL was found to have a substantial effect on the memory of scopolamine- induced amnesic rats. Our experimental data indicated that ECSL can reverse scopolamine induced amnesia and assist with memory issues.
The goal of neuroprotection is to shield neurons against damage, whether that damage is caused by environmental factors, pathogens, or neurodegenerative illnesses. Inhibiting protein-based deposit buildup, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, as well as rectifying abnormalities of neurotransmitters like dopamine and acetylcholine, are some of the ways in which medicinal herbs have neuroprotective effects [1-3]. This review will focus on the ways in which medicinal herbs may protect neurons.
A phytochemical and pharmacological review on canarium solomonenseAI Publications
The genus Canarium L. consists of 75 species of aromatic trees which are found in the rainforests of tropical Asia, Africa and the Pacific. The medicinal uses, botany, chemical constituents and pharmacological activities are now reviewed. Various compounds are tabulated according to their classes their structures are given. Traditionally canarium solomonense have been used to treat a broad array of illnesses. Pharmacological actions for canarium solomonense as discussed in this review include antibacterial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antitumor activity.
Influences of Digital Marketing in the Buying Decisions of College Students i...AI Publications
This research investigates the influence of digital marketing channels on purchasing decisions among college students in Ramanathapuram District. The study highlights that social media marketing, online advertising, and mobile marketing exhibit substantial positive effects on purchase decisions. However, email marketing's impact appears to be more complex. Moreover, the study explores how demographic variables like gender and academic level shape these effects. Notably, freshman students display varying susceptibility to specific digital marketing messages compared to their junior, senior, or graduate counterparts. These findings offer crucial insights for marketers aiming to tailor their strategies effectively to the preferences and behaviors of college students. By understanding the differential impacts of various digital marketing channels and considering demographic nuances, marketers can refine their approaches, optimize engagement, and ultimately enhance the effectiveness of their campaigns in targeting this demographic.
A Study on Performance of the Karnataka State Cooperative Agriculture & Rural...AI Publications
The Karnataka State Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank Limited is the apex bank of all the primary co-operative agriculture and rural development banks in the state. All the PCARD Banks in the state are affiliated to it. The KSCARD Bank provides financial accommodation to the PCARD Banks for their lending operations. In order to quick sanction and disbursement of loans and supervision over the PCARD Banks the KSCARD Bank has opened district level branches. Bank has established Women Development Cell to promote entrepreneurship among women in 2005. The Bank is identifying women borrowers in the rural areas by assigning suitable projects to motivate their self-confidence to lead independent life. Progress made in financing women entrepreneurs women.
Breast hamartoma is a rare, well-circumscribed, benign lesion made up of a variable quantity of glandular, adipose and fibrous tissue. This is a lesion that can affect women at any age from puberty. With the increasingly frequent use of imaging methods such as mammography and ultrasound as well as breast biopsy, cases of hamartoma diagnosed are increasing. The diagnosis of these lesions is made by mammography. The histological and radiological aspects are variable and depend on its adipose tissue content. The identification of these lesions is important in order to avoid surgical excisions. We report radio-clinical and pathological records of breast hamartoma.
A retrospective study on ovarian cancer with a median follow-up of 36 months ...AI Publications
Ovarian cancer is relatively common but serious and has a poor prognosis. The aim of this study is to highlight the epidemiological, diagnostic, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of this malignant pathology managed at the Bejaia university hospital center. This is a retrospective and descriptive study over a period of 3 years (2019 - 2022) carried out on 20 patients who developed ovarian cancer. The average age of the patients was 50 years old, 53.23% of whom were over 45 years old. The CA-125 blood test was positive in 18 out of 20 patients. The tumors were discovered on ultrasound in 87.10% of cases and at laparotomy in 12.90%. Total hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy was the most performed procedure (64.52%). The early postoperative course was simple. 15 patients underwent second look surgery (16.13%) for locoregional recurrences. Epithelial tumors were the most frequent histological type (93.55%), including 79% in the advanced stage ( IIIc -IV) and 21% in the early stage (Ia- Ib ). Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered in 80% of patients. With a median follow-up of 36 months, 2 patients were lost to follow-up. The evolution was favorable in 27.42% and in 25.81% deaths occurred late postoperatively. Ovarian cancer is not common but serious given the advanced stages and the high rate of late postoperative deaths which were largely observed in patients deprived of adequate neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy.
More analysis on environment protection and sustainable agriculture - A case ...AI Publications
This study presents a case of tea and coffee crops , esp. environment protection and sustainable agriculture in Son La and Thai Nguyen of Vietnam. Research results show us that The process of having an agricultural product goes through many steps such as planting, planning, harvesting, packing, transporting, storing and distributing. - The State adopts policies to encourage innovation of agricultural production models and methods towards sustainability, adapting to climate change, saving water, and limiting the use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides. chemicals and products for environmental treatment in agriculture; develop environmentally friendly agricultural models. Our research limitation is that we can expand for other crops, industries and markets as well.
Assessment of Growth and Yield Performance of Twelve Different Rice Varieties...AI Publications
The present investigation entitled “Assessment of growth and yield performance of twelve different rice varieties under north Konkan coastal zone of Maharashtra” was carried out during the kharif season of the year 2021 and 2022 on the field of ASPEE, Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa Farm, At Nare, Taluka Wada, District Palghar, Maharashtra, India. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD). The twelve varieties namely Zini, Jaya, Dandi, Rahghudya, Govindbhog, Dangi, Gurjari, VNR-7, VNR-8, VNR-9, Karjat-3, and Karjat-5 were replicated thrice. The plant height (cm), number of tillers per plant, number of panicles per plant, number of panicles (m²), and length of panicle (cm) were noted to the maximum with cv. “VNR-7”. The highest number of seeds per panicle, test weight (gm), grain yield (q/ha), and straw yield (q/ha) were recorded with the cv. “VNR-7”. While the lowest number of days to 50% flowering was also recorded with cv. “VNR-7” during the year 2021 and 2022.
Cultivating Proactive Cybersecurity Culture among IT Professional to Combat E...AI Publications
In the current digital landscape, cybercriminals continually evolve their techniques to execute successful attacks on businesses, thus posing a great challenge to information technology (IT) professionals. While traditional cybersecurity approaches like layered defense and reactive security have helped IT professionals cope with traditional threats, they are ineffective in dealing with evolving cyberattacks. This paper focuses on the need for a proactive cybersecurity culture among IT professionals to enable them combat evolving threats. The paper emphasis that building a proactive security approach and culture can help among IT professionals anticipate, identify, and mitigate latent threats prior to them exploiting existing vulnerabilities. This paper also points out that as IT professionals use reactive security when dealing with traditional attacks, they can use it collaboratively with proactive security to effectively protect their networks, data, and systems and avoid heavy costs of dealing with cyberattack’s aftermaths and business recovery.
The Impacts of Viral Hepatitis on Liver Enzymes and BilrubinAI Publications
Viral hepatitis is an infection that causes liver inflammation and damage. Several different viruses cause hepatitis, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. The hepatitis A and E viruses typically cause acute infections. The hepatitis B, C, and D viruses can cause acute and chronic infections. Hepatitis A causes only acute infection and typically gets better without treatment after a few weeks. The hepatitis A virus spreads through contact with an infected person’s stool. Protection by getting the hepatitis A vaccine. Hepatitis E is typically an acute infection that gets better without treatment after several weeks. Some types of hepatitis E virus are spread by drinking water contaminated by an infected person’s stool. Other types are spread by eating undercooked pork or wild game. Hepatitis B can cause acute or chronic infection. Recommendation for screening for hepatitis B in pregnant women or in those with a high chance of being infected. Protection from hepatitis B by getting the hepatitis B vaccine. Hepatitis C can cause acute or chronic infection. Doctors usually recommend one-time screening of all adults ages 18 to 79 for hepatitis C. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent liver damage. The hepatitis D virus is unusual because it can only infect those who have a hepatitis B virus infection. A coinfection occurs when both hepatitis D and hepatitis B infections at the same time. A superinfection occurs already have chronic hepatitis B and then become infected with hepatitis D. The aim of this study is to find the effect of each type of viral hepatitis on the bilirubin (TB , DSB) , and liver enzymes; AST, ALT, ALP,GGT among viral hepatitis patients. 200 patients were selected from the viral hepatitis units in the central public health laboratory in Baghdad city, all the chosen cases were confirmed as a positive samples , they are classified into four equal group each with fifty individual and with a single serological viral hepatitis type either; anti-HAV( IgM ) , HBs Ag , anti-HCV ,or anti-HEV(IgM ). All patients were tested for; serum bilirubin ( TB ,D.SB ) , AST , ALT , ALP , GGT. Another fifty quite healthy and normal person was selected as a control group for comparison. . Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBVAST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver cell damage than AST, It is relatively specific for hepatocyte necrosis with a marked elevations in viral hepatitis. Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBV.AST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver
Determinants of Women Empowerment in Bishoftu Town; Oromia Regional State of ...AI Publications
The purpose of this study was to determine the status of women's empowerment and its determinants using women's asset endowment and decision-making potential as indicators. To determine representative sample size, this study used a two-stage sampling technique, and 122 sample respondents were selected at random. To analyze the data in this study, descriptive statistics and a probit model were used. The average women's empowerment index was 0.41, indicating a relatively lower status of women's empowerment in the study area. According to the study's findings, only 40.9% of women were empowered, while the remaining 59.1% were not. The probit model results show that women's access to the media, women's income, and their husbands' education status have a significant and positive impact on the status of women's empowerment, while the family size of households has a negative impact. As a result, it is important to enhance women's access to the media and income, promote family planning and contraception, and improve men's educational status in order to improve the status of women's empowerment.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
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Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
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detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
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our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
The cross subsidy of electricity price in China
1. International journal of Engineering, Business and Management (IJEBM) [Vol-3, Issue-6, Nov-Dec, 2019]
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The cross subsidy of electricity price in China
Sen Guo*1
, Lingrui Meng1
, Wenjin Li1
, Weifeng Yan2
, Li Wang3
1
School of Economic and Management, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
2
State Grid Tianjin Electric Power Company, Tianjin, China
3
North China branch of China Electric Power Finance Co., LTD.
Email: guosen324@163.com
Abstract— A new-round electric power system reform and electric power deregulation reform is on going in
China. Of which, the transmission and distribution price reform has generated great impacts on electric power
companies. Under this background, how to tackle cross subsidy of electricity price has become a burning issue
in China. In this paper, the cross subsidy of electricity price in China is reviewed. Firstly, three categories of
cross subsidy of electricity price are introduced; Secondly, the reasons for cross subsidy of electricity price are
discussed in details; Thirdly, the impacts of cross subsidy of electricity price are analyzed; Finally, several
policy implications are proposed for tackling the issues of cross subsidy of electricity price in China. This paper
can provide references for policy decision-making of related government administration..
Keywords— electricity price; cross subsidy; policy implications; China.
I. INTRODUCTION
Since the implementation of the reform of electric power
system in 2002, China has achieved initial results in the
separation of power plant network and the construction of
electric power side market [1]. How to further deepen the
power market reform has become a general concern.
Reasonable and complete electricity price mechanism is
one of the key factors to ensure the smooth progress of
electricity market reform and promote the sustainable and
rapid development of electric power industry in China [2-
3]. Reasonable sales price can reflect the situation of
electricity supply and demand in a timely and effective
manner, which is beneficial to guide users to use electricity
reasonably and promote the optimal allocation of electric
power resources [4-5].
The electricity sale price in China has been determined by
the government department. The classification of
consumers and the establishment of the price level of all
types of consumers are the key to the establishment of
electricity sales price, which should theoretically reflect
the real electricity supply cost of all types of electricity
users. However, in China, in addition to considering the
real electricity supply cost, several other issues are also
considered, including social stability, electric power
universal service responsibility, dedication to the
macroeconomic regulation, industrial structure adjustment
policies and other social functions [6]. These cause the
deviation the power user's price level from the actual
electricity supply cost. Some of the electricity users
perform the electricity price below the real electricity
supply cost, while some consumers pay the electricity
price more than the real electricity supply cost. This will
cause cross-subsidy of electricity price, which means the
consumers who pay higher electricity price have
compensated those consumers who pay lower electricity
price [7-8]. In the long run, the cross-subsidy of electricity
price in China is wide in scope and large in quantity,
which not only exists widely among various voltage levels
and various types of consumers, but also has a high
subsidy amount. It is not conducive to the adjustment of
China's sales electricity price structure and hinders the
advancement of China's electric power market
construction. From the perspective of long-term
development, serious cross-subsidies will not only hinder
the construction of an effective competitive electric power
market, but also do harm to the overall coordinated
development of the national economy and the realization
of resources optimal allocation of the whole society.
On March 15, 2015, the Chinese government issued
‘Several Opinions on Further Deepening the Reform of
Electric Power System’, which pointed out that the cross-
subsidy among different types of electricity prices should
be one of the key tasks to promote the reform of electric
power system in the near future. With the continuous
deepening of the market-oriented reform of electricity
transmission and distribution price in China, the existing
cross-subsidy of electricity price has become a key
problem which need be faced up to and solved urgently in
the sustainable development of electricity power industry.
At present, power grid enterprises have taken the function
of universal power service. The reform of electricity
transmission and distribution price will change the profit
mode of power grid enterprises. The cross-subsidy of
electricity price will affect cost recovery and profitability
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of power grid enterprises investment. Therefore, in the
process of a new round of power system reform, it is
necessary to study the current situation, existing problems
and solutions of cross-subsidy of electricity price. On the
one hand, it can correct the distortion of electricity market
prices and give full play to the role of market mechanism
in electricity price determination. On the other hand, it can
avoid the market subjects to get "reform dividend" by
avoiding cross subsidies of electricity price, and then
protect the interests of vulnerable groups.
II. THE CATEGORY OF CROSS SUBSIDY OF
ELECTRICITY PRICE IN CHINA
From 1949 to 1986, China's electricity price maintained a
relatively reasonable level and comparison relationship,
and the electricity price ratio between residents and large-
scale industries remained around 2. Since the year of 1987,
China has began to raise funds nationwide to generate
electricity, and the price of electricity has been greatly
increased. The price of electricity for large-scale industries
and commercial industries has been greatly increased. The
ratio of residents to large-scale industries has been reduced
from 1.58 in 1990 to 0.94 in 1995.
Currently, there are three categories of cross-subsidy of
electricity sale price in China, which are introduced as
follows.
(1) Cross-subsidy among different kinds of consumers
Fig. 1: Electricity price in different countries and regions
Cross subsidy among different kinds of consumers is
mainly reflected in different consumers at the same voltage
level. Large and general industrial and commercial users
offer the subsidies for household and agricultural
electricity users. Industrial and commercial users have
strong profitability and affordability, high pricing level,
and bear the main cross-subsidy responsibility. Domestic
electricity price is currently 75% of industrial electricity
price, while in most countries with market-oriented
electricity market, the average domestic electricity price is
about 1.8 times of industrial electricity price, as shown in
Figure 1.
(2) Cross-subsidy among consumers with different
voltage levels
Cross subsidy among consumers with different voltage
levels is mainly reflected the same kind of consumers in
different voltage levels. Theoretically speaking, the power
transmission and distribution price of users with low
voltage level should be higher than that of users with high
voltage level because large number of grid assets is used
by consumers with low voltage level, high loss and low
load rate. From the perspective of actual implementation,
as most users with high voltage level belong to the main
enterprises in the industry, their bearing capacity of
electricity price is strong and their pricing level is
relatively higher compared with their cost. Low voltage
level users have a poor bearing capacity, and the pricing
level relative to its cost is low. As a result, consumers with
high voltage level provide subsidy for consumers with low
voltage level.
(3) Cross-subsidy among consumers with different
power load characteristics
The consumption behavior of electricity consumers can be
represented by load rate to some certain extent. In general,
the higher the user's load rate is, the more fully the power
system facilities are utilized, and then the lower the cost of
unit electricity. According to the cost-plus pricing
principle, this kind of consumers should enjoyed the lower
electricity price. Currently, the electricity sale price does
not consider the consumer characteristics and power load
rate difference, which all electricity users are charged
according to the average electricity characteristics or
average load rate pricing. This generates the cross-subsidy
of electricity price, which the electricity users with high
load rate offer subsidy to electricity users with low load
rate.
Actually, the above-mentioned three kinds of cross
subsidies are coupled with each other and overlap in
structure and quantity. Among them, cross-subsidy among
different electricity consumers are paid more attentions
because there are relatively certain subsidies and
subsidized subjects with relatively large amount. Cross-
subsidy among different electricity consumers and voltage
levels are equal in amount, but different in structure.
Generally, the voltage levels of large-scale industrial
electricity users and general industrial and commercial
users are higher than that of household and agricultural
electricity users, and the cross-subsidy among user types
and the cross-subsidy among voltage levels are basically
similar in direction and amount. Cross-subsidy among
electricity users with different load rates is more complex
than cross-subsidy among electricity users with different
consumption types and voltage levels, because there are
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both high and low load rates among users with different
consumption types and voltage levels. However, according
to the load characteristics of ordinary users, the load rate
of large-scale industrial users and ordinary industrial and
commercial users is higher than that of household and
agricultural production users. However, the difference of
load rate among users with different voltage levels does
not seem to be particularly significant. In terms of the
amount of cross-subsidy, under the cost-sharing scheme,
the cross-subsidy due to different loading rates at each
voltage level is equal to the cross-subsidy provided or
enjoyed by that voltage. Therefore, it can be considered
that the cross subsidy among voltage levels is equal to that
among different load rates. The relationship of the above-
mentioned cross-subsidy types is shown in Figure 2.
Fig. 2: The relationship of three categories of cross-
subsidy of electricity price
III. REASONS ANALYSIS OF CROSS SUBSIDY OF
ELECTRICITY PRICE IN CHINA
The electricity sale price in foreign countries mainly
reflects the real power supply cost of electricity users and
formulates the sale price level of all kinds of electricity
users. However, in China, electric power enterprises also
undertake to fulfill the responsibilities of electric power
universal service, macroeconomic regulation and industrial
structure adjustment and other social functions. In order to
realize these social functions, China's electricity price has
deviated from the real power supply cost for electricity
users, and has formulated various electricity price policies,
such as low electricity price for residents' welfare,
preferential electricity price for agriculture, encouragement
for the development of renewable energy, support for
emerging industries and restriction of industries with
excess capacity. Therefore, the electricity sale price
bearing a variety of social functions is the fundamental
cause of cross-subsidy of electricity price in China.
The government administrative pricing method is the main
cause of the cross-subsidy of electricity price. At present,
most provinces in China compile the table of electricity
sale price according to two dimensions of industry and
voltage level. The traditional tariff classification structure
produces the horizontal and vertical paths of the cross-
subsidy of electricity price, the detailed reasons of which
are discussed as bellows.
(1) The causes of horizontal cross subsidy of electricity
price
Horizontal cross subsidy of electricity price is the cross
subsidy of all kinds of electricity users in the same voltage
level. For the cross subsidy of the similar electricity users
with different voltage level, the cost of each voltage grade
with different factors has been considered, and catalog
electricity price is designed according to the principles of
high voltage level with low electricity price and low
voltage level with high electricity price. However, due to
the fact that some provinces of China have not fully
implemented the electricity transmission and distribution
price of different voltage levels, the electricity
transmission, transformation and distribution costs of each
voltage level are not clear and accurate. Therefore, the
price gap between different voltage levels is small. Take
Tianjin city of China as an example, the capacity
electricity price of large-scale industrial electricity users of
10 KV and 35 KV levels is 17 RMB yuan/ kVA per
month, and the energy price is 0.703 RMB yuan/kWh and
0.683 RMB yuan/kWh respectively, which the gap
between these two energy price is only 2 cents. In fact, for
the most part of 10 kV-level voltage electric power comes
from the high voltage level (including 35 kV, 110 kV, 220
kV and 500kV), so 10 kV voltage class should share the
partial transmission cost and transformation cost of the
higher voltage class together with the partial transmission
and transformation cost of the voltage class (the part to be
subtracted from the supply to the voltage class below 10
kV) , finally forming its total cost. The shared capacity
cost for electricity users of the 10 kV voltage class is
higher than that of the 35 KV voltage class. Current
Chinese tariff is deviated horizontally, according to the
principle that electricity price should reflect the cost, and
the differences in electricity price among the different
electricity grade derive from the difference of capacity
liability cost. In Tianjin city, the price difference of each
voltage level is reflected in the energy price instead of the
capacity price, which is contrary to the principle of cost
pricing. Moreover, the price difference between electricity
users with different voltage levels cannot be reasonably
widened, leading to a large degree of cross-subsidy.
(2) The causes of vertical cross subsidies of electricity
price
Vertical cross subsidy of electricity price is the cross
subsidy of electricity price between different voltage
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levels. As for the cross-subsidy issue between different
voltage levels in the longitudinal path, China classifies
them according to different industries and implements
different electricity prices, which result in the widespread
cross-subsidy phenomenon in China. Among them, the
most serious is that the electricity consumption issue in
large-scale industry, common industry and commerce offer
subsidy to residents. The electricity users in China are
basically divided into general industrial and commercial
electricity users, large-scale industrial electricity users,
agricultural production electricity users and household
electricity users. The vertical cross subsidies of electricity
users with different voltage levels are mainly caused by
unscientific classification structure.
IV. THE IMPACTS OF CROSS SUBSIDY OF
ELECTRICITY PRICE IN CHINA
(1) Positive impacts
The cross subsidy of electricity price has a special
function, namely environmental tax with Chinese
characteristics. However, the environmental tax reflected
by the cross-subsidy of electricity price has not been
passed through the tax system, which has been
redistributed directly through electricity price. The use of
income in the profitable field (industry and commerce
sector) to make up for losses in the non-profit sector
(resident sector) is the cross-subsidization of industrial and
commercial electricity price to residential electricity price.
By charging high prices for industry and commerce
sectors, it is equivalent to substantially imposing an
environmental tax on industries with high energy
consumption and high pollution, which will force the
transformation of high-energy-consuming industries to use
clean energy, thus reducing environmental pollution, and
achieving green dividends. The implementation of low
electricity prices for residents actually transfers the
environmental taxes collected from high-energy-
consuming industries directly to the residents, increases
the welfare of the residents, and realizes the dividend
distribution process. Therefore, the cross-subsidization of
electricity price has a positive impact to a certain extent,
and it has a double dividend effect.
(2) Negative impacts
Under the current electric power market reform and
transmission&distribution price reforms, the cross-
subsidization of electricity price has no longer adapted to
the current and future development requirement, and its
negative impact is also significant.
Firstly, the value of resources is misplaced. From the
perspective of residential users, the residential electricity
price and agricultural electricity price are lower than the
industrial and commercial electricity price. While from the
perspective of power supply cost, the resident user is at the
end of the power supply link with the lowest voltage level,
lower load rate, and higher power supply cost than that of
the industrial and commercial electricity users. The
electricity consumption of taking low cost industrial and
commercial electricity to subsidize high-cost residential
electricity does not correctly reflect the value of resources
or guide electricity users to rational consumption, while
causes huge waste. Obviously, the real benefit of low
electricity price is on rich households because they use
more electricity energy and enjoy more subsidies, while
poor households use less electricity and enjoy less
subsidies. The misplacement of the value of resources is
not conducive to electricity saving.
Secondly, it is not conducive to the adjustment of
economic structure. In recent years, the blind
developments of high-energy-consuming industries such
as electrolytic aluminum and small steel-making have
caused resources wastage and environmental damages, and
has also increased the difficulty of industrial
reconstruction.
Thirdly,it undermines the principle of fair burden. For a
long time, industrial and commercial electricity users have
been providing for subsidies. Industrial and commercial
electricity users generally believe that when electricity
prices are higher, production costs increase, and the
burdens are heavier. In the long run, it will have an
adverse impact on economic development.
Fourthly , it disrupts the order of electricity use. The
original intention of cross-subsidy is to use price
differences to reflect policy support. However, because of
the price difference, there is the possibility of price rent-
seeking. From the point of view of electricity inspectors in
recent years, the phenomenon of low-cost and high-use
happens frequently. In all kinds of violations with
electricity usage, electricity price happens most frequently,
during which power management are often involved,
agriculture electricity price used for business and such
often occur. If the unified electricity prices are
implemented with no cross-subsidy of electricity price, it
will block the institutional loopholes in the price multi-
track system, and the order of electricity usage will be
improved.
V. POLICY IMPLICATIONS FOR TACKLING
CROSS SUBSIDY OF ELECTRICITY PRICE IN
CHINA
(1) The principles for tackling cross subsidy of
electricity price
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1) The reform of cross-subsidy mechanism should be
gradual and not in a haste
The reform should uphold the principle of efficiency as
priority, giving full consideration to the price affordability
of various businesses and residents. While maintaining the
existing level of sales price, the reform should provide
clear subsidies rather than secret ones, less subsidies rather
than more. Meanwhile, it should gradually increase
residential electricity prices, appropriately reduce the
electricity price of industrial users, and finally form a sales
price system which does not have cross-subsidy and can
truly reflect the cost of electricity supply.
2) The reform of cross-subsidy mechanism should protect
people's livelihood and must not blindly raise prices
Blind increase of electricity price will only enhance the
public's misunderstanding of the monopoly of electric
power industry. Therefore, it is possible to adjust the
residential electricity price through the lifeline electricity
price. That is, when the monthly electricity consumption
per person is below a certain standard, the current
preferential electricity price will still be charged. Except
for the electricity charge, the amount of electricity that
exceeds the specified range can be collected in an
appropriate amount. When the conditions are ripe in the
future, the price of electricity for residents will be
gradually increased.
3) Power grid enterprises should play an important role in
the general service
In addition to pursuing sales of electricity and profits as a
business orientation, power grid companies also have
obvious characteristics of public utilities. Therefore,
reforms need to focus on the important role of power grid
enterprises play in social general service, providing cross-
subsidy mechanism to support key areas with ‘catch-all’
service, that is, in the case of electricity market
liberalization, these areas will still enjoy a certain level of
price discount. This kind of preferential price of electricity
will realize to safeguard people's livelihood and promote
the development of national economy.
(2) The policy measures for tackling cross subsidy of
electricity price
1) The electricity price of entities such as residents and
agricultural production, which are not involved in market
transactions, will be gradually increased to make up for the
unit's power supply cost, gradually align with the
electricity price of participating market transactions.
With regard to the electricity price of residents, it can use
the correct public opinions to guide residents to pay
electricity prices according to the cost of electricity, and
gradually increase the electricity price. Meanwhile, it can
indirectly improve residents’ electricity price by
implementing time-of-use electricity prices, ladder
electricity prices, two-part electricity prices and load-rate
electricity prices.
Implementing two-part electricity price for all users,
expanding the scope of implementation of two-part
electricity price, pricing all users according to capacity and
usage, reflecting the cost structure of electric power
system in line with pricing theories and methods, can
indirectly increase the electricity price of residents, low
voltage grade electricity price and low load rate electricity
price. For the implementation of load rate electricity price,
the electricity price of low load rate of users can be
improved, and it is recommended to implement the
optional sales price reform based on the load rate level to
reduce the high load rate user price and improve the user’s
free choice. Increase electricity price of low voltage level
because low voltage level users use more power system
facilities, and the transmission and distribution loss for
them is also larger The electricity cost of low voltage user
is significantly higher than that of high voltage ones, but
enjoys relatively low electricity price. The reform should
effectively increase the price of low-voltage electricity,
reduce cross-subsidy and promote cost savings for users.
Implement ladder electricity price and time-of-use
electricity price, vigorously promote the ladder price and
time-of-use electricity price based on the same distribution
area market, the same voltage level and the same
benchmark price. The ladder price refers to the current
single form Quasi-tariff, instead with segmented forms
according to users’ consumption of electricity prices,
which can avoid the waste of resources by sharing power
sub-billing with fixed peak and valley price ratio ans can
reflect the relationship between supply and demand,
thereby promoting users to improve the efficiency of
electricity consumption. Through these two kinds of
electricity prices, the principles of fairness and efficiency
can be fully embodied, and the marketization of electricity
prices can be performed.
2) Gradually reduce the price of industrial and commercial
electricity
Gradually reduce the industrial and commercial electricity
prices, narrow the gap between the industrial and
commercial electricity prices, and finally combine these
two kinds of electricity prices to one benchmark electricity
price in the same market with the same voltage level. This
will eventually eliminate electricity price gap and form a
unified price under the unified market.
At the same time, the reduction space from transmission
and distribution price reform should be used to reduce
large-scale industrial and general industrial and
commercial electricity prices. The new round of
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transmission and distribution price reform in China has
reduced transmission and distribution prices. With the
increase of trading electricity energy, the price reduction
space generated will increase substantially. Currently, this
part of price reduction space is used to reduce the price of
end-user electricity, and it is not explicitly used to solve
the cross-subsidy problem. It is suggested that the problem
of heavy cross-subsidization burden for large-scale
industries and general industrial and commercial
enterprises should be planned to reduce their electricity
prices.
It is suggested that a part of price reduction space
generated by the reform of electricity sale market should
be used to reduce the electricity prices of large-scale
industries and general industrial and commercial sectors.
China is actively promoting the reform of electricity
market, which mainly includes power generation
companies participating in market transactions with profit
sharing, price cuts resulting in a share for households and
enterprises electricity stakeholders. It is recommended to
reduce the electricity prices of large-scale industries and
general industrial and commercial enterprises in two ways:
firstly, in the design of power market reform plan,
consciously support large-scale industrial and general
industrial and commercial users to participate in market
transactions through access standards; secondly, directly
take out some price cuts and directly use them to reduce
electricity prices in large-scale industries and general
industrial and commercial sectors.
3) Strengthen the internal fine management of electric
power enterprise and scientifically optimize the investment
decision for each voltage level power grid
With the reform of transmission and distribution price and
the continuous advancement of new-round electric power
system reform, such a direct impact has been posed on the
business development and supervision mode of power grid
enterprises. Taking Tianjin area as an example, the 35kV
voltage level provides the largest cross-subsidization of
electricity price, which has a great connection with the
development process and structure of Tianjin Power Grid.
In the future development of power grids, power
companies should pay more attentions to scientific
investment decisions. Based on rational power grid
planning, relying on the full exploitation of the nature of
power transmission and distribution reforms, the power
grid companies should comprehensively strengthen the
internal fine management level to realize the full recovery
of related cost and reasonable solution of cross-subsidy of
electricity prices. Rationally and scientifically formulate
the investment and development plans for 220kV, 110kV,
35kV, 10kV and other voltage-level grid, which can
promote the healthy and sustainable development of
electric power industry.
4) Formulate and improve environmental tax laws
The cancellation of cross-subsidization of electricity price
will inevitably lead to the introduction of environmental
tax laws, and achieve a new balance through
environmental taxes and transfer payments. The so-called
environmental tax means heavily tax entities who have
adverse effects on society and environment need to
compensate for the social costs of environmental
governance, and compensate heavy cost enterprises with
positive externality or spillover benefits with tax returns or
financial subsidies. For low-income groups, it can be
carried out through the transfer method of civil
administration system and tax reduction from tax system.
5) Making full use of the market power
The reform should strengthen the supervision on the
entities participating in electricity market, reduce local
protectionism, fully utilize the market power to realize the
optimal allocation of resources in various types of
electricity power markets, which is beneficial for the
formation of market benchmark prices. At present, the
proportion of China's total industrial power consumption
to the total national electricity consumption has remained
at around 74% for over 10 years, and 52% of industrial
energy consumption comes from high-energy-consuming
industries. Therefore, resident living and other electricity
only accounts for a quite small part of social electricity,
about 20%. Therefore, according to the market law, the
price increase of the 20% electricity and reduction of the
80% electricity will have a huge and positive butterfly
effect on society.
6) Formulate an independent electric power universal
service policy
China has a general service policy for families relying on
pension, which families with disabilities whose income
level is lower than the poverty line, and other special
groups in China. It is recommended to formulate electric
power universal service policy as an assistant policy to
solve the problem of cross-subsidization of residential
electricity price. This supporting policy formulated by the
central government should introduce a separate general
service policy to protect the basic electricity needs of users
with difficulties, clear service targets, scope, conditions,
content and funding.
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the cross subsidy of electricity price in China
is studied from the perspectives of category, reasons,
impacts and policy implications. Three categories of cross
subsidy of electricity price are introduced, and the detailed
7. International journal of Engineering, Business and Management (IJEBM) [Vol-3, Issue-6, Nov-Dec, 2019]
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijebm.3.6.2 ISSN: 2456-7817
www.aipublications.com Page | 103
reasons are discussed. The impacts of cross subsidy of
electricity price are studied. Finally, under the current
background of electric power system reform, several
policy implications are proposed for tackling cross subsidy
of electricity price in China. In the future research, the
quantitative model for cross subsidy of electricity price
will be performed.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work is supported by Beijing Social Science
Foundation Project (17GLC042).
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