1. ABU BAKAR BIN KRAM
IEB100002
MOHD RIZAL AIDEY BIN RAIMI
IEB100037

2.  Title :The contribution of scholars in Islamic
civilization
 Pages : 367
 Author : Ghazali Darusalam


3.  Chapter 1 : Islamic civilization
 Chapter 2 : The contribution of Islamic civilization and
the achievments
 Chapter 3 : Islam and the arts
 Chapter 4 : The relationship between human morality
and civilization
 Chapter 5 : Moral properties based on religion, customs,
and laws
 Chapter 6 : The moral community build a moral
civilization and civilization
 Chapter 7 : The problem of moral decay
 Chapter 8 : The responsibility of social agents in dealing
with social problems

4.  Definitions:
 The word civilization was first introduced by Zidan Jurji the
Christian writer who has written about Islamic history and
Arabic literature in the book Tarikh al-Islami.Some
scholars would argue that Ibn Khaldun is the first one that
introduce the term of civilization.
 In Arabic, there are several words used to describe the
meaning of civilization. Modern Arab writers use the same
word means hadarat in the same meaning with civilization.
Ìn the 20th century came the word madaniyyat.
 Madaniyyat -Show a high level in terms of development,
planning and organization of City as the provision of
infrastructure and basic living needs such as food, drink,
shelter and entertainment.

5.  Hadarat - Aspects of thinking, moral and social life of
society and obviosly knowledge, science, literature,
art, government system , moral rules, customs, moral
values ​​and religious beliefs.
 Mohd Taib Mahmod Al Najmi (1971) in his book The
History Of Civilization describes civilization as rules
that can help to increase the production of thought
and matter.
 AS Hornby and EC pornwell (1972) in his book The
progressive English defines civilization as the purpose
of enhancing the performance of human life from
backwardness to progress in knowledge, science,
technology, politics and morality.

6. Islamic civilization is a special civilization and have a certain
principles based on al-Quran and Sunnah. The principle is:
1. Protect your soul and your life
2. protect the mind and thought
3. protect the dignity and descent
4. protect the property
5. protect the rights and freedoms
 THE BASICS OF ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION
1. Centric to the word faith.
2. Devotion to God.
3. The purity of human values ​​over material values.
4. Honor and appreciation of human nature.
5. Functionality of human duties and responsibilities as a caliph.
6. Bound, obedient and submissive to the laws and regulations.
7. Production of a substance or composition in the form of the
value of innovation and creative elements of value and morality.

7.  The speciality of islamic civilization
1. Derived from the al-quran and sunnah.
2. Founded in firm and fixed without the influence of matter.
3. Is open to all types of civilization and religion.
4. According to the disposition and habits of human nature
5. Its complete, perfect, consistency and global.
 The Goal of Islamic civilization
1. Human relationship with the Creator.
2. Man's relationship to human.
3. Human relationship with nature.
4. Human relationship with nature Nabatat.
5. Human relationship with nature jamadat.
6. Human relationship with nature hayamariat.

8.  Sources of Islamic civilization
1. Revelation(wahyu) - the main source of the formation of Islamic
civilization. This happens because each civilization requires
knowledge, skills and attitude change. The first revelation clearly
suggest that people need to seek and increase knowledge among
the followers.
2. Mind- the second important source. This is because the mind
can create and produce something new and create a civilization.
Muslims are required to use their minds to the guidance and
instructions from al-Quran and Sunnah.
3. New discoveries and inventions- many inventions designed from
the use of mind to study, examine, evaluate, formulate, and
eventually create. There are thousands of men who have
contributed to create and find a variety of findings such as Ibn
Sina, al-Razi, al-Ghazali, al-Farabi.
4. Modification and re-completion - Caliph attitude plays an
important role in Islamic civilization such as the caliph Haron
Rasyid has appointed an officer in Baitul hikmah regardless of
race or religion, but prioritize the expertise, hard work and their
intellectual honesty. Many translators involved in the operation
of translation such as Hunayn Bin Ishak, Yuhana Ibn Al-bitriq,
Ishaq Bin Hunayn, Yahya Ibn Mansur And Others.

9.  kNOWLEDGE
 Contributions and achievements of this civilization can be seen from the time
of Uthman bin Affan, where during the reign of his bookkeeping quran holy
book and setting according to the reading of the Quraish had been made.
 At the time of Ali ibn Abi talib, Arabic grammar has been developed and fine
tuned to make the language higher and quality. Sorf knowledge expanded to
new ways in order Umayyad period (40hijrah-132 Hijri). System signs of sound
in the writing like dhammah, kasrah and fathah has been arranged completely
at that time. Knowledge development center that tyme is in the mosques.
 Progress of knowledge had expanded and deeper in terms of knowledge naqli
(from al-Quran and Sunnah) as interpreted hadith, jurisprudence and other in
the presence of such figures like Imam Malik, Imam Abu Hanifa, Ahmad ibn
Hanbal and others. Aqli knowledge (intellect) as astronomy, medicine,
philosophy, mathematics and so on grow due to such figures like al-
khawarizme, Ibn Sina and others at the time of the Abbasids.

10.  ISLAMIC FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC
 Economic thinking in the Muslim:
 Ibn Khaldun (1331-1406) discusses the various type in
economic fieldssuch as the number system, distribution
and production, money, capital formation, population
growth and business cycles. It also discusses the various
stages experienced by each community in the heading of
economic development. According to Spengler, Ibn
Khaldun was the first person created a business cycle
theory.
 Ibn taimiya (1262-1328).Economic principles by Ibn Taimiya
has been discussed by some economists, such as
Muhammad Al-mubarak, Sherwani, Illyas Ahmad, Kahf And
Siddiqi. He also discussed the price control system's
intervention in the market because of the monopoly,
speculation, and the concept of ownership in Islam.

11.  EDUCATION
o The education in time of Prophet
 Begins at home Arqam ibn Abi al-Arqam in Assafa, Makkah
in the year 610 AD. education has been arranged and
conducted by the prophet Muhammad s.aw. privately for
about three years.
o Prophet teaching materials
 Spread the message of teaching a revelation from God.
Revelation here is in the process of teaching materials to
educate or teach his followers, whether it be al-Quran and
Hadith.
o The Prophet Teaching steps
 Establishing a center for education
1. Home as a learning center
2. Deliver lessons in public
3. Make the mosque as a place of teaching

12.  Prophet methods of teaching
1. Lectures and sermons
2. Dialogue and discussion
3. Questions and answers
4. Mujadalah / debate
5. using drawings
6. Practical and demonstrations
7. halaqah
 ISLAMIC EDUCATION THROUGHOUT THE AGES
 Muslim scholars who contribute to education is:
1. Al-Imam as-syafie- specialist in knowledge of fiqh, knowledge
assessment, ethics, astronomy, science doctorate.
2. Imam malik- specialists in hadith and the hadith analysis to formulate
the rules of Islam. He also wrote a books like Muwatta.
3. Imam Ahmad- memorized a million hadiths (imam abu zirah). He also
wrote a book like al-Musnad.
4. Imam Abu Hanifah- when childhood he interested in science. Specialist
in tauhid knowledge, al-Quran, Hadith, and art. His book such as al-
faraid, fikrah akhbar, al-Alim wal mutaalim, Musnad etc.

13.  PHILOSOPHY
 The first work of Islamic philosophy was developed by Abu Yusuf
Ya'kub Ibn Ishaq al-Kindi, Arab nation that was born in 850 AD
at the Kuffah and educated in Baghdad and Basra. Even Aristotle
had argued earlier on, but Al Kindi theology refuses to accept the
concept of religious and theological debate since the concept of
religion and the al-Din is very different especially with
Rububiyah term introduced by al-Kindi.
 Other Islamic philosophers:
1. Al-Farabi (350h/961M)
 In Europe known as Alpharabius
 Studied philosophy with Abdul Basher Matta And Yuhanna Ibn
Khailan In Basra.
2. Ibn Sina (370-428h/980-1037)
 At the age of 21 , he has authored a great writing about medicine
and philosophy. His writing is like Al-shafa, Najat, Qanun,
Saddiyya, Al-mantiq, Al-musiqa, Qamus Al Arabi, Danesh
Nameh, Uyun Al-hikmah And Mujiz Kabir Wa Al-saghir .

14. 3. Al-Ghazali known as the Hujjatul Islam for his expertise in
various fields and become a reference . His writings in
philosophy are like Al-minqizh Min Al-dholalah, Tahafut
Al-falasifat, Mizan Al-amal, Ihya 'Ulum Al-din, Al Wajiz,
Mahkun Nazar, Mi'yar Al-ilmi, Maqasid Al-falasifa.
4. Ibn Rushd write a book like Mabadi 'Al Falasifa, Kulliyat,
Tafsir Urjuza, Taslul, Kashful Fair, Tahafut Al-Tahafut And
Muwafaqat Al Hikma Wa Shari'a. Ibn Rushd philosophy is
not in line with the philosophy of Al-Ghazali .As the
philosopher, al-Ghazali's more focused on the question of
sufism but ibn Rushd more while using the theory of mind.
Ibn Rushd philosophy is more acceptable in Europe.

15.  ARCHITECTURE
 In the reign of al-Walid in Spain has been erected the buildings are
very beautiful and full of high aesthetic value, especially in the
construction of mosques and palaces. As well as Umar Mosque in
Jerusalem, Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, Mosque at Tunis Okbah
etc.
 Technology and engineering
1. Ibn khazani -He had successfully created a range of tools that had a
perfect balance. The compass invented by him have been used in
Europe until today.
2. Ibn Yunus (10 AD)- Create a tool to measure the sun.
3. Abdul Abbas Al-Farghani (11 AD) - Produce a books relating to
astronomy and the position and state of stars in the sky.
4. Ibn zarkali- Create some tools and equipment that can determine the
position of stars in the sky,
5. Abu Abdullah Muhammad al banana (829m)-An investigation on the
eclipse of the sun and the moon.
6. Ibn firnas- Create a device that allows him to fly. He died in an accident
and did not leave a successor to extend and improve the work. Idea was
extended by the Wilbur and Orville family Wright until the advent of
airplanes.

16. ASTRONOMY
o The contribution of islamic scholars in astronomy
1. Abdul rahman al-Sufi was the first person who wrote a
book about astronomy. The name of star introduced by
him continued to be used by western astronomers
until today like algorab, adbebara, acrab, algedi and
atair.
2. Al-Battani explaining the detail about the solar
eclipse.
3. Abu Ishaq al-bitruji has published a new theory about
the movements of stars. Fi Al Ha'ia is his most
important book.
4. Other Islamic scholars in astronomy is Abu Al-abbas,
Al-biruni, Al-zarqali, Abu Ma'syar, Ibn Al-shatir, Ibn
Yunus, Shakir Banu, Abu Ma'shar Al -Baltaji.

17.  MEDICAL
1. Ar-Razi (Rhazes) 865-925 AD
 Kitab al-Hawi (Liber Continents). This book is an encyclopedia of medicine.
This book as a guide and reference source on the 12-17 century.
2. Ibn Sina (Avicenna) 980-1037m
 Al-Qanun is the famous medical textbook, and used for six centuries in
Europe.
3. Al-Zahrawi (ABUCASSIS) 936-1013m
 Known as a famous surgeon and knows about medicine and pharmacy.
produce the book at-tasrif (al-Zahrawi).
4. Ali Abbas al Majusi (HALLY ABBAS)
 Called the father of pharmacology classify and sort a variety of drugs.
5. Abu Marawan Abdul Malik or Ibn zuhr(AVENZOAR)
 Wrote the book Al-taysir Fil-morawahwa Al-tadbir (facilitation of treatment)
which contains the medical rules.
6. Ibn al-Quff (1233-1286m)
 It is written Al-umbdah Fisini At Al-jurabah (the authority of surgery), which
contains 20 clauses.
7. Ibn al-Nafis
 Has introduced a system of blood flow and the transfer. He also studied about
the nature and the human heart and also the factors and medication.

18.  Zoology is a branch of biological science related to
scientific research on animals.
 Al-Asmai was the first scientist who contributed in
Zoology.
 Among other figures famous is al-Masudi, al-qazwimi
and many more.
 Most of them were born in Umayyad times and they
have made a preliminary study on the habitat,
behavior and classification of animals based on
references from the Qur'an.

19.  One of the animals they are study is the Camels.
 Camels are the most abundant animals are bred by the
Arab community living in the desert.
 Privileges because of her camel is a large and suitable
for use as transportation.
 It also does not require a lot of food and very obedient.
 Camels also are smart animals and when they are sick,
the animal itself would find and eat the leaves of a
'oak' to restore itself.
 When the snake cave camel, it will eat sand crabs can
prevent it from spreading.

20.  Among others in this field is al-Damiri from Egypt,
who wrote a book entitled al-hayawan life that has
been translated in French and in English the next
diterjemakan in 1906/8.
 Al-Jahiz (776-868) from Basra who has written a book
entitled Kitab al-Hayawan. This book touches on the
competition between the animals to life and their
adaptation to the environment.
 Al-Jawaliqi who lived in the 12th century AD and al-
Mu'min in the 13th century is a lot to write about the
study of horses. They have also been successfully
further develop these areas to make further research
more widely and deeply based on the findings of the
Greek scientists at the time of the ancient Greek
civilization earlier.

21.  Al-Quran has produced many Muslim scientists in the
field of botany.
 Among them was Jabir Ibn Haiyan, Sumail ibn Abi
Nadir, Abi Zaid al-Ansari, Ibn Sina, Ibn al-Awwam,
Hamadullah Mustanfi and Mulla Sadri.
 Ibn Sina famous in Europe in the development of
botany and medicine. His book Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb
has been described many crops and new medicines.

22.  Al-Awwam Ibybiki has written a book called al-
Falahad. This book describes 585 species of plants by
means keeping, treating and fertilizing.
 Al-Riya ibn al-Zarit from Egypt had written a book
about trees and the use of lime.

23.  Al-Biruni (973-1048 AD) is a critic of Aristotle's theory
of physics. Al-Biruni also do research on gravity, mass.
Space and ground motion, mechanics and
hydrostatics.
 Al-Barakh al-Baghdadi (1077-1165 AD) wrote a book
Kitab al-Mu'labar physicist who serves as a reference
later European scholars of physics. He also reviewed
jasah fell and crushed the movement.
 Suhrahwadi is the founder of the theory of light,
including the movement and speed of light. He also
believed that the earth and other planets of the same
law-abiding.

24.  Al-Hatimi (Surah al-Hazan) (965-1028 AD), as well as
master of physics, he was also master mathematics and
a premier astronomical figures. He is also founder of
the optics, wrote a book Kitab al-Manazir. Al-Hazan
has found the principle of "Inertia". He was the first
person who expresses the light travels from the object
to the eye.
 Abdul Rahman Al-Khazimi has studied mechanical
and hydrostatic and wrote a book Mizan al-Hikmah.
 Ibn Musa to the study of mechanics and geometry to
the physics building. Excellent work he is Hiyal Banu
Musa.

25.  Development of biological knowledge inherited from
the progress of science that comes from the Greek.
Roman, Babylon, Persia and India, especially in botany
and Zoology.
 Most of the use in both these areas is for agriculture
and medicine.
 After receiving the knowledge of the country
mentioned, members of Islamic science has developed
the field to a very high level.
 This work includes the areas of physiology, breeding,
production and conservation.

26.  Al-Asma'l (739-783 AD). He is an Arab descent and came
from Basrah. He has written several books as Kitab al-Ibil,
Kitab al-Khail, Kitab al-Wahusy and Kitab al-Sha 'which
contains the study of animal biology. Book of al-Insan
khalaq also reveal a lot of knowledge about human
anatomy.
 Al-Jahiz (died in 868 AD). Originally from Basra and has
written a book about animals entitled Kitab al-Hayawan.
The book covers the competition between the animals for
survival of life and their adaptation to the environment.
 Al-Damiri (died in 1405 AD). He was one of the famous
biologist once among the Muslims who came from Egypt.
His book entitled al-Hayawan Life has been translated into
English in 1906/8.

27.  Al-Dimasyqi. He appeared in the 13th century AD and
has studied the plants of various levels and types of
plants all over the state which surrounds Damascus and
surrounding mountains of Lebanon.
 Al-Ghafaqi (died in 1165 AD) is a doctor at Cordova had
collected many plants from Spain and Africa. He also
tried to classify plants by giving the name in Arabic,
Latin and Berber. His book on medicinal herbs, namely
Al-Mufaradah Adwuya been in use as a reference book by
other experts in this field.

28.  Geographical knowledge emerged in medieval Islam.
At that time, aspects of sailing and navigation.
 According to Hamzah Abu Bakar (1964), Islamic
geography was founded by Tariq bin Ziyad who has
successfully led his army to Gibraltar (Jabal Tariq)
during the reign of the Caliph Muawiya bin Abi Sufyan
(611-681 AD).

29.  This knowledge has been ruled by Muslims following
the discharge of his pilgrimage in Mecca in which they
indirectly had traveled from country to country and
from continent to continent.
 Evidence of voyage and adventure of Muslims have
been discovered through the piece of money found
with the image of Islam from the West Arab
governments throughout the country and the
continent as in Northern Europe, Africa, Egypt,
Portugal, Russia, and Southeast Asia (Arnold, 1930).

30.  Al-Muqaddasi (974 AD), also known as al-
Maqdisi. He traveled for 20 years limit
throughout the Islamic empire Islamic Korografi. That
resulted Colonies contain descriptions of
the desert and
the ocean, lakes and rivers, town and Villages of the
famous.
 Ibn Jubyr (1145 AD) is a browser-born Muslims
in Spain. Through the Vast territorypelayaranya to
make a picture of a State and the very detailed.

31.  Ibn Batutah (1304-1377 AD) traveled for 28 years, as far
as 120 675 kilometers. Places that once visited is
Tengier, Algiers, Egypt, Palestine, Syiria, Makkah,
Yunan, Aden, Mombasa, Iran, Central Asia, India,
China, South Ukraine, Astrakhan, Khurassan,
algorithm, Bukhara, and more.
 Ibn Majid and Sulaiman al-Mahri, both these figures
have contributed in terms of 'Scientific Geography' in
medieval times for their work as principles of Sailing
by Ibn Majid and Umda and Minhaj Al-Mahri is
information on Southeast Asia , especially the Malay
archipelago.

37.  Islamic literature.
• (Al-Quran and Hadith)
• Story of 1001 Nights, the work of Firdausi
• Rubaiyat Omar Khayyam by Firdausi.
• Shah Nameh of Firdausi
• Gulistam and Bustam by Al-Saadi Muslehuddin
• Hayy bin Yaqzhan, the work of Ibn Tufail.

38.  Art Voice
• Marhaban and Qasidah
• nasyid
• Nazam (the zikir that has beem translated into
malay language)
• Ghazal (derived from Arabic poetry translated
into Malay language)
• Games dabus (derived from syiah’s
drama to remember the death
of Saiyidina Hassan and Hussin)

39.  Arts Participation(Khat)
• The type of khat Thuluth, khufi, Andalus, naskh,
akhbar, Traditional Arabic,Mudhir.

40.  Architecture
• Mosque Architecture
• Architectural Tower (Tower Islam copied by European
countries. Or Cairene Cairo Tower Building is the most
beautiful tower)
• Fort Military Architecture (As Citadel in City Haleb, Mic
hicolation form has existed since the time of Sultan
Sallehuddin Al-Ayubi )

41.  Fine Arts
• Carved wood and metal (in the days Fatimiyah)
• Carving enamel (developed in Europe, the Cairo-
Fatimiyah)
• Ceramics
• Stopless
• Art Embroidery
• Al-Ramzu
• Carpet
• Textiles

42.  Portraiture
• Beginning in the reign of
Caliph Muawiyan in Dymasik, Baghdad.
• Sheets of shafhah Quran.
 Music
• Starting in Abbasid times.
• Al-Syatibi is a famous Viola player.