The document outlines several philosophical thoughts in education: - Idealists believe that visible things reflect underlying realities like goodness and justice. They advocate teaching virtue over pure religion. - Realists believe the world has real things, each with its own nature that determines what it is and becomes. Learners need facts about the world. - Naturalists think nature is the best teacher and children should develop according to their own natural processes and interests. - Pragmatists see education as relating to life, so knowledge must be useful for achieving life's ends.

1. BY
ABIDA PARVEEN
Department of Education
University of Sargodha

2. MAIN PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHTS
 IDEALISM
 Idealists believe that all visible things in this
world reflect images such as goodness,
justice and beauty are realities.
 Idea is a sort of an ideal.
 They advocate that the best way to reform
the society is to teach virtue-based
knowledge instead of pure religion.

3. REALISM
 Realists believe that the world has real things.
 Realism is based on the basic reality of the visible
world.
 Each thing has its own nature, which determines
what it is and what it is to become.
 From this point of view learners need to be
acquainted with the facts of the world.

4. NATURALISM
 Naturalists believe that nature is the best teacher, all good
come from the nature.
 The children must be given experiences that fit their natural
interest, age and impulses.
 Children must be permitted to develop according to their
own nature and natural processes.

5. PRAGMATISM:
 Pragmatists believe that education is not only an
intellectual pursuit but is also related to human
life and existence.
 The knowledge must be utilized for achieving the
ends of life.
 Therefore, they emphasize the value of subject
matter as a means to the learner’s end, an
instrument to be employed for the individual for
useful purposes.

6. ESSENTIALISM
Essentialists believe that all children should be
taught all those essential things that an adult needs to
know to become a useful member of the society.
These essential things may change from time to time.

7. The Progressive group believes in freedom and
flexibility according to the needs and interests of
every child.
 Students should be offered learning experiences,
what is important to them to shape their
individuality.
Progressivism is a child-centered movement.
PROGRESSIVISM

8. RECONSTRUCTIONISM
 It is a futuristic movement.
 They believe that bringing greater changes in the
education system can eliminate the problems of the
society.
 The school should prepare students to reconstruct
their society, according to the changes in the
environment and life to adjust in the emerging
conditions. There is an emphasis on practical
approaches and active learning.

9. ANY QUESTION
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