The bytecode gobbledygook

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the bytecode gobbledygook #perfmatters @rrafols

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Disclaimer: This presentation contains bytecode Contentis my own experimentation and might differ on other environments

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Competitions Work 2015 Local winner 2016+Ambassador 2016 Runner up 2018 Honorable mention Demoscene Speaker Author Entrepreneurship @rrafols

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Everything starts withour friend the java compiler.

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*.java → [javac]→ *.class

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Or on Android

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*.java → [javac]→ *.class *.class → [dx] → dex file

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*.java → [javac]→ *.class *.class → [dx] → dex dex → [dexopt] → opt. dex dex → [dex2oat] → native

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but change iscoming! Jack & Jill

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but change iscoming! Jack & Jill

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*.java → [jack]→ dex file

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but change isstill coming! D8 & R8

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*.java → [javac]→ *.class *.class → [d8/r8] → dex file

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Let’s focus firston javac Javac vs other compilers

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Compilers Produces optimized code forthe target platform

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javac Does not produce optimizedcode*

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javac Does not knowon which architecture the code will be executed

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Source: Oracle

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For this reason Javabytecode & operations are stack based

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Easy to interpret Butnot the most performant solution

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Quick example Stack basedinteger addition

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j = j+ i

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Java bytecode

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iload_3 iload_2 iadd istore_2

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Register based approach

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add r01, r02,r01 or add eax, ebx

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Let’s make things interesting… j= j + i + k + w + h * 2 + p * p;

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Java bytecode

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0: iload_2 1: iload_1 2:iadd 3: iload_3 4: iadd 5: iload 4 7: iadd 8: iload 5 10: iconst_2 11: imul 12: iadd 13: iload 6 15: iload 6 17: imul 18: iadd 19: istore_2 j = j + i + k + w + h * 2 + p * p; Local vars 1: i 2: j 3: k 4: w 5: h 6: p

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Register based approach

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add r01, r02,r01 add r01, r03, r01 add r01, r04, r01 mul r07, r05, #2 add r01, r07, r01 mul r08, r06, r06 add r02, r08, r01 j = j + i + k + w + h * 2 + p * p; r01: i r02: j r03: k r04: w r05: h r06: p

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Java VM (JVM) Onlythe JVM knows the architecture where is running. In our previous example, we used up to 8 registers, but some CPUs might have less than 8 registers…

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Java VM (JVM) Alloptimizations are left to be done by the JVM

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Maybe takes thisconcept a bit too far...

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Imagine this simpleC code #include <stdio.h> int main() { int a = 10; int b = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + a; printf("%dn", b); }

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GCC compiler #include <stdio.h> intmain() { int a = 10; int b = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + a; printf("%dn", b); } … movl $31, %esi call _printf … * Using gcc & -O2 compiler option

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javac public static voidmain(String args[]) { int a = 10; int b = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + a; System.out.println(b); } 0: bipush 10 2: istore_1 3: bipush 21 5: iload_1 6: iadd 7: istore_2 ...

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Let's do asmall change #include <stdio.h> int main() { int a = 10; int b = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + a + 6; printf("%dn", b); }

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GCC compiler #include <stdio.h> intmain() { int a = 10; int b = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + a + 6; printf("%dn", b); } … movl $31, %esi call _printf … * Using gcc & -O2 compiler option

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javac public static voidmain(String args[]) { int a = 10; int b = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + a + 6; System.out.println(b); } 0: bipush 10 2: istore_1 3: bipush 15 5: iload_1 6: iadd 7: bipush 6 9: iadd 10: istore_2

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Let's do anotherquick change.. public static void main(String args[]) { int a = 10; int b = a + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6; System.out.println(b); }

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javac 00: bipush 10 02:istore_1 03: iload_1 04: iconst_1 05: iadd 06: iconst_2 07: iadd 08: iconst_3 09: iadd 10: iconst_4 11: iadd 12: iconst_5 13: iadd 14: bipush 6 16: iadd 17: istore_2 public static void main(String args[]) { int a = 10; int b = a + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6; System.out.println(b); }

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On Android therewas jack to the rescue...

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jack public static voidmain(String args[]) { int a = 10; int b = a + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6; System.out.println(b); } ... 0: const/16 v0, #int 31 2: sget-object v1, Ljava/lang/System; 4: invoke-virtual {v1, v0} 7: return-void ...

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but d8 doesthe job as well...

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d8 public static voidmain(String args[]) { int a = 10; int b = a + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6; System.out.println(b); } ... 0: sget-object v1, Ljava/lang/System;… 2: const/16 v0, #int 31 4: invoke-virtual {v1, v0} 7: return-void ...

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And on Javathere is the JIT compiler to the rescue

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JIT assembly output publicstatic void main(String args[]) { int a = 10; int b = a + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6; System.out.println(b); } ... 0x00000001104b2bff: mov eax, 0x0001f ... 0: bipush 10 2: istore_1 3: iload_1 4: iconst_1 5: iadd 6: iconst_2 7: iadd 8: iconst_3 9: iadd 10: iconst_4 11: iadd 12: iconst_5 13: iadd 14: bipush 6 16: iadd 17: istore_2

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Language additions Thinks toconsider

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Autoboxing Transparent to thedeveloper but compiler adds some 'extra' code

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Autoboxing long total =0; for(int i = 0; i < N; i++) { total += i; } 0: lconst_0 1: lstore_1 2: iconst_0 3: istore_3 4: iload_3 5: ldc #8 // N 7: if_icmpge 21 10: lload_1 11: iload_3 12: i2l 13: ladd 14: lstore_1 15: iinc 3, 1 18: goto 4

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Autoboxing long total =0; for(int i = 0; i < N; i++) { total += i; } 0: lconst_0 1: lstore_1 2: iconst_0 3: istore_3 4: iload_3 5: ldc #8 // N 7: if_icmpge 21 10: lload_1 11: iload_3 12: i2l 13: ladd 14: lstore_1 15: iinc 3, 1 18: goto 4 21:

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Autoboxing Long total =0; for(Integer i = 0; i < N; i++) { total += i; }

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Autoboxing Long total =0; for(Integer i = 0; i < N; i++) { total += i; } 00: lconst_0 01: invokestatic #7 // java/lang/Long.valueOf:(J)Ljava/la 04: astore_1 05: iconst_0 06: invokestatic #8 // java/lang/Integer.valueOf:(I)Ljava/ 09: astore_2 10: aload_2 11: invokevirtual #9 // java/lang/Integer.intValue:()I 14: sipush N 17: if_icmpge 54 20: aload_1 21: invokevirtual #10 // java/lang/Long.longValue:()J 24: aload_2 25: invokevirtual #9 // java/lang/Integer.intValue:()I 28: i2l 29: ladd 30: invokestatic #7 // java/lang/Long.valueOf:(J)Ljava/la 33: astore_1 34: aload_2 35: astore_3 36: aload_2 37: invokevirtual #9 // java/lang/Integer.intValue:()I 40: iconst_1 41: iadd 42: invokestatic #8 // java/lang/Integer.valueOf:(I)Ljava/ 45: dup 46: astore_2 47: astore 4 49: aload_3 50: pop 51: goto 10

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Autoboxing Long total =0; for(Integer i = 0; i < N; i++) { total += i; } // ? 00: lconst_0 01: invokestatic #7 // Method java/lang/Long.valueOf:(J)L 04: astore_1 05: iconst_0 06: invokestatic #8 // Method java/lang/Integer.valueOf:(I 09: astore_2 10: aload_2 11: invokevirtual #9 // Method java/lang/Integer.intValue: 14: sipush N 17: if_icmpge 54 20: aload_1 21: invokevirtual #10 // Method java/lang/Long.longValue:( 24: aload_2 25: invokevirtual #9 // Method java/lang/Integer.intValue: 28: i2l 29: ladd 30: invokestatic #7 // Method java/lang/Long.valueOf:(J)L 33: astore_1 34: aload_2 35: astore_3 36: aload_2 37: invokevirtual #9 // Method java/lang/Integer.intValue: 40: iconst_1 41: iadd 42: invokestatic #8 // Method java/lang/Integer.valueOf:(I 45: dup 46: astore_2 47: astore 4 49: aload_3 50: pop 51: goto 10

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Autoboxing This is whatthat code is actually doing: Long total = Long.valueOf(0); for(Integer i = Integer.valueOf(0); i.intValue() < N; i = Integer.valueOf(i.intValue() + 1)) { total = Long.valueOf(total.longValue() + (long)i.intValue()) }

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Autoboxing Object creation Long total= Long.valueOf(0); for(Integer i = Integer.valueOf(0); i.intValue() < N; i = Integer.valueOf(i.intValue() + 1)) { total = Long.valueOf(total.longValue() + (long)i.intValue()) }

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Autoboxing What about dexbytecode?

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Autoboxing D8 does nothelp in this situation (neither Jack)

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Autoboxing What about theJIT compiler on plain java?

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Autoboxing Let's run thatloop N times (on my desktop computer) N = 10.000.000.000

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Autoboxing

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Autoboxing Let’s try iton Android Dalvik VM & ART

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Autoboxing

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Language Additions Use themwisely!

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Sorting No bytecode mumbo-jumbo here

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Let's sort somenumbers… Arrays.sort(...)

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Difference between sorting primitivetypes (int) & objects (Integer)

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Using int &Integer

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When sorting objectsjava uses a stable sort Default java algorithm: TimSort adaptation

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Sorting primitives doesnot require to be stable sort Default java algorithm: Dual-Pivot quicksort

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Sorting Use primitive typesas much as possible

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Loops What is goingon behind the scenes

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Loops - List ArrayList<Integer>list = new … static long loopStandardList() { long result = 0; for(int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) { result += list.get(i); } return result; }

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ArrayList<Integer> list =new … static long loopStandardList() { long result = 0; for(int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) { result += list.get(i); } return result; } 07: lload_0 08: getstatic list 11: iload_2 12: invokevirtual java/util/ArrayList.get 15: checkcast java/lang/Integer 18: invokevirtual java/lang/Integer.intValue 21: i2l 22: ladd 23: lstore_0 24: iinc 2, 1 27: iload_2 28: getstatic list 31: invokevirtual java/util/ArrayList.size 34: if_icmplt 7 Loops - List

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ArrayList<Integer> list =new … static long loopStandardList() { long result = 0; for(int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) { result += list.get(i); } return result; } Loops - List 07: lload_0 08: getstatic list 11: iload_2 12: invokevirtual java/util/ArrayList.get 15: checkcast java/lang/Integer 18: invokevirtual java/lang/Integer.intValue 21: i2l 22: ladd 23: lstore_0 24: iinc 2, 1 27: iload_2 28: getstatic list 31: invokevirtual java/util/ArrayList.size 34: if_icmplt 7

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Loops - foreach ArrayList<Integer>list = new … static long loopForeachList() { long result = 0; for(int v : list) { result += v; } return result; }

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ArrayList<Integer> list =new … static long loopForeachList() { long result = 0; for(int v : list) { result += v; } return result; } 12: aload_3 13: invokeinterface java/util/Iterator.next 18: checkcast java/lang/Integer 21: invokevirtual java/lang/Integer.intValue 24: istore_2 25: lload_0 26: iload_2 27: i2l 28: ladd 29: lstore_0 30: aload_3 31: invokeinterface java/util/Iterator.hasNext 36: ifne 12 Loops - foreach

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ArrayList<Integer> list =new … static long loopForeachList() { long result = 0; for(int v : list) { result += v; } return result; } Loops - foreach 12: aload_3 13: invokeinterface java/util/Iterator.next 18: checkcast java/lang/Integer 21: invokevirtual java/lang/Integer.intValue 24: istore_2 25: lload_0 26: iload_2 27: i2l 28: ladd 29: lstore_0 30: aload_3 31: invokeinterface java/util/Iterator.hasNext 36: ifne 12

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ArrayList<Integer> list =new … static long loopForeachList() { long result = 0; for(int v : list) { result += v; } return result; } Loops - foreach 12: aload_3 13: invokeinterface java/util/Iterator.next 18: checkcast java/lang/Integer 21: invokevirtual java/lang/Integer.intValue 24: istore_2 25: lload_0 26: iload_2 27: i2l 28: ladd 29: lstore_0 30: aload_3 31: invokeinterface java/util/Iterator.hasNext 36: ifne 12

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Loops - Array staticint[] array = new ... static long loopStandardArray() { long result = 0; for(int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) { result += array[i]; } return result; }

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static int[] array= new ... static long loopStandardArray() { long result = 0; for(int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) { result += array[i]; } return result; } 07: lload_0 08: getstatic array 11: iload_2 12: iaload 13: i2l 14: ladd 15: lstore_0 16: iinc 2, 1 19: iload_2 20: getstatic array 23: arraylength 24: if_icmplt 7 Loops - Array

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static int[] array= new ... static long loopStandardArray() { long result = 0; for(int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) { result += array[i]; } return result; } Loops - Array 07: lload_0 08: getstatic array 11: iload_2 12: iaload 13: i2l 14: ladd 15: lstore_0 16: iinc 2, 1 19: iload_2 20: getstatic array 23: arraylength 24: if_icmplt 7

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static int[] array= new ... static long loopStandardArray() { long result = 0; for(int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) { result += array[i]; } return result; } Loops - Array 07: lload_0 08: getstatic array 11: iload_2 12: iaload 13: i2l 14: ladd 15: lstore_0 16: iinc 2, 1 19: iload_2 20: getstatic array 23: arraylength 24: if_icmplt 7

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Loops - sizecached static int[] array = new ... static long loopStandardArray () { long result = 0; int length = array.length; for(int i = 0; i < length; i++) { result += array[i]; } return result; }

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static int[] array= new ... static long loopStandardArray () { long result = 0; int length = array.length; for(int i = 0; i < length; i++) { result += array[i]; } return result; } 12: lload_0 13: getstatic array 16: iload_3 17: iaload 18: i2l 19: ladd 20: lstore_0 21: iinc 3, 1 24: iload_3 25: iload_2 26: if_icmplt 12 Loops - size cached

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static int[] array= new ... static long loopStandardArray () { long result = 0; int length = array.length; for(int i = 0; i < length; i++) { result += array[i]; } return result; } Loops - size cached 12: lload_0 13: getstatic array 16: iload_3 17: iaload 18: i2l 19: ladd 20: lstore_0 21: iinc 3, 1 24: iload_3 25: iload_2 26: if_icmplt 12

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Loops - backwards staticint[] array = new ... static long loopStandardArray () { long result = 0; for(int i = array.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) { result += array[i]; } return result; }

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static int[] array= new ... static long loopStandardArray () { long result = 0; for(int i = array.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) { result += array[i]; } return result; } 12: lload_0 13: getstatic array 16: iload_2 17: iaload 18: i2l 19: ladd 20: lstore_0 21: iinc 2, -1 24: iload_2 25: ifge 12 Loops - backwards

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static int[] array= new ... static long loopStandardArray () { long result = 0; for(int i = array.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) { result += array[i]; } return result; } Loops - backwards 12: lload_0 13: getstatic array 16: iload_2 17: iaload 18: i2l 19: ladd 20: lstore_0 21: iinc 2, -1 24: iload_2 25: ifge 12

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Let’s check stepby step…

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Loops – foreachII static long loopForeachArray(int[] array) { long result = 0; for(int v : array) { result += v; } return result; }

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Loops – foreachII static long loopForeachArray(int[] array) { long result = 0; for(int v : array) { result += v; } return result; } 00: lconst_0 01: lstore_1 02: aload_0 03: dup 04: astore 6 06: arraylength 07: istore 5 09: iconst_0 10: istore 4 12: goto 29 15: aload 6 17: iload 4 19: iaload 20: istore_3 21: lload_1 22: iload_3 23: i2l 24: ladd 25: lstore_1 26: iinc 4, 1 29: iload 4 31: iload 5 33: if_icmplt 15 0 array 4 - 1 - 5 - 2 - 6 - 3 - 7 -

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Loops – foreachII static long loopForeachArray(int[] array) { long result = 0; for(int v : array) { result += v; } return result; } 00: lconst_0 01: lstore_1 02: aload_0 03: dup 04: astore 6 06: arraylength 07: istore 5 09: iconst_0 10: istore 4 12: goto 29 15: aload 6 17: iload 4 19: iaload 20: istore_3 21: lload_1 22: iload_3 23: i2l 24: ladd 25: lstore_1 26: iinc 4, 1 29: iload 4 31: iload 5 33: if_icmplt 15 0 array 4 - 1 0 (result) 5 - 2 - 6 - 3 - 7 -

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Loops – foreachII static long loopForeachArray(int[] array) { long result = 0; for(int v : array) { result += v; } return result; } 00: lconst_0 01: lstore_1 02: aload_0 03: dup 04: astore 6 06: arraylength 07: istore 5 09: iconst_0 10: istore 4 12: goto 29 15: aload 6 17: iload 4 19: iaload 20: istore_3 21: lload_1 22: iload_3 23: i2l 24: ladd 25: lstore_1 26: iinc 4, 1 29: iload 4 31: iload 5 33: if_icmplt 15 0 array 4 - 1 0 (result) 5 - 2 - 6 array 3 - 7 -

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Loops – foreachII static long loopForeachArray(int[] array) { long result = 0; for(int v : array) { result += v; } return result; } 00: lconst_0 01: lstore_1 02: aload_0 03: dup 04: astore 6 06: arraylength 07: istore 5 09: iconst_0 10: istore 4 12: goto 29 15: aload 6 17: iload 4 19: iaload 20: istore_3 21: lload_1 22: iload_3 23: i2l 24: ladd 25: lstore_1 26: iinc 4, 1 29: iload 4 31: iload 5 33: if_icmplt 15 0 array 4 - 1 0 (result) 5 array.length 2 - 6 array 3 - 7 -

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Loops – foreachII static long loopForeachArray(int[] array) { long result = 0; for(int v : array) { result += v; } return result; } 00: lconst_0 01: lstore_1 02: aload_0 03: dup 04: astore 6 06: arraylength 07: istore 5 09: iconst_0 10: istore 4 12: goto 29 15: aload 6 17: iload 4 19: iaload 20: istore_3 21: lload_1 22: iload_3 23: i2l 24: ladd 25: lstore_1 26: iinc 4, 1 29: iload 4 31: iload 5 33: if_icmplt 15 0 array 4 0 (loop index) 1 0 (result) 5 array.length 2 - 6 array 3 - 7 -

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Loops – foreachII static long loopForeachArray(int[] array) { long result = 0; for(int v : array) { result += v; } return result; } 00: lconst_0 01: lstore_1 02: aload_0 03: dup 04: astore 6 06: arraylength 07: istore 5 09: iconst_0 10: istore 4 12: goto 29 15: aload 6 17: iload 4 19: iaload 20: istore_3 21: lload_1 22: iload_3 23: i2l 24: ladd 25: lstore_1 26: iinc 4, 1 29: iload 4 31: iload 5 33: if_icmplt 15 0 array 4 0 (loop index) 1 0 (result) 5 array.length 2 - 6 array 3 - 7 -

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Loops – foreachII static long loopForeachArray(int[] array) { long result = 0; for(int v : array) { result += v; } return result; } 00: lconst_0 01: lstore_1 02: aload_0 03: dup 04: astore 6 06: arraylength 07: istore 5 09: iconst_0 10: istore 4 12: goto 29 15: aload 6 17: iload 4 19: iaload 20: istore_3 21: lload_1 22: iload_3 23: i2l 24: ladd 25: lstore_1 26: iinc 4, 1 29: iload 4 31: iload 5 33: if_icmplt 15 0 array 4 0 (loop index) 1 0 (result) 5 array.length 2 - 6 array 3 array[index] 7 -

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Loops – foreachII static long loopForeachArray(int[] array) { long result = 0; for(int v : array) { result += v; } return result; } 00: lconst_0 01: lstore_1 02: aload_0 03: dup 04: astore 6 06: arraylength 07: istore 5 09: iconst_0 10: istore 4 12: goto 29 15: aload 6 17: iload 4 19: iaload 20: istore_3 21: lload_1 22: iload_3 23: i2l 24: ladd 25: lstore_1 26: iinc 4, 1 29: iload 4 31: iload 5 33: if_icmplt 15 0 array 4 0 (loop index) 1 0 + array[index] 5 array.length 2 - 6 array 3 array[index] 7 -

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Loops – foreachII static long loopForeachArray(int[] array) { long result = 0; for(int v : array) { result += v; } return result; } 00: lconst_0 01: lstore_1 02: aload_0 03: dup 04: astore 6 06: arraylength 07: istore 5 09: iconst_0 10: istore 4 12: goto 29 15: aload 6 17: iload 4 19: iaload 20: istore_3 21: lload_1 22: iload_3 23: i2l 24: ladd 25: lstore_1 26: iinc 4, 1 29: iload 4 31: iload 5 33: if_icmplt 15 0 array 4 0 (loop index) + 1 1 0 + array[index] 5 array.length 2 - 6 array 3 array[index] 7 -

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→ 1,26% → NOTASCALE

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→ -18,33% →

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Loops Use arrays insteadof lists

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Manual bytecode optimization Worth it?

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foreach loop 0:lconst_0 1: lstore_1 2: aload_0 3: dup 4: astore 6 6: arraylength 7: istore 5 9: iconst_0 10: istore 4 12: goto 29 15: aload 6 17: iload 4 19: iaload 20: istore_3 21: lload_1 22: iload_3 23: i2l 24: ladd 25: lstore_1 26: iinc 4, 1 29: iload 4 31: iload 5 33: if_icmplt 15 0: aload_0 1: arraylength 2: istore_3 3: iconst_0 4: istore_1 5: lconst_0 6: goto 17 9: aload_0 10: iload_1 11: iaload 12: i2l 13: ladd 14: iinc 1, 1 17: iload_1 18: iload_3 19: if_icmplt 9 Manual bytecode optimization

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Manual bytecode optimization 0:aload_0 1: arraylength 2: istore_3 3: iconst_0 4: istore_1 5: lconst_0 6: goto 17 9: aload_0 10: iload_1 11: iaload 12: i2l 13: ladd 14: iinc 1, 1 17: iload_1 18: iload_3 19: if_icmplt 9 Local variables 0 array 3 - 1 - 4 - 2 - 5 - Stack - - -

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0: aload_0 1: arraylength 2:istore_3 3: iconst_0 4: istore_1 5: lconst_0 6: goto 17 9: aload_0 10: iload_1 11: iaload 12: i2l 13: ladd 14: iinc 1, 1 17: iload_1 18: iload_3 19: if_icmplt 9 Local variables 0 array 3 array.length 1 - 4 - 2 - 5 - Stack - - - Manual bytecode optimization

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0: aload_0 1: arraylength 2:istore_3 3: iconst_0 4: istore_1 5: lconst_0 6: goto 17 9: aload_0 10: iload_1 11: iaload 12: i2l 13: ladd 14: iinc 1, 1 17: iload_1 18: iload_3 19: if_icmplt 9 Local variables 0 array 3 array.length 1 0 (index) 4 - 2 - 5 - Stack - - - Manual bytecode optimization

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0: aload_0 1: arraylength 2:istore_3 3: iconst_0 4: istore_1 5: lconst_0 6: goto 17 9: aload_0 10: iload_1 11: iaload 12: i2l 13: ladd 14: iinc 1, 1 17: iload_1 18: iload_3 19: if_icmplt 9 Local variables 0 array 3 array.length 1 0 (index) 4 - 2 - 5 - Stack 0 (result) - - Manual bytecode optimization

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0: aload_0 1: arraylength 2:istore_3 3: iconst_0 4: istore_1 5: lconst_0 6: goto 17 9: aload_0 10: iload_1 11: iaload 12: i2l 13: ladd 14: iinc 1, 1 17: iload_1 18: iload_3 19: if_icmplt 9 Local variables 0 array 3 array.length 1 0 (index) 4 - 2 - 5 - Stack 0 (result) array[0] - Manual bytecode optimization

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0: aload_0 1: arraylength 2:istore_3 3: iconst_0 4: istore_1 5: lconst_0 6: goto 17 9: aload_0 10: iload_1 11: iaload 12: i2l 13: ladd 14: iinc 1, 1 17: iload_1 18: iload_3 19: if_icmplt 9 Local variables 0 array 3 array.length 1 0 (index) 4 - 2 - 5 - Stack 0 + array[0] - - Manual bytecode optimization

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0: aload_0 1: arraylength 2:istore_3 3: iconst_0 4: istore_1 5: lconst_0 6: goto 17 9: aload_0 10: iload_1 11: iaload 12: i2l 13: ladd 14: iinc 1, 1 17: iload_1 18: iload_3 19: if_icmplt 9 Local variables 0 array 3 array.length 1 0 (index) + 1 4 - 2 - 5 - Stack 0 + array[0] - - Manual bytecode optimization

135.
0: aload_0 1: arraylength 2:istore_3 3: iconst_0 4: istore_1 5: lconst_0 6: goto 17 9: aload_0 10: iload_1 11: iaload 12: i2l 13: ladd 14: iinc 1, 1 17: iload_1 18: iload_3 19: if_icmplt 9 Local variables 0 array 3 array.length 1 1 (index) 4 - 2 - 5 - Stack 0 + array[0] - - Manual bytecode optimization

137.
Worth it? Only invery specific cases. And then you’re probably using the wrong language. Too much effort involved… But let D8/R8/Proguard do it for you!

138.
Calling a method Isthere an overhead?

139.
Overhead of callinga method for(int i = 0; i < N; i++) { setVal(getVal() + 1); } for(int i = 0; i < N; i++) { val = val + 1; } vs

141.
String concatenation The evil+ sign

142.
String concatenation String str= ""; for(int i = 0; i < N; i++) { str += OTHER_STR; }

143.
String concatenation String str= ""; for(int i = 0; i < N; i++) { str += OTHER_STR; } 0: ldc String 2: astore_1 3: iconst_0 4: istore_2 5: iload_2 6: sipush N 9: if_icmpge 40 12: new class java/lang/StringBuilder 15: dup 16: invokespecial java/lang/StringBuilder."<init>" 19: aload_1 20: invokevirtual java/lang/StringBuilder.append 23: aload_0 24: getfield OTHER_STR 27: invokevirtual java/lang/StringBuilder.append 30: invokevirtual java/lang/StringBuilder.toString 33: astore_1 34: iinc 2, 1 37: goto 5

144.

145.

146.

147.

148.

149.
String str =""; for(int i = 0; i < N; i++) { StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(); sb.append(str); sb.append(OTHER_STR); str = sb.toString(); } String concatenation

150.
Object creation: String str= ""; for(int i = 0; i < N; i++) { StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(); sb.append(str); sb.append(OTHER_STR); str = sb.toString(); } String concatenation

151.
String concatenation alternatives

152.
String.concat() • Concat costis O(N) + O(M) • Concat returns a new String Object. String str = ""; for(int i = 0; i < N; i++) { str = str.concat(OTHER_STR); }

153.
String.concat() Object creation: String str= ""; for(int i = 0; i < N; i++) { str = str.concat(OTHER_STR); }

154.
StringBuilder • StringBuilder.append costis O(M) [M being the length of appended String] StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder() for(int i = 0; i < N; i++) { sb.append(OTHER_STR); } str = sb.toString();

155.
StringBuilder sb = newStringBuilder() for(int i = 0; i < N; i++) { sb.append(OTHER_STR); } str = sb.toString(); 0: ldc String 2: astore_1 3: new java/lang/StringBuilder 6: dup 7: invokespecial java/lang/StringBuilder."<init>" 10: astore_2 11: iconst_0 12: istore_3 13: iload_3 14: sipush N 17: if_icmpge 35 20: aload_2 21: aload_0 22: getfield OTHER_STR 25: invokevirtual java/lang/StringBuilder.append 28: pop 29: iinc 3, 1 32: goto 13

156.
0: ldc String 2:astore_1 3: new java/lang/StringBuilder 6: dup 7: invokespecial java/lang/StringBuilder."<init>" 10: astore_2 11: iconst_0 12: istore_3 13: iload_3 14: sipush N 17: if_icmpge 35 20: aload_2 21: aload_0 22: getfield OTHER_STR 25: invokevirtual java/lang/StringBuilder.append 28: pop 29: iinc 3, 1 32: goto 13 sb = new StringBuilder() for(int i = 0; i < N; i++) { sb.append(OTHER_STR); } str = sb.toString(); StringBuilder

157.
Object creation: StringBuilder sb= new StringBuilder(); for(int i = 0; i < N; i++) { sb.append(OTHER_STR); } str = sb.toString(); StringBuilder

158.
String concatenation Use StringBuilder(properly) as much as possible. StringBuffer is the thread safe implementation.

159.
Strings in casestatements

160.
public void taskStateMachine(Stringstatus) { switch(status) { case "PENDING": System.out.println("Status pending"); break; case "EXECUTING": System.out.println("Status executing"); break; } }

163.
Code optimization example: yuv2rgbconverter. Always measure!

164.
Source: Wikipedia

166.
Slightly optimized version precalctables, fixed point operations, 2 pixels per loop…

169.
Lets compare: Normal, minified,minified with optimizations & jack Minified = obfuscated using Proguard

170.
Normal Minified Minified& optimized Jack 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 non-optimized optimized

171.
Tooling

172.
Tooling Java • javap -c<classfile> Android: •Dexdump -d <dexfile>

173.
Tooling D8/R8 https://android.googlesource.com/platform/external/r8/ Krakatau https://github.com/Storyyeller/Krakatau

174.
Tooling – Disassembler- ART adb pull /data/dalvik- cache/arm/data@app@<package>- 1@base apk@classes.dex adb shell oatdump --oat-file=/data/dalvik- cache/arm/data@app@<package>- 1@base.apk@classes.dex

175.
Tooling – PrintAssembly- JIT -XX:+UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions -XX:+PrintAssembly -XX:CompileCommand=print,com.raimon.test.Test::method Under the Hood of the JVM: From Bytecode Through the JIT to Assembly by @alblue http://alblue.bandlem.com/2016/09/javaone-hotspot.html

176.
Additional References Sinking yourteeth into bytecode by @jakewharton http://jakewharton.com/sinking-your-teeth-into-bytecode/ Exploring Kotlin’s hidden costs by @BladeCoder https://medium.com/@BladeCoder/exploring-kotlins- hidden-costs-part-1-fbb9935d9b62

177.
Performance measurements Avoid doingmultiple tests in one run JIT might be evil!

178.
Thank you! http://blog.rafols.org @rrafols https://es.linkedin.com/in/raimonrafols

The bytecode gobbledygook

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