A well summarized presentation on the Basics in the science of the Human Anatomy that'll effectively deliver information in an incredibly remarkable way to the reader.
This document contains slide titles and numbers for a presentation on anatomy related to the arm, cubital fossa, and elbow joint. It covers topics like osteology of the elbow complex, muscles of the arm, the brachial artery, median and ulnar nerves, and common injuries like fractures and nerve lesions. The document provides an outline of the content to be reviewed in the presentation.
Pectoral region & Breast Anatomy by Shapi. MD.pdfShapi. MD
The document discusses the anatomy of the pectoral region and breast. It describes the bones, joints, muscles and other structures found in the anterior chest, including the pectoralis major and minor muscles. It also provides details on the gross structure of the breast, including the lobes, ducts, blood and lymph vessel supply. Finally, it briefly mentions some common breast conditions and diseases.
1. The arm is divided into anterior and posterior compartments by intermuscular septa. The anterior compartment contains the biceps brachii, brachialis, and coracobrachialis muscles innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve.
2. The posterior compartment contains the triceps brachii muscle innervated by the radial nerve.
3. The cubital fossa is a triangular space in front of the elbow containing the biceps tendon, brachial artery and its branches, median nerve, and radial nerve. Its boundaries include the brachioradialis laterally and pronator teres medially.
ANATOMY OF THE UPPER LIMBSSAxilla 2.pdfAlabiDavid4
The axilla is the pyramid-shaped space between the upper arm and chest. It contains the brachial plexus nerves, axillary artery and vein, lymph nodes, and muscles like the pectoralis minor. The axilla has boundaries like the clavicle and ribs. The axillary artery originates from the subclavian artery and passes through three parts in the axilla, giving off branches that supply the chest and arm. The axilla also contains lymph nodes that drain the breast, back, and arm.
Here are the details for the requested positions:
1. Anteroposterior view of the cervical spine with open mouth:
- Patient position: Supine
- Part position: Head extended with mouth open
- Central ray: Perpendicular
- Center: C4 vertebral body
- Anatomy seen: Cervical vertebrae and prevertebral soft tissues
2. Axial view (lateral view) of the shoulder:
- Patient position: Supine
- Part position: Arm abducted to a right angle with external rotation and palm up
- Central ray: Horizontal through the axilla, perpendicular to the cassette
- Center: Middle of the axilla
- An
A well summarized presentation on the Basics in the science of the Human Anatomy that'll effectively deliver information in an incredibly remarkable way to the reader.
This document contains slide titles and numbers for a presentation on anatomy related to the arm, cubital fossa, and elbow joint. It covers topics like osteology of the elbow complex, muscles of the arm, the brachial artery, median and ulnar nerves, and common injuries like fractures and nerve lesions. The document provides an outline of the content to be reviewed in the presentation.
Pectoral region & Breast Anatomy by Shapi. MD.pdfShapi. MD
The document discusses the anatomy of the pectoral region and breast. It describes the bones, joints, muscles and other structures found in the anterior chest, including the pectoralis major and minor muscles. It also provides details on the gross structure of the breast, including the lobes, ducts, blood and lymph vessel supply. Finally, it briefly mentions some common breast conditions and diseases.
1. The arm is divided into anterior and posterior compartments by intermuscular septa. The anterior compartment contains the biceps brachii, brachialis, and coracobrachialis muscles innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve.
2. The posterior compartment contains the triceps brachii muscle innervated by the radial nerve.
3. The cubital fossa is a triangular space in front of the elbow containing the biceps tendon, brachial artery and its branches, median nerve, and radial nerve. Its boundaries include the brachioradialis laterally and pronator teres medially.
ANATOMY OF THE UPPER LIMBSSAxilla 2.pdfAlabiDavid4
The axilla is the pyramid-shaped space between the upper arm and chest. It contains the brachial plexus nerves, axillary artery and vein, lymph nodes, and muscles like the pectoralis minor. The axilla has boundaries like the clavicle and ribs. The axillary artery originates from the subclavian artery and passes through three parts in the axilla, giving off branches that supply the chest and arm. The axilla also contains lymph nodes that drain the breast, back, and arm.
Here are the details for the requested positions:
1. Anteroposterior view of the cervical spine with open mouth:
- Patient position: Supine
- Part position: Head extended with mouth open
- Central ray: Perpendicular
- Center: C4 vertebral body
- Anatomy seen: Cervical vertebrae and prevertebral soft tissues
2. Axial view (lateral view) of the shoulder:
- Patient position: Supine
- Part position: Arm abducted to a right angle with external rotation and palm up
- Central ray: Horizontal through the axilla, perpendicular to the cassette
- Center: Middle of the axilla
- An
A well summarized presentation on the Basics in the science of the Human Anatomy that'll effectively deliver information in an incredibly remarkable way to the reader.
This document describes the muscles of the brachium (arm), antebrachium (forearm), and hand regions. It provides details on the origin, insertion, action, blood supply, and nerve innervation of each muscle. Key muscles described include the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, flexor digitorum profundus, and extensor digitorum in the forearm, as well as the abductor pollicis brevis and flexor pollicis brevis in the hand.
This document provides an overview of the muscles and topography of the upper and lower limbs. It begins with an outline listing the topics to be covered, including the muscles of the upper limb, shoulder girdle, upper arm, forearm, hand, and lower limb, as well as the pelvic girdle, thigh, leg, foot, and synovial bursae. The document then delves into detailed descriptions of the muscles and topography of each region, outlining the specific muscles and anatomical structures of the upper and lower limbs.
The arm is divided into anterior and posterior compartments by intermuscular septa. The anterior compartment contains the biceps, brachialis, and coracobrachialis muscles which are supplied by the musculocutaneous nerve. The posterior compartment contains the triceps brachii muscle which has three heads and is innervated by the radial nerve. Each muscle's origin, insertion, function, and clinical relevance are described in detail.
The document describes the anatomy of the arm, including cutaneous innervation, fascial compartments, contents of the anterior compartment, and structures passing through the anterior compartment. Specifically, it notes that the arm is divided into anterior and posterior compartments by intermuscular septa, with the anterior compartment containing the biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, and brachialis muscles innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve, as well as the brachial artery, median nerve, ulnar nerve, and other structures passing through.
The document describes the anatomy of the elbow joint. It discusses the muscles that flex and extend the elbow - the biceps brachii, brachialis, and triceps brachii. It describes the bones that make up the elbow joint, the humerus, ulna and radius, as well as the ligaments and synovial membrane that support the joint. The document outlines the movements of flexion and extension at the elbow and the muscles responsible for these movements. It defines the cubital fossa and lists the structures found within this space.
The document discusses the muscles and joints of the shoulder region. It identifies the major muscles that connect the upper extremity to the scapula, thoracic wall, and shoulder joint. These include the trapezius, deltoid, rotator cuff muscles, and others. It then describes the shoulder joint as a ball-and-socket synovial joint between the humerus and scapula. The joint is stabilized by ligaments and muscles but is also inherently unstable. A wide range of motion is possible at the joint, including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. Blood supply to the region is provided by several arterial anastomoses around the scapula.
The document provides an overview of the limbs, including:
- The bones that make up the upper and lower limbs, including how they form joints.
- The regions and compartments of the upper and lower limbs, including their nerve supply and actions.
- The main blood vessels of the upper and lower limbs and how collateral circulation forms alternate routes in case of injury.
- The lymphatic drainage of the upper and lower limbs.
- Examples of imaging studies used for the upper and lower limbs.
The document discusses the anatomy of the arm, including bones, muscles, nerves, blood supply, and clinical correlates. It describes the humerus bone and its proximal and distal features. It outlines the muscles of the anterior and posterior compartments of the arm, including origin, insertion and action. It details the major nerves of the arm - musculocutaneous, radial, ulnar and median nerves. It also discusses the brachial artery blood supply and associated veins and lymphatics. Finally, it covers common fractures of the humerus bone and clinical impacts of injuries to the nerves of the arm.
The document describes the anatomy of the thoracic wall. It consists of bones including 12 pairs of ribs, vertebrae, and the sternum. The thoracic cage encloses the thoracic cavity and has two openings: the thoracic inlet and outlet. Various muscles like the internal and external intercostals span the spaces between the ribs. Blood vessels and nerves also pass through these spaces. The document provides detailed descriptions of individual bones and their articulations, as well as the structures passing through the thoracic inlet and outlet.
The cubital fossa is a triangular space located in front of the elbow. Its boundaries are the lateral border of the pronator teres muscle medially, the medial border of the brachioradialis muscle laterally, and an imaginary line joining the two epicondyles of the humerus at its base. Its contents from medial to lateral are the median nerve, brachial artery, bicipital aponeurosis, and radial nerve. The median cubital vein in the cubital fossa is often used for intravenous injections. The brachial artery can also be auscultated in the cubital fossa for blood pressure measurement.
The arm is divided into anterior and posterior compartments by fascial septa. The anterior compartment contains the biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, brachialis muscles innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve and crossed by the median, radial, and ulnar nerves. The posterior compartment contains the triceps brachii muscle innervated by the radial nerve and contains the ulnar nerve and profunda brachii artery. The cubital fossa in front of the elbow contains the median nerve, brachial artery, biceps tendon, and radial nerve.
This document provides an overview of the surface anatomy of the upper limb. It begins by outlining the objectives of being able to palpate bony prominences, muscles, tendons, arteries, and veins. Surface anatomy is then defined as examining external body shapes and markings as they relate to deeper structures. The document then describes in detail the surface landmarks that can be palpated in the clavicle, shoulder, arm, elbow, forearm, wrist, hand, axilla, and arterial patterns.
Spinal anaesthesia involves injecting local anaesthetic into the subarachnoid space to block spinal nerves. It was first introduced in the late 1800s. The spinal cord and nerves are surrounded by meninges including the dura, arachnoid and pia mater. Cerebrospinal fluid flows in the subarachnoid space. Spinal anaesthesia is performed using a small needle inserted between vertebrae to access this space and inject anaesthetic. The level and extent of nerve blockade depends on factors like drug used, dose, patient positioning and anatomy. It provides anaesthesia for surgeries below the level of injection while sparing consciousness above.
The document describes the anatomy of the anterior compartment of the arm. It contains the coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, and brachialis muscles. The brachial artery and musculocutaneous, median, ulnar, and radial nerves also pass through this compartment. It provides details on the origin, insertion, nerve supply, and actions of the coracobrachialis and biceps brachii muscles. Additionally, it discusses the course and branches of the musculocutaneous nerve.
The arm is divided into anterior and posterior compartments by fascial septa. The anterior compartment contains the biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, and brachialis muscles. The posterior compartment contains the triceps brachii muscle. Each compartment contains nerves, arteries and associated muscles that allow for flexion/extension and pronation/supination movements of the arm.
The document describes the anatomy of the arm, including:
- The biceps brachii muscle, which flexes the forearm.
- The brachial artery, which supplies blood to the arm and divides into the radial and ulnar arteries near the elbow.
- The radial, median, and musculocutaneous nerves which innervate muscles of the arm.
- Joints of the elbow and proximal radioulnar joint which allow flexion/extension and supination/pronation.
USMLE MSK L014 Upper 03 Muscles of arm anatomy .pdfAHMED ASHOUR
The muscles of the arm are responsible for various movements at the shoulder and elbow joints. These muscles can be divided into anterior (flexor) and posterior (extensor) groups, with additional muscles that contribute to the overall function of the arm. Understanding the actions and functions of these arm muscles is essential for comprehending upper limb movements and for the assessment and treatment of conditions affecting the arm. Proper balance and coordination between these muscles are crucial for optimal functioning of the upper limb.
This document summarizes the anatomy of the shoulder and approaches for shoulder surgery. It describes:
1) The bones, muscles, ligaments and joints of the shoulder including the humerus, glenoid fossa, rotator cuff muscles, labrum and key landmarks.
2) Six surgical approaches to the shoulder - anterior, anterolateral, lateral, minimal access, posterior and anterior arthroscopic.
3) The anterior approach in detail, including patient positioning, incision along the deltopectoral groove, identification of landmarks like the coracoid process, and layer-by-layer dissection of muscles like the deltoid, pectoralis major and subscap
The document discusses the anatomy of the scapula and surrounding structures. It provides details on:
1. The bones, surfaces, borders, angles, and processes of the scapula.
2. The muscles that originate and insert on the scapula, including the deltoid, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis, and teres major muscles.
3. The joints around the scapula, including the sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, scapulothoracic, and glenohumeral joints.
4. The arterial anastomoses around the scapula that
1. The arm region contains muscles like the biceps brachii, brachialis, and triceps. It also contains the brachial artery and nerves like the musculocutaneous nerve, median nerve, ulnar nerve, and radial nerve.
2. The anterior compartment of the arm contains the biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis, and coracobrachialis muscles. It also contains the brachial artery and musculocutaneous, median, ulnar, and radial nerves.
3. The brachial artery passes through the cubital fossa in front of the elbow, accompanied by structures like
Hearing loss (Ear Nose and Throat)... By Shapi.pdfShapi. MD
The document discusses hearing loss, its classification, causes, and terminology. It defines hearing loss as a deficiency in hearing capacity from normal levels (0-20db) and classifies it as either conductive, affecting the external auditory meatus to oval window, or sensorineural, affecting the oval window to the inferior temporal gyrus. Hearing loss is also graded from mild to profound based on decibel levels. Causes of hearing loss are classified as congenital, including infections and drugs during pregnancy, or acquired, including wax buildup, trauma, infections like otitis media, tumors, meningitis, acoustic trauma, drugs, ageing, and more.
Allergic Rhinitis( Ear Nose and Throat).... By Shapi.pdfShapi. MD
This document discusses allergic rhinitis, also known as hay fever. It begins by explaining the immunological mechanisms behind the immediate and late phase reactions to airborne allergens. Common symptoms include nasal congestion, sneezing, and itchy eyes. Diagnosis involves skin testing or blood tests to identify IgE antibodies to specific allergens. Treatment focuses on avoidance of triggers, antihistamines, decongestants, and nasal corticosteroid sprays. Complications can include secondary infection, sinusitis or decreased pulmonary function if left untreated.
This document describes the muscles of the brachium (arm), antebrachium (forearm), and hand regions. It provides details on the origin, insertion, action, blood supply, and nerve innervation of each muscle. Key muscles described include the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, flexor digitorum profundus, and extensor digitorum in the forearm, as well as the abductor pollicis brevis and flexor pollicis brevis in the hand.
This document provides an overview of the muscles and topography of the upper and lower limbs. It begins with an outline listing the topics to be covered, including the muscles of the upper limb, shoulder girdle, upper arm, forearm, hand, and lower limb, as well as the pelvic girdle, thigh, leg, foot, and synovial bursae. The document then delves into detailed descriptions of the muscles and topography of each region, outlining the specific muscles and anatomical structures of the upper and lower limbs.
The arm is divided into anterior and posterior compartments by intermuscular septa. The anterior compartment contains the biceps, brachialis, and coracobrachialis muscles which are supplied by the musculocutaneous nerve. The posterior compartment contains the triceps brachii muscle which has three heads and is innervated by the radial nerve. Each muscle's origin, insertion, function, and clinical relevance are described in detail.
The document describes the anatomy of the arm, including cutaneous innervation, fascial compartments, contents of the anterior compartment, and structures passing through the anterior compartment. Specifically, it notes that the arm is divided into anterior and posterior compartments by intermuscular septa, with the anterior compartment containing the biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, and brachialis muscles innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve, as well as the brachial artery, median nerve, ulnar nerve, and other structures passing through.
The document describes the anatomy of the elbow joint. It discusses the muscles that flex and extend the elbow - the biceps brachii, brachialis, and triceps brachii. It describes the bones that make up the elbow joint, the humerus, ulna and radius, as well as the ligaments and synovial membrane that support the joint. The document outlines the movements of flexion and extension at the elbow and the muscles responsible for these movements. It defines the cubital fossa and lists the structures found within this space.
The document discusses the muscles and joints of the shoulder region. It identifies the major muscles that connect the upper extremity to the scapula, thoracic wall, and shoulder joint. These include the trapezius, deltoid, rotator cuff muscles, and others. It then describes the shoulder joint as a ball-and-socket synovial joint between the humerus and scapula. The joint is stabilized by ligaments and muscles but is also inherently unstable. A wide range of motion is possible at the joint, including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. Blood supply to the region is provided by several arterial anastomoses around the scapula.
The document provides an overview of the limbs, including:
- The bones that make up the upper and lower limbs, including how they form joints.
- The regions and compartments of the upper and lower limbs, including their nerve supply and actions.
- The main blood vessels of the upper and lower limbs and how collateral circulation forms alternate routes in case of injury.
- The lymphatic drainage of the upper and lower limbs.
- Examples of imaging studies used for the upper and lower limbs.
The document discusses the anatomy of the arm, including bones, muscles, nerves, blood supply, and clinical correlates. It describes the humerus bone and its proximal and distal features. It outlines the muscles of the anterior and posterior compartments of the arm, including origin, insertion and action. It details the major nerves of the arm - musculocutaneous, radial, ulnar and median nerves. It also discusses the brachial artery blood supply and associated veins and lymphatics. Finally, it covers common fractures of the humerus bone and clinical impacts of injuries to the nerves of the arm.
The document describes the anatomy of the thoracic wall. It consists of bones including 12 pairs of ribs, vertebrae, and the sternum. The thoracic cage encloses the thoracic cavity and has two openings: the thoracic inlet and outlet. Various muscles like the internal and external intercostals span the spaces between the ribs. Blood vessels and nerves also pass through these spaces. The document provides detailed descriptions of individual bones and their articulations, as well as the structures passing through the thoracic inlet and outlet.
The cubital fossa is a triangular space located in front of the elbow. Its boundaries are the lateral border of the pronator teres muscle medially, the medial border of the brachioradialis muscle laterally, and an imaginary line joining the two epicondyles of the humerus at its base. Its contents from medial to lateral are the median nerve, brachial artery, bicipital aponeurosis, and radial nerve. The median cubital vein in the cubital fossa is often used for intravenous injections. The brachial artery can also be auscultated in the cubital fossa for blood pressure measurement.
The arm is divided into anterior and posterior compartments by fascial septa. The anterior compartment contains the biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, brachialis muscles innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve and crossed by the median, radial, and ulnar nerves. The posterior compartment contains the triceps brachii muscle innervated by the radial nerve and contains the ulnar nerve and profunda brachii artery. The cubital fossa in front of the elbow contains the median nerve, brachial artery, biceps tendon, and radial nerve.
This document provides an overview of the surface anatomy of the upper limb. It begins by outlining the objectives of being able to palpate bony prominences, muscles, tendons, arteries, and veins. Surface anatomy is then defined as examining external body shapes and markings as they relate to deeper structures. The document then describes in detail the surface landmarks that can be palpated in the clavicle, shoulder, arm, elbow, forearm, wrist, hand, axilla, and arterial patterns.
Spinal anaesthesia involves injecting local anaesthetic into the subarachnoid space to block spinal nerves. It was first introduced in the late 1800s. The spinal cord and nerves are surrounded by meninges including the dura, arachnoid and pia mater. Cerebrospinal fluid flows in the subarachnoid space. Spinal anaesthesia is performed using a small needle inserted between vertebrae to access this space and inject anaesthetic. The level and extent of nerve blockade depends on factors like drug used, dose, patient positioning and anatomy. It provides anaesthesia for surgeries below the level of injection while sparing consciousness above.
The document describes the anatomy of the anterior compartment of the arm. It contains the coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, and brachialis muscles. The brachial artery and musculocutaneous, median, ulnar, and radial nerves also pass through this compartment. It provides details on the origin, insertion, nerve supply, and actions of the coracobrachialis and biceps brachii muscles. Additionally, it discusses the course and branches of the musculocutaneous nerve.
The arm is divided into anterior and posterior compartments by fascial septa. The anterior compartment contains the biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, and brachialis muscles. The posterior compartment contains the triceps brachii muscle. Each compartment contains nerves, arteries and associated muscles that allow for flexion/extension and pronation/supination movements of the arm.
The document describes the anatomy of the arm, including:
- The biceps brachii muscle, which flexes the forearm.
- The brachial artery, which supplies blood to the arm and divides into the radial and ulnar arteries near the elbow.
- The radial, median, and musculocutaneous nerves which innervate muscles of the arm.
- Joints of the elbow and proximal radioulnar joint which allow flexion/extension and supination/pronation.
USMLE MSK L014 Upper 03 Muscles of arm anatomy .pdfAHMED ASHOUR
The muscles of the arm are responsible for various movements at the shoulder and elbow joints. These muscles can be divided into anterior (flexor) and posterior (extensor) groups, with additional muscles that contribute to the overall function of the arm. Understanding the actions and functions of these arm muscles is essential for comprehending upper limb movements and for the assessment and treatment of conditions affecting the arm. Proper balance and coordination between these muscles are crucial for optimal functioning of the upper limb.
This document summarizes the anatomy of the shoulder and approaches for shoulder surgery. It describes:
1) The bones, muscles, ligaments and joints of the shoulder including the humerus, glenoid fossa, rotator cuff muscles, labrum and key landmarks.
2) Six surgical approaches to the shoulder - anterior, anterolateral, lateral, minimal access, posterior and anterior arthroscopic.
3) The anterior approach in detail, including patient positioning, incision along the deltopectoral groove, identification of landmarks like the coracoid process, and layer-by-layer dissection of muscles like the deltoid, pectoralis major and subscap
The document discusses the anatomy of the scapula and surrounding structures. It provides details on:
1. The bones, surfaces, borders, angles, and processes of the scapula.
2. The muscles that originate and insert on the scapula, including the deltoid, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis, and teres major muscles.
3. The joints around the scapula, including the sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, scapulothoracic, and glenohumeral joints.
4. The arterial anastomoses around the scapula that
1. The arm region contains muscles like the biceps brachii, brachialis, and triceps. It also contains the brachial artery and nerves like the musculocutaneous nerve, median nerve, ulnar nerve, and radial nerve.
2. The anterior compartment of the arm contains the biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis, and coracobrachialis muscles. It also contains the brachial artery and musculocutaneous, median, ulnar, and radial nerves.
3. The brachial artery passes through the cubital fossa in front of the elbow, accompanied by structures like
Hearing loss (Ear Nose and Throat)... By Shapi.pdfShapi. MD
The document discusses hearing loss, its classification, causes, and terminology. It defines hearing loss as a deficiency in hearing capacity from normal levels (0-20db) and classifies it as either conductive, affecting the external auditory meatus to oval window, or sensorineural, affecting the oval window to the inferior temporal gyrus. Hearing loss is also graded from mild to profound based on decibel levels. Causes of hearing loss are classified as congenital, including infections and drugs during pregnancy, or acquired, including wax buildup, trauma, infections like otitis media, tumors, meningitis, acoustic trauma, drugs, ageing, and more.
Allergic Rhinitis( Ear Nose and Throat).... By Shapi.pdfShapi. MD
This document discusses allergic rhinitis, also known as hay fever. It begins by explaining the immunological mechanisms behind the immediate and late phase reactions to airborne allergens. Common symptoms include nasal congestion, sneezing, and itchy eyes. Diagnosis involves skin testing or blood tests to identify IgE antibodies to specific allergens. Treatment focuses on avoidance of triggers, antihistamines, decongestants, and nasal corticosteroid sprays. Complications can include secondary infection, sinusitis or decreased pulmonary function if left untreated.
Otitis Media and Otitis Externa... By Shapi.pdfShapi. MD
This document discusses otitis media and otitis externa. It provides definitions and classifications of different types of otitis media such as acute otitis media, recurrent AOM, and otitis media with effusion. It describes the pathogenesis, symptoms, investigations, management including medications and surgery, as well as complications. For otitis externa it defines acute diffuse and circumscribed forms and chronic, eczematous, and necrotizing types. It lists causes and risk factors for each condition.
HERPES ZOSTER OTICUS (Ramsey Hunt's Syndrome).. By Shapi.pdfShapi. MD
The document discusses Herpes Zoster Oticus (Ramsey Hunt's Syndrome), caused by invasion of the geniculate ganglion and CN VIII nerve ganglia by the herpes zoster virus. This produces severe ear pain, hearing loss that may be permanent or recover partially, vertigo lasting days to weeks, and transient or permanent facial nerve palsy with loss of taste in the front two-thirds of the tongue. Investigation shows increased lymphocytes and protein in cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment involves prompt corticosteroid therapy, acyclovir for 10 days to shorten the clinical course, codeine for pain relief, and diazepam to suppress vertigo.
The document discusses bronchiectasis, a chronic lung condition characterized by permanent dilatation of the bronchi. It causes include congenital disorders, past infections, and idiopathic cases. Common symptoms are persistent cough, copious sputum, and intermittent coughing of blood. Investigations include sputum culture, chest x-ray, and high-resolution CT scan of the chest. Management involves airway clearance techniques, antibiotics, bronchodilators, and sometimes surgery for severe cases.
Introduction to GI Medicine.... By Shapi.pdfShapi. MD
Dr. Chongo Shapi provides an overview of common gastrointestinal conditions and definitions. These include leucoplakia, aphthous ulcers, candidiasis, cheilitis, and glossitis. Investigative procedures for gastrointestinal issues like sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, upper endoscopy, duodenal biopsy, and liver biopsy are also outlined. Risks, preparations, and procedures for each test are described. The document aims to introduce common terms and investigations in gastrointestinal medicine.
Hypoglycemia (As in the ER)...... By Shapi.pdfShapi. MD
This document discusses hypoglycemia, including its symptoms, causes, investigation, and treatment. Hypoglycemia is defined as a plasma glucose level less than or equal to 3mmol/L and can cause brain damage or death if severe or prolonged. Symptoms include autonomic symptoms like sweating and hunger as well as neuroglycopenic symptoms like confusion and seizures. Causes in diabetics are most commonly insulin or sulfonylurea treatment, while in non-diabetics include drugs, liver failure, and rare tumors. Investigation involves documenting blood glucose and symptoms during attacks. Treatment of conscious patients involves carbohydrate intake, while unconscious patients require intravenous or intramuscular glucose or glucagon administration.
Biochemistry of Carbohydrates.. By Shapi.pdfShapi. MD
1. Carbohydrates are an essential part of biochemistry and serve important functions in the body. They include sugars, starches, and fibers.
2. Monosaccharides like glucose and fructose are the simplest forms of carbohydrates and cannot be broken down further. They undergo various reactions and participate in metabolic pathways.
3. Derangements in carbohydrate metabolism can lead to disorders like diabetes, while inherited deficiencies of enzymes cause diseases like glycogen storage disorders and galactosemia.
Anatomy of the GLUTEAL REGION........ By Shapi.pdfShapi. MD
The gluteal region contains important muscles and structures. It is bounded superiorly by the iliac crest, medially by the intergluteal cleft, and inferiorly by the gluteal fold. The main muscles are the gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus. The gluteus maximus is the largest muscle and extends the hip. The medius and minimus are important abductors of the hip. Other short rotator muscles include the piriformis, obturator internus, gemelli, and quadratus femoris. Major nerves are branches of the sacral plexus and vessels are branches of the internal iliac artery.
BioChemistry of Lipids......... By Shapi.Shapi. MD
This document discusses lipids and fatty acids. It defines lipids and outlines their structural features and classification. Lipids are classified into simple lipids, compound lipids, and derived lipids. The document discusses the biomedical importance of lipids as important dietary constituents, building materials, and as carriers of fat-soluble vitamins. It also summarizes the different types of fatty acids including saturated, unsaturated, essential fatty acids, and eicosanoids derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Acute Coronary Syndromes and Angina.. By Shapi.Shapi. MD
Angina pectoris is a symptom of reversible myocardial ischemia characterized by chest pain or discomfort due to an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. It is usually precipitated by exertion or stress and relieved by rest. The document discusses the causes, types, clinical features, investigations, and management of angina pectoris and acute coronary syndromes.
Pneumonia (Community Aqcuired and Hospital Aqcuired).. By ShapiShapi. MD
This document discusses pneumonia, including its causes, classification, symptoms, investigations, management, complications, and types. Pneumonia can be community-acquired, hospital-acquired, or occur in immunocompromised patients. Common causes include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Legionella pneumophila. Severity is assessed using CURB-65 scoring. Management involves antibiotics, oxygen therapy, IV fluids, and ICU care for severe cases. Complications include pleural effusions, abscesses, respiratory failure, and sepsis.
Development Urinary system by Shapi. MD.pdfShapi. MD
A well summarized presentation on the Basics in the science of the Human Anatomy that'll effectively deliver information in an incredibly remarkable way to the reader.
DEVELOPMENT OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by Shapi. MD.pdfShapi. MD
A well summarized presentation on the Basics in the science of the Human Anatomy that'll effectively deliver information in an incredibly remarkable way to the reader.
A well summarized presentation on the Basics in the science of the Human Anatomy that'll effectively deliver information in an incredibly remarkable way to the reader.
Bilaminar and trilaminar discs formation.pdfShapi. MD
The document discusses embryology, specifically the formation of the bilaminar and trilaminar germ discs. It describes how during the second week of development, the blastocyst differentiates into trophoblast layers and the inner cell mass forms the hypoblast and epiblast. Extraembryonic mesoderm and the chorionic plate then develop. In the third week, gastrulation occurs as the epiblast differentiates into the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm - from which all tissues and organs develop. Diagrams are included showing notochord formation.
Gametogenesis and Pre-ebryonic life by Shapi. MDpdfShapi. MD
A well summarized presentation on the Basics in the science of the Human Anatomy that'll effectively deliver information in an incredibly remarkable way to the reader.
NOTOCHORD, NEURULATION AND NTDs by Shapi. MD.pdfShapi. MD
The document discusses embryology and neural tube defects. It includes diagrams of notochord formation and neurulation. Neural tube defects discussed include myelomeningocele, meningocele, spina bifida occulta, and hydrocephalus. The document was authored by Dr. Chongo Shapi, a medical doctor, and contains 15 pages with diagrams related to embryology and neural tube development.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
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The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
5. FASCIAL SEPTA
• Divides arm into anterior and posterior
compartments.
• Medial Intermuscular Septum: From
subcutaneous sheath to humerus.
Separates muscles of anterior arm from
medial side of triceps complex.
• Lateral Intermuscular Septum: From
subcutaneous sheath to humerus.
Separates muscles of anterior arm from
lateral side of triceps complex.
16/11/2022 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc. HB,
MBChB
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11. POSTERIOR BRACHIAL
COMPARTMENT
• Components:
Triceps brachii.
Anconeus.
• Function:
Forearm
extensors.
Long head of
triceps can extend
shoulder (brachium).
Synergists in
forearm supination.
• Innervation and
functional
neurological level:
Radial nerve
C7
• Vascular supply to
compartment:
Deep brachial artery
16/11/2022 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc. HB,
MBChB
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12. Coracobrachialis
• ORIGIN
Apex of coracoid process of
scapula
• INSERTION
Medial surface of middle of
shaft of humerus, opposite
deltoid tuberosity
• ACTION
Flexes and adducts the
shoulder
• NERVE
Musculocutaneous - C6, 7
16/11/2022 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc. HB,
MBChB
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13. BICEPS BRACHII
• ORIGIN
Short head: apex of coracoid process of
scapula
long head: supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
(just above the fossa)
• INSERTION
Short, long heads: tuberosity of radius, and
aponeurosis of biceps brachii (laterous
fibrosus)
• ACTION
Flexes the shoulder joint, and the long head
may assist abduction if the humerus is
laterally rotated.
With the origin fixed: flexes the elbow,
moving forearm towards the humerus and
supinates forearm
With insertion fixed: flexes the elbow joint
moving the humerus toward the forearm as in
pull-up or chinning exercises
• NERVE
musculocutaneous nerve - C5, C6
16/11/2022 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc. HB,
MBChB
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14. BRACHIALIS
• ORIGIN
Humerus - distal 1/2, anterior
surface of humerus, and medial
and lateral intermuscular septa
• INSERTION
Ulna - coronoid process, ulnar
tuberosity
• ACTION
With origin fixed: flexes the elbow
joint moving the forearm toward the
humerus
With insertion fixed: flexes the
elbow joint moving the humerus
toward the forearm as in pull-up or
chinning exercises.
• NERVE
Musculocutaneous nerve + a small
branch of radial nerve - C5, C6
16/11/2022 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc. HB,
MBChB
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15. TRICEPS
• ORIGIN
– long head: scapula - infraglenoid
tubercle
– lateral head: humerus - lateral and
posterior surfaces of proximal 1/2 of
humerus; and lateral intermuscular
septum
– medial head: humerus - distal 2/3 of
medial and posterior surfaces of
humerus below the radial groove, and
from medial intermuscular septum
• INSERTION
Ulna - posterior surface olecranon
process; antebrachial fascia
• ACTION
Extends the elbow joint; long head
also assist in abduction and
extension of the shoulder joint
• NERVE
Radial nerve - C6, C7, C8, T1
16/11/2022 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc. HB,
MBChB
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16. ANCONEUS
• ORIGIN
Humerus - lateral epicondyle; on
posterior surface
• INSERTION
Ulna - olecranon process, on lateral
side; & proximal 1/4 of ulna, posterior
surface
• ACTION
Extends the elbow joint, and may
stabilize the ulna during pronation and
supination
• NERVE
Radial nerve - C7, C8, T1
16/11/2022 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc. HB,
MBChB
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20. CUTANEOUS NERVES AND
DERMATOMES
• Medial brachial cutaneous nerve: Middle of arm
- medial side - to skin over olecranon
• Medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve: Appears
just inferior to medial brachial nerve on medial
arm, splits:
a. Anterior branch - Skin of anteromedial
forearm.
b. Posterior branch - Skin of posteromedial
forearm.
16/11/2022 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc. HB,
MBChB
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21. CUTANEOUS NERVES AND
DERMATOMES
• Lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve:
Continuation of musculocutaneous
- Appears just above inside of elbow, near
cephalic vein
- To skin of lateral & anterolateral forearm
- Also has anterior & posterior branches
• Superior lateral brachial cutaneous
nerve - A branch off the axillary nerve
- to skin over inferior half of deltoid
16/11/2022 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc. HB,
MBChB
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23. CUTANEOUS NERVES/DERMATOMES
• Posterior brachial cutaneous nerve -
Branches off the radial nerve up in the axilla
- to skin on dorsal arm inferior to deltoid
• Inferior lateral brachial cutaneous nerve =
Superior terminal branch - of radial nerve
- a small branch ~2 inches above lateral
epicondyle
- to skin of lower lateral & anterolateral arm
• Posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve =
inferior terminal branch of radial nerve
- large - appears just below, posterior to lateral
epicondyle
- to skin on dorsal, lateral forearm
16/11/2022 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc. HB,
MBChB
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24. CUTANEOUS NERVES AND
DERMATOMES
• Superficial radial nerve
- lateral border, distal forearm, just proximal to
wrist
- from under lateral border of brachioradialis
- innervates skin on lateral dorsum of hand,
thumb, proximal 2/3 of 1st 2-3 fingers
(lateral side of middle or ring finger)
• Posterior cutaneous branch of the ulnar nerve:
- medial border, distal forearm, just proximal to
wrist
- innervates skin on medial dorsum of hand, last 2
fingers (medial side of ring finger)
16/11/2022 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc. HB,
MBChB
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31. VEINS
• Cephalic vein: Lateral (radial side) - all the
way from wrist to deltopectoral groove, to
axillary vein
• Basilic vein: Medial (ulnar side) - goes
deep, joins venae comitantes (deep) &
brachial artery
• Median cubital vein: Crosses over,
connects cephalic with basilic - common site
for drawing blood
• Dorsal venous arch: Back of hand - often
used for an IV
16/11/2022 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc. HB,
MBChB
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35. ANASTOMOSES
• Collateral elbow circulation - Is created
by anastomoses between recurrents &
collaterals: including: radial recurrent;
ulnar recurrents (anterior & posterior)
ulnar collaterals (superior & inferior),
recurrent interosseous and descending
branch of profunda brachii
16/11/2022 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc. HB,
MBChB
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36. APPLIED ANATOMY
• Bicipital Myotatic Reflex
• Biceps Tendinitis (crepitus)
• Dislocation of the Tendon of
the Long Head of the Biceps
(Popeye deformity)
• Rupture of the Tendon of
the Long Head of the Biceps
• Interruption of Blood Flow in
the Brachial Artery
(haemostasis; Ischemic
compartment sydrome)
• Fracture of the Humeral
Shaft
• Injury to the
Musculocutaneous Nerve
• Injury to the Radial Nerve in
the Arm (wrist drop)
16/11/2022 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc. HB,
MBChB
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37. THANK YOU!
• If your journey had to be like theirs,
then God wouldn’t have had to go
through the process of creating
another replica. Your path is meant to
be unique to you and you only. So stop
comparing yourself!
16/11/2022 Dr. Chongo Shapi, BSc. HB,
MBChB
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