This document provides an overview of the muscles and topography of the upper and lower limbs. It begins with an outline listing the topics to be covered, including the muscles of the upper limb, shoulder girdle, upper arm, forearm, hand, and lower limb, as well as the pelvic girdle, thigh, leg, foot, and synovial bursae. The document then delves into detailed descriptions of the muscles and topography of each region, outlining the specific muscles and anatomical structures of the upper and lower limbs.
This document provides an overview of the muscles and topography of the upper and lower limbs. It begins with an outline, then covers the muscles of the shoulder girdle, upper arm, forearm, hand, and fasciae and bursae of the upper limb. For the lower limb, it notes the muscles will be covered for the pelvic girdle, thigh, leg, and foot. The document provides detailed descriptions of the muscle groups and topography of each region, with an emphasis on clinical applications such as bursitis.
Muscles and Topography of the Upper and Lower LimbMBBS Help
Muscles of the upper limb.
Muscles and topography of the shoulder girdle.
Muscles and topography of the upper arm.
Muscles and topography of the forearm.
Muscles and topography of the hand.
Fasciae of the upper limb.
The synovial bursae of the upper limb.
The muscles of the lower limb.
Muscles and topography of the pelvic girdle.
Muscles and topography of the thigh.
Muscles and topography of the leg.
Muscles and topography of the foot.
The synovial bursae of the lower limb.
This document provides an overview of the muscles and topography of the upper and lower limbs. It begins with an outline listing the topics to be covered, including the muscles of the shoulder girdle, upper arm, forearm, hand, and fasciae of the upper limb. Similar structures of the lower limb are also listed. The document then describes the muscles of the upper limb in more detail, covering the muscles of the shoulder joint, upper arm, forearm, and hand. It also discusses the anatomy of relevant areas like the axillary cavity, cubital fossa, and topography of the forearm and hand. Synovial bursae of the upper limb are defined. In closing, clinical applications relating to
This document provides an overview of the muscles and topography of the upper and lower limbs. It begins with an outline listing the topics to be covered, including the muscles of the shoulder girdle, upper arm, forearm, hand, and fasciae of the upper limb. Similar structures of the lower limb are also listed. The document then describes the muscles of the upper limb in more detail, covering the muscles of the shoulder joint, upper arm, forearm, and hand. It also discusses the anatomy of relevant areas like the axillary cavity, cubital fossa, and topography of the forearm and hand. Synovial bursae of the upper limb are defined. In closing, clinical applications relating to
The arm extends from the shoulder to the elbow. It contains two main compartments - anterior and posterior. The anterior compartment contains the coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, and brachialis muscles which flex the forearm. The posterior compartment contains the triceps brachii muscle which extends the forearm. The elbow joint is a complex joint formed between the humerus, ulna, and radius bones. It allows flexion-extension between the forearm and arm and pronation-supination of the forearm. Blood supply is provided by branches of the brachial artery and its profunda branch with rich anastomoses around the elbow.
This document contains slide titles and numbers for a presentation on anatomy related to the arm, cubital fossa, and elbow joint. It covers topics like osteology of the elbow complex, muscles of the arm, the brachial artery, median and ulnar nerves, and common injuries like fractures and nerve lesions. The document provides an outline of the content to be reviewed in the presentation.
1. The arm is divided into anterior and posterior compartments by intermuscular septa. The anterior compartment contains the biceps brachii, brachialis, and coracobrachialis muscles innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve.
2. The posterior compartment contains the triceps brachii muscle innervated by the radial nerve.
3. The cubital fossa is a triangular space in front of the elbow containing the biceps tendon, brachial artery and its branches, median nerve, and radial nerve. Its boundaries include the brachioradialis laterally and pronator teres medially.
The document describes the anatomy of the shoulder region. It discusses the bones that make up the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula. It then describes the major muscles of the shoulder girdle, including the deltoid, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, teres major, and subscapularis muscles. It provides details on the origins, insertions, nerve supplies and actions of these muscles. It also discusses the rotator cuff and its role in stabilizing the shoulder joint. Finally, it outlines some important neurovascular structures in the shoulder region, including the suprascapular nerve and axillary nerve.
This document provides an overview of the muscles and topography of the upper and lower limbs. It begins with an outline, then covers the muscles of the shoulder girdle, upper arm, forearm, hand, and fasciae and bursae of the upper limb. For the lower limb, it notes the muscles will be covered for the pelvic girdle, thigh, leg, and foot. The document provides detailed descriptions of the muscle groups and topography of each region, with an emphasis on clinical applications such as bursitis.
Muscles and Topography of the Upper and Lower LimbMBBS Help
Muscles of the upper limb.
Muscles and topography of the shoulder girdle.
Muscles and topography of the upper arm.
Muscles and topography of the forearm.
Muscles and topography of the hand.
Fasciae of the upper limb.
The synovial bursae of the upper limb.
The muscles of the lower limb.
Muscles and topography of the pelvic girdle.
Muscles and topography of the thigh.
Muscles and topography of the leg.
Muscles and topography of the foot.
The synovial bursae of the lower limb.
This document provides an overview of the muscles and topography of the upper and lower limbs. It begins with an outline listing the topics to be covered, including the muscles of the shoulder girdle, upper arm, forearm, hand, and fasciae of the upper limb. Similar structures of the lower limb are also listed. The document then describes the muscles of the upper limb in more detail, covering the muscles of the shoulder joint, upper arm, forearm, and hand. It also discusses the anatomy of relevant areas like the axillary cavity, cubital fossa, and topography of the forearm and hand. Synovial bursae of the upper limb are defined. In closing, clinical applications relating to
This document provides an overview of the muscles and topography of the upper and lower limbs. It begins with an outline listing the topics to be covered, including the muscles of the shoulder girdle, upper arm, forearm, hand, and fasciae of the upper limb. Similar structures of the lower limb are also listed. The document then describes the muscles of the upper limb in more detail, covering the muscles of the shoulder joint, upper arm, forearm, and hand. It also discusses the anatomy of relevant areas like the axillary cavity, cubital fossa, and topography of the forearm and hand. Synovial bursae of the upper limb are defined. In closing, clinical applications relating to
The arm extends from the shoulder to the elbow. It contains two main compartments - anterior and posterior. The anterior compartment contains the coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, and brachialis muscles which flex the forearm. The posterior compartment contains the triceps brachii muscle which extends the forearm. The elbow joint is a complex joint formed between the humerus, ulna, and radius bones. It allows flexion-extension between the forearm and arm and pronation-supination of the forearm. Blood supply is provided by branches of the brachial artery and its profunda branch with rich anastomoses around the elbow.
This document contains slide titles and numbers for a presentation on anatomy related to the arm, cubital fossa, and elbow joint. It covers topics like osteology of the elbow complex, muscles of the arm, the brachial artery, median and ulnar nerves, and common injuries like fractures and nerve lesions. The document provides an outline of the content to be reviewed in the presentation.
1. The arm is divided into anterior and posterior compartments by intermuscular septa. The anterior compartment contains the biceps brachii, brachialis, and coracobrachialis muscles innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve.
2. The posterior compartment contains the triceps brachii muscle innervated by the radial nerve.
3. The cubital fossa is a triangular space in front of the elbow containing the biceps tendon, brachial artery and its branches, median nerve, and radial nerve. Its boundaries include the brachioradialis laterally and pronator teres medially.
The document describes the anatomy of the shoulder region. It discusses the bones that make up the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula. It then describes the major muscles of the shoulder girdle, including the deltoid, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, teres major, and subscapularis muscles. It provides details on the origins, insertions, nerve supplies and actions of these muscles. It also discusses the rotator cuff and its role in stabilizing the shoulder joint. Finally, it outlines some important neurovascular structures in the shoulder region, including the suprascapular nerve and axillary nerve.
The arm contains 3 compartments divided by intermuscular septa. The anterior compartment contains flexors like biceps and brachialis innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve. The posterior compartment's extensors include triceps innervated by the radial nerve. The brachial artery travels through the arm giving off branches before dividing into radial and ulnar arteries at the cubital fossa. The cubital fossa also contains the median nerve and radial nerve as they pass through the elbow region.
The document discusses the bones and joints of the shoulder girdle and shoulder joint. It describes that the shoulder girdle consists of the clavicle, scapula, and sternum. The shoulder joint involves the scapula, clavicle, and humerus. It allows for movements like flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. The document outlines the ligaments and muscles that support these bones and movements.
The document describes the anatomy of the popliteal fossa and back of the thigh. It contains the following key points:
1. The popliteal fossa is a diamond-shaped depression on the back of the knee that contains the popliteal artery, vein and tibial nerve.
2. The hamstring muscles originate on the ischial tuberosity and insert on the tibia or fibula. They flex the knee and extend the hip.
3. The sciatic nerve arises in the pelvis and divides into the tibial and common peroneal nerves in the popliteal fossa, supplying muscles of the thigh and leg.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the upper limb. It begins by listing the learning objectives which are to describe the bones, joints, muscles, arteries, veins, and spaces of the upper limb. It then proceeds to discuss the bones of the upper limb including the scapula, clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. It also describes the joints between these bones. Next, it covers the major muscles of the upper limb grouped into those attached to the axial skeleton and those of the upper limb itself. Finally, it briefly discusses the brachial plexus nerves and blood vessels of the axilla and upper limb.
The document provides an overview of the anterior compartment of the arm, including the muscles (biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis), artery (brachial artery), and nerve (musculocutaneous nerve) located there. It describes the origin, insertion, nerve supply and action of each muscle, as well as the course and branches of the brachial artery. Additionally, it discusses the course and distribution of the musculocutaneous nerve in the anterior compartment of the arm.
The elbow joint is a hinge joint between the humerus, radius, and ulna. It allows for flexion and extension of the forearm. The elbow joint consists of the humeroulnar joint and humeroradial joint. Flexion is produced by the biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis muscles. Extension is produced solely by the triceps brachii muscle. Various ligaments and bursae provide stability and reduce friction at the joint. The radial head pivots on the ulna during pronation and supination of the forearm.
The elbow joint is a hinge joint between the humerus, radius, and ulna. It allows for flexion and extension of the forearm. The elbow joint consists of the humeroulnar joint and humeroradial joint. Flexion is produced by the biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis muscles. Extension is produced solely by the triceps brachii muscle. Various ligaments and bursae provide stability and reduce friction at the joint. The radial head pivots on the ulna during pronation and supination of the forearm.
The document summarizes the gross anatomy of the forearm, including:
- The bones of the forearm are the radius and ulna. The radius articulates with the humerus proximally and wrist bones distally. The ulna articulates with the humerus proximally.
- The superficial and deep muscles of the anterior compartment are described, including flexor muscles like pronator teres, flexor digitorum superficialis, and flexor digitorum profundus.
- The arteries and nerves of the anterior compartment are outlined, including the ulnar artery, radial artery, median nerve, and ulnar nerve.
- The superficial muscles of the posterior compartment
Blood supply of upper limb by Dr-Ismail KhanDr-Ismail Khan
The document summarizes the arterial supply of the upper limb. It describes the axillary artery, its parts, branches and relations. It discusses the arterial anastomoses around the shoulder joint. It then describes the brachial artery, its branches including the profunda brachii artery, and the arterial anastomoses around the elbow joint. It concludes by outlining the radial and ulnar arteries, their branches and relations, and the formation of the superficial and deep palmar arches in the hand.
This document provides an overview of the surface anatomy of the upper limb. It begins by outlining the objectives of being able to palpate bony prominences, muscles, tendons, arteries, and veins. Surface anatomy is then defined as examining external body shapes and markings as they relate to deeper structures. The document then describes in detail the surface landmarks that can be palpated in the clavicle, shoulder, arm, elbow, forearm, wrist, hand, axilla, and arterial patterns.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the spine. It discusses the conceptual overview including the functions and components of the spine. It describes the regional anatomy including the intervertebral discs, ligaments, muscles and fascia of the back. It also discusses the blood supply, lymph drainage and surface anatomy as it relates to the spine. Key features include the long vertebral column and short spinal cord, as well as the intervertebral foramina and spinal nerves.
Anatomy upper limb scapulohumeral 24112010Lawrence James
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the upper limb, with a focus on the scapula region. It describes the muscles that attach the scapula to the humerus, as well as the muscles on the dorsum of the scapula and the triceps brachii muscle. It then discusses the rotator cuff muscles, their origins, insertions, blood supply, and innervation. The document also describes the acromioclavicular joint and its ligaments. Finally, it reviews the topographic anatomy, arteries, and nerves of the scapular region.
The document discusses the muscles that control movements of the upper and lower limbs. It begins by covering muscles of the pectoral girdle and upper arm, including the serratus anterior muscle which protracts and depresses the scapula. It then discusses muscles of the pelvic girdle and lower limb, including the quadriceps femoris muscles which extend the knee and hamstring muscles which flex the knee.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the upper and lower limbs. It discusses the bones that make up the limbs, including the shoulder girdle, arm, forearm, hand, hip, femur, tibia, fibula, foot, and phalanges. It also describes the main joints of the limbs. Additionally, it outlines the nerve supply, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, and regions/compartments of both the upper and lower limbs. Learning outcomes include understanding the osteology, joints, nerve supply, blood vessels, lymphatics, and imaging of the limbs.
The document describes the anatomy of the anterior compartment of the arm. It contains the coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, and brachialis muscles. The brachial artery and musculocutaneous, median, ulnar, and radial nerves also pass through this compartment. It provides details on the origin, insertion, nerve supply, and actions of the coracobrachialis and biceps brachii muscles. Additionally, it discusses the course and branches of the musculocutaneous nerve.
The arm is divided into anterior and posterior compartments by fascial septa. The anterior compartment contains the biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, and brachialis muscles. The posterior compartment contains the triceps brachii muscle. Each compartment contains nerves, arteries and associated muscles that allow for flexion/extension and pronation/supination movements of the arm.
The document describes the anatomy of the elbow joint. It discusses the muscles that flex and extend the elbow - the biceps brachii, brachialis, and triceps brachii. It describes the bones that make up the elbow joint, the humerus, ulna and radius, as well as the ligaments and synovial membrane that support the joint. The document outlines the movements of flexion and extension at the elbow and the muscles responsible for these movements. It defines the cubital fossa and lists the structures found within this space.
The document describes the anatomy of the arm, including cutaneous innervation, fascial compartments, contents of the anterior compartment, and structures passing through the anterior compartment. Specifically, it notes that the arm is divided into anterior and posterior compartments by intermuscular septa, with the anterior compartment containing the biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, and brachialis muscles innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve, as well as the brachial artery, median nerve, ulnar nerve, and other structures passing through.
The arm is divided into anterior and posterior compartments by intermuscular septa. The anterior compartment contains the biceps, brachialis, and coracobrachialis muscles which are supplied by the musculocutaneous nerve. The posterior compartment contains the triceps brachii muscle which has three heads and is innervated by the radial nerve. Each muscle's origin, insertion, function, and clinical relevance are described in detail.
The document describes the anatomy of the humerus bone and the muscles, nerves, blood vessels, and veins of the arm. It notes that the humerus has a cylindrical shaft that flattens distally, with articular and non-articular parts at the distal end. It describes the anterior and posterior muscle compartments of the arm, listing the muscles in each, along with their origins, insertions and actions. It also details the major nerves, blood vessels, and veins of the arm.
The arm contains 3 compartments divided by intermuscular septa. The anterior compartment contains flexors like biceps and brachialis innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve. The posterior compartment's extensors include triceps innervated by the radial nerve. The brachial artery travels through the arm giving off branches before dividing into radial and ulnar arteries at the cubital fossa. The cubital fossa also contains the median nerve and radial nerve as they pass through the elbow region.
The document discusses the bones and joints of the shoulder girdle and shoulder joint. It describes that the shoulder girdle consists of the clavicle, scapula, and sternum. The shoulder joint involves the scapula, clavicle, and humerus. It allows for movements like flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. The document outlines the ligaments and muscles that support these bones and movements.
The document describes the anatomy of the popliteal fossa and back of the thigh. It contains the following key points:
1. The popliteal fossa is a diamond-shaped depression on the back of the knee that contains the popliteal artery, vein and tibial nerve.
2. The hamstring muscles originate on the ischial tuberosity and insert on the tibia or fibula. They flex the knee and extend the hip.
3. The sciatic nerve arises in the pelvis and divides into the tibial and common peroneal nerves in the popliteal fossa, supplying muscles of the thigh and leg.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the upper limb. It begins by listing the learning objectives which are to describe the bones, joints, muscles, arteries, veins, and spaces of the upper limb. It then proceeds to discuss the bones of the upper limb including the scapula, clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. It also describes the joints between these bones. Next, it covers the major muscles of the upper limb grouped into those attached to the axial skeleton and those of the upper limb itself. Finally, it briefly discusses the brachial plexus nerves and blood vessels of the axilla and upper limb.
The document provides an overview of the anterior compartment of the arm, including the muscles (biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis), artery (brachial artery), and nerve (musculocutaneous nerve) located there. It describes the origin, insertion, nerve supply and action of each muscle, as well as the course and branches of the brachial artery. Additionally, it discusses the course and distribution of the musculocutaneous nerve in the anterior compartment of the arm.
The elbow joint is a hinge joint between the humerus, radius, and ulna. It allows for flexion and extension of the forearm. The elbow joint consists of the humeroulnar joint and humeroradial joint. Flexion is produced by the biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis muscles. Extension is produced solely by the triceps brachii muscle. Various ligaments and bursae provide stability and reduce friction at the joint. The radial head pivots on the ulna during pronation and supination of the forearm.
The elbow joint is a hinge joint between the humerus, radius, and ulna. It allows for flexion and extension of the forearm. The elbow joint consists of the humeroulnar joint and humeroradial joint. Flexion is produced by the biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis muscles. Extension is produced solely by the triceps brachii muscle. Various ligaments and bursae provide stability and reduce friction at the joint. The radial head pivots on the ulna during pronation and supination of the forearm.
The document summarizes the gross anatomy of the forearm, including:
- The bones of the forearm are the radius and ulna. The radius articulates with the humerus proximally and wrist bones distally. The ulna articulates with the humerus proximally.
- The superficial and deep muscles of the anterior compartment are described, including flexor muscles like pronator teres, flexor digitorum superficialis, and flexor digitorum profundus.
- The arteries and nerves of the anterior compartment are outlined, including the ulnar artery, radial artery, median nerve, and ulnar nerve.
- The superficial muscles of the posterior compartment
Blood supply of upper limb by Dr-Ismail KhanDr-Ismail Khan
The document summarizes the arterial supply of the upper limb. It describes the axillary artery, its parts, branches and relations. It discusses the arterial anastomoses around the shoulder joint. It then describes the brachial artery, its branches including the profunda brachii artery, and the arterial anastomoses around the elbow joint. It concludes by outlining the radial and ulnar arteries, their branches and relations, and the formation of the superficial and deep palmar arches in the hand.
This document provides an overview of the surface anatomy of the upper limb. It begins by outlining the objectives of being able to palpate bony prominences, muscles, tendons, arteries, and veins. Surface anatomy is then defined as examining external body shapes and markings as they relate to deeper structures. The document then describes in detail the surface landmarks that can be palpated in the clavicle, shoulder, arm, elbow, forearm, wrist, hand, axilla, and arterial patterns.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the spine. It discusses the conceptual overview including the functions and components of the spine. It describes the regional anatomy including the intervertebral discs, ligaments, muscles and fascia of the back. It also discusses the blood supply, lymph drainage and surface anatomy as it relates to the spine. Key features include the long vertebral column and short spinal cord, as well as the intervertebral foramina and spinal nerves.
Anatomy upper limb scapulohumeral 24112010Lawrence James
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the upper limb, with a focus on the scapula region. It describes the muscles that attach the scapula to the humerus, as well as the muscles on the dorsum of the scapula and the triceps brachii muscle. It then discusses the rotator cuff muscles, their origins, insertions, blood supply, and innervation. The document also describes the acromioclavicular joint and its ligaments. Finally, it reviews the topographic anatomy, arteries, and nerves of the scapular region.
The document discusses the muscles that control movements of the upper and lower limbs. It begins by covering muscles of the pectoral girdle and upper arm, including the serratus anterior muscle which protracts and depresses the scapula. It then discusses muscles of the pelvic girdle and lower limb, including the quadriceps femoris muscles which extend the knee and hamstring muscles which flex the knee.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the upper and lower limbs. It discusses the bones that make up the limbs, including the shoulder girdle, arm, forearm, hand, hip, femur, tibia, fibula, foot, and phalanges. It also describes the main joints of the limbs. Additionally, it outlines the nerve supply, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, and regions/compartments of both the upper and lower limbs. Learning outcomes include understanding the osteology, joints, nerve supply, blood vessels, lymphatics, and imaging of the limbs.
The document describes the anatomy of the anterior compartment of the arm. It contains the coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, and brachialis muscles. The brachial artery and musculocutaneous, median, ulnar, and radial nerves also pass through this compartment. It provides details on the origin, insertion, nerve supply, and actions of the coracobrachialis and biceps brachii muscles. Additionally, it discusses the course and branches of the musculocutaneous nerve.
The arm is divided into anterior and posterior compartments by fascial septa. The anterior compartment contains the biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, and brachialis muscles. The posterior compartment contains the triceps brachii muscle. Each compartment contains nerves, arteries and associated muscles that allow for flexion/extension and pronation/supination movements of the arm.
The document describes the anatomy of the elbow joint. It discusses the muscles that flex and extend the elbow - the biceps brachii, brachialis, and triceps brachii. It describes the bones that make up the elbow joint, the humerus, ulna and radius, as well as the ligaments and synovial membrane that support the joint. The document outlines the movements of flexion and extension at the elbow and the muscles responsible for these movements. It defines the cubital fossa and lists the structures found within this space.
The document describes the anatomy of the arm, including cutaneous innervation, fascial compartments, contents of the anterior compartment, and structures passing through the anterior compartment. Specifically, it notes that the arm is divided into anterior and posterior compartments by intermuscular septa, with the anterior compartment containing the biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, and brachialis muscles innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve, as well as the brachial artery, median nerve, ulnar nerve, and other structures passing through.
The arm is divided into anterior and posterior compartments by intermuscular septa. The anterior compartment contains the biceps, brachialis, and coracobrachialis muscles which are supplied by the musculocutaneous nerve. The posterior compartment contains the triceps brachii muscle which has three heads and is innervated by the radial nerve. Each muscle's origin, insertion, function, and clinical relevance are described in detail.
The document describes the anatomy of the humerus bone and the muscles, nerves, blood vessels, and veins of the arm. It notes that the humerus has a cylindrical shaft that flattens distally, with articular and non-articular parts at the distal end. It describes the anterior and posterior muscle compartments of the arm, listing the muscles in each, along with their origins, insertions and actions. It also details the major nerves, blood vessels, and veins of the arm.
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2. PLAN
1. Muscles of the upper limb.
2. Muscles and topography of the shoulder girdle.
3. Muscles and topography of the upper arm.
4. Muscles and topography of the forearm.
5. Muscles and topography of the hand.
6. Fasciae of the upper limb.
7. The synovial bursae of the upper limb.
8. The muscles of the lower limb.
9. Muscles and topography of the pelvic girdle.
10.Muscles and topography of the thigh.
11.Muscles and topography of the leg.
12.Muscles and topography of the foot.
13.The synovial bursae of the lower limb.
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3. MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB
The muscles of the upper limb can be classified into the muscles of the shoulder joint,
the muscles of the arm, the muscles of the forearm and the muscles of the hand.
Muscles of the Shoulder joint
The Dorsal group The Ventral group
1.The deltoid muscle
2.The supraspinatus muscle
3.The infraspinatus muscle
4.The teres minor muscle
5. The teres major muscle
1.The subscapular muscle
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4.
5.
6.
7.
8. The axillary cavity
Walls. The axillary cavity has four
walls formed by the following
muscles:
• anterior — pectoralis major and
minor;
• posterior — subscapularis, teres
major, and latissimus dorsi;
• medial — serratus anterior;
• lateral — short head of the biceps
brachii, coracobrachialis, and
humerus.
On the posterior wall are 2 openings:
• quadrangular opening bounded
by the teres major (below),
subscapularis (above), long head
of the triceps brachii (medially),
and humerus (laterally);
• triangular opening bounded by
the teres major (below),
subscapularis (above), and long
head of the triceps brachii
(laterally).
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9. Triangles of the anterior
wall of the axillary cavity.
For better orientation, three
triangles are distinguished
on the anterior wall of the
axillary cavity:
• clavipectoral triangle
resides between the clavicle
and the upper border of the
pectoralis minor;
• pectoral triangle
corresponds to the
projection of the pectoralis
minor;
• subpectoral triangle located
between the inferior borders
of the pectoralis minor
(above) and pectoralis major
(below); laterally it is
bounded by the deltoid.
Between the pectoralis
major and deltoid there is a
deep deltoidopectoral
groove.
10. Muscles of the Upper Arm
The muscles of the upper arm are concerned with the movements at the shoulder and
elbow joints on the frontal axis and, therefore, are situated on the anterior (two
flexors) and posterior (two extensors) surfaces of the upper arm and attach to the
bones of the forearm.
Anterior muscles
of the Upper Arm
(flexors)
Posterior muscles of the Upper Arm
(extensors)
1.The biceps brachii muscle
2.The coracobrachial muscle
1.The triceps brachii muscle
2.Elbow’s muscle
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11.
12.
13.
14. The topography of the upper arm
• Radial canal is located behind the humerus. It is bounded by the
radial groove of the humerus in the front and by the triceps brachii
in the back. The canal has a spiral path. The radial canal begins on
the medial surface of the arm between the medial and lateral
heads of the triceps brachii and exits on the lateral surface of the
arm between the brachialis and brachio-radialis.
The canal gives passage to the radial nerve and a. profunda
brachii.
• Medial bicipital groove lies medially between the biceps brachii
and brachialis; it transmits the main neurovascular bundle of the
upper arm.
• Lateral bicipital groove resides laterally between the biceps brachii
and brachialis; it gives passage to the cephalic vein.
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15. Muscles of the Forearm
The muscles of the forearm are separated into two groups according to position and
function: the anterior group is composed of flexors and pronators, the posterior group
is composed of extensors and supinator.
Each group consists of a superficial and deep layers.
The Anterior group, Superficial layer
(flexors)
The Anterior Group,
Deep layer (flexors)
1. The round pronator muscle
2.The radial flexor of the wrist
3.The long palmar muscle
4.The ulnar flexor of the wrist
5.The superficial flexor of the fingers
6.The long flexors of the thumb
7.The deep flexor of the fingers
8.The square pronator muscle
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16.
17.
18.
19.
20. The Posterior group
The muscles of the posterior group of the forearm are divided into two subgroups:
radial and ulnar. The first occupies the anterolateral surface of the forearm, while the
second occupies the posterior surface and is formed by the superficial and deep
layers.
The Posterior Radial Group The Posterior Ulnar group
1.The brachioradial muscle
2.The long radial extensor of the wrist
3.The short radial extensor of the wrist
Superficial layer
4.The common extensor of the fingers
5.The extensor of the little finger
6.The ulnar extensor of the wrist
Deep layer
7. The supinator muscle
8. The long abductor of the thumb
9. The short extensor of the thumb
10. The long extensor of the thumb
11. The extensor of the index
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21.
22.
23.
24. The
topography
of the
forearm
• The cubital fossa is bounded by the brachialis above; below it is bounded by
the brachioradialis (laterally) and pronator teres (medially).
Within the borders of the cubital fossa there are two grooves located on each
side from the brachialis — medial cubital groove and lateral cubital groove.
25. The topography of the forearm
• The ulnar groove of the forearm lies
between the flexor carpi ulnaris and
flexor digitorum superficialis.
It transmits the ulnar nerve, artery,
and vein.
• The median groove of the forearm
resides in the lower part of the
forearm between the flexor carpi
radialis and flexor digitorum
superficialis.
It contains the median nerve.
• The radial groove runs between the
flexor carpi radialis and
brachioradialis. It transmits the
radial artery, vein, and nerve.
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26. Muscles of the Hand
The Thenar muscles of
theHand
The Hypothenar muscles
of the Hand
Muscles of the Hollow of
the Hand
1.The short abductor of the
thumb
2.The short flexor of the
thumb
3.The opponens muscle of
the thumb
4.The adductor muscle of
the thumb
1.The short palmar muscle
2.The abductor of the little
finger
3.The short flexor of the
little finger
4.The opponens muscle of
the little finger
1.The lumbrical (worm-
like) muscles
2. The interossei muscles
-The palmar interossei
muscles
-- The dorsal interossei
muscles
27.
28.
29.
30. The topography of the hand
The carpal canal is located in the region of the carpus underneath the flexor
retinaculum. It gives passage to the tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis,
flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, and the median nerve.
• On both sides from the carpal canal, the flexor retinaculum splits and forms
another two canals — the radial carpal canal and ulnar carpal.
• The radial carpal canal gives passage to the tendon of the flexor carpi radialis,
while the ulnar carpal canal transmits the ulnar artery, vein, and nerve.
The fibrous sheaths of the digits of the hand are formed by the dense fibrous lamina,
which fuse with the bones. As a result, osteofibrous canals are formed, which
contain tendons of the flexors covered by the synovial sheath. Each fibrous sheath
consists of the anular part and cruciform part, the less dense cruciform part is
situated in the joint region.
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31. Six canals on the dorsal surface of the wrist joint are counted from the radial to the
ulnar border and transmit following tendons:
1. the first canal transmits the
tendons of the m. abductor
pollicis longus and m. extensor
pollicis brevis;
2. the second canal transmits the
tendons of the m.m. extensor
carpi radialis longus and
brevis;
3. the third canal transmits the
tendon of the m. extensor
pollicis longus, and crosses the
preceding canal obliquely;
4. the fourth canal transmits the
tendons of the m. extensor
digitorum and m. extensor
indicis;
5. the fifth canal transmits the
tendon of the m. extensor
digiti minimi;
6. the sixth canal transmits the
tendon of the m. extensor
carpi ulnaris.
32. FASCIAE OF THE UPPER LIMB
• 1. The deltoid fascia
• 2. The supraspinous fascia
• 3. The infraspinous fascia
• 4. The brachial fascia
• 5. The antebrachial fascia
• 6. The palmar aponeurosis
• 7. The deep palmar fascia
• 8. The dorsal fascia of the hand
• 9. flexor retinaculum
• 10.extensor retinaculum
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33. THE SYNOVIAL BURSAE OF THE UPPER LIMB
1. subdeltoid bursa resides between the deltoid and greater
tubercle of the humerus;
2. subacromial bursa lies under the acromion of the scapula;
3. subcutaneous acromial bursa lies superficially under the skin in
the region of the acromion of the scapula;
4. subtendinous bursa of subscapularis is located near the
attachment point of the subscapularis; the bursa communicates
with the cavity of the shoulder joint;
5. subtendinous bursa of latissimus dorsi resides under the tendon
near the point of attachment of the muscle on the humerus; there
is also another small bursa under the tendon of the teres major.
In the region of the elbow joint the following bursae are found:
6. bicipitoradial bursa resides between the tendon of the biceps
brachii and the tuberosity of the radius;
7. subcutaneous olecranon bursa wide, lies under the skin of the
olecranon.
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34.
35.
36. Clinical applications
The inflammatory diseases of the synovial bursae
(bursitis) can be acute or chronic. In acute bursitis, pus
can accumulate in the bursa, which requires surgical
intervention. Chronic bursitis (gygroma) is often an
occupational disease. In the shoulder girdle area,
inflammatory processes are most common in the
subcutaneous acromial bursa and in the subdeltoid
bursa (among porters). In the region of the elbow joint,
the subcutaneous olecranon bursa may become
inflamed (among tanners and etchers).
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37. THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER LIMB
All other muscles of the lower limb are autochthonous. They are grouped into the
muscles of the pelvic girdle, thigh, leg, and foot.
MUSCLES OF THE PELVIC GIRDLE
The muscules of the pelvic girdle are divided into anterior group (flexors) and
posterior group (extensors, rotators and abductors), which pass from the pelvic girdle
to the femur and allow movements at the hip joint.
The Anterior Group The Posterior group
1.The iliopsoas muscle
1) The greater psoas muscle
2) The iliacus muscle
2.The lesser psoas muscle
1.The gluteus maximus muscle
2.The gluteus medius muscle
3. The gluteus minimus muscle
4.The tensor fascial latae muscle
5.The piriformis muscle
6.The obturator internus muscle
7-8.The gemellus superior and inferior muscles
9.The quadratus femoris muscle
10.The obturator externus muscle
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38.
39.
40.
41. THE TOPOGRAPHY OF THE LOWER LIMB
On the lower limb there are several topographo-anatomical structures, which
have a clinical significance.
THE REGION OF THE PELVIC GIRDLE
– The suprapiriform foramen resides in the region of the ischium
within the greater sciatic foramen above the piriformis. It gives
passage to the superior sciatic vessels and nerve.
– The infrapiriformf oramen is located below the piriformis in the same
area. This foramen transmits the inferior sciatic vessels and nerves.
– The obturator canal is bounded by the obturator groove of the pubis,
obturator membrane, and by the obturator internus.
The canal transmits the obturator vessels and nerve.
• Clinical applications. The supra- and infra- piriform foramina as well as
the obturator canal may serve as the exit location for the hernias (sciatic
and obturator hernias). The purulent masses from the pelvis may spread
through these openings into the gluteal region.
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42. MUSCLES OF THE THIGH
The muscles of the thigh are divided into three groups: anterior (extensors of the leg
and flexors of the thigh), posterior (flexors of the leg and extensors of the thigh) and
medial (adductors). The last group acts only on the hip joint, where as the first two
groups act on the knee joint also.
The Anterior Group
(extensors)
The Posterior Group
(flexors)
1.The quadriceps femoris muscle
1) The rectus femoris muscle
2) The vastus lateralis muscle
3) The vastus medialis muscle
4) The vastus intermedius muscle
2.The sartorius or tailor’s muscle
3.The articular muscle of the knee
1.The semitendinosus muscle
2.The semimembranosus muscle
3.The biceps femoris muscle
4.The popliteus muscle
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43.
44.
45. THE REGION OF THE THIGH
The muscular space resides below the inguinal
ligament on the lateral side.
It is bounded:
• medially — by the thickened region of the
fascial layer — iliopectineal arch, in the
front and above — by the inguinal ligament,
• laterally and in the back — by the ilium.
The muscular space gives passage to the
iliopsoas and femoral nerve.
The vascular space resides behind the inguinal
ligament, medially from the muscular space,
from which it is separated by the
iliopectineal arch.
• In the front and above the vascular space is
bounded by the inguinal ligament,
• posteriorly — by the thick periosteum of
the pubis,
• laterally — by the iliopectineal arch,
• medially — by the lacunar ligament.
The vascular space transmits the femoral artery
(resides laterally) and femoral vein (resides
medially).
46. THE REGION OF THE
THIGH
The femoral triangle resides on
the anterior surface of the
thigh.
• It is bounded by the inguinal
ligament above, sartorius
laterally, and adductor
longus medially.
• The triangle contains the
main neurovascular bundle
of the thigh and lymph
nodes.
47. THE REGION OF THE
THIGH
The femoral ring resides behind the
inguinal ligament, medially from the
femoral vein; the ring is a part of the
vascular space. The femoral vein
forms the lateral wall of the femoral
ring. From the medial side it is
bounded by the arcuate fibers,
which descend from the inguinal
ligament and called the lacunar
ligament. The anterior wall of the
femoral ring is formed by the
inguinal ligament, and posterior —
by the thickened periosteum of the
pubis.
• The femoral canal. The femoral ring is a weak spot under the inguinal ligament, which can serve as
an exit location for the femoral hernias. When the hernia passes through the femoral canal is
formed. The internal aperture of the femoral canal is the femoral ring. Passing through the femoral
ring, the hernia lies between the superficial and deep layers of the fascia lata, which form the
anterior and posterior walls of the femoral canal. The lateral wall of the canal is formed by the
femoral vein. The hernias emerge onto the skin through the saphenous opening in the superficial
layer of the fascia lata, which becomes the external aperture of the femoral canal.
48. The iliopectineal groove lies between the pectineus and
iliopsoas within the borders of the femoral triangle.
The anterior femoral groove passes between the vastus
medialis and adductor longus.
It is bounded by the vastus medialis laterally and
adductor longus and magnus medially.
It is anterior wall is represented by the tendineous plate,
which bridges over these muscles, lamina
vastoadductoria.
At the downward-facing apex of the femoral triangle the anterior
femoral groove transforms into an adductor canal.
• The canal leads into the popliteal fossa, where it opens. This
opening is formed by the cleft in the tendon of the adductor
magnus — adductor hiatus. The canal gives passage to the
femoral vessels and saphenous nerve.
49.
50. MUSCLES OF THE LEG
The muscles of the leg are divided into three groups:
the anterior (extensors), the posterior and the lateral (flexors).
The Anterior Group
(extensors)
The Lateral Group
(flexors)
The Posterior Group
(flexors)
1.The anterior tibial
muscle
2.The long extensor of the
toes
3.The peroneus tertius
muscle
4.The long extensor of the
big toe
1.The long peroneal
muscle
2.The short peroneal
muscle
Superficial layer
1.The triceps surae muscle
2.The gastrocnemius muscle
3.The soleus muscle
4.The plantaris muscle
Deep layer
1.The long flexor of the toes
2.The posterior tibial muscle
3.The long flexor of the big toe
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51.
52.
53.
54.
55. THE REGION OF THE LEG
The popliteal fossa resides in the back on
the border between the thigh and the
leg. It is rhomboid in shape.
• Above, it is bounded by the biceps
femoris (laterally), semitendinosus and
semimembranosus (medially).
• Below, the fossa is bounded by the two
heads of the gastrocnemius.
• The bottom of the popliteal fossa
(anterior wall) is formed by the popliteal
surface, facies poplitea, of the femur
and the capsule of the knee joint.
• The main neurovascular bundle passes
through the popliteal fossa. The lymph
nodes and vessels occupy the fossa
along with the adipose tissue.
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56. THE REGION OF THE LEG
The cruropopliteal canal leads from the popliteal fossa into the leg. It resides in the back
between the deep muscles of the leg and the soleus.
• Therefore, its anterior wall is formed by the tibialis posterior, while the anterior wall
— by the soleus.
• The canal has three openings — superior, inferior, and anterior. The superior opening
of the canal is bounded by the popliteus in the front and by the tendineous arch of
the soleus in the back.
• The inferior opening resides between the tibialis posterior and soleus, where the
latter becomes the Achilles tendon. The anterior opening is located in the upper part
of the interosseous membrane of the leg.
The inferior musculoperoneal canal is the branch of the cruropopliteal canal in the
lateral direction. Its anterior wall is formed by the posterior surface of the fibula,
while its posterior wall — by the flexor hallucis longus. It transmits the fibular
vessels.
The superior musculoperoneal canal is an independent canal, which resides in the upper
third of the leg between the lateral surface of the fibula and peroneus longus. It gives
passage to the superficial peroneal nerve.
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57. MUSCLES OF THE FOOT
• The foot, like the hand, in addition to tendons of the long muscles of the
leg descending on it, has its own short muscles among which are dorsal
and plantar muscles.
The Dorsal muscles of the Foot
• The short extensor of the toes (m. extensor digitorum brevis) lies on the
dorsal surface of the foot under the tendons of the extensor digitorum
longus.
The Plantar muscles of the Foot
• The muscle of the sole of the foot form three groups: medial (muscles of
the big toe), lateral (muscles of the little toe) and middle group situated
in the middle of the sole.
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58.
59.
60. Synovial bursae on the lower limb:
In the region of the hip joint:
1. subcutaneous trochanteric bursa spacious, resides under the skin in the region of
the greater trochanter of the femur;
2. trochanteric bursae of gluteal muscles located between the greater trochanter
and tendons of each of the gluteal muscles — gluteus maximus, medius, and
minimus;
3. bursa of piriformis resides between its tendon and the greater trochanter;
4. sciatic bursa of obturator intemus lies where the muscle passes around the
margin of the lesser sciatic notch;
5. subtendinous bursa of iliacus resides betweenthe tendon of the iliopsoas and
lesser trochanter of the femur.
Clinical applications. In the region of the hip joint, inflammations (bursitis) of the
subtendineous bursa of the iliac occur, which cause painful sensations. Frequently,
the subcutaneous trochanteric bursa becomes inflamed. In this case, pain and
swelling are located in the region of the greater trochanter.
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61.
62. In the region of the knee joint:
1. suprapatellar bursa resides under the tendon of the quadriceps femoris; it is
extensively connected with the knee joint (see the knee joint);
2. subcutaneous prepatellar bursa spacious, resides under the skin in front of the
patella;
3. subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa resides under the skin below the patella;
4. deep infrapatellar bursa resides between the tendon of the quadriceps femoris
(patellar ligament, Iig. patellae) and tibia;
5. anserine bursa lies under the tendineous extension of the sartorius, gracilis, and
semitendinosus near their attachments on the tibia;
6. subtendinous bursae reside near the points of attachments of the tendons of the
biceps femoris and lateral head of the gastrocnemius.
• Clinical applications. In the region of the knee joint, inflammations of the
subcutaneous prepatellar bursa are fairly common (prepatellar bursitis), which are
characterized by the appearance of a round fluctuating swelling in the front of the
patella. In the popliteal fossa, inflammation of the bursae located under the muscular
tendons also occurs.
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63. In the region of the talocrural joint:
• subcutaneous calcaneal bursa resides under the skin in the region of the calcaneal
tuberosity;
• bursa of tendo calcaneus (Achilles) lies between the calcaneal tendon and the
calcaneus;
• subcutaneous bursae of malleoli reside under the skin in the regions of the
malleoli.
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