The document is a newsletter from the Biochemical Engineering department covering various topics. It includes:
1) An editorial discussing the department's progress and opportunities for biochemical engineers in fields like manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, and more.
2) Summaries of articles on topics like DNA data storage, artificial blood, algal fuel, and a student interview.
3) Information on an upcoming event called "In-violation 2016" and a placement status update for recent graduates.
EXHIBIT A
V A C C I N E - A N A L Y S I S - B Y - D R . R O B E R T - Y O U NG
Graphene Oxide; also known as G.O. is a compound of magnetic nanoparticles.
The human genome project was started in 1990 with the goal of sequencing and ...Rania Malik
The Human Genome Project was a 13-year effort that began in 1990 with the goal of sequencing the entire human genome and identifying all of the genes in order to better understand genetic diseases and develop new treatments. It involved mapping the genome by identifying genetic markers and then sequencing DNA using techniques like cloning and polymerase chain reaction to amplify DNA for analysis. The project was completed in 2003, earlier than expected due to advances in sequencing technology, providing a full sequence of the human genome.
This document provides an introduction to transhumanism including definitions, goals, and an agenda covering various topics. It defines transhumanism as the belief that humans can evolve beyond limitations through science and technology. The agenda covers gene editing using CRISPR-Cas9, applications in diseases like sickle cell and blindness, brain-computer interfaces, anti-aging research, nanotechnology, and ethical issues. Experts discuss progress in areas like reversing age-related vision loss and potential for dramatically extending lifespan. Philosophical questions around human enhancement and what it means to be human are also raised.
This document outlines a DNA barcoding protocol for Census of Marine Life (CoML) investigators to determine DNA barcodes from collected specimens. The protocol recommends preserving specimens in 95% ethanol, amplifying and sequencing the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene as the primary barcode marker, and submitting sequences to public databases linked to specimen data. Alternate targets may be needed for some taxa. The goal is to provide a uniform method for species identification that will aid CoML research and have broader scientific applications.
This document discusses the potential benefits and risks of using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology. Some key benefits discussed include its relatively low cost compared to other gene editing methods, its ability to efficiently and precisely edit genes, and recent successes using it to correct mutations that cause diseases like Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy in mice models. However, the document also notes potential risks like inducing unintended mutations, difficulties achieving a high enough editing rate, and risks of editing germline cells or human embryos. While promising for treating genetic diseases, the document argues that more research is still needed to minimize risks before clinical use, and that regulations will be important to guide its safe and ethical application.
This document discusses recent discoveries of transgenic hydra and parasites found in COVID vaccines. It claims that hydra and parasites have been genetically modified and are being used as part of a "vaccine operating system" to rewrite human genes, build an artificial neural network, and rapidly clone humans. The document outlines scientific studies it says were used to develop this system using techniques like CRISPR, mRNA, graphene oxide, and luciferase to track and control gene expression in vaccinated individuals.
so we can conclude that xenobiology can give various answers of life and also can help to discover various biochemical reaction as well as can increas economy of one country
This document discusses major biological databases. It describes three types of biological databases: primary databases that contain original experimental data, secondary databases that contain additional derived information from primary databases, and composite databases that combine data from multiple sources. The document focuses on describing GenBank, a primary sequence database maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information. It provides details on how sequences are submitted to GenBank and how entries are formatted, including information contained in various fields like LOCUS, DEFINITION, and FEATURES. The document also briefly introduces the European Molecular Biology Laboratory database, EMBL, which collaborates with GenBank and DDBJ to exchange nucleotide sequence data daily.
EXHIBIT A
V A C C I N E - A N A L Y S I S - B Y - D R . R O B E R T - Y O U NG
Graphene Oxide; also known as G.O. is a compound of magnetic nanoparticles.
The human genome project was started in 1990 with the goal of sequencing and ...Rania Malik
The Human Genome Project was a 13-year effort that began in 1990 with the goal of sequencing the entire human genome and identifying all of the genes in order to better understand genetic diseases and develop new treatments. It involved mapping the genome by identifying genetic markers and then sequencing DNA using techniques like cloning and polymerase chain reaction to amplify DNA for analysis. The project was completed in 2003, earlier than expected due to advances in sequencing technology, providing a full sequence of the human genome.
This document provides an introduction to transhumanism including definitions, goals, and an agenda covering various topics. It defines transhumanism as the belief that humans can evolve beyond limitations through science and technology. The agenda covers gene editing using CRISPR-Cas9, applications in diseases like sickle cell and blindness, brain-computer interfaces, anti-aging research, nanotechnology, and ethical issues. Experts discuss progress in areas like reversing age-related vision loss and potential for dramatically extending lifespan. Philosophical questions around human enhancement and what it means to be human are also raised.
This document outlines a DNA barcoding protocol for Census of Marine Life (CoML) investigators to determine DNA barcodes from collected specimens. The protocol recommends preserving specimens in 95% ethanol, amplifying and sequencing the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene as the primary barcode marker, and submitting sequences to public databases linked to specimen data. Alternate targets may be needed for some taxa. The goal is to provide a uniform method for species identification that will aid CoML research and have broader scientific applications.
This document discusses the potential benefits and risks of using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology. Some key benefits discussed include its relatively low cost compared to other gene editing methods, its ability to efficiently and precisely edit genes, and recent successes using it to correct mutations that cause diseases like Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy in mice models. However, the document also notes potential risks like inducing unintended mutations, difficulties achieving a high enough editing rate, and risks of editing germline cells or human embryos. While promising for treating genetic diseases, the document argues that more research is still needed to minimize risks before clinical use, and that regulations will be important to guide its safe and ethical application.
This document discusses recent discoveries of transgenic hydra and parasites found in COVID vaccines. It claims that hydra and parasites have been genetically modified and are being used as part of a "vaccine operating system" to rewrite human genes, build an artificial neural network, and rapidly clone humans. The document outlines scientific studies it says were used to develop this system using techniques like CRISPR, mRNA, graphene oxide, and luciferase to track and control gene expression in vaccinated individuals.
so we can conclude that xenobiology can give various answers of life and also can help to discover various biochemical reaction as well as can increas economy of one country
This document discusses major biological databases. It describes three types of biological databases: primary databases that contain original experimental data, secondary databases that contain additional derived information from primary databases, and composite databases that combine data from multiple sources. The document focuses on describing GenBank, a primary sequence database maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information. It provides details on how sequences are submitted to GenBank and how entries are formatted, including information contained in various fields like LOCUS, DEFINITION, and FEATURES. The document also briefly introduces the European Molecular Biology Laboratory database, EMBL, which collaborates with GenBank and DDBJ to exchange nucleotide sequence data daily.
Toward the expansion of the genetic alphabet of DNA, several artificial third base pairs (unnatural base pairs) have been created. Organisms are defined by the information encoded in their genomes, and since the origin of life this information has been encoded using a two-base-pair genetic alphabet (A–T and G–C). In vitro, the alphabet have been expanded to include several unnatural base pairs (UBPs). A class of UBPs formed between nucleotides bearing hydrophobic nucleobases, exemplified by the pair formed between d5SICS and dNaM (d5SICS–dNaM) was developed, which is efficiently PCR-amplified and transcribed in vitro, and whose unique mechanism of replication has been characterized. However, expansion of an organism’s genetic alphabet presents new and unprecedented challenges: the unnatural nucleoside triphosphates must be available inside the cell; endogenous polymerases must be able to use the unnatural triphosphates to faithfully replicate DNA containing the UBP within the complex cellular milieu; and finally, the UBP must be stable in the presence of pathways that maintain the integrity of DNA. In a major breakthrough, it was reported that an exogenously expressed algal nucleotide triphosphate transporter efficiently imports the triphosphates of both d5SICS and dNaM (d5SICSTP and dNaMTP) into Escherichia coli, and that the endogenous replication machinery uses them to accurately replicate a plasmid containing d5SICS–dNaM was already reported. Neither the presence of the unnatural triphosphates nor the replication of the UBP introduces a notable growth burden. Thus, the resulting bacterium is the first semi-synthetic organism to propagate stably an expanded genetic alphabet. The unnatural base pair systems now have high potential to open the door to next generation biotechnology.
Comparative analysis of gene regulation in mouse rat and humanconstantina mylona
Which is the most suitable model mouse or rat even in the use of the latest gene editing tool-CRISPR/Cas 9 ?
Final Project presentaion on BSc Human Biology
Lecture given for the Data Mining course at Uppsala university in October 2013. The presentation talks about data analysis in the context of genomics, next-generation sequencing, metagenomics etc.
New insights into the human genome by ENCODE project Senthil Natesan
The ENCODE project aims to map all functional elements in the human genome. It has identified protein-coding genes covering 2.94% of the genome. ENCODE has also mapped regions of transcription, RNA transcription start sites, protein-bound regions including those bound by 119 DNA-binding proteins, DNase I hypersensitive sites, and regions of histone modification and DNA methylation across different cell types. While providing new insights, the project is still far from complete in mapping the full spectrum of functional elements in the human genome.
Transhumanismo y Mejoramiento Genético mediante CRISPRBioeticared
This document discusses CRISPR gene editing technology, including its origins and development, applications for therapeutic purposes, and debates around its use. It describes how CRISPR uses a guide RNA and Cas9 protein to cut DNA in a targeted way. While promising for treating genetic diseases, some argue its use in human embryos or germline cells raises safety and ethical issues due to risks of uncontrolled errors passing to future generations. Transhumanists support modifying the germline to induce enhanced traits, but this remains controversial.
Speaker: Benedict C. S. Cross, PhD, Team leader (Discovery Screening), Horizon Discovery
CRISPR–Cas9 mediated genome editing provides a highly efficient way to probe gene function. Using this technology, thousands of genes can be knocked out and their function assessed in a single experiment. We have conducted over 150 of these complex and powerful screens and will use our experience to guide you through the process of screen design, performance and analysis.
We'll be discussing:
• How to use CRISPR screening for target ID and validation, understanding drug MOA and patient stratification
• The screen design, quality control and how to evaluate success of your screening program
• Horizon’s latest developments to the platform
• Horizon’s novel approaches to target validation screening
A consortium of 440 scientists from 32 laboratories characterized functional elements in the human genome as part of the ENCyclopedia Of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project. They found that 80% of the genome is biochemically active, with millions of regulatory elements such as promoters, enhancers, and insulators. Many of these elements interact with genes over long distances to control gene expression. This study significantly changes understanding of how the genome works.
Genetic screening of CRISPR edited human-derived induced pluripotent stem cells was conducted to create a model of Costello syndrome. CRISPR was used to induce mutations in the HRAS gene of iPSCs. Of 12 samples screened, 2 were found to have a heterozygous mutation and 1 had a homozygous mutation, supporting that CRISPR can be used for gene editing in iPSCs. The mutated iPSCs will be differentiated into cardiomyocytes to model cardiac abnormalities in Costello syndrome.
Christopher Korch has identified hundreds of widely used cell lines that are contaminated with other cell types. He estimates that around 20% of cell lines are contaminated. Korch has quantified the impact of two contaminated cell lines, HEp-2 and INT-407, which are actually composed of cancerous HeLa cells but have been used to study other tissue types. HEp-2 has been used in over 5,700 publications referring to laryngeal cancer, while INT-407 has been used in over 1,300 publications referring to normal intestine. Korch estimates the total citations influenced by these misidentified lines could be over 200,000. The estimated costs of the original research on these lines is $713 million, with an
“I think the biggest innovations of the 21st century will be at the intersection of biology and technology. A new era is beginning.” — Steve Jobs
While analyzing the effects of radio frequency heating on hypothermia in the year 1941, Canadian electrical engineer John Hopps read that if the heart stops beating due to an acute drop in temperature, it could successfully be brought back to life artificially using mechanical or electrical stimulation.
CRISPR Cas9 is a genome editing technique that uses the Cas9 enzyme to cut DNA at specific locations. In 2018, Dr. He Jiankui conducted the first human genome editing trial using CRISPR Cas9 to modify embryos' genes in an attempt to make them resistant to HIV. This resulted in the birth of twin girls known as "Nana" and "Lulu". However, Dr. He's experiment was highly controversial and considered unethical due to safety risks. While genome editing holds promise for treating disease, more research is needed to address ethical concerns before making heritable genetic changes.
CRISPR-Cas9 is a genome editing tool that is creating a buzz in the science world. It is faster, cheaper and more accurate than previous techniques of editing DNA and has a wide range of potential applications.
The ENCODE Project was launched to interpret the human genome sequence generated by the Human Genome Project. It aims to identify all functional elements in the genome, including protein-coding genes as well as regulatory elements. The project involves mapping regions of transcription, transcription factor binding, chromatin structure, and histone modification across various cell types to assign biochemical functions to the genome. While early phases focused on developing appropriate techniques, the production phase is systematically annotating the entire genome. Future goals include expanding the dataset to more cell types to further understand gene regulation and its implications for human health.
The document discusses various types of biological databases including sequence databases, structure databases, genome databases, and model organism databases. It provides examples of nucleotide databases like Genbank, DDBJ, EMBL-EBI, and TIGR. Genome browsers like UCSC Genome Browser, Ensembl browser, and Integrated Genome Browser are also mentioned. Other topics covered include the Encyclopedia of Life, India Biodiversity, Barcode of Life, data retrieval schemes, bibliographic databases, and database journals.
CRISPR-Cas9 is a powerful gene editing tool that has promising applications in public health. It allows targeted editing of genes and could help treat diseases like HIV/AIDS, cancer, and antibiotic resistance. However, there are also ethical concerns about its use, such as off-target effects and questions around human enhancement. Going forward, CRISPR holds potential for developing new therapies and improving agriculture, but its applications will require addressing safety, consent, and access issues.
Next Generation Sequencing and its Applications in Medical Research - Frances...Sri Ambati
The so-called “next-generation” sequencing (NGS) technologies allows us, in a short time and in parallel, to sequence massive amounts of DNA, overcoming the limitations of the original Sanger sequencing methods used to sequence the first human genome. NGS technologies have had an enormous impact on biomedical research within a short time frame. This talk will give an overview of these applications with specific examples from Mendelian genomics and cancer research. #h2ony
This document summarizes a presentation on genomics and big data in precision medicine. It discusses how next generation sequencing is generating massive amounts of multi-omics data from the genome, epigenome, transcriptome, proteome and metagenome. It describes some of the algorithms and databases used to analyze this big genomic and biological data, including de Bruijn graph algorithms and databases like NCBI, OMIM, and PANTHER. It also discusses some of the challenges in analyzing such large and complex biological data using computational methods.
Recombinant DNA technology allows scientists to isolate, clone, and manipulate specific genes. DNA from different species can be combined to produce new genetic combinations of value. Genes are cloned by inserting DNA fragments into vectors like plasmids, which are then inserted into host cells where they replicate numerous identical copies of the gene. This cloning process allows genes to be studied, sequenced, and modified in precise ways. Genetically modified organisms can then be produced by adding transgenes to organisms' genomes.
The document summarizes the Human Genome Project (HGP). It began in 1990 with the goal of identifying all the genes in human DNA and determining the sequence of the 3 billion chemical base pairs. The 13-year project was completed in 2003 and involved international collaboration. It mapped the human genome and identified approximately 20,000-25,000 human genes. The HGP provided insights into human evolution and has applications in medicine, such as for identifying genes associated with diseases. It also advanced bioinformatics for analyzing large DNA datasets.
Interstate is an emergency response and restoration company that specializes in helping businesses and organizations recover from disasters by providing restoration, reconstruction, and property damage consulting services. They aim to make the recovery process more manageable by handling all restoration needs in one place so clients can focus on getting back to business. Interstate prides itself on strong ethics, high quality work, and exceptional customer service. They have experience restoring a wide range of property types from various industries and completing projects on time and within budget.
A+P Design Studio is an interior design and contracting firm located in Mumbai, India. It was founded over six years ago and offers residential and commercial interior design and contracting services. The firm is led by Puran Mistry and Jyoti Jhunjhunwala Saraf and has completed a variety of projects for clients such as Phoenix Market City, Wadhwa Builders, and Aveva. A+P Design Studio prides itself on attention to detail, creativity, and bringing clients' design visions to life.
Toward the expansion of the genetic alphabet of DNA, several artificial third base pairs (unnatural base pairs) have been created. Organisms are defined by the information encoded in their genomes, and since the origin of life this information has been encoded using a two-base-pair genetic alphabet (A–T and G–C). In vitro, the alphabet have been expanded to include several unnatural base pairs (UBPs). A class of UBPs formed between nucleotides bearing hydrophobic nucleobases, exemplified by the pair formed between d5SICS and dNaM (d5SICS–dNaM) was developed, which is efficiently PCR-amplified and transcribed in vitro, and whose unique mechanism of replication has been characterized. However, expansion of an organism’s genetic alphabet presents new and unprecedented challenges: the unnatural nucleoside triphosphates must be available inside the cell; endogenous polymerases must be able to use the unnatural triphosphates to faithfully replicate DNA containing the UBP within the complex cellular milieu; and finally, the UBP must be stable in the presence of pathways that maintain the integrity of DNA. In a major breakthrough, it was reported that an exogenously expressed algal nucleotide triphosphate transporter efficiently imports the triphosphates of both d5SICS and dNaM (d5SICSTP and dNaMTP) into Escherichia coli, and that the endogenous replication machinery uses them to accurately replicate a plasmid containing d5SICS–dNaM was already reported. Neither the presence of the unnatural triphosphates nor the replication of the UBP introduces a notable growth burden. Thus, the resulting bacterium is the first semi-synthetic organism to propagate stably an expanded genetic alphabet. The unnatural base pair systems now have high potential to open the door to next generation biotechnology.
Comparative analysis of gene regulation in mouse rat and humanconstantina mylona
Which is the most suitable model mouse or rat even in the use of the latest gene editing tool-CRISPR/Cas 9 ?
Final Project presentaion on BSc Human Biology
Lecture given for the Data Mining course at Uppsala university in October 2013. The presentation talks about data analysis in the context of genomics, next-generation sequencing, metagenomics etc.
New insights into the human genome by ENCODE project Senthil Natesan
The ENCODE project aims to map all functional elements in the human genome. It has identified protein-coding genes covering 2.94% of the genome. ENCODE has also mapped regions of transcription, RNA transcription start sites, protein-bound regions including those bound by 119 DNA-binding proteins, DNase I hypersensitive sites, and regions of histone modification and DNA methylation across different cell types. While providing new insights, the project is still far from complete in mapping the full spectrum of functional elements in the human genome.
Transhumanismo y Mejoramiento Genético mediante CRISPRBioeticared
This document discusses CRISPR gene editing technology, including its origins and development, applications for therapeutic purposes, and debates around its use. It describes how CRISPR uses a guide RNA and Cas9 protein to cut DNA in a targeted way. While promising for treating genetic diseases, some argue its use in human embryos or germline cells raises safety and ethical issues due to risks of uncontrolled errors passing to future generations. Transhumanists support modifying the germline to induce enhanced traits, but this remains controversial.
Speaker: Benedict C. S. Cross, PhD, Team leader (Discovery Screening), Horizon Discovery
CRISPR–Cas9 mediated genome editing provides a highly efficient way to probe gene function. Using this technology, thousands of genes can be knocked out and their function assessed in a single experiment. We have conducted over 150 of these complex and powerful screens and will use our experience to guide you through the process of screen design, performance and analysis.
We'll be discussing:
• How to use CRISPR screening for target ID and validation, understanding drug MOA and patient stratification
• The screen design, quality control and how to evaluate success of your screening program
• Horizon’s latest developments to the platform
• Horizon’s novel approaches to target validation screening
A consortium of 440 scientists from 32 laboratories characterized functional elements in the human genome as part of the ENCyclopedia Of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project. They found that 80% of the genome is biochemically active, with millions of regulatory elements such as promoters, enhancers, and insulators. Many of these elements interact with genes over long distances to control gene expression. This study significantly changes understanding of how the genome works.
Genetic screening of CRISPR edited human-derived induced pluripotent stem cells was conducted to create a model of Costello syndrome. CRISPR was used to induce mutations in the HRAS gene of iPSCs. Of 12 samples screened, 2 were found to have a heterozygous mutation and 1 had a homozygous mutation, supporting that CRISPR can be used for gene editing in iPSCs. The mutated iPSCs will be differentiated into cardiomyocytes to model cardiac abnormalities in Costello syndrome.
Christopher Korch has identified hundreds of widely used cell lines that are contaminated with other cell types. He estimates that around 20% of cell lines are contaminated. Korch has quantified the impact of two contaminated cell lines, HEp-2 and INT-407, which are actually composed of cancerous HeLa cells but have been used to study other tissue types. HEp-2 has been used in over 5,700 publications referring to laryngeal cancer, while INT-407 has been used in over 1,300 publications referring to normal intestine. Korch estimates the total citations influenced by these misidentified lines could be over 200,000. The estimated costs of the original research on these lines is $713 million, with an
“I think the biggest innovations of the 21st century will be at the intersection of biology and technology. A new era is beginning.” — Steve Jobs
While analyzing the effects of radio frequency heating on hypothermia in the year 1941, Canadian electrical engineer John Hopps read that if the heart stops beating due to an acute drop in temperature, it could successfully be brought back to life artificially using mechanical or electrical stimulation.
CRISPR Cas9 is a genome editing technique that uses the Cas9 enzyme to cut DNA at specific locations. In 2018, Dr. He Jiankui conducted the first human genome editing trial using CRISPR Cas9 to modify embryos' genes in an attempt to make them resistant to HIV. This resulted in the birth of twin girls known as "Nana" and "Lulu". However, Dr. He's experiment was highly controversial and considered unethical due to safety risks. While genome editing holds promise for treating disease, more research is needed to address ethical concerns before making heritable genetic changes.
CRISPR-Cas9 is a genome editing tool that is creating a buzz in the science world. It is faster, cheaper and more accurate than previous techniques of editing DNA and has a wide range of potential applications.
The ENCODE Project was launched to interpret the human genome sequence generated by the Human Genome Project. It aims to identify all functional elements in the genome, including protein-coding genes as well as regulatory elements. The project involves mapping regions of transcription, transcription factor binding, chromatin structure, and histone modification across various cell types to assign biochemical functions to the genome. While early phases focused on developing appropriate techniques, the production phase is systematically annotating the entire genome. Future goals include expanding the dataset to more cell types to further understand gene regulation and its implications for human health.
The document discusses various types of biological databases including sequence databases, structure databases, genome databases, and model organism databases. It provides examples of nucleotide databases like Genbank, DDBJ, EMBL-EBI, and TIGR. Genome browsers like UCSC Genome Browser, Ensembl browser, and Integrated Genome Browser are also mentioned. Other topics covered include the Encyclopedia of Life, India Biodiversity, Barcode of Life, data retrieval schemes, bibliographic databases, and database journals.
CRISPR-Cas9 is a powerful gene editing tool that has promising applications in public health. It allows targeted editing of genes and could help treat diseases like HIV/AIDS, cancer, and antibiotic resistance. However, there are also ethical concerns about its use, such as off-target effects and questions around human enhancement. Going forward, CRISPR holds potential for developing new therapies and improving agriculture, but its applications will require addressing safety, consent, and access issues.
Next Generation Sequencing and its Applications in Medical Research - Frances...Sri Ambati
The so-called “next-generation” sequencing (NGS) technologies allows us, in a short time and in parallel, to sequence massive amounts of DNA, overcoming the limitations of the original Sanger sequencing methods used to sequence the first human genome. NGS technologies have had an enormous impact on biomedical research within a short time frame. This talk will give an overview of these applications with specific examples from Mendelian genomics and cancer research. #h2ony
This document summarizes a presentation on genomics and big data in precision medicine. It discusses how next generation sequencing is generating massive amounts of multi-omics data from the genome, epigenome, transcriptome, proteome and metagenome. It describes some of the algorithms and databases used to analyze this big genomic and biological data, including de Bruijn graph algorithms and databases like NCBI, OMIM, and PANTHER. It also discusses some of the challenges in analyzing such large and complex biological data using computational methods.
Recombinant DNA technology allows scientists to isolate, clone, and manipulate specific genes. DNA from different species can be combined to produce new genetic combinations of value. Genes are cloned by inserting DNA fragments into vectors like plasmids, which are then inserted into host cells where they replicate numerous identical copies of the gene. This cloning process allows genes to be studied, sequenced, and modified in precise ways. Genetically modified organisms can then be produced by adding transgenes to organisms' genomes.
The document summarizes the Human Genome Project (HGP). It began in 1990 with the goal of identifying all the genes in human DNA and determining the sequence of the 3 billion chemical base pairs. The 13-year project was completed in 2003 and involved international collaboration. It mapped the human genome and identified approximately 20,000-25,000 human genes. The HGP provided insights into human evolution and has applications in medicine, such as for identifying genes associated with diseases. It also advanced bioinformatics for analyzing large DNA datasets.
Interstate is an emergency response and restoration company that specializes in helping businesses and organizations recover from disasters by providing restoration, reconstruction, and property damage consulting services. They aim to make the recovery process more manageable by handling all restoration needs in one place so clients can focus on getting back to business. Interstate prides itself on strong ethics, high quality work, and exceptional customer service. They have experience restoring a wide range of property types from various industries and completing projects on time and within budget.
A+P Design Studio is an interior design and contracting firm located in Mumbai, India. It was founded over six years ago and offers residential and commercial interior design and contracting services. The firm is led by Puran Mistry and Jyoti Jhunjhunwala Saraf and has completed a variety of projects for clients such as Phoenix Market City, Wadhwa Builders, and Aveva. A+P Design Studio prides itself on attention to detail, creativity, and bringing clients' design visions to life.
Information om notationsspråket ArchiMate.
Den kände språkvetaren Ferdinand de Saussure delar in språket i langue och parole, där parole är själva språkanvändningen, yttrandena, medan langue är den underliggande strukturen som definierar språkets regler.
Este documento trata sobre el transporte de hidrocarburos en Ecuador. Explica que el transporte de petróleo tiene dos etapas: el traslado del crudo desde los yacimientos a las refinerías, y la distribución de los derivados. Detalla los métodos de transporte terrestre como ductos y autotanques, y marítimo mediante buques cisterna. Además, describe las funciones de regulación y control de la Agencia de Regulación y Control Hidrocarburífero, e introduce el rol del Instituto Ecuatoriano de Normaliz
Genome sequencing and the development of our current information libraryZarlishAttique1
This document provides information about genome projects and the development of current information libraries. It discusses different types of genome projects conducted on organisms from all domains of life. These include projects on humans, plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, archaea, and viruses. It also describes the methods used in genome projects, such as genome assembly, annotation, and high-throughput sequencing techniques including de novo sequencing and resequencing. Genome annotation methods and tools are also outlined. The document concludes by noting the tremendous progress made in high-throughput sequencing capabilities, allowing for rapid sequencing of many genomes.
genetic engineering, future perspectives and QC validationSana Rubab
this ppt will help you in studying genetic engineering, its introduction, history, basics, methods and procedures, QC validation, future perspectives and applications.
What is bioinformatics?
About human genome
Human genome project
Aim of human genome project
History
Sequencing Strategy
Benefits of Human Genome Project research
Disadvantages of human genome project
Conclusion
References
The document provides information about the objectives and history of the Human Genome Project. It discusses:
- The goals of the project which were to identify all human genes, determine the DNA sequence, improve data analysis tools, and address ethical issues.
- Key dates and milestones from 1984 when it was proposed through completion of sequencing the human genome in 2003.
- Methods used to determine DNA sequences including Sanger dideoxy chain termination and shotgun sequencing.
- Outcomes of the project including ability to locate disease genes, advances in gene therapy, and providing benefits to medicine, energy, the environment, and risk assessment.
Conservation Biotechnology: DNA and Tissue Bank, DNA Barcoding, DNA fingerpr...AnitaPoudel5
This document discusses various biotechnological techniques used for conservation, including DNA and tissue banking, DNA barcoding, and DNA fingerprinting. It provides an overview of each technique, explaining what they are, how they work, and their applications. DNA and tissue banking preserves genetic material for research and conservation. DNA barcoding uses short DNA sequences to identify species, while DNA fingerprinting examines differences in DNA to identify individuals. These techniques help preserve biodiversity, study species and populations, and aid fields like forensics, agriculture and medicine.
Medical biotechnology uses living cells and organisms to develop medical products and therapies. It has applications in areas like stem cell research, the Human Genome Project, recombinant DNA technology, gene therapy, vaccine development, insulin production, diagnostics, and genetic engineering. Some key contributions of medical biotechnology include completing the human genome sequence, producing the first genetically engineered human insulin to treat diabetes, and developing vaccines that have saved millions of lives.
The human genome project aimed to map and sequence the entire human genome. It began in 1989 and was completed in 2003, two years ahead of schedule. Scientists used techniques like polymerase chain reaction and automated DNA sequencing to break chromosomes into fragments and determine the sequence of nucleotides in the genome. This provided insights into genes and enabled the potential for gene therapy and treatment of genetic diseases. However, the project also raised ethical issues about how the benefits would be distributed and potential risks of gene editing.
Describe in your own words the benefits, but also the problems of ha.pdfarenamobiles123
Describe in your own words the benefits, but also the problems of having the human genome
deciphered. Write several paragraphs.
Solution
The history of the human race has been filled with curiosity and discovery about our abilities and
limitations. As an egotistical creature with a seemingly unstoppable desire for new
accomplishments, we attempt feats with emotion and tenacity. People worldwide raced to be the
first to discover the secrets and the ability of flight. Enormous amounts of monies were spent on
sending people into space and the race to land on the moon. With the rapid growth of scientific
knowledge and experimental methods, humans have begun to unravel and challenge another
mystery, the discovery of the entire genetic make-up of the human body.
This endeavor, the Human Genome Project (HGP), has created hopes and expectations about
better health care. It has also brought forth serious social issues. To understand the potential
positive and negative issues, we must first understand the history and technical aspects of the
HGP.
History of the Human Genome Project
The HGP has an ultimate goal of identifying and locating the positions of all genes in the human
body. A researcher named Renato Dulbecco first suggested the idea of such a project while the
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) was also considering the same project because issues related
to radiation and chemical exposure were being raised. Military and civilian populations were
being exposed to radiation and possible carcinogenic chemicals through atomic testing, the use
of Agent Orange in Vietnam, and possible nuclear power facility accidents. Genetic knowledge
was needed to determine the resiliency of the human genome.
Worldwide discussion about a HGP began in 1985. In 1986, the DOE announced its\' Human
Genome Initiative which emphasized the development of resources and technologies for genome
mapping, sequencing, computation, and infrastructure support that would lead to the entire
human genome map. United States involvement began in October 1990 and was coordinated by
the DOE and the National Institute of Health (NIH). With an estimated cost of 3 billion dollars,
sources of funding also include the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Howard Hughes
Medical Institute (HHMI). Because of the involvement of the NIH, DOE, and NSF who receive
U.S. Congressional funding, the HGP is partly funded through federal tax dollars. Expected to
last 15 years, technological advancements have accelerated the expected date of completion to
the year 2003. This completion date would coincide with the 50th anniversary of Watson and
Crick\'s description of the structure of DNA molecule.
Human Genome Project Goals
The specific goals of the HGP are to::
Technical Aspects of the HGP
Mapping Strategies
To sequence the human genome, maps are needed. Physical maps are a series of overlapping
pieces of DNA isolated in bacteria. Physical maps are used to describe the DNA\'s chemical
characteristics..
This document provides an overview of biomedical engineering and its goal of using engineering techniques to develop therapeutic technologies and replace diseased human organs. It summarizes notable achievements in bioengineering organs and tissues, including 3D printed ears, bioengineered bladders, blood vessels, and windpipes created using patients' own cells. Ongoing research aims to bioengineer more complex organs like livers, intestines, and kidneys to address the high demand for organ transplants.
This document provides an overview of bioinformatics. It begins by explaining how bioinformatics emerged from the need to analyze vast amounts of genetic sequence data produced by projects like the Human Genome Project. It then defines bioinformatics as the field that develops tools and methods for understanding biological data by combining computer science, statistics, and other disciplines. The document outlines several goals and applications of bioinformatics, such as identifying genes and their functions, modeling protein structures, comparing genomes, and its uses in medicine, microbial research, and more. It also provides a brief history of important developments in bioinformatics and DNA sequencing.
Break through in biochemistry biotechnology[616]Dr.K Madhuri
The document discusses recent breakthroughs in biotechnology, biochemistry, and biology. Some key points include:
- Researchers have developed a device called the Moosy 32 eNose that can detect colon diseases by analyzing volatile compounds.
- Scientists have created human-pig embryos and developed an artificial womb to help extremely premature lambs survive.
- A new method called "cellular leapfrogging" allows mature cells like liver cells to be transformed into other cell types like neurons.
- CAR T-cell immunotherapy was approved for cancer treatment, engineering immune cells to target tumors.
- Advances could help address problems like malnutrition, crop failure, and extend human lifespans.
Nanobots called respirocytes could potentially replace human blood by carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body. Each respirocyte would be a hollow sphere 1 micron in diameter that stores gases and uses an onboard fuel cell and computer to precisely control gas transport. Respirocytes could deliver oxygen more efficiently than red blood cells and find applications in emergencies, diving, lung diseases, and enhancing athletic performance. While individual respirocyte failures are unlikely to cause harm, widespread use of artificial blood would represent a major technological and medical advancement if developed safely through further research.
The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint.
The document provides an overview of genetic engineering and its history. It discusses the basics of genetic engineering, which involves isolating and copying genetic material of interest using molecular cloning methods and inserting new DNA into the host genome. The history of genetic engineering is then explored, from early discoveries like Mendel's work with inheritance in peas to more modern developments like recombinant DNA techniques, PCR, and the creation of the first transgenic animal. A number of influential scientists in the field are also highlighted. The document aims to inform the reader about genetic engineering, related techniques, and its progression over time.
The document summarizes techniques used to study the human genome such as using restriction enzymes to cut DNA into fragments, gel electrophoresis to separate fragments by size, and DNA sequencing to read base pairs. It discusses the goals of the Human Genome Project including sequencing all human DNA and identifying genes. The project found the human genome contains 3 billion base pairs with only 2% encoding proteins. It also identified over 3 million single base differences between individuals and associated gene sequences with diseases.
Molecular scaffolds are special and useful guides to discoveryJeremy Yang
Molecular scaffolds are special structures that can be used to guide discovery in fields like chemical biology and drug discovery. Scaffolds represent the core structure or framework of molecules. They are useful because they allow clustering and organization of chemical data, exploration of chemical space, and prediction of properties like bioactivity. Examples of famous drug scaffolds discussed include the beta-lactam, steroid, and benzodiazepine scaffolds. Software tools are available for scaffold analysis and applications include database clustering, navigation of chemical space, and prediction of promiscuity. While the definition of a scaffold is not always consistent, cheminformatics methods can help address challenges in scaffold analysis.
Genetic engineering involves modifying an organism's genes using technology. It was first achieved in 1973 when Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen inserted antibiotic resistance genes into bacterial DNA. Rudolf Jaenisch then created the first genetically modified animal, a mouse, in 1974. In 1994, the first genetically modified food, a longer-lasting tomato, was approved for sale. More recently, scientists have developed new gene editing tools like CRISPR that allow more precise genetic modifications. While genetic engineering enables benefits like increased food production and disease resistance, it also raises concerns about unintended health and environmental impacts.
The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology was formally launched, bringing together six top Catalan research centers: CRG, ICIQ, ICN2, ICFO, IFAE, and IRB Barcelona. The new institution aims to foster interdisciplinary research, leverage scientific impact, and position itself among leading European research institutions. Angel Nebreda of IRB Barcelona received a Proof of Concept grant from the European Research Council to investigate new breast cancer therapies based on p38 MAPK inhibitors using patient samples. IRB Barcelona hosted the 15th European Light Microscopy Initiative meeting, bringing together over 400 microscopy experts to discuss the latest developments in microscopy techniques.
The Impact of Sequencing Human Genome on Epigenetic Diseases.pdfKATALYSTPUBLISHINGGR
The Impact of Sequencing Human Genome on Epigenetic Diseases
#Epigenetic #disorder, #Methylation, #Acetylation, #Phosphorylation, #Glioblastoma. #BBB, #Aziridine, #Carbamate, #AZQ
Dr. A. Hameed Khan,Ph.D. (London)
Hameed Khan, Senior Scientist,
Department of Genetics & Robotics,
NCMRR (National Center for Medical
Rehabilitation Research), National
Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda,
Maryland, USA.
1) Scientist-edited wiki websites have become popular ways for biologists to manage and interpret the large amounts of genomic and other biological data being produced.
2) These wiki sites aim to help researchers make sense of the data flooding into public databases by allowing many annotators to contribute, in contrast to traditional smaller teams of annotators.
3) However, getting researchers to actually contribute to the wiki sites, rather than just take information from them, has been a challenge, as scientists are often too busy or secretive to cooperate openly. Whether wiki approaches can succeed where previous community-driven data sharing efforts have failed remains to be seen.
2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents
The Biochemica Genesis
Editorial’s Desk 1
2
Artificial Blood or synthetic RBC 3
The Interview 5
7
Algal Fuel 9
In-violation 2016 10
ADIOS 2K16 11
Test your knowledge 12
DNA Digital Data Storage
Bispecific Monoclonal Antibody Market
3. EDITORIAL DESK
“Engineering is not only study of 45 subjects but it is
moral studies of intellectual life “
——Prakhar Shrivastav
Welcome to the 12th
edition of “ The Biochemica
Genisis”.
As always, the Biochemical Engineering Department is
on continuous progress. Besides mandated curriculum,
every semester it conducts and presents activities and
events for the out and out development of students.
Which I would like to share with you. This time we got
opportunity to have an interview with Dr. Manoj
Kandpal. We are very pleased to present these all
chit– chat in this edition.
Globally pioneers are looking on specialized biochemical
engineers. Manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, healthcare,
design and construction, pulp and paper, petrochemicals,
food processing, specialty chemicals, polymers,
biotechnology, effluent treatment and environmental
health and safety industries are among some of the fates
of Biochemical Engineering. Within these industries,
biochemical engineers rely on their knowledge of
mathematics and science, particularly chemistry, to
overcome technical problems safely and economically
and they draw upon and apply their engineering
knowledge to solve any technical challenges they
encounter.
To jump on these fates campus placement helps like a
starter. At the end of this edition placement status of 2012
-16 batch is presented. Have a look on this edition, hope
you would enjoy it.
Editor
Editorial Board:
Newsletter Incharge:
Ms. Neha Chausali
A/Prof. BCE Dept.
Editor :
Mohit Singh Rana
B.Tech. IV Year (BCE)
Prashant Pokhriyal
B.Tech. IV Year (BCE)
Associate Editor:
Neha Mishra
B.Tech. III Year (BCE)
Designed By:
Mohit Singh Rana
B.Tech. IV Year (BCE)
The Biochemica Genesis 1
4. DNA Digital Data Storage
By: Neha Sijwali (BCE IIIYear)
DNA digital data storage refers to any scheme to store digital data in the base sequence of DNA. This
technology uses artificial DNA made using commercially available oligonucleotide synthesis machines for storage
and DNA sequencing machines for retrieval. This type of storage system is more compact than current magnetic
tape or hard drive storage systems due to the data density of the DNA. These features have led to researchers
involved in their development to call this method of data storage "apocalypse-proof" because "after a hypothetical
global disaster, future generations might eventually find the stores and be able to read them." It is, however, a slow
process, as the DNA needs to be sequenced in order to retrieve the data, and so the method is intended for uses with
a low access rate such as long-term archival of large amounts of scientific data.
The idea and the general considerations about the possibility of recording, storage and retrieval of information on
DNA molecules were originally made by Mikhail Neiman and published in 1964–65 in the Radiotekhnika journal,
USSR, and the technology may therefore be referred to as MNeimONics, while the storage device may be known as
MNeimON (Mikhail Neiman Oligonucleotides). On August 16, 2012, the journal Science published research
by George Church and colleagues at Harvard University, in which DNA was encoded with digital information that
included an HTML draft of a 53,400 word book written by the lead researcher, eleven JPG images and one
JavaScript program. Multiple copies for redundancy were added and 5.5 petabytes can be stored in each cubic
millimetre of DNA. An improved system was reported in the journal Nature in January 2013, in an article lead by
researchers from the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI).
Over five million bits of data, appearing as a speck of dust to researchers, and consisting of text files and audio files,
were successfully stored and then perfectly retrieved and reproduced. Encoded information consisted of all 154 of
Shakespeare's sonnets, a twenty-six-second audio clip of the "I Have a Dream" speech by Martin Luther King, the
well known paper on the structure of DNA by James Watson and Francis Crick, a photograph of EBI headquarters
inHinxton, United Kingdom, and a file describing the methods behind converting the data. All the DNA files
reproduced the information between 99.99% and 100% accuracy.
The main innovations in this research were the use of an error-correcting encoding scheme to ensure the extremely
low data-loss rate, as well as the idea of encoding the data in a series of overlapping
short oligonucleotides identifiable through a sequence-based indexing scheme. Also, the sequences of the individual
strands of DNA overlapped in such a way that each region of data was repeated four times to avoid errors. Two of
these four strands were constructed backwards, also with the goal of eliminating errors. The costs per megabyte were
estimated at $12,400 to encode data and $220 for retrieval.
However, it was noted that the exponential decrease in DNA synthesis and sequencing costs, if it continues into the
future, should make the technology cost-effective for long-term data storage within about ten years.
The long-term stability of data encoded in DNA was reported in February 2015, in an article by researches
from ETH Zurich.
By adding redundancy via Reed–Solomon error correction coding and by encapsulating the DNA within silica glass
spheres via Sol-gel chemistry, the researchers predict error-free information recovery after up to 1 million years at
-18 °C and 2000 years if stored at 10 °C. By adding the possibility of being able to handle errors, the research team
could reduce the cost of DNA synthesis down to ~$500/MB by choosing a more error-prone DNA synthesis method.
In a news article in the New Scientist the team stated that if they are able to further decrease the cost they would
store an archive version of Wikipedia in DNA.
The above methods of DNA storage had the disadvantage that the whole strand of synthetic DNA has to be
sequenced in order to retrieve only one of several data sets that were previously encoded. On April 2016 researchers
at the University of Washington published an encoding, storage, retrieval and decoding method that enables random
access of any one of the data sets.
The Biochemica Genesis 2
5. The Biochemica Genesis 3
Artificial Blood or Synthetic RBC
By: Tarun Pant (BCE IIIYear)
Artificial blood is a product made to act as a substitute for red blood cells. While true blood serves many
different functions, artificial blood is designed for the sole purpose of transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide
throughout the body. Depending on the type of artificial blood, it can be produced in different ways using synthetic
production, chemical isolation, or recombinant biochemical technology. Development of the first blood substitutes
dates back to the early 1600s, and the search for the ideal blood substitute continues. Various manufacturers have
products in clinical trials; however, no truly safe and effective artificial blood product is currently marketed. It is
anticipated that when an artificial blood product is available, it will have annual sales of over $7.6 billion in the
United States alone.
BACKGROUND
Blood is a special type of connective tissue that is composed of white cells, red cells, platelets, and plasma. It has a
variety of functions in the body. The white blood cells are responsible for the immune defense. The red cells in
blood create the bright red color. These cells are responsible for the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide
throughout the body. Currently, artificial blood products are only designed to replace the function of red blood cells.
History
The first successful human blood transfusions were done in 1667. Unfortunately, the practice was halted because
patients who received subsequent transfusions died.
In 1868, researchers found that solutions containing hemoglobin isolated from red blood cells could be used as
blood replacements. In 1871, they also examined the use of animal plasma and blood as a substitute for human
blood. Both of these approaches were hampered by significant technological problems. First, scientists found it
difficult to isolate a large volume of hemoglobin. Second, animal products contained many materials that were toxic
to humans..
In 1966, experiments with mice suggested a new type of blood substitute, Perfluorocarbon (PFC). These are long
chain polymers similar to Teflon. It was found that mice could survive even after being immersed in PFC. This gave
scientists the idea to use PFC as a blood thinner. In 1968, the idea was tested on rats. The rat's blood was completely
removed and replaced with a PFC emulsion. The animals lived for a few hours and recovered fully after their blood
was replaced. Research in this area was further fueled in 1986 when it was discovered that HIV and hepatitis could
be transmitted via blood transfusions.
Design
The ideal artificial blood product has the following characteristics. First, it must be safe to use and compatible
within the human body. It means that artificial blood can be processed to remove all disease-causing agents such as
viruses and microorganisms. Second, it must be able to transport oxygen throughout the body and release it where it
is needed. Third, it must be shelf stable. Unlike donated blood, artificial blood can be stored for over a year or more.
This is in contrast to natural blood which can only be stored for one month before it breaks down. There are two
significantly different products that are under development as blood substitutes. One is based on PFC, while the
other is a hemoglobin-based product.
6. The Biochemica Genesis 4
Perfluorocarbon (PFC)
PFC are biologically inert materials that can dissolve about 50 times more oxygen than blood plasma. They are
relatively inexpensive to produce and can be made devoid of any biological materials. This eliminates the real
possibility of spreading an infectious disease via a blood transfusion. From a technological standpoint, they have
two significant hurdles to overcome before they can be utilized as artificial blood. First, they are not soluble in
water, which means to get them to work they must be combined with emulsifiers—fatty compounds called lipids
that are able to suspend tiny particles of PFC in the blood. Second, they have the ability to carry much less oxygen
than hemoglobin-based products. This means that significantly more PFC must be used.
Hemoglobin Based Products
These hemoglobin products are different than whole blood in that they are not contained in a membrane so the
problem of blood typing is eliminated. There are also problems with the stability of hemoglobin in a solution. The
challenge in creating a hemoglobin-based artificial blood is to modify the hemoglobin molecule so these problems
are resolved. Various Strategies involves either chemically cross-linking molecules or using recombinant DNA
technology to produce modified proteins.
The Future
Currently, there are several companies working on the production of a safe and effective artificial blood substitute.
The various blood substitutes all suffer from certain limitations. For example, most of the hemoglobin-based
products last no more than 20-30h in the body. This compares to transfusions of whole blood that lasts 34 days.
Also, these blood substitutes do not mimic the blood's ability to fight diseases and clot. The current artificial blood
technology will be limited to short-term blood replacement applications. In the future, it is anticipated that new
materials to carry oxygen in the body will be found.
7. The Interview
Dr. Manoj Kandpal (2002-06)
Its our great pleasure to have an interview with Dr. Manoj Kandpal,
a graduate in B.E. in Biochemical Engineering from Kumaon Engineering
College (BTKIT) Dwarahat, currently working as a Post Doctoral Fellow in
Fienberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University USA.
Please tell something about your professional journey from KEC to onward and challenges you have faced?
After my BE from KEC, I did my M.Tech in Bio-chemical from IT-BHU, Varanasi and PhD from National
University of Singapore. I personally did not apply for any job after B.E. so I cannot comment on challenges
faced during job search. However, due to our undergraduate major being biochemical engineering, one of the
problems that most of our batch’s student faced was lack of practical knowledge in the field of genetics or
molecular biology or chemical engineering. It gave other students from biotechnology or chemical background a
competitive edge during interviews, or during their coursework for MS/PhD.
Please mark some highlights about your job profile.
Although I am still in biological domain, my research field has changed from biochemical engineering to
data-analysis to bioinformatics. Nowadays, I process and analyze next generation sequencing data from various
public domains and research collaboration. Though I have worked on data from various disease sources, my focus
is on cancer informatics.
After your B.E. you are contributing toward research as a PG student and now as a researcher. What
would you like to say about the R&D and our relations with industries during academic research?
Although research experience and publications at UG could be huge plus points in career, I have noticed that UG
is more about learning (not research), especially in India. Knowledge gained at UG helps you to get into higher
institution or job. However, if one is really interested, summer internship at companies is the best way through
which one can get a hand-on experience of various tools and techniques that are used in industries but are
unavailable at college. Having such experience could provide advantage during interviews for jobs or higher
education.
What is your scenario about impact of higher studies degree to make our career in industrial and academic
job?
I think that unless you have determination and good patience you cannot survive long in the core area after your
bachelor’s degree. Your growth will be very slow and salary would be much less for quite some time (compared
to your IT placed batch-mates). Plus, there will be very high completion from BSc and MSc candidates at entry
level. Higher degree helps you to enter at upper level position and you can grow much higher. A technical degree
will help you in core research while a management will take you to administrative roles in biotech/pharmaceutical
companies. If you want to have a career in academics (in reputable institutes), higher education and good
publications are essential requirements.
The Biochemica Genesis 5
8. The Biochemica Genesis 6
What do you think about current job market and specialized fields for a fresh biochemical engineers?
To be honest, I do not have much idea about current Biochemical markets. However, I can say that Biochemical
Engineering market is not same as it used to be about couple of decades back when its graduate could have got
core jobs in European markets, and the main completion was from Fermentation technology and Environmental
engineering researchers. The market has broadened a lot. Most of the top companies are indulging into their own
research and developments taking advantage of genetic engineering, data analysis and bioinformatics as well.
During college days what was your scenario regarding BCE department career prospects?
During our time (before 2006) there was no active T&P section and as far as I remember campus placement was
nil for all branches. Many students used to target CAT, GRE, or GATE.
What are current research fields and interesting projects in biochemical engineering?
As mentioned earlier, biochemical engineering research field has broaden a lot so one can choose from a wide
variety of research topic related to enzyme engineering, biomaterials, process optimization, drug delivery etc.
However, because the basic job of a biochemical engineer is to make chemicals in an environmentally friendly
way, I would suggest (to those who wants to remain in core) green and clean biology research e.g. biodegradable
plastics, fuel cell, environmental remediation etc.
What is your idea on role of biochemical engineering and current ongoing biochemical/biotechnological/
chemical work in “Make in India” concept?
With the current “Make in India” concept, India could soon become one of the major production houses of the
world (similar to China). However, becoming a major producer with the help of rapid industrialization could
worsen the enormous problem of air, water and land pollution. Along with setting up and operating production
plants, biochemical engineers can also help in minimizing the environmental loss.
You had enjoyed life at KEC, at prestigious institutes IT-BHU, NUS Singapore as a student and in other
prestigious universities as a research professional. What you think about implementations should be make
in KEC culture and mindset of students for success of KEC family?
Always remember that there is no shortcut to success. If you want to excel in your field, you will have to
outperform others. I am not saying that one should compromise with your fun time at college; however, it is very
important to keep a study-life balance. Further, even if you wish to work in wet lab environment try to learn basic
programming in R/python.
You are continuously working in foreign. What you think about your career and research interest in India?
So that you could contribute in Indian R&D and economic development. Because one-side morals say each
person should contribute in its nation's development.
From the very first day of moving out I have plans to return back and work in India. Working outside India has
provided me exposure to latest research along with lot of experience (I am still learning). Once I feel that I have
gained enough research experience and I could get a good opportunity in India, I would love to come back and
contribute in the best way possible.
9. The Biochemica Genesis 7
Bispecific Monoclonal Antibody Market
By: Mohit Singh Rana (BCE IV Year)
Since the development of the first monoclonal antibody (Orthoclone OKT3) in 1975 and licenced in 1986
for its commercialization, this class of biopharmacuitical product has grown significantly in order to treat crucial
diseases and provide therapies at molecular level. The global market for monoclonal antibodies for cancer is
expected to grow to $33 Billion by 2017. Still in traditional FDA approved monoclonal antibodies, there is some
market barriers by virtue of its functioning, lack of efficacy and consequently by cost. Due to such market
competition, technology obsolescence and economic issues the respective industries are keep on looking on
Improvements and modification in traditional monoclonal antibodies for their better existence. In this line of
continuous research and development 55 years ago Nisonoff and Rivers introduced first bispesific monoclonal
antibody. Nevertheless the concept was restricted up to academic/ research level. Bi-specific monoclonal
antibodies (bsMAb) are unique and artificially engineered macromolecules with two distinct binding
specifiocities, and are capable of binding two different antigens non-covalently. However, the traditional
methods of diagnosis such as virus or bacterial isolation, and PCR amplification are quite expensive and time
consuming. Bispecific monoclonal antibodies (BsMAb) are versatile, and can increase the specificity and
sensitivity of detection in the suspected individuals. Therefore, immunodiagnostic assays using bsMAb are less
expensive, and a large number of clinical samples could be analyzed at a faster rate for the detection of
pathogens within a stipulated time. To exploit these advantageous properties of BsMAb industrialists and
researchers keep striving hard and the first demonstration of potential of using bispecific antibodies to retarget
effector cells toward tumor cells was done in the 1984. Through the results of consequent hardwork the first
BsMAb Catumaxomab (Removab®) was approved in 2009 and another was in December 2014. Due to a huge
potential in the diagnostic assays for the early detection of pathogens of human infectious diseases such as
severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), chikungunya (CHIKV), tuberculosis (TB) and dengue around 40
different competing formats of BsMAb are under development up to till date. These are listed in Table 1. 8-9 are
expected to be launched by the end of this decade. The BsMAb market is in growing phase. By 2024, the
BsMAb are expected to be valued at USD 5.8 billion per annum in global market.
Table 1: Bispecific Monoclonal Antibody under pipeline and respective companies;
Source: Drug Discovery Today, July 2015
10. The Biochemica Genesis 8
In the following years it would be obvious that BsMAb can be used to redirect immunological effector cells or
molecules toward tumor cells. Targeting an immune response to the tumor site has evolved as an attractive
concept since it recruits many effector cells and obviates several drawbacks connected with classical antitumor
responses. Industries and scientists are currently focusing on exploitation of BsMAb in crucial areas like; cancer
therapy, inflammatory diseases, and immunodignastic assay. The major goal is to address simultaneously
different targets involved in pathophysiological processes and thereby increase therapeutic efficacy. Cancer is
one of the leading causes of death worldwide, affecting approximately 13 Million people in 2012 and is expected
to grow to 17 Million by 2020. The dramatic increase in the cancer affected population reflecting the need to
highly effective and lifesaving biopharmaceuticals like BsMAb. Such a large cancer treatment market prompted
investors to invest in the oncology sector with major focus on BsMAb. By 2023, the bispecific antibodies market
is estimated to be worth USD 4.4 billion. Oncology dominates the field of bispecific antibodies. In the line of
advancement another most successful and market oriented BsMAb is Bispecific T-cell engager antibodies
(BiTEs), having ability of engaging T-cells for tumor cell elimination. Bispecific T-cell engager antibodies
(BiTEs) are single chain antibodies designed for polyclonal activation and redirection of cytotoxic T-cells to
tumor cells.
Flexibility in its desigining is helpful in genereting various BsMAb formats. BsMAb is more specific and
efficient targeting. It has optimal selectivity for activator/down-regulatory molecules. It makes high interaction
and supportive in tissue peneteration. BiTEs have increased specificity and affinity toward adoptive cellular
therapies. These special features show its huge market potential. Companies such as Trion Pharma, Amgen,
AbbVie, Ablynx, Affimedand MacroGenics, Elli lilly and company are involved in BsMAb production.
Different types of
BsMAb are being produced on the basis of chemical crosslinking, hybrid hybridomas, with the latest being
recombinant techniques. About 68% of the industry sponsored molecules are being directed against oncological
diseases; with almost two-third of them targeting solid tumors. The global oncology drugs market is expected to
reach at $111.9 billion by 2020 registering a CAGR of 7.1% from 2014 to 2020. Patent expiration of key
oncology medicines such as Herceptin, Erbitux, Rituxan and Avastin, is expected to boost the growth of cancer
biosimilars market by 2020. Going further, the biological therapies are expected to dominate the cancer market
by 2020, due to their high efficacy, target specific action and less toxicity. A number of different BsMAb based
on different technologies are in pipeline and their market can be assured on the basis of overall bio-therapies
market. Particularly, the global market for biological therapies for cancer was worth $37.9 billion in 2009 and
$53.7 billion in 2014. This number increased at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.2%. The U.S.
market for biological therapies for cancer was worth $17.7 billion in 2009, down from $18.8 billion in 2008 and
expected to reach $23.9 billion in 2014 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.2%.The market for
biological therapies for cancer in Europe and the rest of the world was worth $15.6 billion in 2009, down from
$17.6 billion in 2008. This number is
expected to increase at a compound
annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.8%
to reach $22.8 billion in 2014. An
overall previous and expected market
status is depicted in Fig. 1. North
America accounted for about ~38%
share in the overall oncology drugs
market in 2013 owing to the heavy
investments in immune therapeutics,
bio-based drugs. Similarly, Asia- Pa-
cific market is expected to grow at the
promising CAGR of 8.7% during the
forecast period.
Fig. 1. Bio-based Therapies Market status ;
Source: IMS Health Market Prognosis, March 2015
11. The Biochemica Genesis 9
Algal Fuel
Double Singh Karayt (BCE: III Year)
“Algal fuel” is a term used for a marine source of Omega-3 fatty acids not
extracted from fish, a source of Docosahexaenoic acid used as a dietary
supplement. Algae fuel or algal biofuel is an alternative to liquid fossil fuels that
uses algae as its source of energy-rich oils. Several companies and government
agencies are funding effort to reduce capital and operating cost and make algal
fuel production commercially viable. Like fossil fuels, algae fuel release CO2
when burnt, but unlike fossil fuel, algae fuel and other biofuel only releases CO2
recently removed from the atmosphere via photosynthesis as the plant or algae
grew. The energy crisis and the World food crisis have ignited interest in
algaeculture for making biodiesel and other biofuel using land unsuitable for
agriculture. Among Algal fuels attractive characteristics are that they can be
grown with minimal impact on fresh water. Resources can be produced using saline and wastewater, have a high
flash point and are biodegradable and relatively harmless to the environment if spilled.
Algae cost more per unit mass than other second generation biofuel crops due to high capital and operating costs
but are claimed to yield between 10 and 100 times more fuel per unit area.
The United States Department of Energy estimates that if algae fuel replaced all the petroleum fuels in the US, it
would requires 15,000 sq. miles (39,000 km^2), which is only 0.42% of the US map, or about half the land area of
Maine. This is less than 1/7 the area of corn harvested in the US in 2000.
According to the head of the algal biomass organization, algae fuel can reach price parity with oil in 2018 if
granted production tax credits.
Algae can be converted into various types of fuels, depending on the technique and part of the cells used. The
lipid, or oily part of the algae biomass can be extracted and converted into biodiesel through a process similar to
that used for any other vegetable oil , or converted in a refinery into “drop-in” replacements for petroleum based
fuels.
Example of Algae fuel :-
Biodiesel :- Biodiesel is a diesel fuel derived from animal or plant lipids (oils and fats). Studies have shown that
some species of algae can produce 60% or more of their dry weight in the form of oil. Because the cells grown in
aqueous suspension, where they have more efficient access to water, CO2 and dissolved nutrients, microalgae are
capable of producing large amount of biomass and usable oil in either high rate algal ponds or photobioreactors.
This oil can then be turned into biodiesel which could be sold for use in automobiles.
Biobutanol:- Biobutanol can be made from algae or diatoms using only a solar powered biorefinery. This fuel
has an energy density 10% less than gasoline, and greater than that of either ethanol or methanol. In most gasoline
engine, with no modifications. In several tests, Butanol consupstion is similar to that of Gasoline, provides better
performance and corrosion resistance than that of ethanol E85.
12. The Biochemica Genesis 10
In-violation 2016
An Intellectual Property Rights Awareness Program
(3rd
-5th
March, 2016)
&
Intellectual Property Rights Day
(26 April, 2016)
In-violation 2016 was organized by biochemical engineering department in association with IPR
Cell, BTKIT, Dwarahat. Under the flagship of In-violation 2016 an IPR awareness program was conducted from
3rd
to 5th
March, 2016. In this 3 day event poster competition, essay competition, quiz competition and power
point presentation on various cases in IPR arena was conducted. The event was open for all the students of
BTKIT Dwarahat, GPGC Dwarahat, GPC Dwarahat. Around 200+ students joined this program as participants.
This event was sponsored by Uttarakhand State Council for Science & Technology, Dehradun. This three day
event got success with approx. 500+ eyeball. Dr. R K. Singh, Director BTKIT, Dwarahat delivered special
lecture on Intellectual Property Rights, focused on its features and need.
On 26th
April, Intellectual Property Rights Day was also celebrated under the banner of In-violation 2016.
The celebration day got blessings with the presence of Dr. S. C. Sarkar , Dr. Jyoti Saxena, Ms. Rachna Arya, Dr.
Kuldeep Kholiya and members of IPR cell, BTKIT Dwarahat. On this occasion remarks were made on various
aspects of IPR by students and faculty members as well. Dr. S. C. Sarkar highlighted on Institute's progress
toward research and also marked on some future plan. Dr. Jyoti Saxena, Coordinator IPR Cell, BTKIT Dwarahat
remarked on the need of such awareness program, on Intellectual Property Rights and on the various activities of
IPR cell. Winners and top participants of IPR Awareness Program was rewarded by faculty members with
certificates and valuable prizes. The celebration day was closed with Vote of Thanks addressed by Mohit Singh
Rana, Event Manager– In-violation 2016 (BCE IV year).
Glimpses of In-violation 2016
13. The Biochemica Genesis 11
ADIOS 2KI6
Farewell Party B.Tech.– BCE (2012-16 Batch)
Photo Gallary
14. 1.Which one of the following amino acids in proteins does not undergo phosphorylation:
a. Ser b. Thr
c. Pro d. Tyr
2.The first humanized monoclonal antibody approved for the treatment of breast cancer is:
a. Rituximab b. Cetuximab
c. Bevacizmab d. Trastuzumab
3.Which one of the following is an ABC transporter:
a. Multi Drug Resistance Protein b. Acetylcholine receptor
c. Bacteriorhodopsin d. ATP Synthase
4.In nature Agrobacterium tumifaciences mediated infection of plant cell leads to
a. crown gall disease in plants b. hairy root disease in plants
c. transfer of Ri plasmid into the plant cell d. none of these
a. 1.66 * 104
IU b. 60 IU
c. 6 * 107
IU d. .106
IU
5.The activity of an enzyme is expressed in International Units (IU). One Katal is:
6. The helix content of the protein can be determined by:
a. an infrared spectrophotometer b. a fluorescence spectrophotometer
c. a circuilar dichroism spectrophotometer d. a UV– Visible spectrophotometer
The Biochemica Genesis 12
7. Protein—DNA interaction in vivo can be studied by:
a. gel shift assay b. southern hybridization
c. chromatin immune precipitation assay d. fluorescence in situ hybridization assay
15. 8. Nude mice refers to:
a. mice without skin b. mice without thymes
c. knockout mice d. transgenic mice
9. Embryonic stem cells are derived from:
a. fertilized embryo b. unfertilized embryo
c. sperm d. kidney
10. Apoptosis is characterized by:
a. necrosis b. programmed cell death
c. membrane leaky syndrome d. cell cycle arrest process
11.Restriction endonucleases which recognize and cut same recognition sequences are known as:
a. isochizomers b. isozymes
c. isoaccepting endonucleases d. abzymes
12. The study of evolutionary relationships is known as:
a. genomics b. proteomics
c. phylogenetics d. genetics
14. The product commercially produced by animal cell culture is:
a. insulin b. tissue plasminogen activator
c. interferon d. hepatitis B vaccine
The Biochemica Genesis 13
13. First discovered enzyme:
a. diastase b. zymase
c. invertase d. endogluconase
15. In ABO blood group system, antigenic determinant are:
a. nucleic acid b. carbohydrate
c. lipid d. protien
1.c,2.d,3.a,4.a,5.c,6.c,7.c,8.b,9.a,
10.b,11.a,12.c,13.c,14.b,15.b,
16. Published By:
Biochemical Engineering Department
Bipin Tripathi Kumaon Institute of Technology, Dwarahat
Name AIR College (Program)
Prashant Pokhriyal 431 Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai
(M.Tech. in Bioprocess Technology)
GATE 2016– Biotechnology
Placement 2016
Name Company Post
Mamta Pompeii Technologies Graduate Engineer Trainee
Prerna Pompeii Technologies Graduate Engineer Trainee
Sumedha Shah Pompeii Technologies Graduate Engineer Trainee
Tanuja Sharma Pompeii Technologies Graduate Engineer Trainee
Gaurav Pandey Bio Petro Clean Pvt. Ltd. Process Engineer
Shivam Bhatt Reliance Group Executive