Pie

1. The basics of sentences
Thinking about how words and sentences are joined
Adverbials; conjunctions; relative clauses + relative pronouns.

2. Drop in relative clauses to add extra information
 The main relative pronouns are: which, that, whose, who, and
whom.
• Who = people
• Which - things
• The old man, who was starving, picked up the banana.
• The bus, which was bright red, could easily be seen.
• ‘That’ is used when the clause is essential to the meaning:
• Turn the key that is red to the left.

3. Conjunctions – link words and groups of words
• Co-ordinating conjunctions – and but or so
• These join sentences of equal weight and help writing flow:
I like tea and I like coffee.
• Subordinating conjunctions introduce a subordinate clause – after
although as as soon as because before even though if since
unless until when while
• When it grew dark, they lit the fire.
• They lit the fire when it grew dark.

4. Adverbials
• Adverbials are words, phrases or subordinate clauses.
• Often, they can move around in sentences.
• They add extra information, telling the reader:
• where, when, how, how much, how often, how long, why, what.
Slowly, Kabir ate his lunch.
Late last night, Kabir ate a melon.
After eating the melon, Kabir slept.
• Adverbials at the front of a sentence are called ‘fronted’ adverbials.

5. Adverbials
Use adverbials to add extra information.
They help you vary sentence openings.
Where – By the lake, an ogre waited.
When – In the morning, Harry woke up.
Feeling what – Excited by the idea, Bilbo laughed.
Doing what – Creeping slowly, Jo left the chamber.
How – Eagerly, she bit the donut.

6. Adverbials
Some adverbials make a link from one sentence to the next:
Furthermore Moreover Additionally Also First
On the other hand By contrast In other words As a result
• The romans ate dormice. Furthermore, they are lots of garlic.
• The blue whale is the largest mammal in the world. By contrast, the
bumblebee bat is the smallest, weighing only 2 grams.