The Asante Kingdom
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The Asante Kingdom developed in 1670s Ghana through the military conquests of Osei Tutu. He unified surrounding Akan chiefdoms and established Kumasi as the capital. Osei Tutu introduced the Golden Stool as a symbol of his divine authority over the Asante people. Under Osei Tutu and his successor Opoku Ware, the Asante Kingdom grew to control much of present-day Ghana through the gold trade and slave raiding of neighboring groups. The Asante remained a powerful kingdom into the 19th century before falling to European colonizers.
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The document summarizes the major ancient African civilizations between 750 BCE and 1500 CE. It describes the geography and climate of Africa and provides details on the Kush, Axum, Ghana, Mali, and Songhai empires that dominated trade routes and flourished during this period. It also discusses the Bantu migrations and the growth of Swahili culture and trading ports along the East African coast that engaged in the Indian Ocean trade network.
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Early African societies were often stateless, with kinship and religion playing central roles. West Africa saw the development of ironworking, agriculture, and Bantu migrations. Some early states included Kush/Nubia, Ghana, and various Christian kingdoms. The arrival of Islam in North Africa in the 7th century spread south, influencing states like Mali, Songhai, and Swahili city-states along trade routes. Urban centers developed in West and Southeast Africa focused on trade of gold, salt, and other goods.
Ch. 4.3 atlantic slave trade
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2) Many African rulers and merchants willingly participated in the slave trade by capturing and selling Africans to Europeans on the coast in exchange for goods.
3) The triangular trade routes transported enslaved Africans to the Americas, where they endured the brutal and deadly "Middle Passage" in the ship holds, to be sold and used as laborers on plantations.
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Great states arose in West, East, and South Africa as a result of the spread of Islamic trade and culture. In West Africa, Islam spread through cultural diffusion while East African port cities were colonized. This introduced new religions, literacy, trade practices, and arts to African kingdoms. Powerful states like Ghana, Mali, and Songhai emerged along the Niger River, benefiting from the trans-Saharan gold and salt trade with North Africa. Wealthy city-states also developed in East Africa along trade routes to India and China, introducing Arabic and African cultures. Eventually, European powers began colonizing the African coasts in the 15th-16th centuries to gain control of the lucrative trade networks.
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West African Kingdoms
1. West African Kingdoms from 400-1600 AD included Ghana, Mali, and Songhai.
2. Ghana emerged as a kingdom in 400 AD, taking advantage of trade routes for gold, salt, and slaves. It became wealthy from taxes on trade. By 1230, gold mines had depleted and trade routes shifted east, leading to Ghana's decline.
3. Mali rose as a kingdom in 1230 under Sundiata. It prospered from trade of gold, salt, cloth, and slaves as well as agriculture. Islam became the official religion in 1312 under Mansa Musa, who turned Timbuktu into a center of learning. Mali declined due to lack of strong
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The document summarizes early societies in Mesoamerica, Andean South America, and Oceania between 1000 BCE to 500 CE. In Mesoamerica, the Olmecs built large ceremonial cities along the Gulf coast centered around temples and pyramids. The Maya flourished in the Yucatan, developing advanced calendars, mathematics, and hieroglyphic writing. Teotihuacan rose to prominence in central Mexico as a large theocratic city. In Andean South America, the Mochica unified valleys in Peru and the Tihuanaco culture had over 10,000 inhabitants. Oceania saw humans settle Australia over 60,000 years ago and Austronesians spread agriculture and domesticated animals
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The document provides an overview of three major empires in Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean region between 1500-1750 CE:
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2) The Safavid Empire converted Iran to Shi'ite Islam and distinguished its culture from Sunni neighbors, but declined due to economic problems and was conquered by Afghan invaders in 1722.
3) The Mughal Empire was established in India and prospered under Akbar's administration, but faced challenges expanding its control and relied on Europeans for foreign trade.
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The Asante Kingdom
- 1. The Asante- A Kingdom of Slave Traders *Notes are for Dana Hall classroom use only. Reproduction of These materials is strictly forbidden. Bibliographic information for Images available upon request. http://www.runofplay.com/blog/wpcontent/uploads/2008/03/asanteh ene.jpg
- 2. The Asante (Ashanti) Kingdom Developed in the 1670’s Formed as a result of competition for gold fields in the Akan forestland and later took control over the slave trade in this region- http://www.ascleiden.nl/Images/library/webdossiers/library_webdossiers_asante_map ghana.jpg
- 3. Who Were They? In the 1400s, the Akan peoples lived on the edge of the Sahel/forest region They mined gold in the forest, and farmed crops in the Sahel The Akan also traded gold for slaves with the Malian empire Akan depended on slaves laboring in the gold mines and in the fields http://www.artofancientafrica.com/images/0190.jpg
- 4. 1500’s: Akan peoples came into contact with Portuguese traders Wealthy owners of the Akan gold mines begin to trade gold for Benin slaves with the Portuguese Akan centers of trade began to shift away from the Trans-Saharan routes toward the forestland and coasts By the 1600s, several trade centers were competing for control over these new trade centers. http://www.lindakreft.com/Images/akangold.jpg
- 5. Osei Tutu: Founder of the Asante Kingdom 1670’s: Osei Tutu was a military leader and head of the Oyoko clan of the Akan peoples Took control over a trade center near Kumasi and established this as his capital city Conquered the neighboring chiefdoms and took control of their trade Took the title of ASANTEHENE Collected taxes from the chiefdoms on profits from the gold mines Built a standing army by demanding that chiefdoms provide soldiers Sought the support of religious leaders throughout the region Established the “GOLDEN STOOL” as a symbol of his rightful rule. www.tamarin.com/seat-pic/seat11.JPG
- 6. The Golden Stool Osei Tutu told the Akan peoples that the Golden Stool had been sent to him by the gods The safety and success of these people was dependent upon protection of the stool and the Asantehene Akan peoples become Asante (Ashanti) Osei Tutu develops an Asante culture complete with new traditions, festivals and histories (Clan histories were outlawed) By 1700, Osei Tutu controlled most of the gold fields of the Akan forestland http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/39882000/jpg/_39882008_goldenstool203.jpg
- 7. The Continuance of the Asante Osei Tutu was succeeded by Opoku Ware (1717- 1750) During his rule, he will extend the Asante kingdom to include most of what is today present-day Ghana Opoku Ware will participate in the slave trade with the Europeans, selling war captives and growing very wealthy Asante were one of the last great kingdoms to fall to the Europeans in the late 19th century. Today, they are a recognized cultural group, with a symbolic Asantehene as its leader. http://www.jmu.edu/international/images/progphoto_ghana_P7000002.jpg