With the new procedure for the permanent monitoring by the acousto-elastical stress measurement changes in the structures can be recognized in time into civil engineerings. The world-wide only on-line procedure permits the measurement of loads and stress situations directly in the building. With ultrasonic the stress in the building directly and in real time is seized. All changes can be transferred immediately on-line by Internet or radio. The sensors are brought either directly into the building or later attached to endangered places. Design features such as carriers or bridge bearings can be supervised particularly simply. The sensors are constantly at or active in the building. The simple structure and the small size permit comprehensive application at all buildings from steel or concrete. Into all engineering structures can be measured static loads and tensions and small dynamic changes. In the procedure many important civil engineerings could be supervised world-wide. The costs of such a monitoring are small. The collapse of buildings accompanies with a measurable change of the tensions and loads. These are correlated with the world-wide available stove data of seismic events and examined for plausibility. Thus also a monitoring of buildings of all kinds on damage is possible by disasters (earthquake, ground slips, mudslide etc.).
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Shock/Turbulence Interaction by H...drboon
In the present paper, an experimental investigation has been carried out to observe the amplification of turbulence intensity after shock/turbulence interaction by hot-wire technique. The hot wires are installed in the wake of turbulent grids to measure turbulence fluctuations before and after the reflected shock interaction with turbulence. It is observed that the turbulence fluctuations for less open area of the grid plate are higher than the turbulence fluctuations for more open area of the grid plate. For numerical computations, grid plate of 49.5 % open area is used. The average longitudinal velocity line obtained from experimental velocity data simulates with numerical results properly and in some places, 5-7 % deviations are observed with numerical results. All the simulation results indicate that the present code with turbulence model is working properly. The substantial amplification of pressure fluctuations obtained from experiment is observed after interaction. The dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and the levels of length scales are determined numerically. It is observed that the dissipation rate of TKE and the levels of length scales decrease after shock/turbulence interaction.
FREE CONVECTION FROM OPTIMUM SINUSOIDAL SURFACE EXPOSED TO VERTICAL VIBRATIONSIAEME Publication
This document presents a numerical study on the effect of forced vibrations on heat transfer from a sinusoidal surface using ANSYS Fluent 15.0. A theoretical investigation was conducted to determine the optimal amplitude to wavelength ratio of the sinusoidal surface. The study examined heat transfer from a copper plate with a sinusoidal upper surface exposed to constant heat flux and vertical vibrations at different frequencies and amplitudes. It was conducted for horizontal, vertical and downward heating positions inside an air enclosure. The results showed that vibrations generally enhanced heat transfer coefficient and vibrational mean Nusselt number, with increases of 9.5%, 7.5% and 5.8% for the horizontal, vertical and downward positions respectively. The vibrational mean
Strain sensors for strain measurement: A ReviewIJEEE
Structural health monitoring (SHM) is a technology used for the safety assurance of mechanical, aerospace, building structure and human life. By periodical inspection using embedded sensors like piezorestive sensor, the optical fiber sensor a SHM system can provide advanced warnings that prevent structural failures or damage. Strain is one of the most important mechanical parameters acquired by SHM systems. The factors that could potentially cause structural failures or excessive loading, vibration, foundation damages, crack development and environmental aging, etc. By monitoring strain changes in load-bearing structures the failure can be avoided. Various strains sensors have been developed. A detailed review of different strain sensing mechanisms can be found in this paper. The most commonly used strain sensor is the piezoresistive thin-film strain gauge, made using semiconductor. On the other hand, Optical fiber- based strain sensors are an attractive choice of sensor for SHM systems. OFS has characteristics like small size, light in weight, remote monitoring, ability to multiplex and immune to electromagnetic interferences.
1) The study examines the effect of age on ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) in concrete and mortar specimens through direct, indirect, and semi-direct testing methods at 7, 28, and 56 days.
2) UPV was found to increase more rapidly between 7 and 28 days than 28 to 56 days. Mortar specimens showed a greater increase in UPV with age than concrete.
3) UPV results varied between the top and bottom surfaces of semi-direct tested concrete beams, with the bottom surface yielding higher velocities.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on Natural Convection Heat Transfer Augment...IRJET Journal
The document experimentally investigates how mechanical vibrations can augment natural convection heat transfer. The experiment subjects a horizontal cylinder to different heat inputs and vibration frequencies and amplitudes. Results show that vibration increases the local heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number along the axial direction of the cylinder. Previous studies on vibration-enhanced heat transfer are discussed for different geometries and applications like industrial processes and rocket propulsion. Acoustic streaming induced by sound waves is also known to enhance heat transfer.
Handheld Solution for Measurement of Residual Stresses on Railway Wheels usin...Innerspec Technologies
The braking process used on railroad cars is known to create tensile stresses in the circumferential direction due to the thermal expansion and subsequent cooling of the wheel rim. This tensile stress can significantly accelerate the growth of small cracks on the rolling surface which can cause a spall or catastrophic failure
of the wheel under load. By periodically evaluating the tensile stress, railroad companies can prevent wheel failures and derailments that can be extremely dangerous and costly. Innerspec Technologies has developed the first, portable, battery-operated handheld instrument that can be used to provide rail-side inspections and facilitate operation in any environment. The instrument is coupled with a proprietary, patent-pending, dual-channel sensor that does not need to be rotated during inspection thus simplifying the operation, increasing the reliability and accuracy of results, and reducing complexity and inspection cycle time.
Generalized Measurement System is a measuring system exists to provide information about the physical value of some variable being measured. In this presentation, generalized measurement system, its elements, classification of instruments, classification of measurement methods, difference between mechanical and electrical measurement systems, input output characteristics are described.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Shock/Turbulence Interaction by H...drboon
In the present paper, an experimental investigation has been carried out to observe the amplification of turbulence intensity after shock/turbulence interaction by hot-wire technique. The hot wires are installed in the wake of turbulent grids to measure turbulence fluctuations before and after the reflected shock interaction with turbulence. It is observed that the turbulence fluctuations for less open area of the grid plate are higher than the turbulence fluctuations for more open area of the grid plate. For numerical computations, grid plate of 49.5 % open area is used. The average longitudinal velocity line obtained from experimental velocity data simulates with numerical results properly and in some places, 5-7 % deviations are observed with numerical results. All the simulation results indicate that the present code with turbulence model is working properly. The substantial amplification of pressure fluctuations obtained from experiment is observed after interaction. The dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and the levels of length scales are determined numerically. It is observed that the dissipation rate of TKE and the levels of length scales decrease after shock/turbulence interaction.
FREE CONVECTION FROM OPTIMUM SINUSOIDAL SURFACE EXPOSED TO VERTICAL VIBRATIONSIAEME Publication
This document presents a numerical study on the effect of forced vibrations on heat transfer from a sinusoidal surface using ANSYS Fluent 15.0. A theoretical investigation was conducted to determine the optimal amplitude to wavelength ratio of the sinusoidal surface. The study examined heat transfer from a copper plate with a sinusoidal upper surface exposed to constant heat flux and vertical vibrations at different frequencies and amplitudes. It was conducted for horizontal, vertical and downward heating positions inside an air enclosure. The results showed that vibrations generally enhanced heat transfer coefficient and vibrational mean Nusselt number, with increases of 9.5%, 7.5% and 5.8% for the horizontal, vertical and downward positions respectively. The vibrational mean
Strain sensors for strain measurement: A ReviewIJEEE
Structural health monitoring (SHM) is a technology used for the safety assurance of mechanical, aerospace, building structure and human life. By periodical inspection using embedded sensors like piezorestive sensor, the optical fiber sensor a SHM system can provide advanced warnings that prevent structural failures or damage. Strain is one of the most important mechanical parameters acquired by SHM systems. The factors that could potentially cause structural failures or excessive loading, vibration, foundation damages, crack development and environmental aging, etc. By monitoring strain changes in load-bearing structures the failure can be avoided. Various strains sensors have been developed. A detailed review of different strain sensing mechanisms can be found in this paper. The most commonly used strain sensor is the piezoresistive thin-film strain gauge, made using semiconductor. On the other hand, Optical fiber- based strain sensors are an attractive choice of sensor for SHM systems. OFS has characteristics like small size, light in weight, remote monitoring, ability to multiplex and immune to electromagnetic interferences.
1) The study examines the effect of age on ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) in concrete and mortar specimens through direct, indirect, and semi-direct testing methods at 7, 28, and 56 days.
2) UPV was found to increase more rapidly between 7 and 28 days than 28 to 56 days. Mortar specimens showed a greater increase in UPV with age than concrete.
3) UPV results varied between the top and bottom surfaces of semi-direct tested concrete beams, with the bottom surface yielding higher velocities.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on Natural Convection Heat Transfer Augment...IRJET Journal
The document experimentally investigates how mechanical vibrations can augment natural convection heat transfer. The experiment subjects a horizontal cylinder to different heat inputs and vibration frequencies and amplitudes. Results show that vibration increases the local heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number along the axial direction of the cylinder. Previous studies on vibration-enhanced heat transfer are discussed for different geometries and applications like industrial processes and rocket propulsion. Acoustic streaming induced by sound waves is also known to enhance heat transfer.
Handheld Solution for Measurement of Residual Stresses on Railway Wheels usin...Innerspec Technologies
The braking process used on railroad cars is known to create tensile stresses in the circumferential direction due to the thermal expansion and subsequent cooling of the wheel rim. This tensile stress can significantly accelerate the growth of small cracks on the rolling surface which can cause a spall or catastrophic failure
of the wheel under load. By periodically evaluating the tensile stress, railroad companies can prevent wheel failures and derailments that can be extremely dangerous and costly. Innerspec Technologies has developed the first, portable, battery-operated handheld instrument that can be used to provide rail-side inspections and facilitate operation in any environment. The instrument is coupled with a proprietary, patent-pending, dual-channel sensor that does not need to be rotated during inspection thus simplifying the operation, increasing the reliability and accuracy of results, and reducing complexity and inspection cycle time.
Generalized Measurement System is a measuring system exists to provide information about the physical value of some variable being measured. In this presentation, generalized measurement system, its elements, classification of instruments, classification of measurement methods, difference between mechanical and electrical measurement systems, input output characteristics are described.
This document outlines key concepts in reservoir engineering related to fluid flow regimes including unsteady-state flow, pseudosteady-state flow, and the use of skin and shape factors to account for non-ideal reservoir conditions. Specific topics covered include solutions to the diffusivity equation, radial flow equations for slightly compressible and compressible fluids, and modifications to account for wellbore skin effects and different flow geometries. The document provides equations and examples for analyzing fluid flow and pressure distribution during different flow regimes.
In IBJ Technology mud flowmeters the two
ultrasonic transducers are placed at an angle
in relation to the pipe axis. The transducers
function as transmitters and receivers of the
ultrasonic signals. Measurement is
performed by determining the time the
ultrasonic signal takes to travel with and
against the flow.
Properties: -For all drilling muds suited
-No limitation by cuttings and weight
-For all flange sizes and standards
-High Pressure class 2500 possible
Enhancements: -Acoustic Attenuation Spectroscope
-Solids & Cutting Separator control
This document provides an overview of unsteady-state flow and the diffusivity equation, which is used to model pressure changes over time in reservoirs. It discusses the assumptions and solutions of the diffusivity equation, including the Ei-function and dimensionless pressure drop solutions. The constant-terminal pressure and constant-terminal rate solutions are examined. Graphs demonstrate how pressure profiles change over different times based on these solutions. The document also explores using dimensionless variables to simplify analyses of unsteady-state flow regimes.
The document covers reservoir engineering concepts including solutions to the diffusivity equation for radial flow of single-phase and compressible fluids. It discusses the pD and Ei-function solutions, and presents the unified steady-state flow regime equations for radial flow of single-phase and compressible fluids using the pD-function, m(p)-function, and pressure-squared approximations. It also covers the pseudo-steady state flow regime and relationships between pressure functions.
Formation damage refers to impairment of the reservoir caused by invasion of wellbore fluids during drilling or completion. It can be mechanical, by plugging of pore spaces, or chemical, such as clay swelling or precipitation of salts. Formation damage reduces permeability near the wellbore and hydrocarbon flow. While reservoir properties cannot be controlled, operational changes can minimize damage during drilling, completion and production to enhance well productivity.
This document discusses formation damage, which is a reduction in permeability near the wellbore caused by drilling or treatment fluids. It outlines various causes of formation damage including clay swelling, fluid invasion, and fines migration. The effects are reduced well performance and sub-optimal oil production. Control methods include improved drilling fluids, acid stimulation to dissolve mineral deposits, and hydraulic fracturing. Acidization specifically involves spotting acid to restore permeability by dissolving damaged materials and allowing reservoir fluids to flow freely again.
Formation damage refers to a reduction in reservoir permeability near the wellbore caused by drilling and completion fluids. The presentation discusses formation damage causes such as swelling clays, fines migration, and wettability changes. Formation damage indicators include permeability impairment and reduced well performance. Common cleaning methods involve simple cleanup flows, though the timing of damage removal is not fully understood. Prevention focuses on controlling operations that can lead to damage like drilling, cementing, and perforating.
The document discusses formation damage in oil and gas wells. It defines formation damage as a reduction in permeability of the reservoir rock surrounding the wellbore. Several mechanisms of formation damage are described, including plugging by solids, clay swelling, saturation changes, and bacterial growth. Methods for evaluating formation damage in the field include well testing, downhole video, sampling fluids and solids, and coring. The concept of skin factor is introduced to quantify the level of damage. Laboratory studies on formation damage at different drilling environments are also summarized.
- There are various methods for measuring temperature and heat flux, including expansion thermometers, electrical resistance thermometers, thermocouples, and optical pyrometers.
- Expansion thermometers like liquid-in-glass and bimetallic strip thermometers are inexpensive but not very accurate, while resistance thermometers and thermocouples can more accurately measure a wide range of temperatures.
- Optical pyrometers use radiation to measure temperatures without contact and can measure extremely high temperatures, but require complex installation and maintenance.
The seventh lecture in the module Particle Technology, delivered to second year students who have already studied basic fluid mechanics.
Centrifugal Separation covers both sedimenting and filtering centrifuges as well as hydrocyclones. Adaptation of the gravity settling and conventional filtration models, to account for the conceptual centrifugal acceleration, is included. Examples of industrial equipment for centrifugal separation are included.
Wind turbine foundation stress/strain & bolt measurement using ultrasonicsFrank-Michael Jäger
Each sensor has an own temperature sensor and a sensor ID in the ROM without own electronics for the measurement of the TOF.
The sensor cable is connected to a 16 -channel multiplexer. Each multiplexer includes electronics for measuring the TOF.
Each multiplexer has its own electronics unit in die-cast aluminum housing.
The data output is a digital output RS485.
Sensor ID, channel number, temperature 12 Bit, TOF in ps resolution.
The data is stored in a data logger on SD card.
The data can be read via USB.
On the RS485 bus more arbitrary devices can be connected.
The real-time data can with a computer program in any physical units, such as stress, strain, load or elongation be converted .
Brief description: wind turbine foundation stress measurementFrank-Michael Jäger
System for measuring the stress/tension in the concrete foundation
of wind turbines
Delivery of a system for measurement of compressive stress and stress / strain or tensile stress in concrete for foundations of wind turbines.
Technical implementation in accordance with the system.
The foundation is a data logger for 32 channels RS485, sensors for compressive stress and tensile stress sensors are supplied.
Each sensor has an own temperature sensor and a sensor ID in the ROM without own electronics for the measurement of the TOF.
The sensor cable is connected to a 16 -channel multiplexer. Each multiplexer includes electronics for measuring the TOF.
Each multiplexer has its own electronics unit in die-cast aluminum housing.
The data output is a digital output RS485.
Sensor ID, channel number, temperature 12 Bit, TOF in ps resolution.
The data is stored in a data logger on SD card.
The data can be read via USB.
On the RS485 bus more arbitrary devices can be connected.
The real-time data can with a computer program in any physical units, such as stress, strain, load or elongation be converted .
Hydropower dam stress / strain & reinforcement measurement using ultrasonicsFrank-Michael Jäger
The system is based ultrasonic technology. With the highly accurate measurement of the running time (TOF) and the temperature with a sensor. With this technology, all parameters Stress, Strain, Load, Lenght and Elongation can be measured.
The resolution is in the ps range. The standard deviation is 35 ps.
The data are available in real time.
All sensors have the same electronics and can be exchanged for the servive.
The sensors have fixed cable RJ45 CAT6 PUR (operating temperature -40 ° C to + 80 ° C) with detachable connection for electronics with RS485 bus.
Each sensor has its own electronics with 12 bit temperature measurement. Each sensor can be addressed for the RS484 bus.
The power supply is 24 V (12 .... 30 V) DC.
The temperature range is - 40 ° C to + 80 ° C. A data logger with SD card can be delivered to the system. The recording rate
(E.g. every hour) is selected. About a USB interface, the data can be retrieved for further processing.
Standard 32 participants on the bus RS485. As an option is an extension to
256 participants possible.
IRJET- A Review on Boiler Tube Assessment in Power Plant using Ultrasonic Tes...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the use of non-destructive testing methods like ultrasonic testing and EMAT to assess the condition of boiler tubes in power plants. It reviews previous research that has aimed to develop improved methodologies for evaluating tube wall thickness, detecting damage from corrosion and overheating, and predicting remaining tube life. The key methods discussed are using EMAT to non-contact measure wall thickness and ultrasonics to measure internal oxide layers as indicators of microstructure degradation. The document proposes that combining the results from these two NDT methods can provide a better assessment of tube condition than considering damage mechanisms separately.
Strain gauges measure deformation or strain in materials and structures caused by applied forces. There are different types of strain including axial, bending, shear, and torsional. Strain gauges work by measuring changes in electrical resistance caused by physical deformation. Common types include semiconductor, thin-film, and bonded resistance strain gauges. Strain gauges are widely used to monitor structures like bridges, buildings, and aircraft to detect deformation and prevent failures or accidents. They provide important safety and monitoring functions across many industries.
Ultra sonic pulse velocity test for concrete as nondestructive test method in...Mohammed Layth
Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) testing provides non-destructive evaluation of concrete by transmitting ultrasonic pulses through the material. The pulse velocity is dependent on concrete density and elastic properties, which relate to quality and compressive strength. UPV can detect voids, cracks, and defects by measuring the time it takes pulses to travel between transducers placed on the surface. Well-trained operators using modern UPV equipment can reliably examine concrete interior and determine properties like uniformity, cracking, strength, layer thickness, and elastic modulus. However, UPV has limitations and cannot replace destructive testing.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
nternational Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Ultrasonic pulse velocity test for concreteCivil Engineer
Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) testing uses ultrasonic waves to assess the quality and uniformity of concrete in a non-destructive manner. UPV testing involves transmitting ultrasonic pulses through concrete and measuring the transit time, from which the pulse velocity can be calculated. Higher pulse velocities indicate higher quality concrete with fewer voids or defects. UPV testing can detect voids, cracks, and changes in concrete properties. It provides information on concrete strength and uniformity that can be used to evaluate structures and estimate deterioration.
IRJET - Parametric Study of Micro Electro-Mechanical System Capacitive Type A...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the parametric effects on a micro electro-mechanical system (MEMS) capacitive accelerometer. A 2D model of the accelerometer was created and modal analysis was performed to extract mode shapes and resonant frequencies. The deformation of the moving finger was observed at resonant frequencies of 230.80 Hz and 792.31 Hz, where the finger shape would impact the capacitance measurement. The error in measured capacitance values at these frequencies due to finger deformation was analyzed. The study found that the bandwidth of the accelerometer based on the resonant frequency difference was 562 Hz.
This document outlines key concepts in reservoir engineering related to fluid flow regimes including unsteady-state flow, pseudosteady-state flow, and the use of skin and shape factors to account for non-ideal reservoir conditions. Specific topics covered include solutions to the diffusivity equation, radial flow equations for slightly compressible and compressible fluids, and modifications to account for wellbore skin effects and different flow geometries. The document provides equations and examples for analyzing fluid flow and pressure distribution during different flow regimes.
In IBJ Technology mud flowmeters the two
ultrasonic transducers are placed at an angle
in relation to the pipe axis. The transducers
function as transmitters and receivers of the
ultrasonic signals. Measurement is
performed by determining the time the
ultrasonic signal takes to travel with and
against the flow.
Properties: -For all drilling muds suited
-No limitation by cuttings and weight
-For all flange sizes and standards
-High Pressure class 2500 possible
Enhancements: -Acoustic Attenuation Spectroscope
-Solids & Cutting Separator control
This document provides an overview of unsteady-state flow and the diffusivity equation, which is used to model pressure changes over time in reservoirs. It discusses the assumptions and solutions of the diffusivity equation, including the Ei-function and dimensionless pressure drop solutions. The constant-terminal pressure and constant-terminal rate solutions are examined. Graphs demonstrate how pressure profiles change over different times based on these solutions. The document also explores using dimensionless variables to simplify analyses of unsteady-state flow regimes.
The document covers reservoir engineering concepts including solutions to the diffusivity equation for radial flow of single-phase and compressible fluids. It discusses the pD and Ei-function solutions, and presents the unified steady-state flow regime equations for radial flow of single-phase and compressible fluids using the pD-function, m(p)-function, and pressure-squared approximations. It also covers the pseudo-steady state flow regime and relationships between pressure functions.
Formation damage refers to impairment of the reservoir caused by invasion of wellbore fluids during drilling or completion. It can be mechanical, by plugging of pore spaces, or chemical, such as clay swelling or precipitation of salts. Formation damage reduces permeability near the wellbore and hydrocarbon flow. While reservoir properties cannot be controlled, operational changes can minimize damage during drilling, completion and production to enhance well productivity.
This document discusses formation damage, which is a reduction in permeability near the wellbore caused by drilling or treatment fluids. It outlines various causes of formation damage including clay swelling, fluid invasion, and fines migration. The effects are reduced well performance and sub-optimal oil production. Control methods include improved drilling fluids, acid stimulation to dissolve mineral deposits, and hydraulic fracturing. Acidization specifically involves spotting acid to restore permeability by dissolving damaged materials and allowing reservoir fluids to flow freely again.
Formation damage refers to a reduction in reservoir permeability near the wellbore caused by drilling and completion fluids. The presentation discusses formation damage causes such as swelling clays, fines migration, and wettability changes. Formation damage indicators include permeability impairment and reduced well performance. Common cleaning methods involve simple cleanup flows, though the timing of damage removal is not fully understood. Prevention focuses on controlling operations that can lead to damage like drilling, cementing, and perforating.
The document discusses formation damage in oil and gas wells. It defines formation damage as a reduction in permeability of the reservoir rock surrounding the wellbore. Several mechanisms of formation damage are described, including plugging by solids, clay swelling, saturation changes, and bacterial growth. Methods for evaluating formation damage in the field include well testing, downhole video, sampling fluids and solids, and coring. The concept of skin factor is introduced to quantify the level of damage. Laboratory studies on formation damage at different drilling environments are also summarized.
- There are various methods for measuring temperature and heat flux, including expansion thermometers, electrical resistance thermometers, thermocouples, and optical pyrometers.
- Expansion thermometers like liquid-in-glass and bimetallic strip thermometers are inexpensive but not very accurate, while resistance thermometers and thermocouples can more accurately measure a wide range of temperatures.
- Optical pyrometers use radiation to measure temperatures without contact and can measure extremely high temperatures, but require complex installation and maintenance.
The seventh lecture in the module Particle Technology, delivered to second year students who have already studied basic fluid mechanics.
Centrifugal Separation covers both sedimenting and filtering centrifuges as well as hydrocyclones. Adaptation of the gravity settling and conventional filtration models, to account for the conceptual centrifugal acceleration, is included. Examples of industrial equipment for centrifugal separation are included.
Wind turbine foundation stress/strain & bolt measurement using ultrasonicsFrank-Michael Jäger
Each sensor has an own temperature sensor and a sensor ID in the ROM without own electronics for the measurement of the TOF.
The sensor cable is connected to a 16 -channel multiplexer. Each multiplexer includes electronics for measuring the TOF.
Each multiplexer has its own electronics unit in die-cast aluminum housing.
The data output is a digital output RS485.
Sensor ID, channel number, temperature 12 Bit, TOF in ps resolution.
The data is stored in a data logger on SD card.
The data can be read via USB.
On the RS485 bus more arbitrary devices can be connected.
The real-time data can with a computer program in any physical units, such as stress, strain, load or elongation be converted .
Brief description: wind turbine foundation stress measurementFrank-Michael Jäger
System for measuring the stress/tension in the concrete foundation
of wind turbines
Delivery of a system for measurement of compressive stress and stress / strain or tensile stress in concrete for foundations of wind turbines.
Technical implementation in accordance with the system.
The foundation is a data logger for 32 channels RS485, sensors for compressive stress and tensile stress sensors are supplied.
Each sensor has an own temperature sensor and a sensor ID in the ROM without own electronics for the measurement of the TOF.
The sensor cable is connected to a 16 -channel multiplexer. Each multiplexer includes electronics for measuring the TOF.
Each multiplexer has its own electronics unit in die-cast aluminum housing.
The data output is a digital output RS485.
Sensor ID, channel number, temperature 12 Bit, TOF in ps resolution.
The data is stored in a data logger on SD card.
The data can be read via USB.
On the RS485 bus more arbitrary devices can be connected.
The real-time data can with a computer program in any physical units, such as stress, strain, load or elongation be converted .
Hydropower dam stress / strain & reinforcement measurement using ultrasonicsFrank-Michael Jäger
The system is based ultrasonic technology. With the highly accurate measurement of the running time (TOF) and the temperature with a sensor. With this technology, all parameters Stress, Strain, Load, Lenght and Elongation can be measured.
The resolution is in the ps range. The standard deviation is 35 ps.
The data are available in real time.
All sensors have the same electronics and can be exchanged for the servive.
The sensors have fixed cable RJ45 CAT6 PUR (operating temperature -40 ° C to + 80 ° C) with detachable connection for electronics with RS485 bus.
Each sensor has its own electronics with 12 bit temperature measurement. Each sensor can be addressed for the RS484 bus.
The power supply is 24 V (12 .... 30 V) DC.
The temperature range is - 40 ° C to + 80 ° C. A data logger with SD card can be delivered to the system. The recording rate
(E.g. every hour) is selected. About a USB interface, the data can be retrieved for further processing.
Standard 32 participants on the bus RS485. As an option is an extension to
256 participants possible.
IRJET- A Review on Boiler Tube Assessment in Power Plant using Ultrasonic Tes...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the use of non-destructive testing methods like ultrasonic testing and EMAT to assess the condition of boiler tubes in power plants. It reviews previous research that has aimed to develop improved methodologies for evaluating tube wall thickness, detecting damage from corrosion and overheating, and predicting remaining tube life. The key methods discussed are using EMAT to non-contact measure wall thickness and ultrasonics to measure internal oxide layers as indicators of microstructure degradation. The document proposes that combining the results from these two NDT methods can provide a better assessment of tube condition than considering damage mechanisms separately.
Strain gauges measure deformation or strain in materials and structures caused by applied forces. There are different types of strain including axial, bending, shear, and torsional. Strain gauges work by measuring changes in electrical resistance caused by physical deformation. Common types include semiconductor, thin-film, and bonded resistance strain gauges. Strain gauges are widely used to monitor structures like bridges, buildings, and aircraft to detect deformation and prevent failures or accidents. They provide important safety and monitoring functions across many industries.
Ultra sonic pulse velocity test for concrete as nondestructive test method in...Mohammed Layth
Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) testing provides non-destructive evaluation of concrete by transmitting ultrasonic pulses through the material. The pulse velocity is dependent on concrete density and elastic properties, which relate to quality and compressive strength. UPV can detect voids, cracks, and defects by measuring the time it takes pulses to travel between transducers placed on the surface. Well-trained operators using modern UPV equipment can reliably examine concrete interior and determine properties like uniformity, cracking, strength, layer thickness, and elastic modulus. However, UPV has limitations and cannot replace destructive testing.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
nternational Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Ultrasonic pulse velocity test for concreteCivil Engineer
Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) testing uses ultrasonic waves to assess the quality and uniformity of concrete in a non-destructive manner. UPV testing involves transmitting ultrasonic pulses through concrete and measuring the transit time, from which the pulse velocity can be calculated. Higher pulse velocities indicate higher quality concrete with fewer voids or defects. UPV testing can detect voids, cracks, and changes in concrete properties. It provides information on concrete strength and uniformity that can be used to evaluate structures and estimate deterioration.
IRJET - Parametric Study of Micro Electro-Mechanical System Capacitive Type A...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the parametric effects on a micro electro-mechanical system (MEMS) capacitive accelerometer. A 2D model of the accelerometer was created and modal analysis was performed to extract mode shapes and resonant frequencies. The deformation of the moving finger was observed at resonant frequencies of 230.80 Hz and 792.31 Hz, where the finger shape would impact the capacitance measurement. The error in measured capacitance values at these frequencies due to finger deformation was analyzed. The study found that the bandwidth of the accelerometer based on the resonant frequency difference was 562 Hz.
Experimental investigation on natural convection heat transfer augmentation w...sudhakarbammidi
The usual conventional fluids like H2O, engine oil, kerosene, ethanol, and ethylene glycol have lower thermal potential analysis to solids. Lower melting conductivity of fluid became an obstacle to use in distinctive utilization. The observations were carried out to obtain the increase in heat transfer rates as an outcome of mechanical vibrations enforced to a horizontal cylinder. The two cylindrical diameters are one in which external diameter 25cm and internal diameter is 12cm is heated inside the brass cylindrical surfaces. A Thermal layer was recognized outside the boundary layer in the ambient fluid later the study-state condition is obtain as the fluid temperature goes on increasing along an axial direction with Temperature variation of the cylinder along an axial direction. Preliminary carried out different heat inputs 30w, 40w, 50w, 60w and an interrelationship between the Nusselt numbers (Nu) for perpetual heat flux. The cylindrical surface is various vibrating frequencies 190 Hz, 160 Hz, 130 Hz, and 100 Hz. A range of amplitude, frequency, temperature difference and it is observed that amplitude length 0.5 amps. The vibration local heat transfer coefficient increases with linearly and Nusselt number increases from the bottom location to the top location.
New electromagnetic force sensor measuring the density of liquidseSAT Publishing House
1. The document describes a new electromagnetic force sensor that can be used to measure the density of liquids.
2. The sensor works by measuring the induced voltage between two flat coils as the distance between them changes when a mass is attached. The voltage increases as the coils get closer together.
3. The sensor was used to measure the density of water-ethanol mixtures at different mole fractions. The measured densities agreed well with values found in literature.
A Possible Relationship between Gravitational Variations and Earthquakes in C...inventionjournals
An earthquake is not simply a sudden movement of the earth's crust, but the final product of a process that may have begun much earlier. In an area subject to tectonic stress, there can be precursory phenomena since this is where crustal deformation accumulates. A variation in gravity, measured instrumentally to the sixth decimal place, is one of the possible candidates to analyse measurable signals that precede, accompany and follow a seismic tremor. To verify the relationship between the number of earthquakes, the energy released, and the variations in gravity, the sequence in Central Italy was examined, above all that of January 2017. Data from a gravimeter located about 270 kilometres from the epicentral areas have been modelled as Standard Deviation, obtained from gravity measurements (400) carried out on the respective days. This indicator, of a statistical and mathematical nature, indicates the degree of dispersion with respect to its mean value, taken as the average value of these gravity measurements, and shows a positive correlation with the number of daily earthquakes and the energy released by the seismic sequence of January 2017.
This document provides an introduction to vibration measurement. It discusses why vibration is measured, where vibration comes from, how to define and quantify vibration levels using parameters like acceleration, velocity, and displacement. It describes piezoelectric accelerometers, considerations for choosing measurement locations and parameters, and factors that influence accelerometer selection and accuracy like frequency range, mass, sensitivity, and resonance effects. The goal is to give newcomers to vibration measurement a brief overview of key concepts and equipment.
This document presents a new method for detecting corrosion in pipelines based on measuring natural frequencies. The method uses Rayleigh's Law to relate changes in natural frequency to the location and degree of corrosion damage. Finite element models are used to validate the method. The models show that measuring the first and second natural frequencies can accurately determine both where corrosion is located and how severe it is, as indicated by the reduction in bending stiffness. The accuracy depends on having a reasonable estimate of the length of the corroded region. This new natural frequency method provides a simple way to detect pipeline corrosion compared to existing techniques.
(White paper) weda 32 dredge seminar, a non nuclear density meter and mass fl...SCIAM_Worldwide
This document describes a non-nuclear density meter and mass flow system for measuring the density of dredging slurries. It uses a mass transducer to continuously weigh slurry passing through an obstruction-free flow tube, defining a calibrated volume to determine density. This provides an alternative to costly and hazardous nuclear techniques. The density meter is bi-directional, vibration insensitive, and suitable for both land and sea use.
OMAE2014 - 23661 Experimental Assessment of The Behaviour Of A Pipe Vibration...Luan Tochetto
The document describes experiments conducted to assess the behavior of a Pounding Tuned Mass Damper (PTMD) installed on a pipe underwater. A small-scale test apparatus was constructed to model a submarine pipe section. Free and forced oscillation tests were performed on the pipe both with and without a PTMD installed, in air and underwater conditions. The results showed that underwater, the natural frequency decreased due to added water mass, while damping increased due to fluid viscosity. With the PTMD installed, two natural frequencies were observed corresponding to the two-degree-of-freedom system. The PTMD was found to reduce pipe vibration amplitudes both in air and underwater through energy dissipation, though its performance was affected by surrounding fluid
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With prototypes we demonstrate the real function of EKD Systems in your house with your original OBM and WBM.Licensing and know=how transfer. Development of spezific customer applications. EKD System for Mud Return Line. EKD System for Circulation & Flow Back Tool for Drilling Pipe (CFT). EKD System for Mud Flow.
This document describes a measurement system for measuring stress distribution in concrete using ultrasound sensors. The system includes acoustic-elastic sensors that can be easily installed on structures by gluing. The sensors are connected to a transmitter unit that can measure temperature, sensor ID, and stress levels at a high rate. Data is output in real-time and can be connected to networks or cloud-based systems. The system is being used to monitor stress under bridge bearings for load distribution and structural health monitoring applications. Results show static load distributions mapped under various bearings.
Online, inline und insitu Messung der Spannungsverteilung in BetonFrank-Michael Jäger
Sensoren auf der Basis des akusto-elastischen Effektes gestatten eine kostengünstige Überwachung von Betonbauwerken. Die Sensoren können sowohl nachträglich als auch bei der Errichtung der Bauwerke eingebracht werden. Neben lokalen Spannungszuständen und deren Veränderung über einen längeren Zeitraum hinweg, können dynamische Einflüsse, wie Verkehrsbelastung oder Schockwellen durch Impakte mit der hohen Auflösung erfasst werden. Standardmäßig können die Sensoren in Datennetzstrukturen wie Ethernet oder WLAN betrieben werden. Der Anschluss kann über handelsübliche Router erfolgen. Eine kompakte Sensorelektronik in IP67 arbeitet mit konfektionierten Sensoren für Kompression und Dehnung. Die Sensoren zur Stress-bzw. mechanischen Spannungsmessung sind passive Sensoren mit fest montierten Anschlusskabel. Der Anschluss an die Sensorelektronik erfolgt über wasserdichte RJ-45 Verbinder. Im Sensor befindet sich ein aktiver Temperatursensor. Die Sensoren besitzen eine Kennung. Diese Identnummer ist für jeden Sensor individuell festgelegt. Zusätzlich kann über die Vergabe der ISP-Nummer eine Messstellenzuordnung erfolgen.
Online, inline und insitu Messung der Spannungsverteilung in BetonFrank-Michael Jäger
Sensoren auf der Basis des akusto-elastischen Effektes gestatten eine kostengünstige Überwachung von Betonbauwerken. Die Sensoren können sowohl nachträglich als auch bei der Errichtung der Bauwerke eingebracht werden. Neben lokalen Spannungszuständen und deren Veränderung über einen längeren Zeitraum hinweg, können dynamische Einflüsse, wie Verkehrsbelastung oder Schockwellen durch Impakte mit der hohen Auflösung erfasst werden. Standardmäßig können die Sensoren in Datennetzstrukturen wie Ethernet oder WLAN betrieben werden. Der Anschluss kann über handelsübliche Router erfolgen. Eine kompakte Sensorelektronik in IP67 arbeitet mit konfektionierten Sensoren für Kompression und Dehnung. Die Sensoren zur Stress-bzw. mechanischen Spannungsmessung sind passive Sensoren mit fest montierten Anschlusskabel. Der Anschluss an die Sensorelektronik erfolgt über wasserdichte RJ-45 Verbinder. Im Sensor befindet sich ein aktiver Temperatursensor. Die Sensoren besitzen eine Kennung. Diese Identnummer ist für jeden Sensor individuell festgelegt. Zusätzlich kann über die Vergabe der ISP-Nummer eine Messstellenzuordnung erfolgen.
Early kick Detection in water or oil based mud is possible trough a new improved ultrasound technology in a new quality. Until now, concerns about the speed of sound measurent of oil based drilling muds partuially saturated under high pressure. An option of the EKD system is the application of Acoustic Attenuation Spectroscope. By disperse system of mud can multiphase proportions of disolved and gaseous hydrocarbons are immediately detected at very low concentrations. Drilling fluid maintenance cost,clean up&dispositial cost as well as the over all cost of boring, can be reduced dramatically when proper solids control techniques are utilized. EKD-enhancement is a solid and cutting separator control unit.
Device for measuring function of blowout preventers, has parallel lines of ultrasonic sensors that are connected with burst transmission unit and booster assembly, where output signals are supplied to output signal amplitude comparison unit.
Early kick detection and nonlinear behavior of drilling mu…Frank-Michael Jäger
The following test measurements serve the quantification of resolution and achievable sensitivity of parameters of sound velocity and sound absorption in wellbore fluids. More precisely, these studies refer to tools and methods to identify the flow of liquids or gases, preferably hydrocarbons in the well bore in real time during the drilling. The aim is a way to show with the highly sensitive and robust tools for use in the deep ocean can be realized.
Acoustic Attenuation Specfroscope (AAS) as Process Spectroscope for Drilling Mud
With the new redundant Ultrasonic sensors from IBJ technology (www.ibj-technology.com) powerful process-spectroscope can be built up. Beneficial is to use multiple devices to monitor the process of drilling in deepwater drilling.
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Furthermore, changes in the turbulence or the profile of the flow can be detected in the pipes immediately.
Evaluation of sound velocity is so high resolution, even the smallest tributaries are recognized by gaseous or liquid hydrocarbons.
Each process is customizable by the sampling rate and the FFT analysis.
With multiple devices along the mud riser an expansion can be detected in a timely manner by gas.
The Ultrasonic sensors developed by IBJ technology robust designed for use in the deep sea. Universally, these sensors can be fitted in all types of marine riser or mud lines. The Drilling Mud Spectroscopes can be with all solutions to the early gas kick detection and combine with the inflow control devices.
IBJ technology offers its solutions to all interested parties to use.
The document discusses using acoustic attenuation spectroscopy (AAS) to analyze drilling mud samples. AAS can detect gas bubbles and immiscible liquid hydrocarbons in water-based muds. It has been used to analyze muds of varying densities from 11.3 to 20.2 lb/gal. The technology offers early detection of gas kicks or fluid inflows during drilling operations. Sensors could be installed at multiple points along the drill pipe to monitor the mud stream. IBJ Technology has developed mud spectroscope solutions using AAS and has patents pending for related devices and methods.
Experimentalstudy measurement of sonic speed of drilling muds under shear stressFrank-Michael Jäger
The document summarizes an experimental study that measured the sonic speed of drilling muds under shear stress. An apparatus was designed to measure sound velocity and damping of muds under realistic conditions with shear stress. Testing was done on water-based muds with densities from 11.3 to 20.2 lb/gal. Results showed the penetration depth decreased with increased stirrer rotation speed due to shear forces. Sonic speed also increased slightly with higher rotation speeds. Absorption of ultrasound waves in muds decreased with higher rotation speeds as well. The study demonstrated muds exhibit Bingham fluid behavior under shear stress. Measurements were also taken of air to show the equipment could differentiate fluid and gas measurements.
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Experimentalstudy measurement of sonic speed of drilling muds under shear stressFrank-Michael Jäger
The measurement of sound velocity and damping took place at IBJ technology with other acoustic and electric parameters and under realistic conditions with shear stress of the drilling muds. The measurement of the speed of sound is practical with the concept of the Ultrasonic sensors.
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The measurement of the flow of drilling mud is possible also with all commonly used drilling sludge and diameters of pipelines
Structural Health Monitoring - Real Time Stress MeasurementFrank-Michael Jäger
This document describes a new method called acousto-elastical stress measurement for geotechnical online monitoring. It uses ultrasonic sensors to measure the running time of sound waves through a material, which changes based on the stress or load applied. A time-to-digital converter is used to precisely measure the running time. The method was tested in laboratory and field experiments to monitor stress in concrete structures and could enable low-cost, durable stress monitoring in various civil engineering applications.
This document describes a new ultrasound technology for early detection of gas kicks during deepwater drilling operations. The technology can measure tiny differences in the speed of sound in drilling mud, achieving longitudinal spatial resolution of less than 10 mm per second. This high resolution allows detection of small changes in sound speed and attenuation caused by the presence of gas bubbles, even under high pressure conditions. The non-invasive system uses multiple sensors at different depths to monitor for variations in sound speed and attenuation correlated with hydrostatic pressure, enabling early warning of gas influx into the drilling mud. The universal technique can be applied to marine risers as well as riserless installations.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
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Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
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Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
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The acousto elastical stress measurement - a new procedure for the geotechnical on-line monitoring
1. IBJ Technology / Structural Health Monitoring – Real Time Stress Measurement
The acousto-elastical stress measurement - a new procedure for the
geotechnical on-line monitoring
F.-M. Jäger
With the new procedure for the permanent monitoring by the acousto-elastical
stress measurement changes in the structures can be recognized in time into civil
engineerings. The world-wide only on-line procedure permits the measurement of
loads and stress situations directly in the building. With ultrasonic the stress in the
building directly and in real time is seized. All changes can be transferred
immediately on-line by Internet or radio. The sensors are brought either directly into
the building or later attached to endangered places. Design features such as carriers
or bridge bearings can be supervised particularly simply. The sensors are constantly
at or active in the building. The simple structure and the small size permit
comprehensive application at all buildings from steel or concrete. Into all engineering
structures can be measured static loads and tensions and small dynamic changes. In
the procedure many important civil engineerings could be supervised world-wide. The
costs of such a monitoring are small. The collapse of buildings accompanies with a
measurable change of the tensions and loads. These are correlated with the world-wide
available stove data of seismic events and examined for plausibility. Thus also a
monitoring of buildings of all kinds on damage is possible by disasters (earthquake,
ground slips, mudslide etc.).
1. Physical fundamentals of the acousto-elastical measurement
Contrary to the stress analysis of construction units, where generally the change of
speed of the transversals and longitudinal waves is seized and evaluated, in situ
stress measurement regarded here uses only the change of the speed of the
longitudinal waves within the thickness of a measuring body. Past direct
measurements of the speed of sound in rocks or concrete are unsuitable for
regulations of the stress ratios. Rock anisotropies, tears etc. affect saliently these
measurements. Particularly different contents of pore waters make such
measurements with difficulty comparable and unsuitable for a monitoring [Huang et
2. IBJ Technology / Structural Health Monitoring – Real Time Stress Measurement
al. 2001]. The instrumentation influence of changing porosities and/or dampness
contents can lie the far over stress-dependent portion of the measuring effect.
For the broad use of the measurement of speeds of ultrasonic waves from there the
influence of changing rock parameters must be if possible excluded. The new
beginning for the evaluation of the acousto-elastical effect is based on the use of
measuring bodies made of metal in the inhomogenous and anisotropic items under
test. These new applications of the acousto-elastical effect for the interests of the
geotechnics are described by several relevant patent specifications [Jäger,
2005,2006,2007,2008,2009]. The measured variable is in all applications the running
time of an ultrasonic impulse in a homogeneous measuring body, for example made
of metal. Favourable way is this measuring body for more-axial receivers a metal
cube or for in-axial receivers a metal plate with several or a PVDF foil for each
tension direction. The force application takes place on the measuring cube and/or on
the metal plate and concomitantly via the PVDF foil. The force application changes
also the mechanical stress in the measuring body. Since this mechanical stress is not
directly measurable, one must select either the detour over a mechanical size or over
further directly dependent variables. The ultrasonic speed is like that one, from the
mechanical stress, dependent variable. However still further factors of influence exist:
· For the measuring instrument practically as factors of influence (material
constants), which can be accepted constantly: the modulus of elasticity , the
density and the Poisson number n.
· The most important variable measured variable, the temperature, which over
other material-specific parameters the speed of sound directly (thermal
dependence on c) or indirectly affects (thermal coefficient of expansion a).
Contrary to liquids and gases the speed of sound c in the solid body hangs of the
modulus of elasticity off. In addition, there is here besides a dependence on the
density the solid body. For longitudinal waves in a long staff with a diameter
smaller than the wavelength, under neglect, is valid for the lateral contraction:
( 1 )
For transverse waves arises:
3. IBJ Technology / Structural Health Monitoring – Real Time Stress Measurement
( 2 )
with the shear modulus .
For the homogeneous and isotropic solids regarded here simplified without roll-direction-
controlled constants are regarded here. Thus the speed of sound does not
depend on the direction of propagation. The speed of sound then additionally still
depends on the transverse contraction ratio (Poisson number) n:
( 3 )
this is valid for a longitudinal wave. For a transverse wave arises:
( 4 )
Ultrasonic waves have a frequency range of over 20 kHz. The transverse contraction
ratio one calls also Poisson number and is defined as follows:
( 5 )
with the change of diameter and length variation the body.
As measured variable for an embedded measuring body no mechanical measured
variable is available.
Interference-freely and without
influence of the item under test
however the running time is
measurable, which (in the
broadest sense) is in reverse
proportional to the mechanical
stress in the measuring body.
Fig.1:The Acousto-elastical Effect
4. IBJ Technology / Structural Health Monitoring – Real Time Stress Measurement
The acousto-elastic effect describes the influence of tensile stress on the speeds of
ultrasonic waves in the measuring body. The out spreading speeds is described
thereby in the following form, in that the material density, which elasticity and shear
modulus (flexible constant of IITH order) as well as the flexible constants of IIITH
order as material-specific characteristic values and the three components of the
orthogonality pressure tensor and/or the three principal stresses as condition
parameters of the measuring body are received.
The running time of the ultrasonic waves, which spread within the measuring body, is
measured highly reolution with a TDC circuit.
The adaptation of the ultrasonic transducers into or to metallic bodies is easily
possible. The acousto-elastic effect can take place both via the measurement of the
longitudinal wave and via the measurement of the transversals wave or via
evaluation of the change of both waves. It is valid the reversibitity between expansion
and upsetting.
The Hook law is valid only for the elastic range.
s (tension) = E (elastic module) * e (stretch)
The ultrasonic waveguide of metal fulfill the Hook law. The relative change of the
wave velocity by the tension effect is very small. The change of speed of the
ultrasonic waves is an approximately linear function. The change of the speed of
sound depends apart from the
dependence on the influencing
mechanical stress also on the
temperature. In practice the
temperature equalizing places
itself between measuring bodies
and surrounding building
sufficiently fast.
Fig. 2: Acousto-thermal effect
5. IBJ Technology / Structural Health Monitoring – Real Time Stress Measurement
Larger variations in temperature are concrete in the stationary installation in the
mountains or in tunnels, in the annular space between Tübbing and mountains not to
expect. With applications, where on a changing ambient temperature is to be
counted, temperature measurements are capable of being implemented for
compensation conceivably and easily in the measuring body. By the elastic behavior
of the measuring section between the ultrasonic sensors also the length of the
measuring section is changed.
It is well-known that those speed of sound changes by the effect of a mechanical
stress. [Split 2002] via the measurement of the speed of sound a sufficiently exact
determination of the tension can take place within the measuring body.
The change of the speed of sound is very small in relation to the absolute speed of
sound. The direct instrumentation evaluation by a usual measurement running time is
too inaccurate, since the dissolution is not sufficient here. A direct frequency counting
over microprocessors separates, there the cycle time (computing clock) around the
factor 1000 to 10000 is larger than the demanded usable dissolution. Metal plates of
few centimeters result in running times of the ultrasonic impulse smaller 10 μs. If
loads are to be measured by only some MPa, and/or Nmm-2, the dissolution must be
below 10 ns.
For the measurement of small changes (10 kPa) and smaller the increase of the
dissolution must take place via calculation of average values of many single
measured values.
TDC circuits can dissolve with a measurement better than 50 ps. By the short
measure-strain in the measuring body can problem-free by 10.000 measurements
per second be made. In one second so a resolution is very fast and easily possible
1 ps for better by calculation of average values.
In the alga meaning the stress measurement in the mountains or concrete is not a
time-critical task. The resolution of the running time under 1 ns requires from there
only sufficient measured values. Resolution-limiting the temperature influence affects
the running time. Modern TDC circuits possess special measuring entrances for
temperature measurement and permit a resolution of the temperature of 0.004 ° C.
The temperature is to be determined if possible with high resolution. The changes of
temperature in the rock and/or concrete take place in practice slowly and are not
6. IBJ Technology / Structural Health Monitoring – Real Time Stress Measurement
time-critical in relation to the measurement of flying time. In principle nearly each
highly soluble temperature measurement is suitable.
A standard deviation of the temperature of 0,001 °K causes an additional deviation of
the tension from 1,31 kPa. Technically is executable with different electronic
construction units and by the principle different temperature sensors. Temperature
measurement principle:
• Pt-Resistors
Evaluation in the TDC circuit; (0,002°C)
• Digital temperature sensors
• 1-Wire-Interface
Dallas DS18S20, resolution: 12 Bit, (0,0625°C)
• 2-Wire-Interface
National Semiconductor LM76CHM, resolution: 14 Bit
• SPI-Interface
Analog Devices ADT7310, resolution: 16-bit; (0.0078 °C)
Advantage of the digital temperature sensors: Clear addressing already in the sensor
contain. The absolute accuracy can be brought by calibration in ice water on better
0,1°C. The resolution can be further increased by calculation of average values.
Since the temperature sensor is a firm component of the load sensor, the influence of
the absolute accuracy can be neglected. The zero-measurement without load and
the current measurement under load take place always also and the same
temperature sensor.
2. Sensitivity and factors of influence
The measurement of the running time took place with 2 different laboratory
superstructures with in each case a H8-Prozessor for the controlling of the TDC-GP2
with digital display and/or the TDC501 with serial interface. For the determination of
the thermal dependence of the speed of sound the running time with the TDC501
was determined and handed over the serial interface to a PC with the DATA
Aquisitions system DASYLab by national instruments.
Further the temperature of the measuring body with a semiconductor sensor was
determined. With a microprocessor determined were likewise serially handed over
and with a DASYLab module in °C scaled. From the pair of the running time and the
7. IBJ Technology / Structural Health Monitoring – Real Time Stress Measurement
appropriate temperature result temperature-dependent correction for the running
time.
These factor to the correction are specific a material constant and for the respective
measuring body alloy. Thus the influence equal thermal coefficients of expansion with
is considered. The measurements
confirmed that for instance to 10
times influence of the thermal
dependence of the speed of sound
in relation to the influence the
thermal length variation measure-strain
on the result of a
computational determination of the
speed of sound.
Fig. 3: Determination of the thermal dependence of the running time with DASYLab
The speed of sound in solids, decreasing with rising temperature, is not linear. For
the interesting temperature range hardly concrete values are to be found in the
literature. The construction unit temperature changes the flexible behavior in linear
kind and run time change per 10 K temperature difference can confirmed
temperature coefficients be corrected due to one for many steel approximately 1.1 ‰
[Längler 2007].
Own measurements were accomplished by the author at inspection pieces from
aluminum with a thickness of 10 mm. Became in the temperature range of - 25°C to
+75°C the following dependence determines:
linear regression:
regression curve: Y = a + b*x ( 5 )
wih a = = 3079,314922
and b = = 0,886518
dimension X values = °C
dimension Y values = ns
number of measured values = 65
correlation coeffizient R = 0,998204
coefficient of determination R² = 0,996412
exponential regression:
regression curve: Y = a * exp (b*x) ( 6 )
with a = = 3079,341260
8. IBJ Technology / Structural Health Monitoring – Real Time Stress Measurement
and b = = 0,000285
correlation coeffizient R = 0,998401
coefficient of determination R² = 0,996805
For practical application for the correction of the running time the use of the linear
involution is sufficiently exact.
Fig. 4: Run time change as function of the temperature
Following fig. 5 shows exemplary the run time increase in an aluminum body of 25
mm of thickness of approximately 15 ns during a rise in temperature of approx. 20°C
to 32°C. The curve down shows the result of the numeric run time correction. Even
during the dynamic change of temperature and the still taking place heat flow
amounted to the deviation of the corrected running time from the computational
reference running time (0°C) less than 100 ps.
18:22:30 18:27:30 18:32:30 18:37:30 18:42:30 18:47:30 18:52:30
h:min:s
7850
7840
7830
7820
7810
7800
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
1050
5,0
2,5
0,0
-2,5
-5,0
-7,5
-10,0
run time [ns]
temperature [°C]
deviation [ns]
Fig. 5: Compensation of the temperature dependence of the running time functional dependence of
the running time in a 25 mm of measuring bodies
9. IBJ Technology / Structural Health Monitoring – Real Time Stress Measurement
Laufzeit = f (Spannung)
7780
7775
7770
7765
7760
7755
7750
7745
7740
7735
7730
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Spannung MPa
Laufzeit ns
Fig. 6: running time as function of the stress
In the case of use of a measuring body with 25 mm measuring distance a change of
stress results in a change of the running time of 10 MPa of approx. 7800 ps. Each
individual measuring with the TDC circuit TDC-GP2 brings a resolution of ca.50 ns,
i.e. the resolution amounts to approx. 64 kPa without calculation of average values.
Fig. 7: Dependence of the
speed of the longitudinal
wave of the tension
3. Measurements of concrete bodies and reinforces elastomeric bearings
under the hydraulic press
For the static loading tests that the acousto-elastical sensors were centrically
concreted in concrete bodies with the dimensions with the dimensions of 300 mm of
10. IBJ Technology / Structural Health Monitoring – Real Time Stress Measurement
length, 200 mm of depth
and 100 mm height. The
concrete bodies lay on bed
made of powder and leed
sheet.
Fig. 8: equipment Fig. 9: hydraulic press
The upper load introduction took place over elastomer camp (make Gumpa). Over
this camp to the distribution of the load a steel plate with a thickness was put of 30
mm. In order to achieve at the sensor a higher stress concentration, the elastomer
camp was made smaller on a surface von100 mm x 200 mm. With following
experimental setup became within the range of 0… 12.5 MPa load lines of aluminium
bodys with 10 mm up to 25 mm of edge length taken up to concrete.
.
For higher mechanical stresses the
surface was reduced for force
application. The surface of the reinforces
elastomeric bearing was made smaller
on 100 mm x 200 mm.
Fig.10: Stress concentration over the sensor
11. IBJ Technology / Structural Health Monitoring – Real Time Stress Measurement
Fig. 11: experimental set-up Fig.12: Data Aqusition System DASYLab 9
Order for load took place with a hydraulic press upto max. 25 tons without load
control. The measurement the load took place with a ring torsion cell RTN C 47t from
gives with a 24-Bit AD-transducer ADS1232. The PC program TIADS123X
(LABVIEW) for it ran separately when running. The temperature measurement took
place with a digital temperature sensor. The stress in MPa, measured in Fig.12,
became after a calculation specification from the running times measured with the
TDC and with DASYLab as “sigma measuring “represented. The comparison load
measured with the load cell (resolution 10 g) as “sigma target” seized. The resolution
of the tension took place in each case in 1 kPa-walked.
Fig.13: DASYLab 9 computation “sigma is
For the computation of “sigma measuring “simplified according to the following
regulation one proceeded:
The stress s results from the temperature-compensated running time LT1, the
reference on time LT0 and that acousto-elastic factor of the measuring body material
Ks too
12. IBJ Technology / Structural Health Monitoring – Real Time Stress Measurement
s = ( LT1 - LT0 ) / Ks ( 7 )
Hereunder applies for LT1 the measuring temperature T1 of the measuring body and
for LT0 the reference temperature T0 = 0 °C and the reference stress s = 0.
Whereby the temperature-compensated running time LT0 from the measured running
time LT and the correctur factor KT is determined after
LT0 = LT * KT ( 8 )
The thermal factor KT is for a large temperature range a nonlinear function
KT = f ( T ) ( 9 )
The thermal factor KT of the running time determines itself according to (5) with the
linear regression for the selected sensors too
KT = 0,94684 ns°C-1 ( 10 ) .
On the sensor test stand the acousto-elastical factor Ks, intended for the selected
metal alloy and sensor thickness, too
Ks = 4,4585 Mpa ns-1
and/or Ks = 4,4585 Nmm-2 ns-1 ( 11 )
4. Field measurements at a building of the federal motorway
4.1. Sensor
In order to permit the installation into boreholes under the elastomeric bearings, as
low an overall height of the sensors as possible was selected. The installation of the
sensors takes place into boreholes from
approx. 25 mm in diameter. The sensors
possess a 1-Wire-Interface DS18S20 von
Dallas with a resolution of 12 bit. Each
sensor is clearly identifiable with the sensor
coding in the ROM.
Fig. 14:stress sensor BBS_10_DS
13. IBJ Technology / Structural Health Monitoring – Real Time Stress Measurement
4.2. Measurement with TDC
The measuring instrument with TDC is accommodated in a GFK box as well as the
processor for temperature measurement. The ultrasonic impulse is generated by an
ultrasonic thickness-measuring meter CL204
von Krautkrämer Branson. The
announcement of the thickness is not
evaluated and serves only for control of the
operating condition. The starting and stop
impulse for the measurement of running time
with the TDC are inferred from the CL204
and supplied to the TDC board. The control
TDC board takes place with a batch-program
Fig. 15: Measuring box with TDC and CL204
The running time, those with the TDC board is determined over a serial Interface with
a Windows program seizes. The tax and evaluation programs run multitasking on
Panasonic a Toughbook CF-M34.
4.3. Measurement of the running time with ultrasonic material testing set
With a further independent the running times of the sensors under the loaded
bearings additionally with the ultrasonic material testing set USP1 one seized. The
measurement of running time takes place with this measuring instrument only with a
dissolution of 1 ns. The run time data were seized with a further notebook. The
visualization of a-picture and the measurement of the echo amplitude make the
estimate for the operability possible of each sensor.
4.4. Stress and load measurement
The data at running time and the temperature, as well as the sensor number are
processed serially over a USB stroke in Panasonic the CF-M34. The representation
of the data takes place in a special program for the data evaluation under DasyLAB.
14. IBJ Technology / Structural Health Monitoring – Real Time Stress Measurement
At present only approx. 3 measured values/second can be evaluated with the batch-program
for the selection of the TDC. The TDC is to be implemented able at
appropriate software 1000 to 10000 measurements/second. The measurement act of
the ultrasound measurements with the CL204 amounts to 1 ms, i.e. 1000
measurements/second are accomplished at present. The TDC queries however only
3 measurements/second, since it is limited over the serial interface by the data
transmission rate of 9600 Baud.
Fig. 16: (Screen of the Windows program for the
sigma determination)
4.5 Taking measurement
Fig. 17: BAB 9, Munich-Berlin Fig. 18: bored hole for sensor
After the hydraulic raising of the bridge and removing the elastomeric bearings the
mounting holes for the sensors were bored for bearing load measurement if possible
dare quite and centrically and/or close of the center of the surface of the elastomeric
bearings. The drillings were slit with diamond gumption sheets. The sensors must be
embedded actuated in the concrete under the elastomeric bearings. As mortar for
actuated imbedding construction mortar of Pagel served.
15. IBJ Technology / Structural Health Monitoring – Real Time Stress Measurement
Fig. 19: Preparatory hole Fig. 20: Sensor inserted
Fig. 21: Before using the elastomeric bearing Fig. 22: Elastomeric bearing assigned
After using the sensors the zero-measurement without load influence took place. The
accomplished temperature measurements could not determine a rise in temperature
by exotherm tying the mortar. The concrete was heated altogether still of the day
before clearly. The air temperature on the day using the sensors was by a cooling
break-down approx. 12°C to 13°C clearly under the concrete temperature from 17°C
to 23°C. After sticking the elastomeric bearing together lowering the bridge took
place.
16. IBJ Technology / Structural Health Monitoring – Real Time Stress Measurement
Fig. 23: Sensors after load measurement Fig. 24: Sensor row direction the west
After the bridge sinking take place the measurement of the load admission after 6
days. Apart from the measurement with the TDC board for each sensor the pertinent
temperature was determined. After a further week the sensors with the USP1 were
additionally examined.
5. Results of measurement
5.1. Static stress measurement
If one lays on the stress measured under the elastomeric bearings as bar chart
transverse to carriageway width, one receives the following representation: bearing
location 1 is west (motorway center), the bearing location 27 is east (standing tires).
With the TDC board no usable signal could be measured with bearing 4. The
examination with that USP1
resulted in, which is still
functional the sensor to
generate the signal amplitude
is too small over in the CL204
a stop signal for the running
time. With a changed
hardware this sensor is
further evaluable.
stress in concrete
100
80
60
40
20
0
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
bearing number
stress MPa
Fig. 25: stress and bearing number
17. IBJ Technology / Structural Health Monitoring – Real Time Stress Measurement
5.2. Dynamic stress measurement
To measure despite the slow data transmission rate the attempt undertaken at a
camp the load entry dynamically.
The time axis in the continuous line
recorder Windows program was
adjusted to shorter time units.
Fig. 26: Dynamic load measurement
bearing 20
The break in fig. 26 possibly is on
work on the opposite counter bearing to lead back. At the same time work in the
hydraulics section. at the opposite bearings were accomplished.
The fluctuations of the running time are induced by traffic on the motorway.
The amplitude of the changes over 10 ns. That is 3 to 4 times more than the statistic
noise of the zero-measurement.
The next generation with improved
controlling of the TDC will make 1000
measurements per second.
13:36:00 13:36:10 13:36:20 13:36:30 13:36:40 13:36:50 13:37:00
h:min:s
Fig. 27: Sensor at the bearing 20 with a resolution time of 60 seconds.
6. View on applications
The advantage of the acousto-elastical stress measurement is recordable with the
following criteria:
• Low cost on-line measurement
• Practically indestructibly
• No measuring range delimitation upward
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Schreiber 0
18. IBJ Technology / Structural Health Monitoring – Real Time Stress Measurement
• Measurement in the heap of debris and fracturing zone
• Measurement in the water
• Inexpensive lost probe
From this concrete applications result how:
The monitoring of all possible effect and structural parameters during the building
phase and the enterprise of buildings is the basis for the condition and safety
analysis of the building. The data seized with different
geotechnical methods represent the basis for numeric
and mechanical concept. On-line measuring
procedures to stress measuring, do not have to be
replaced in its force of expression and topicality. With
on-line stress measurement the so far only modelful
parameters at small expenditure can be measured
and thus the verification of all past models be
substantially improved. Fig.28: fracturing in rock
By the use of expansive cements can be
manufactured an analogy to the hydraulic frac.
During a longer period such an equilibrium must
adjust itself to the minimum ground pressure.
Statements to the time performance of
expansive ones to be cement in fig. 29
described [Mehta and Monteiro, 1993].
Fig. 29:Compressive stress in expansive cement
From instrumentation view also the employment of RFI technology is conceivable. So
measuring bodies with planar antennas or induction pick-up coils could be attached
for the power supply of the ultrasonic units behind the Tübbings. Thus the installation
is made possible for on-line stress measurement in the tunnel tube. Special meaning
can attain the monitoring of buildings. So the in-situ stress sensors in the concrete
could measure the load changes and stress changes with a building damage after
earthquake immediately on-line. The alert with GPS item data is spread world-wide
over the Internet. The combination also for everyone accessible maps of the world
19. IBJ Technology / Structural Health Monitoring – Real Time Stress Measurement
can facilitate the management after disasters substantially. Material costs of a
measuring system amount to less than 50 €. By networking of several measuring
systems with modern systems to the data communication, how Internet, mobile or
Satelite know thereby a kind of secondary low cost array Seismometer are
developed.
7. Results
Xiaojun Huang, Daniel R. Burns und M. Nafi Toksöz, ERL, MIT „The effekt of stress
on the sound velocity in Rocks.Theory of Acoustoelasticity and Experimental
Measurements“, Consortium Reports 2001, Earth Resources Laboratory, Cambrigde,
MA 02142.
Jäger, F.-M., Vorrichtung zur Ermittlung der Gebirgsspannung in einem Bohrloch -
DE102005047659B4, Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Früherkennung von
Bauwerksschäden - DE102006053965A1, Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur
Lastmessung an Lagern von Bauwerken - DE102007014161B4, Verfahren und
Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung der Gebirgsspannung – DE102008037127.0, Verfahren
und Vorrichtung zur Überwachung und Bestimmung der Gebirgsspannung –
PTC/DE102009/001105
Längler,F., Wissensbasierte Automatisierung und kontinuumsmechanische
Erweiterung der Ultraschall-Eigenspannungsanalyse zur Beschreibung des
Spannungszustands im gesamten Bauteil, Dissertation 2007,Universität des
Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, S.10
Splitt, G., Schraubenspannungs-Messung mit Ultraschall - moderne Messtechnik für
sichere Schraubenverbindungen, Agfa NDT GmbH, DGZfP-JAHRESTAGUNG 2002
Mehta and Monteiro. (1993) Concrete Structure, Properties, and Materials, Prentice-
Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ
Author:
Dipl.-Ing.(FH), Dipl.-Ing.Ök. Frank-Michael Jäger
IBJ Technology
Ingenieurbüro Jäger GBR
Colkwitzer Weg 7
04416 Markkleeberg