THALAMUS ANATOMY.pptx
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The diencephalon is the part of the brain situated cranial to the midbrain. It contains the third ventricle and is divided into two symmetrical halves. The thalamus forms most of the lateral wall of the third ventricle and floor of the lateral ventricle. It receives sensory information from the body and transmits it to the cerebral cortex. The thalamus has two ends and four surfaces and contains nuclei that process different sensory modalities.
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BRAINSTEM-DETAILED.pptx
The brainstem consists of 3 parts - the midbrain, pons, and medulla. It connects the spinal cord to the forebrain and has important functions like transmitting signals between the two, controlling vital reflexes like respiration, and containing nuclei for cranial nerves III-XII. The reticular formation is a network of fibers and neurons that extends through the brainstem and is involved in functions like motor control, sensory processing, visceral control, and neuroendocrine regulation. Other structures in the brainstem include the cerebral peduncles, cerebral aqueduct, inferior and superior colliculi, cranial nerve nuclei, and the pontine nuclei.
thebrainstem-170219034215.pdf
The brainstem consists of three parts - the midbrain, pons, and medulla. It connects the spinal cord to the forebrain and serves functions like relaying signals between them and controlling vital processes. The midbrain contains structures like the cerebral peduncles and corpora quadrigemina. The pons connects the midbrain to the medulla and contains pontine nuclei. The medulla ends at the spinal cord and contains the pyramids, olives, and nuclei for cranial nerves III to XII.
The brainstem
The brainstem consists of three parts - the midbrain, pons, and medulla. It connects the spinal cord to the forebrain and contains nuclei that control vital functions like breathing and heart rate. It also contains tracts that relay signals between the spinal cord and higher brain centers. The reticular formation is a network of fibers and neurons throughout the brainstem that plays roles in motor control, sensory processing, autonomic functions, and maintaining alertness. Important structures in the brainstem include the cranial nerve nuclei, pyramidal tract, olives, and red nucleus.
BRAINSTEM-ANATOMICAL DETAILS WITH EXPLANATIOON.pptx
The brain stem is composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. It connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord and serves several important functions. Specifically, it is the site of origin of cranial nerve nuclei, contains pathways for ascending and descending tracts, and is where most cranial nerves emerge from the ventral surface. The exceptions are the trochlear nerve which emerges from the dorsal midbrain and the abducent nerve which emerges from the lateral pons. Together the brain stem helps control vital functions and facilitates communication between the brain and body.
Cerebrum
The cerebrum is the largest part of the human brain and consists of two hemispheres separated by the longitudinal cerebral fissure. Each hemisphere has an outer layer of grey matter called the cerebral cortex and an inner mass of white matter. The cortex is highly folded to fit within the skull, forming convolutions called gyri separated by sulci. The cortex can be divided into four lobes - frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital - based on sulci and gyri. Within each lobe are functional areas including motor, sensory, and association areas that control voluntary movement, process sensation, and integrate sensory information respectively.
Brain stem.pdf
The brainstem consists of 3 parts - the midbrain, pons, and medulla. It connects the spinal cord to the forebrain and serves as a conduit for ascending and descending tracts. Important functions include control of consciousness, respiration, the cardiovascular system, and cranial nerve nuclei III-XII. The medulla contains the pyramids, olive, and inferior cerebellar peduncle. The pons connects to the cerebellum and contains the facial, vestibulocochlear, and glossopharyngeal nerves. The midbrain contains the cerebral aqueduct and corpora quadrigemina with superior and inferior colliculi.
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The brainstem consists of three parts - the midbrain, pons, and medulla. It connects the spinal cord to the forebrain and serves functions like relaying signals between them and controlling vital processes. The midbrain contains structures like the cerebral peduncles and corpora quadrigemina. The pons connects the midbrain to the medulla and contains pontine nuclei. The medulla ends at the spinal cord and contains the pyramids, olives, and nuclei for cranial nerves III to XII.
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The brainstem consists of three parts - the midbrain, pons, and medulla. It connects the spinal cord to the forebrain and contains nuclei that control vital functions like breathing and heart rate. It also contains tracts that relay signals between the spinal cord and higher brain centers. The reticular formation is a network of fibers and neurons throughout the brainstem that plays roles in motor control, sensory processing, autonomic functions, and maintaining alertness. Important structures in the brainstem include the cranial nerve nuclei, pyramidal tract, olives, and red nucleus.
BRAINSTEM-ANATOMICAL DETAILS WITH EXPLANATIOON.pptx
The brain stem is composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. It connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord and serves several important functions. Specifically, it is the site of origin of cranial nerve nuclei, contains pathways for ascending and descending tracts, and is where most cranial nerves emerge from the ventral surface. The exceptions are the trochlear nerve which emerges from the dorsal midbrain and the abducent nerve which emerges from the lateral pons. Together the brain stem helps control vital functions and facilitates communication between the brain and body.
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Detailed Anatomy of Medulla Oblongata ppt
1.Anatomy of the Medulla
2. Introduction to Brainstem Anatomy of the brainstem includes ( midbrain-pons-medulla ) is very complicated !! •It connects spinal cord to the cerebrum. • The mid brain pons, and medulla are connected to cerebellum posteriorly. •1 - ascending an descending tracts that connect brain to spinal cord. •2 - cranial nerves nuclei and their connections •3 - Reticular formation •4 - others e.g (olivarynucleus in MO tapizusbody in pons and red nucleus in MB )
3. Medulla oblongata •The medulla oblongata is the part of the brainstem between the pons and spinal cord •It extends through the foramen magnum to the level of the atlas. •Medulla is vital for our function, without medulla we die. •Above the foramen magnum it is embraced dorsally by the cerebellar hemispheres. 1.The lower end which contains the upward continuation of the central canal of the spinal cord is the ‘closed part of the medulla’, 2.The upper end, where the canal comes to the surface as the lower part of the floor of the fourth ventricle, is the ‘open part’.
4. Medulla contd….. MO is lowest 3 cm of the brainstem •it extend from the ponto- medullary junction until plane below foramina magnum for about 0.5 cm. •Medulla spinalis have a central canal which prolonged into its lower half to open in the fourth ventricle at its upper half. •CSF is encircle the MO from outside ( subarachnoid space ) and inside ( central canal ). •MO is between the two lobes of cerebellum ( anterior cerebellar notch )
5. EXTERNAL FEATURES AND RELATIONS • 3Cm long. • Located at the caudal portion of brainstem • Upper limit is cerebello-pontine angle • Transverse plane that above C1 (suboccipital) intersects upper border of atlas dorsally and centre of dens ventrally marks lower limit
6. VENTRAL SURFACE • Ventral median fissure extends from foramen coecum to caudal end of pyramid decussation • Lateral to median fissure is pyramid • Lat to pyramid is the ventrolateral sulcus (VLS) • Hypoglossal nerve rootlets emerge from VLS • Lat to VLS is olive which contains inf olivary nucleus • Inferior cerebellar peduncle connects medulla with cerebellum and forms side wall of caudal half of fourth ventricle
7. Ventral Surface Pyramid: Swelling on each side of anterior median fissure. • Composed of bundles of nerve fibers, (corticospinal fibers) originate from the precentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex. • The pyramids taper inferiorly and majority of the descending fibers decussate to the opposite side. Olive: • Olives are the anterolateral oval elevations produced by the underlying inferior olivary nuclei. • From the groove between the pyramid and the olive, the rootlets of the hypoglossal nerve emerge
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9. Dorsal surface At dorsal surface of closed part of medulla, gracile and cuneate fasciculi continue from the spinal
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Detailed Anatomy of Medulla Oblongata ppt
1.Anatomy of the Medulla
2. Introduction to Brainstem Anatomy of the brainstem includes ( midbrain-pons-medulla ) is very complicated !! •It connects spinal cord to the cerebrum. • The mid brain pons, and medulla are connected to cerebellum posteriorly. •1 - ascending an descending tracts that connect brain to spinal cord. •2 - cranial nerves nuclei and their connections •3 - Reticular formation •4 - others e.g (olivarynucleus in MO tapizusbody in pons and red nucleus in MB )
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The document provides detailed information about the anatomy of the brainstem and related structures. It describes the three parts of the brainstem from superior to inferior as the midbrain, pons, and medulla. It then discusses the structures and features of each part in multiple paragraphs and levels of detail. It also covers the ventricles and cisterns of the brain as well as the cranial nerves and surrounding blood vessels.
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The brain stem consists of the medulla, pons, and midbrain. It is situated in the posterior cranial fossa. The medulla is the lowest part and connects with the spinal cord. It contains nuclei for cranial nerves and tracts for sensory and motor functions. The pons is in the middle and connects the midbrain with the medulla. It contains pontine nuclei and transverse fibers. The midbrain connects the hindbrain and forebrain. It contains the cerebral peduncles and tectum including the superior and inferior colliculi.
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- It is the most common biliary malignancy and fifth most common gastrointestinal cancer.
- Risk factors include gallstones, choledochal cysts, and porcelain gallbladder.
- Staging involves assessing the primary tumor, lymph nodes, and distant metastasis. Treatment depends on stage, ranging from cholecystectomy for early stages to palliative care for late stages.
- Prognosis is poor due to late diagnosis and aggressive nature, with median survival less than 6 months.
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share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
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There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
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- 1. DIENCEPHALON Dr B Vinod Mch Neurosurgery Resident Gandhi medical college Hyderabad
- 2. • Situated cranial to the midbrain and is more or less completely surrounded by the cerebrum • Cavity within the diencephalon is termed the 3rd ventricle. It communicates on either side with the lateral ventricle of the cerebral hemisphere. • The cavity of the 3rd ventricle divides the diencephalon into two (right and left) symmetrical halves.
- 3. • The diencephalon is divided into two major parts: pars dorsalis and pars centralis. • These subdivisions are seen in midsagittal view of the brain and are separated from each other by a shallow groove, the hypothalamic sulcus, which extends from interventricular foramen to the rostral end of the cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain
- 7. • Long axes of the thalami are set obliquely, running backward and laterally. • The pointed anterior ends are nearer to the median plane, whereas the wider posterior ends are separated from each other by pineal body, superior colliculi, and habenular triangles. • The thalami are usually attached across the median plane by a narrow neothalamic adhesion. • Each thalamus forms most of the lateral wall of the 3rd ventricle and floor of the central part of the lateral ventricle.
- 8. • Functionally, thalamus is considered as the great sensory gate way to the cerebral cortex. • It receives impulses from the opposite half of the body and transmits most of them to the sensory area of the cerebral cortex (Brodmann areas 3, 2 , 1).
- 9. EXTERNAL FEATURES • Has 2 ends and 4 surfaces. • Anterior end:-Narrow and forms posterior boundary of interventricular foramen. • Posterior end:- expanded known as pulvinar, overhangs medial , lateral geniculate bodies and superior colliculi
- 10. • Superior surface: • Its lateral part forms the floor of the central part of the lateral ventricle and its medial part is covered by the tela choroidea of the 3rd ventricle. • Inferior surface • Its anterior part is fused with the subthalamus while its posterior part is free, forming the inferior aspect of the pulvinar. Medial surface It forms the greater part of the lateral wall of the 3rd ventricle. Lateral surface It forms the medial boundary of the posterior limb of the internal capsule.
- 14. ARTERIAL SUPPLY
- 23. VENTRAL POSTERIOR NUCLEUS • The ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) receives general sensory modalities from the head and face through trigeminal lemniscus and tastes sensations from taste buds through solitario-thalamic tract. • Larger lateral portion, the ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL) receives exteroceptive sensations (pain, touch, temperature) through spinal lemniscus and proprioceptive sensations(muscle and joint sense,vibration, two-point discrimination) through medial lemniscus, from the rest of the body except face and head
- 38. Thank you