The document outlines key aspects of texture analysis in the food industry, including the use of texture analyzers for measuring various properties like hardness and brittleness. It also discusses the process of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) utilizing carbon dioxide, highlighting its advantages and challenges. Additionally, the document details the technical specifications of equipment used in both texture analysis and SFE processes.

1. Course : FPE-361 (Process Control in Food Industry)
Prepared By:
Kratika Khede(07-0221-2015),
Pratixa Chauhan(07-0216-2015),
Daxa Karetha(07-0220-2015)
6TH SEM 2018
Submitted to,
ER. T. H. Bhatt

2.  Texture refers to surface characteristics and
appearance of an object.
 It is described as smooth or rough, soft or
hard, matt or glossy,etc.

3.  Texture Profile Analysis is a popular double
compression test for determining the textural
properties of foods.
 It is occasionally used in other industries, such
as pharmaceuticals, gels, and personal care.
 The TPA test was often called the "two bite
test" because the texture analyzer mimics the
mouth's biting action.

4. q Texture Analyzers are used to measure many
properties, such as
 Hardness
 Brittleness
 Spreadability
 Adhesiveness
 Tensile Strength
 Extensibility ,etc.

5. MAKE-Stable Micro Systems
MODEL-TA.HDplus

6.  Heavy Duty twin column Texture Analyser is
used for high force applications.
 Tests based on compression and tension,
covering those relating to texture analysis,
materials properties as well as effects of
rheology of solid, semi-solid, viscous liquid,
powder and granulate materials, can be done.

7.  Force Capacity: 750kg.f (7.5kN)
 Force Resolution: 0.1g
 Loadcells: 0.5, 5, 30, 50, 100, 250, 500,
750kg.f
 Speed Range: 0.01 – 20mm/s
 Maximum Aperture: 550mm
 Distance Resolution: 0.001mm
 Data Acquisition Rate: 500pps

9.  Software
 Probes
 Load Cell
 Heavy Duty platform
 Dynamic Integrated Balance

10.
 Software
 Function: Full Macro Functionality and Graph
Calculation Ability for Data Analysis

11. STEP 1
STEP 2

12. STEP 2

13. q This is used for fixing many of the
general attachments to the Texture
Analysers.
q It ensures the precision alignment
of probes and product samples.
PTFE insulating pillars provide a
thermal barrier to minimise heat
transfer between the sample and
the Texture Analyser.

14. q Measure weight
q During the extrusion or
actuation test, the deposited
amount is simultaneously
weighed while force,
distance and time data is
collected.
q Once the test is complete,
users are able to view the
quantity and rate at which
the product was deposited,
on a second axis alongside
their usual force data.

15.  The Texture Analyser uses a range of
different probes and fixtures according to
your specific application.

21. q Loadcells are supplied calibrated over 0-
100% of their range, the calibration
information being programmed into the non-
volatile memory. They are supplied in a
protective case and are interchangeable.

22. q The 500g loadcell
provides high
resolution force
output, with noise
reduced to at least
ten times less than its
30kg counterpart,
and offers the setting
of lower trigger
forces than is
possible with other
loadcell capacities.

23. q A load cell is a transducer. It create an electrical signal whose
magnitude is directly proportional to the force being measured.
q PRINCIPLE: The strain gauge deforms when the material of the load
cells deforms appropriately. This deformation changes its electrical
resistance that is proportional to the strain that provides an electrical
value change that is calibrated to the load placed on the load cell.
q A load cell usually consists of four strain gauges.
q They are bonded onto a beam or structural member
q Two of the gauges are usually in tension can be represented as T1
and T2,and two in compression can be represented as C1 and C2,
and are wired with compensation adjustments.
q When weight is applied to the load cell, gauges C1 and C2 compress
decreasing their resistances. Simultaneously, gauges T1 and T2 are
stretched increasing their resistances. The change in resistances
causes more current to flow through C1 and C2 and less current to
flow through T1 and T2. Thus a potential difference is felt between
the output or signal leads of the load cell.

25. q Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) is the process of
separating one component (the extractant) from
another (the matrix) using supercritical fluids as
the extracting solvent.
q Extraction is usually from a solid matrix, but can
also be from liquids.
q Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most used supercritical
fluid. Extraction conditions for supercritical carbon
dioxide are above the critical temperature of 31 °C
and critical pressure of 74 bar.
q Components: reciprocating compressor, carbon
dioxide (CO2) cylinder, CO2 pump, oven module
and chiller

26. 1. Reciprocating
compressor :
Compressed air is
necessary to drive the
CO2 pump for which a
reciprocating
compressor was used.
2. Gas cylinder: CO2
cylinder was connected
to CO2 pump. This
pump is used to
pressurize CO2 at
required pressure with a
maximum limit of 690
bar.

27. 3. Oven module :
q From pump, pressurized CO2
enters in oven module.
q The SFE oven module consists
of a rectangular chamber in
which sample holding vessel
is fixed at required
temperature.
q In the oven, two sample
holding vessels can be fixed
at a time.
q CO2 inlet valve and vent valve
are located at left side wall of
oven

28. q Oven temperature, micro
metering valve temperature,
vessel temperature and set
temperature are displayed at
bottom panel of oven module.
q CO2 outlet valve and micro
metering valve are located at
right side wall of the oven.

29. q The inlet valves supply supercritical CO2
from the pump module to the extractor
vessels whereas outlet valves supply
supercritical CO2 from the extraction vessel
to the metering valves.
q The vent valves are used to vent the
supercritical CO2 from the extractor vessels
to the atmosphere.
q The micro-metering valves are flow control
valves used to release supercritical CO2 to
the atmosphere.

30. Compressor

31. Steps: Introduction of feed into extractor (solid feed)
or extractor in modified column either co-currently or
countercurrently
Formation of mobile phase: mixing of solutes with
supercritical
fluid.
Exposure of mobile phase to pressures (50-500 atm) and
temperatures (ambient to 300°C) near or above the critical
point for enhancing the mobile phase solvating power.
Isolation of dissolved solute by precipitation
e.g. CO2 in vapour form is compressed into a liquid before
becoming supercritical and then extraction takes place.

32. q Elimination of organic solvents i.e. reduces the risk
of storage
q Rapid (due to fast back-diffusion of analytes in the
SCFreduces the extraction time since the complete
extractionstep is performed in about 20 min)
q Suitable for extraction and purification of
compounds having low volatility present in solid or
liquid.
q Susceptible to thermal degradation (low operating
conditions)

33. q Complete separation of solvent from extract
q Continuous process
q Low handling cost
q Solvent recovery is easy

34. q Prolonged time (penetration of SCF into the
interior of a solid is rapid, but solute diffusion
from the solid into the SCF).
q Modeling is inaccurate
q Scale is not possible (due to absence of
fundamental,
molecular-based model of solutes in SCF)
q Expensive
q Consistency & reproducibility may vary in
continuous production

35. Any Query?