Texas Political Economy Pros And Cons

Texas Political Economy Pros And Cons
The Texas Economy has been changed since the transformation of the U.S. and the global
economies made in the last three decades. Because of these changes, Texas Political Economy has
both pros and cons which are described as follow:
Pros of Texas Political Economy: The unique geographic and demographic status of Texas has
benefitted the economy in recent years through possible trade and immigration. Mexico being a
border to Texas has resulted in job growth, a large amount of goods supplies, and business
opportunities. The NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) allowed trade between three
different countries: Mexico, Canada, and the United States which have boosted the U.S. growth by
reducing the government spending, advancing foreign investment
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Theories Of Classical Political Economy
Economic system in the world is mostly productive in America this is due to the constant unlimited
wants of its people and the fact that most people have high standards of living (Rosefielde, 2008).
An individual has different wants and at any particular time an individual can satisfy his or her
wants through purchasing these goods therefore there is an unlimited wants for goods and services.
In recent times people consume goods that they don't produce they sell or provide services then the
income they gain from the services they purchase the goods that they want to consume. In this paper
I will discuss the developed theories of the classical political economy developed theories and
discuss on their different characteristics. These theories were mainly concerned with the changing
aspects of economic growth in different centuries. Classical political economy is the political
economy during industrial revolution from the 18th century to the 19th century. The theories of
classical political economy ask some specific questions whose answer creates the differences
between them. Some of the asked questions are what does the surplus consist of and what defines its
size, what is its origin, to whom is it distributed to, what causes or rather defines its growth over
time. In addition the economists also ask what happens to the relative shares of surplus obtained by
the various classes of revenue appropriators as the surplus increases. Lastly how does the
distributive relation impact

The Political Economy Of Gender
Over the past century, women in various, and in many cases extremely different cultures have
become increasingly agitated at the value placed by the government in promoting traditional
patriarchal lifestyles. This focus on men being the breadwinners of their family so that it becomes
difficult for women to succeed outside domestic work, is a spark of controversy that has led to an
intense examination on policy changes, or lack thereof, by governments in response to a collective
women's' voice within their respective countries, in their quest for equality in the home and
workplace. Responses to gender gap problems don't have the same solutions around the world
however. Through the "The Political Economy of Gender" by Iversen and Rosenbluth the effect
modern movements have on women's beliefs can be examined through Albert Hirschman's ideas of
"voice and exit" and further applied to situations such as those examined in "Exit, voice, and family
policy in Japan" by Leonard Schoppa. In "The Political Economy of Gender" background is
provided on the economic outlook of what the gender gap means both economically and socially.
What is fascinating is the evolution of economic models in dealing with the division of labor. Initial
models on the topic such as Becker's focused on the "male–dominated family of the 1950s." While
this seems archaic in its roots, it can be argued that this first examination provides a backdrop for the
decades of extreme change that began to occur just

Venezuela’s Economy: Oil, Political Instability, and...
With an economy dominated by the production of oil, Venezuela has enjoyed the highest standard of
living in Latin America. In spite of its success in the oil industry, agriculture and manufacturing also
play important roles in Venezuela's economy. With this in mind, it would seem as though
Venezuela's economic state has flourished. Rather, it has suffered from the effects of political
influence, corruption, and poor economic management. The distribution of wealth across Venezuela
has caused the elite to benefit at the cost of the working people. This is mainly due to the economic
and political structure of the country. Even with the plentiful resources Venezuela possesses, it is
constantly being threatened by political instability, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Compared to other Latin American countries, agriculture has had a much smaller impact on
Venezuela's economy. With the emergence of oil in the early 1900s, the agriculture sector suffered
from steady decline until the 1980s when specific programs where designed to restore agricultural
production. As opposed to previous methods of deregulation, extensive government intervention
seemed to be the only way to boost overall agricultural production. After the peak of agriculture
production in 1989 as demonstrated in Figure 1, new governmental policies caused the continual
decline of agriculture. Due to economic priorities, the agricultural sector that once accounted for 22
percent of GDP in the 1930s, now only accounts for barely 1 percent of GDP.
Venezuela exports a variety of agricultural products including: corn, coffee, cocoa, sorghum, rice,
tobacco, sugarcane, oilseeds, and cotton. In the 1960s, corn surpassed coffee as Venezuela's leading
crop. Despite the production decline of corn in the 1970s, production once again increased in the
mid–1980s due to new agricultural policies. Before corn became the leading crop in Venezuela,
major cash crops included both cocoa and coffee. These two crops dominated the economy of
Venezuela in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries just after Venezuela's independence from
Spain. Over

The Political Economy Model Of Migration Policy
Gary Freeman suggests the gap between rhetoric and reality is best described in a political economic
account of migration policy. The political economy model of migration is modelled on the interests
of three sets of rational actors: voters, organised groups and state actors who attempts to maximize
their individual goals subject to state interests in different contexts (Freeman, 2002). The first is
post–industrial change, which suggests stances on immigration policy are better viewed as interests
defined by social groups (Freeman, 2002: 84). The second is the spatial account, where the
population compete for finite resources in densely settled areas – exacerbated by strong advocates of
immigration in these locations, such as businesses which could help explain the gap between
rhetoric and action. The third is the international approach, where state protectionism regulates the
trade of goods and people. If immigration is economically beneficial to the state, it will continue
regardless of public sentiments. As social 'welfare effects are key determinants of a countries
migration policy', if migration stimulates the economy, it will have a positive impact on society
(Freeman, 2002: 88).
Liberal and International Norms
Liberal norms influence policy outcomes. Hollifield is concerned with the political interests that
drive migration policy in the face of liberalism.'[S]overeignty requires a degree of territorial
closure', which the liberal state increasingly calls into

Unions and Political Economy
Union Articles Are union locals independent of employers or are they incorporated into the
management of the workplace? Union locals are not incorporated into the management of the
workplace. The most important objective of unions is to protect workers' interests against
management's interests. This is because, in most cases, the interests of managers and those of
workers are very much different. Workers are interested in increasing their salaries, in reducing their
volume of work, and in improving workplace conditions. Managers are interested in increasing
profits while reducing investments. Therefore, negotiations must be made between the two parties.
Workers must unite and select certain people that can represent their interests in these negotiations.
This is how unions were developed. However, union locals are not independent of employers. This
is because union members and their leaders are employees of the company in case. The quality of
union members and leaders is added to the quality of employees, but this does not mean that union
locals are independent of employers. The power of employees against their employers can
significantly increase when they are union members. In addition to this, union leaders influence their
members. The politics within unions can take the form of democracies or oligarchies. In most cases,
oligarchies are formed within union members. This is usually the case when a small group of union
members takes control of other members, and

The Theory Of The Political Economy
The theory of the political economy in the context on media studies, is that behind every media
product, has a commercial and economic imperative and as such, has particular impacts on the
media content that would not exist if such imperatives ceased to exist. It is these impacts that both
limit media products, and allow media products of a particular nature exist. A political economic
approach in the production of media is in contrary to the nature of media itself; accuracy, integrity
and authenticity are lost in favor to economic power.
A capitalist society is one that exists within an exploitative framework. Our society exists and
functions due to labor being exploited by those in a lower social class with the intention of
economic profit for those who exploit others. (Marx and Moore, 2001) Ignoring the morality of this
ideology, it enables a functioning society to a particular degree. When this theory is applied within
the context of a political economy of media production, we can begin to understand its value. The
nature of a capitalist society means that human labor worth a monetary value and that is exchanged
between the exploiter and the exploited. As such, without a political economic influence, media
products would cease to exist. Funding facilitates the production of media – labor is required to
create, produce, distribute and consume media.
All media is influenced by the political economic circumstances, however, the extent in which this
model impacts the

The Political Economy Of Communication
The political economy of communication is using political economy approach to analyse the media
and communication. Therefore, before discuss the political economy of communication we need to
figure out what is political economy and what is communication. The definition of political
economy is not simple. This essay uses the definitions given by Vincent Mosco and explores its
origin in Greek and inspiration from the Classical Political Economy. Apart from the Classical
Political Economy, this essay also describes other forms of this approach, such as Critical Political
Economy and Neoclassical Political Economy. Latter the characteristics of political economy study
are also discussed based on Vincent Mosco's work in the 1990s.
The part of communication starts by defining the concept of communication in a political–economic
way. To understand deeply the political economy of communication, it is necessary compare it with
culture studies, so this part also explains the similarities and differences between this two studies.
Finally the public television is used as an example to describe the peculiarities of the media and the
political economy of the media.
What is political economy?
At the beginning, the political economy has is origin in Greek. The word "economics" is composed
of "oikos" and "noms" which mean "house" and "law" (Mosco, 2009). Therefore, "economics" is the
management of the household (Mosco, 2009). "Political" has its origin of "polos" which means city–
state

Global Political Economy Essay
Global Political Economy In the chapter, the authors provide an overview of the key approaches to
IPE. In the first part of the chapter, they provide an overview of the International Political Economy
approaches by focusing on their assessments of the key actors, dynamics and prospects for conflict
and coopering in IPE. In the second part, they outline the development of the field since the 1970s
by considering the careers and works of the three prominent major IPE scholars Susan Strange,
Robert Cox and Robert Keohane and the issue around which existing scholarship clusters. And, in
the final part, they conclude with the approach of the book. In the chapter, the authors O'Brien
Robert and Marc Williams starts by giving a brief example of the 1997 Asian financial crisis in
order to demonstrate the interpretation of the same event through some of the key approaches such
as the liberal, economic nationalist and critical approach. The event that took place with the
investors' withdrawal of their money and investments has led to the 1997 Asian financial crisis. As a
outcome, several Asian countries experienced economic depression and were forced to seek loans
from the (11). According to the authors, theories help us in order to make sense of the world we live
in (12). Thus, in the case of Asian crisis, these theories helped us understand the cause of the event,
its aspects and the lessons which might be drawn from the crisis in order to prevent similar events
from

To What Extent Is The Political Economy?
What is the meaning and significance of political economy? What is central to and included in
political economic analysis and how is this important for understanding issues and problems
concerning Canada? What is the political economy? The political economy defines as regulation of
social and natural resources. What we have studied about the political economy, which has nothing
to do with present political parties but rather Canadian political economy. In the beginning of
chapter, Banting, Hoberg, and Simon (1997), discussed about potential serious of crises within
Canadian society. However, it rises a question what is the source of these crises and the crises he
talked about are in the present or crises in the future or both? So in order to explore that, he looks at
different potential sources of crises in Canadian political economy (p.1). One of the first thing he
mentioned is constitutional reform issues, which has to do with nature of control Canadian
constitution and back to colonial issues. However as professor Marc Weinstein discussed, colonial
issue has a reflection upon Canadian constitutional and from historical point wasn't repatriated until
1980s.the content of it is not only ability to adapt and control of constitution but also reform it,
which concerns formal and legal process. However, one source of potential crises obviously is
constitutional reform and it is connected to the issue of aboriginal rights in order to how to treat
them and, how aboriginal

Belizean Economy : The Political And Legal Structure Of...
The economy is the system by which societies work together and trade goods and services with each
other. Economies decide how resources are distributed among members of a society; they determine
the value of goods or services; and they even determine what kinds of things can be traded or
bartered for those services and goods. The economy of early societies was grounded on barter. In a
barter system, an individual would trade an item for another. Currently, our economy uses money to
make trade easier but still use bartering when it is convenient. The way a society structures its
economic system is fundamentally a political and social matter. The political and legal structure of a
society will govern how wealth can be collected, how resources and wealth are given out, and the
method of competition allowed between different participants in the economy. This paper explores
the sectors of the economy as well as the economic systems or models while incorporating the
Belizean economy and work.
The economy can be divided into four sectors. These include the primary, secondary, tertiary and
quaternary sector. The primary sector of the economy extracts or harvests products from the earth,
such as raw materials and basic foods. These consist of agriculture, mining, forestry, farming,
grazing, hunting and gathering, fishing and so on. According to SIB GDP 4th Quarter 2015 Bulletin,
sugar has been Belize's largest contributor to the primary sector, followed by the citrus industry and

Securing A Republican Political Economy
Tom Brancato History 531E Analytic Essay 1 Securing a Republican Political Economy
Introduction American political economy was greatly shaped by the republican ideas of people like
Thomas Jefferson. It is sometimes easy to take the simplistic view of a republic to mean the creation
of a self–governing group of people. As McCoy points out, "To men of the eighteenth century the
creation of a republic entailed much more than simply replacing a king and hereditary privilege with
an elective system of government." Indeed, the creation of the early American government involved
the setting up of institutions and policies that would be conducive to the forming of a republic. The
term "republic" was more than just a system of government to ... Show more content on
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I would argue that it was the combination of a republican vision supported by the tools of nation
building that was the driving force behind the establishment of the early US political economy. The
Republican Vision The republican vision was more than just a dream of self–governance. The
founders were very cognizant of what it would take to maintain the republic in the long term. As
McCoy states, "...they assumed that a healthy republican government demanded an economic and
social order that would encourage the shaping of a virtuous citizenry." Founders, such as Jefferson,
felt that virtue was needed to help sustain the republic. According to Jefferson one way to achieve
virtue was creating a political economy based on land. By working on the land, one can learn to be
self–reliant which would lead to a more virtuous individual. The ideas that an agrarian life was a
virtuous one was not unique to the founders. Indeed, some have noted that Adam Smith praised
agrarian life for the mental skill it developed, and warned of the dangers of industrial labor on the
mind . Surely, it couldn't have just been the mental benefit that agrarian life promised, that
motivated founders like Jefferson. The fact that England was mostly an industrial, mercantilist
economy gave credence to the desire of some of the founders to prevent the newly formed nation
from going down the

National Differences Of Political Economy : Poland Vs Egypt
INTL500
Case Study
Mynthek Yeo
July, 19th 2015
National Differences in Political Economy: Poland Vs Egypt
Introduction
The study and the use of economic theory and how the methods influenced political ideology.
Political economy is the interaction between economics, law and politics, and how institutions
develop in different social and economic systems such as capitalism, socialism and communism.
Political Economy Analysis of how public policy is created and implemented. Because different
individuals and groups have different interests in how a country or economy is to develop,
economics as a discipline is a complex area, covering a wide range of potentially competing
interests. Political economy also involves the use of game theory, as groups compete for limited
resources and power should determine courses of action that will yield the most beneficial results,
and that the probability of these results are being reached.
In this case, we'll try to identify the pros and cons of doing business in two different countries which
are Poland and Egypt; and assess which economic climate is favorable, advantageous and easier for
an American–based business.
Abstract
Poland is one of the largest countries in Europe, surrounded by other European countries from three
sides, while the northwest section is located on the Baltic Sea. Poland was run during more than four
decades with a hard and communist political system. Even if, its former conservative economic and
political system

Germany Political and Economy
Linh Pham
Germany – Political Structure and Economy
HIS200
Dr. Joanne McKay
November 24 2013
Germany – Political Structure and Economy
After the World War II, the winner of the war divided Germany and its capital, Berlin, among
themselves. East Germany, a brand new country that promised to show the world why socialism was
the best political system, was occupied and controlled by The Soviet Union. West Germany, called
the Federal Republic, was occupied by the Americans, British and French, who would establish a
new democratic government that stood in direct opposition to Communism. Because of the citizen's
emigration to West Germany, East Germany government decided to seal the border to stop their
people keep moving to the West. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Second, Article 106, Section 3.2 of the Basic Law requires the entire political system to guarantee a
'uniformity of living standards across the country' (Ibid). These two articles provide a foundation for
the Länder to fulfill their duties and to work with the federal government to insure the requirement
of uniform living standards. In essence, proportionality requires that governments and agencies must
take legitimate actions that are the least intrusive or limiting upon a citizen's basic rights."
We all know that Germany's army has always been a big power in the world throughout history.
However, they had lost their power after the WWII and their country was divided by the winner of
the war. "After a lot of struggle through the cold war, the army has now again emerged as one of the
best equipped armies of the world...The military armament of the German army is enormous.
Bundeswehr, the German army, is one now of the most powerful and technically advanced armies in
the world. It also has one of the best infrastructure and war machinery.". Currently, there are
approximately 11000 German citizens who voluntarily do up to a year of military service. German's
army is getting involved in a lot of military operations in the world. They appear in Afghanistan,
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Coast of Lebanon, Sudan

The Political Economy Of New Zealand
Introduction
New Zealand is a very stable economy, which majorly relies of international trade. Castles, Miller &
Ammendola (2005, p. 215) argues that, the country has a market economy, and as a result, it has
been able to interact with several countries through trade. The country's political economy has been
enhanced and made stable through various strategic factors it possesses. These factors of its political
economy are in three dimensional systems: economic system, the political system and lastly the
legal system. The three systems work hand in hand with each other through various interrelations
that have made New Zealand's political economy stronger thus managing to attract Foreign Direct
Investment (FDI). A political economy can be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This FDI in turn boosts a country's political economy a great deal.
Political systems can be defined as a combination of the government of a given country and politics
in that country (Lall & Narula 2004, p. 461). This system plays a bigger role in shaping a country's
political economy. However, it does not work independently; it correlates with economic and legal
systems for effective and efficient functioning. Politics and the government are both composed of
politicians. Among these politicians, there are those who are in government and those who are not,
thus these create stress on the economy. It is because both those who are in government and those
who are not are influential to the country. New Zealand's political economy has various strategic
factors which attracts FDI.
Firstly, New Zealand has a stable political system. This stability ensures a safer and secure business
environment. In addition, the fact that New Zealand is a market economy, it has managed to attract
foreign investors from other countries to invest in it because they are assured of safety. Bernard &
Jensen (2004, p. 562) says that, there are no political fights and chaos which destruct peoples'
businesses due to a high security which is enhanced. Globally, New Zealand is among the safest and
secure countries with high degree of peace. This has managed to attract many

Political Economy Of Slavery
USPEAG Midterm April 2017 402810435 語言四殷敬婷
2017/4/18
Chapter 1 The Political Economy of Slavery
1. According to the reading, why was slavery such an important part of the American economy at
the time?
2. How did the plantation owners justify owning slaves?
3. According to the author, what where some of the problems which faced slave owners at the time?
1. The slavery since 19th century takes a lead in the whole nation economy through producing food
consumption and diversification to access market of North and Europe. Comparing to the South,
Northern cities of America are progressively industrialized and can export commodes conveniently.
Owing to the demand, the requirement of labor productivity pushed Negros to the America and
turned them into the systematic agriculture labors. In this system, a simple concept global
production chain and international commercial among Africa, America and Caribbean area took
place in the function. Departing from the North coast, Americans export tobacco and cotton to
Europe, and later leaving for Africa to import African labors for the South America. During the
voyage, the ship has been passing by the Caribbean area for sugar, and then returned back ... Show
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Some insist on the slavery based on the fact of "importation". A scholar Tillinghast–Phillip
interpreted that West African culture helps Negros survive from the exploitation and domestication
because a discovery in West Africa of domestication had been adopted on their own population
before. Those inhabited cities before leaving for America mostly are under Moslem influence
developed with partly civilization, techniques and mature agriculture system–Dahomey, Ashanti,
Yoruba, which overweighs Indians for the labor sector. Negros were implied hard working by the
proverbs, aphorisms, and customs of the West African. The slaves were quick to take advantage and
to work because of planters despaired of making diversification pay. They attribute the acre of

The Media, Political, Economy, And Political Economy
Political economy of the media is the relationship between communication systems,economy and
political systems.Media are key elements of political power .Political economy seeks to understand
the role that the media plays in historical,social and cultural change.Noam Chomsky and Kellner
both contribute towards the study of political economy of the media and the sub divisions thereof .
Kellner describes the media as being a powerful force within society. He presents it as an
omnipresent entity which holds the potential to radically transform our social and political
environments. lndeed one cannot dispute that this theory hold substantial weight in respect of
individuals being able to critically analyse the function of the media as being an economic force. He
emphasises that to be able to understand that without it, the reproduction of a society that not only
media influenced ,but shaped by consumerism is vital and that without it neither can survive. I
cannot agree with the sentiment expressed in this statement. The importance of the study of political
economy, not only helps shape the environment in which we find ourselves in on a daily basis but
that we knowing and unknowingly succumb to the influence which the media and its culture has on
society. It is with this understanding by which manipulation, domination and validation become
reckoning

What Does a “Political Economy” Approach to Study of the...
Creative and Cultural Industries, MA Module: HUP057N What does a "political economy" approach
to study of the Creative and Cultural Industries involve? What are its advantages and disadvantages?
ID: 10048001 Anastasia Davydova 1. Introduction The intention of this paper is to define what we
mean by political economy? What does this approach involve to study the Creative and Cultural
Industries and what its advantages and disadvantages. This work will search through definitions,
different schools and historical periods to better understand the background of Political Economy.
Also this approach will be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He believed that minimal role of state in the economy and whether people act out of self–interest
will benefit to the society. "Invisible hand" will regulate the market which at once satisfies self–
interest and the needs of the community. Hence Smith's considered political economy "as the study
of wealth generation". (Babe 2009: 14) Karl Marx with other economists worked on Labour theory
of Value (Babe: 14) believing that workers have rights to be paid for their work (labour). This is
another important characteristic of classical political economy. But on the other hand he claimed
that (to be in opposition to Adam Smith's theory) free market polarises wealth where rich people get
richer and poor get even poorer. So the public ownership of the means of production is the only way
of equal distribution of wealth. People act out unity and for the good of society. Neoclassical
Political Economy is all about consumers "taste and preferences" which is valued and preferred
more than labour. Class does not matter at all, but everyone is a consumer and cultural goods and
services became treated as commodity. In this neoclassical period of political economy the main
question is how humans want be most satisfied? And how markets function at the best?
(Hesmondhalgh 2007) "Economics became essentially a mathematical–deductive system–in stark
contrast to classical political economy, which was fully engaged with the

A State, Political Economy And Governance
6104: STATE, POLITICAL ECONOMY AND GOVERNANCE
Assignment
Encountering state and citizenship in daily life
By
Rohit Singh
M.A. Previous socw 10965
WHAT IS STATE
The word nation is derived from the Latin word 'stare'(to endure) and more specifically from
"status"(a standing or condition). But this is a very old concept so, its relation in present context
need to be answered. Max Weber 's,[7][8][9][10][11] which describes the state as a compulsory
political organization with a centralized government that maintains amonopoly of the legitimate use
of force within a certain territory.
Most of us are the members of a state and live within the borders of one. We become part of a state
even before we become aware about it , the registration of our birth, government hospitals, roads,etc
all are part of few examples. What should define a state has been a part of debate by many political
thinkers. Some thinkers consider state to be the most important part for modern political theories
and say that is stae that comprises of the the topic that one needs to study in in political theory i.e.
rights,democracy,equality,liberty are all part of the relation between the state and those living within
it.
The modern state arose between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries in Europe, and it spread to the
rest of the world via conquest and colonialism.
There are different approaches o the state also
The functionalis approach to the state focuses on the role opurpose of the

The Effect Of Political Changes On Egyptian Economy
Abstract
This research aims at studying the effect of political changes on Egyptian economy by studying the
direct and indirect effect of political risk index and its sub–indicators on number of important
variables such as economic growth, employment, exchange rates, Egyptian Exchange main index
(EGX30), foreign investment flows, domestic interest rates, and domestic public debt during the
time period from 2006 to 2015 using parametric and nonparametric statistical methods. The study
concluded that political risk index and its sub–indicators have had varying effects on financial and
real investment and other macroeconomic variables in Egypt; and that achieving a successful
economic development process cannot be reachedwithouttaking into account determinants
ofpolitical risk.
Keywords:sovereign spread, country risk, political risk index, and political risks' sub–indicators
1. Introduction
Investment decision, by itself, is not a complicated one, as once we manage to consider all aspects
of costs associated with the investment decision and to estimate its expected returns, there will be no
difficulty to make a proper decision regarding the proposed investment. The main problem in
making any investment decision is the ability to consider all aspects of costs that the investment will
expose to. Investment costs can be divided into tangible and intangible costs. Where tangible costs
classified as constructional and operational costs; intangible costs include opportunity cost and

Political Economy Model Of Disease
The relationship between society and disease causes some of the most complex issues in existence
today. This complexity continues to grow, as the global community does not have a universal mode
of combating health decline. For this reason, some diseases and causative agents have thrived for
hundreds and thousands of years without a true cure. Fortunately, there are numerous scientific
fields dedicated to researching the problems and solutions that contribute to worldwide health.
Medical anthropology is one of the fields that attempt to bridge the gap between contrasting belief
systems, and ask the sensitive questions that politicians and world leaders avoid answering. For this
reason, understanding disease is becoming more available, and ... Show more content on
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43). The strength of these forces influenced people for centuries, and determined which individuals
thrived when illness spread. Although this model has only recently emerged, the hierarchy that
existed in every point in time shows that the model is accurate for its role in shaping overall health.
Historically, those in power were the first to receive treatment or prophylaxis against illness. Those
who could not contribute to the economy nor had a voice in politics were always at the greatest risk
for disease. Darwin's theory of evolution can be applied to the political economy model of disease
because the fittest individuals at a given time will overcome the challenges posed by the economic
and political demands. In modern times, this model is woven between the complexities of economic
development and the emergence of diseases that cause health decline. The state of the political
environment surrounding health and economics ultimately drives which issues are of most concern.
In United States politics, stem cell research, abortion, birth control, and cancer are important and
controversial health related topics. The reason these topics get the most attention is because they
have the potential to stimulate or hinder the economy, and create progress or partitions throughout
the country. When applying this model to smallpox, it is understood that the demand for vaccination
and eradication was stemmed from political motives. The desire to end worldwide epidemics was
appropriated through the global contributions that occurred hand in hand with foreign policies that
provided economic gain. The economic and political infrastructures at the time when smallpox was
eradicated called for worldwide compliance, especially as a way to come to a consensus

The Political Economy Of Globalization
Joseph Stiglitz and Layna Mosley both discuss globalization in detail and both have similar views
regarding globalization. In the chapter "The Political Economy of Globalization" Layna Mosley asks
the question whether globalizations effect on government policy making has adverse effects on the
state of the global economy or if governments retain autonomy in regards to policymaking despite
globalization. She analyzes trends in globalization and the hypothesis of "the race to the bottom" as
well as economic openness and if government are truly in control of capital markets. Joseph Stiglitz
however analyzes globalization in a historical and current point of view and how the management of
globalization has comparatively helped developed nations extensively more than developing/poor
nations. Stiglitz's supports his argument regarding the poor management of globalization by arguing
that monopoly power created by patents and the TRIPs agreement has resulted in an unfair global
market and is overall very critical of trade agreements. This paper will summarize and critically
analyze these two readings and why both texts make strong a valid point in regards to the
management of globalization and its effect on the global environment. Furthermore this paper will
argue why the texts support the claim that globalization has not only prospered but also resulted in
the end of the nation–state because of the increasing interdependence between countries all around
the world. Globalization has

Political Economy Of America
INTRODUCTION
The political economy of the United States of America is at a crossroads. Mired in legislative
gridlock due to the polarization of political parties, struggling to fully recover from the global
recession brought on by the collapse of the financial industry, and lagging in comparison to some of
our peers in respect to education standards and social welfare policies, many have begun to predict
the decline of America and have declared the model of classical liberal capitalism defunct.
In previous centuries, our loosely structured economic system, based upon the principles derived
from free–market capitalism and individual civil liberties, provided the American economy the
flexibility to shift, evolve, and innovate as markets, individual ... Show more content on
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government belies its claims of wanting to foster economic growth by maintaining the largest
corporate tax among developed economies. This high corporate tax structure has precipitated the
flow of large corporations to tax havens around the world – the effect of which has caused the U.S.
to miss out on valuable tax revenue while small and medium–sized domestic businesses must
struggle to foot the bill themselves. The government would like to put the impetus on American
corporations to return their tax headquarters to the United States, but why would they when they can
legally obtain a lower rate elsewhere? There needs to be a compromise between business and
government in America that creates a lower, competitive corporate tax structure while still allowing
government to generate revenue that can be spent on developing effective social welfare

The Entangled Political Economy Of Copyright
The Entangled Political Economy of Copyright
Colin Harris1 ABSTRACT: This paper uses the entangled political economy framework developed
by Wagner (2014) to analyze the effects that copyright legislation has on content producers and
pirate communities. I identify Digital Rights Management (DRM) technologies as part of the
superfluous discovery process that results when politically enforced copyright legislation works to
subsidize the cost of creating property rights in creative goods. I also analyze the effects that
criminal sanctions against copyright infringement have on how pirate communities choose to self–
organize. I conclude with the claim that the entangled framework provides for better analysis than
the tradition additive political economy framework because copyright does not work to control the
outcome of the system and correct for the market failure associated with creative goods, rather it
influences specific nodes in the entangled system in particular ways. KEYWORDS: Copyright,
Digital Piracy, Entangled Political Economy, DRM JEL CODES: B41, B59, D02, H41, K42,
1 Email: CHarri25@masonlive.gmu.edu
1
1. Introduction The history of copyright is one of entanglement. Prior to the first official copyright
statute a printing guild known as the Stationers ' Company maintained monopoly power over
printing and regulating books. Their monopoly power, granted by the Licensing of the Press Act
1662, was revoked in 1694 after the English Parliament refused to renew it in light

State, Political, Economy And Governance
ASSIGNMENT
STATE , POLITICAL, ECONOMY AND GOVERNANCE
PAPER NO– 6104
ENCOUNTERING STATE IN EVERYDAY LIFE
SUBMITTED BY–NIKITA KATARIA
ROLL NO– 10564(MA –PREVIOUS)
STATE
Different political scientists have given definitions of state. According to Aristotle, the father of
political science, "The state is an organization consisting some families and villages. According to
Woodraw Wilson, "State is a conglomeration of people within a definite territory organised by law".
Professor Garner has given complete definition of state. "The state is a group of people, more or less
numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, independent of external control and
possessing an organized government to which the great body of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
For instance– the area of the Peoples Republic of China is 44.5 lakhs sq. mile but the Netherland
occupies an area of 12,500 sq. mile.
Government –The third element to form a state is government. The population living in a definite
territory cannot form a state without a government. Those who conduct the state, which is, the
Legislative Division, the Executive Division, and the Judiciary form the government collectively
.There can be different types of government in different states.
Sovereignty– The most important part to form a state is "sovereignty". It is the supreme and final
power of the state. It is because of this power the population becomes a state. The power separates
the state from other organizations. There exist two powers of sovereignty which are internal and
external. With the internal power the state exercises power and authority over all individuals as well
as institutions. On the other hand, the external sovereign power, keeps the state free from the control
and interference by the outside forces. In spite of the population, definite territory and the
government, a country will not be considered as a state without the sovereign power. A state is
formed with all of these four elements. It cannot be formed without the existence of any one of these
elements.

State is a political organization which regulate its citizen through government for providing welfare
and imposing restrictions on them so that they can live their life smoothly.

Political Economy And Urban Development Essay
Introduction
In recent years Bangladesh has achieved rapid economic growth and significant progress in social
development despite many other problems. The enviable GDP growth and many other social and
environmental successes have gained until now. But still Dhaka is one of the least livable cities in
the world. Political economy and urban planning both are complex and people and state oriented.
Before discussing about the political economy of urban development process it is necessary to clear
the concept of political economy and the economic system of Bangladesh.
Political Economy
Political economy is the study of production and trade and their links with custom, government and
law. It is the study and use of how economic theory and methods influence and develop different
social and economic systems, such as capitalism, socialism and communism, and it analyzes how
public policy is created and implemented. Since various individuals and groups have different
interests in how a country or economy is to develop, political economy as a discipline is a complex
field, covering a broad array of potentially competing interests (Investopedia).
The term political economy is derived from the Greek polis, meaning 'city' or 'state,' and oikonomos,
meaning 'one who manages a household or estate.' Political economy thus can be understood as the
study of how a country– the public's household– is managed or governed, taking into account both
political and economic factors (Encyclopedia

The Intellectual Tradition Of Political Economy
Name
Tutor
Course
Date
Intellectual Traditions in Political Economy
i) In what significant ways does modern liberalism break from classical liberalism 's
conceptualization of the market? In your answer, be sure to focus on the principles of classical and
modern liberalism, as well as key 20th–century intellectual developments in each tradition. The
definitional conceptualization of the five premises of political economy underscores the differences
classical and modern liberalism. These premises include human nature, society, government,
morality, authority, freedom, justice, and efficiency. For instance, classical liberalism focuses on
government as a means to the market, while modern liberalism posits government as the end to a
blissful ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The US Constitution Chapter on the Bills thus did a great deal in guaranteeing liberty by restricting
government's power over citizens' privileges and rights but did little or nothing at all in restricting
citizen to non–citizen abuses. Away from the issue of slavery, the distinction between classical and
modern liberalism is illustrated by the former's favor of decreased regulatory burden, low or no
tariffs, equal taxation with minimal tax burden, and hence decreased government expenditures and
overall small government. On the contrary, modern liberalism champion a highly progressive tax
system, high minimum wages laws, high taxes to even out the large accumulation of wealth at the
upper class, and protectionism against free international trade. Modern liberalism hence advocates
for the use of government power or machinery to assure equality and autonomy for all citizens. It
contrasts with the earlier classical autonomy of the 18th century where political power crushed
equality and autonomy, where private corporate power to free market, was championed as an
antidote of economic elitism. Active government participation in modern liberalism hence replaces
private corporate power as the regulator of a liberal political economy. The common principle of
classical liberalism is that the greatest possible number of people should have the greatest possible
benefits in the direction taken by their lives. In its

Who Are The Most Important Actors Of The Global Political...
Who are the most important actors in the global political economy and Why?
Ipe is about culture and society as well
In all spheres and society is also a
Unequal relationship of society is basis of
Introduction/thesis statements:
Global Political Economy is essentially a study of a political battle between the winners and losers
of global economic exchange. In fact, understanding global economy relies on a clear knowledge of
the process of political competition. Political power possessed by actors regulates economic activity
and in turn this creates the basis for and affects political power. Through, critical analysis of the
concept of global political economy it becomes clear that there are three prominent theories that
form GPE, mercantilism, economic liberalism and Marxism.
At this point in time, the main actors in the international system are nation–states seeking an agenda
of their own based on personal gain and national interest. Significantly, the most important actor is
the United States, a liberal international economy, appointed its power after the interwar period
becoming the dominant economy and in turn attained the position of hegemonic stability in the
international system. The reason why the United States is dominating is imbedded in their intrinsic
desire to continuously strive for their own national interest both political and economic. Further,
there are other nature of actors that are not just nation–states, including non–states or transnational,

Political Economy In The 1930's By Colin Gordon
Author Colin Gordon takes a look into the early 20th century at the influences and defining factors
of the New Deal developed in the 1930's. His take on American businesses and labor forces before,
during and after the New Deal are at the core of his argument that the relationship between business
and politics is inescapably the "central landmark of modern U.S political economy." (1). Gordon
investigates the individual aspects of the political economy of the United States which are a product
of the decentralized federal system. The nature of that system creates instability in the political
economy due to multiple centers of power. During the early twentieth century, the instability was
amplified because the national government was weak and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
It was the failure of industries and unions to balance the economy during the prosperity years of the
1920's, not the Great Depression, that led to the state capitalism of the New Deal. Gordon asserts
that the National Industrial Recovery Act, Wagner Act, and the Social Security Act served to the
benefit of businesses. He states three things quite plainly; that industrial unionism was "the most
promising form of collective business action" (205), that business disapproval to the Wagner Act
"was often superficial and cynical" (218), and that businesses promptly changed to accommodate to
the new system. In Gordon's own words, "Business influence in the origins and administration of the
Wagner Act was more pervasive and more diverse than most scholars have allowed" (236), and "the
Wagner Act was a logical synthesis of private experiments with regulatory unionism in the 1920's"

The Political Economy Of Gender
Over the past century, women in numerous dissimilar cultures have become increasingly agitated at
the value placed by the government in promoting traditional patriarchal lifestyles. This focus on men
being the breadwinners of their family outside of the house so that it becomes difficult for women to
succeed outside domestic life is a spark of controversy. In many cases, it has led to an intense
examination of policy changes, or lack thereof, by governments in response to a collective women's'
voice within their respective countries, in their quest for equality in the home and workplace.
Responses to gender gap problems don't have the same solutions around the world however.
Through the "The Political Economy of Gender" by Iversen and Rosenbluth the effect modern
movements have on women's beliefs can be examined through Albert Hirschman's ideas of "voice
and exit" and further applied to situations such as those examined in "Exit, voice, and family policy
in Japan" by Leonard Schoppa. In "The Political Economy of Gender" Iversen and Rosenbluth
provide background on the economic outlook of what the gender gap means both economically and
socially. What is fascinating about this is the evolution of economic models in dealing with the
division of labor they explore. Initial models on the topic such as Becker's focused on the "male–
dominated family of the 1950s" to actually reinforce why men should make more money than
women. While this seems archaic in its roots, I would argue

Pecuniary Emulation In Charles Sackery's Introduction To...
As times go on you have to remember back to a time without the government as we know it. While
you think back to this time, just think to yourself that these ideals and morals did not just come from
thin air. Textbooks such as Charles Sackery's Introduction to Political Economy assist in our quest to
find two philosophers. Economic philosophers such as Adam Smith, Karl Marx, Thorstein Veblen,
and John Maynard Keynes all had ideas that may have influenced our economy but only two can
move on to the next round of this show.
The first philosopher that we will look at would is Thorstein Veblen. Veblen's main was this focus
on "Pecuniary Emulation." What Veblen is describing is what we more commonly refer to as
"Keeping Up with the Jones." Pecuniary ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Whether you look at pecuniary emulation or the "invisible hand," you cannot disagree that there is
some sort of influences. We are human beings after all and we these two ideas really sum us up.
Veblen especially was a firm believer in "The customer must have reason to believe that the product
is what it claims to be, and that it will function as it is supposed to do," (Reinert 323). Especially as
consumers purchase products to keep up it's only fair to make sure the product is genuine. Then we
look at Pecuniary emulation is honestly in a way jealousy so consumers will by what the neighbors
have in order to fit in. Since we are jealous creatures by nature supply and demand go hand in hand.
Since we no longer can speak with our philosophers we think about "The possible limits to progress
were questions that underwent significant readjustments as the thinkers who confronted them in
different times," (Milgate).And this quote really explains that we have had limits throughout the
years and that many philosophers such as Smith and Veblen have worked on them at separate

State, Political Economy And Governanc
State, Political Economy and Governanc
HOW DO YOU ENCOUNTER STATE AND CITIZENSHIP IN YOUR DAILY LIFE?
UNDERSTANDING STATE:
The modern word state has been derived from the word "status" earlier employed by Teutons. It was
Niccolo Machiavelli who first used the term "state" in political science. From the beginning of
social life, mankind has lived under some kind of authority. The authority has varied in its nature
and has exercised its function through different forms of organisation. Beneath these differences in
the concrete manifestation of political lifemay be observed a practical identity of purpose, and by
disregarding non–essential elements and modification that arise ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Politically organized people of a definite territory iii. An organization of public law that is
monopolistic over the use of violence against a group or population iv. An organization which in
internal matters carries out its function through a unified set of institutions known as the
government.
ELEMENTS OF THE STATE:
The state, as said earlier may be viewed as both a concrete thing and an abstract idea. A concrete
thing means that it is specific human group or association and viewed in abstract terms, it is a
corporation possessing a juristic personality. The state is composed of both physical and
metaphysical elements. These elements are:
i. A group of human beings, i.e. population (population) ii. A territory upon which they permanently
reside (territory) iii. Internal sovereignty and independence from foreign control (sovereignty) iv. A
political organization or agency through which the collective will of the population is expressed, i.e.
government (government)
Absence of any one of these elements nullifies the state: all must exist together. The state is not
people, nor the land nor the government, but all of them in addition; the state must possess that unity
which makes it a distinct and independent political entity. These features are common to all states,
irrespective of their historically specific manifestation. For e.g., it applies to the Greek City states,
the medieval kingdom, the modern monarchy and all the other kinds of states that

The Political Economy of South Korea
The Political Economy of South Korea:
A Necessary Transformation
I. Introduction:
In this paper, I will discuss the measures that the Republic of Korea's (addressed as South Korea
from here on out) government took in trying accomplishing economic development despite its
several economic and political upheavals. I will, specifically, review the economic growth and
institutions established in South Korea beginning in the 1950s, the process of democratization in
South Korea, and the effects that the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997 had on South Korea. With the
background information of these factors, I will then delve into the importance of South Korea
becoming an economic power and the impact it has had on the United States of ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the transition of forming a democratic nation, South Korea was not immediately successful
in creating economic growth. In order to achieve positive changes in the economy, democratization
must be institutionalized. It was difficult for the economy to stabilize since mature institutions that
could guarantee growth were not created. Rather, the government tried to characterize the economy
through fast changes and rapid economic growth, when the government should have taken the time
to institutionalize political and economic systems. It is the building of mature institutions that have
proven to be crucial in policy making and implementing a strong government that can maintain a
consistent economic growth rate. IV. The effects of the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997 on South
Korea:
The era of economic growth in South Korea came to a halt in 1997 due to the Asian Financial Crisis
that started in Thailand. By 1997, South Korean banks reached 24 percent of the gross national
product (GNP) in foreign debt; 58.1 percent of the total debt was short–term debt. A number of the
chaebol conglomerates were not only bankrupt, but also collected an average debt–equity ratio of
almost 400 percent.
There were several reasons to why the financial crisis hit South Korea so hard causing its worst
economic fall since the Korean War.

The Political Economy Of Slavery Summary
Eugene D. Genovese's book, The Political Economy of Slavery: Studies in the Economy and Society
of the Slave South, challenges the accustomed belief which concluded the immorality of Slavery
was the underlying main factor of conflict between the North and the South, partnered with
materialistic interests. Instead, he presents the idea which observes the social system and civilization
as a whole, identifying its distinct structure and their reasoning behind their disagreeing actions.
Drawing upon information from four categories which highlight the main arguments, Genovese is
able to convey that the power Slavery gave to holders, dissimilated the appeal of a North bourgeois
and industrialist structure and Slavery itself overall, being ineffective ... Show more content on
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The harsh treatment placed upon slaves, contributed to the decrease of development, exposed to
poor conditions that fueled working resistance. Along with the immoral practice, Genovese
reiterates that soil exhaustion is crucial, limiting crop diversification, and that due to the lack of
skills their source labor possessed, adopting advanced farming techniques could be rather costly.
Since the South failed to consider as industrialism as a possible solution to their issues and the idea
of achieve agricultural reform was completely delusional, the economy plummeted. This problem
called for change, but the South was not willing to take the risk of improving their productivity and
output if it meant sacrificing their power structure. The South wanted to keep their classes as they
were, with the slave holders at the top of the pyramid and the slaves at the bottom. Slavery shape
their civilization, so when they were asked to transform and submit to the North's social system and
structure, implied by the laws which prevented Slavery to continue, the South viewed their cry for
independence as rational to keep their society

The Political Economy Of North America
Abstract
1986 was a pivotal year for the political economy of North America. During that year, some
significant events took place that resulted to the beginning of a new era. In Mexico, a new political
leader exerted the country towards entering the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Mexico
made an alliance with the United States that would ultimately create a free trade zone stretching
from Central America all the way to the North Pole. Rather than incorporating the movement of
workers of North America into the alliance, the United States insisted on controlling its borders
unilaterally in order to prevent the integration of its labor markets. This event lead to Congress
passing the Immigration Reform and Control Act. Many of the immigrants entered America in
search for work and a better life. As the immigration population increased, American citizens began
to worry about the economy and their jobs, safety, and their health.
The Porous Mexican Border The 700–mile–long fence that was constructed along the United States–
Mexico border less than a month before the nation's population hit the 300 million mark, was not a
coincidence. The United States Congress knew that there was a dramatic change in the face of the
United States since the population hit 200 million in the year of 1967 and therefore voted to approve
a bill, (HR 6061), that would limit immigration (Kesler and Bloemraad, 2010). Immigration has had
a significant impact on many aspects of

The Renaissance Economy : Political And Economic Effects...
When I look back at the two different circumstances both political and economic, I feel that politics
were more important in creating an environment ripe for the Renaissance to flourish. Renaissance is
described as, "the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning..."
Therefore, I think the political did more versus economical. After dealing with the black death, the
town dealt with the breakdown of the manor system. Merchants whose focus was selling their art to
others no longer had many people to sell to since so many people died. The economy took a hard hit
and was in trouble. With these changes that continued to happen, the Renaissance society was also
effected in some negative ways. The people within the Renaissance society started having a very
inward focus. They were self–absorbed and not worried as much about those around them like
before. They were so much more focused on themselves and surviving. Once original system broke
down, they began to experience uncharted growth. Their society was finally flourishing with more
people as well. Cities grew and starting prospering during the Renaissance. This would bring in the
idea of taxing people. With the growth that came about people started a trade system between
different cities and states and other countries. As their trade program increased, they continued to
come up with new ideas that would soon lead them into having major routes for trade within the
inland. Now

The Political Economy Of Apple
The Political Economy of Apple Apple has become the leading competitor of electronic goods in the
21st century. They are a billion dollar corporation that distributes products to consumers to satisfy
their needs of innovative and advanced technology. Apple's producer, Foxconn has multiple
locations, however their main location is based in China. However, news outlets have shed a new
light regarding their manufacturing company. There has been a rising concern regarding the working
conditions at Foxconn. Employees and student interns would often live in dormitories with other
workers that were essentially adult strangers. Journalists from multiple news companies have gone
undercover to expose the truth of the wellbeing of their employees. The working conditions were so
terrible that there had been multiple cases of suicide. Working long hours affected their mental and
physical well being. Foxconn in China has on the cheapest labour markets in the world and to
further profit, they hire student interns to work for them and pay them with low wages. Apple
prioritizes profit maximization by continuing to undermine the working conditions of their
partnering companies. Apple Inc. is an American multinational technology company based in
Cupertino, California that was founded by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. Their first creation was
the Apple Computer, which was a success and Steve Jobs led the creation of innovative products
including the iMAC, iPod, and iPhone. They designed,

Political Economy Analysis Of Outdoor Leisure Essay
Political Economy Analysis of Outdoor Leisure Phenomenon in Field Cities
1. Introduction
Echoing the last chapter, which depicts the real life, outdoor practices in three field sites in terms of
Guangzhou, Chengdu and Xuchang, this chapter interprets how the power which played by the
political–economy from the angles of policies making by the Party–state in relevant with both the
central and local municipal governments, the "socialism with Chinese characteristics" market and
the local social communities, on the individual urbanite's choice of real–life outdoor leisure
practices. In other words, this chapter will answer questions: to what extent, why and how, the real–
life outdoor leisure participants' practices in those cities reemerged and developed under the power
of political economy driven by the Party State, the "socialism with Chinese characteristics" market
and local social communities under the context of the planned socialist economy to an authoritarian
market economy. In order to fulfill this purpose, this chapter first examines the prerequisites for the
development of outdoor leisure practices in the panoramic view of the whole country and then site–
municipal areas, from the ideological perspective, Chinese Macro–economic background,
underlying which Maoist era Party–state's class–struggle ideology has been shifted by Deng
Xiaoping and his followers' envisions about the economy–orientated modernity . From the
authoritarian perspective, given by the Party–state's

The Political Theory Of The Chilean Economy
Despite the small size of the Chilean economy and its rather relative weight in the global economy,
several accounts acknowledge that Chile was at the forefront of the worldwide neoliberal
experiment since the mid–1970s under the civic–military dictatorship that ruled the nation between
1973 and 1990 (Harvey, 2005a; Klein, 2007; McChesney, 1999; Paley, 2001; Stiglitz, 2002). Indeed,
the Chilean authoritarian regime not only has radically applied neoclassical theory, but also turns it
into "the founding philosophy of a new society" (Valdés, 1989: 35). Actually, Chile has been a warm
laboratory for the most classic economic trends since the 1950s, when the so–called Klein–Saks
mission was hired by the Chilean government to analyze the ... Show more content on
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Specific political projects embodying different schools of thought have fueled three waves of
neoliberalism, with both economic and ethical implications (Ong, 2006). In a first moment, Hayek
and his Homo economicus as the basis of a free political order and Friedman and Becker have
philosophically supported what Thatcher (Thatcherism) and Reagan (Reagonimics) implemented in
the United Kingdom and in the United States in the late 1970s and the 1980s. The Clinton (US) and
the Blair (UK) administrations in the 1990s represent promote the individual internalization of self–
governamentality or self–responsibility. In this second wave of neoliberalism, the broad social,
political, economic, and cultural principles underneath neoliberalism became common sense and
were naturalized as an individual action. Finally, entrepreneurialism or the communitarian ideal of
responsibility is a third wave of neoliberalism. Therefore, neoliberal policies of "shrinking" the state
"are accompanied by a proliferation of techniques to remake the subjects"; so, "neoliberal logic
requires free, self–managing, and self–enterprising individuals in different spheres of everyday life"
(Ong, 2006: 14).
Nevertheless, neoliberalism seems to carry multiple meanings and imply different material
conditions, institutional frames, and symbolic imaginaries (Ong, 2006), depending not only on
historical moments, political

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