The document discusses the process of translating and adapting assessment instruments for cross-cultural studies, emphasizing the need for cultural and linguistic adjustments beyond literal translation. It outlines the advantages of adaptation, such as increased fairness and generalizability, along with disadvantages like potential misleading results due to cultural differences. The document also details the steps involved in the translation process, including expert evaluation and pilot studies to ensure the instrument's appropriateness and effectiveness in the new context.

1. Sumiran khatri
MA I year

2. According to Hambleton (1993)
 less expensive
 Faster to adapt
 To implement cross cultural studies
 Comparability of scores
 Maximizes local suitability

3.  It refers to the process of translating and
adjusting an instrument to a new cultural
context , which goes beyond a close
translation and involves various changes to
the instrument in order to increase its cultural
and linguistic adequacy.
 It is a generic term used for translation.

4.  ASSEMBLY:
- compilation of a new instrument.
Adv: more flexible, max cultural suitability.
Dis adv: prohibits numerical comparison across
culture
 ADOPTION:
-Literal translation of entire instrument.
Adv: simple, effective and high face
validity.
Dis adv: readily assumed , can be misleading.

6. ADVANTAGES
 Conserves time and expense.
 Increased fairness in
assessment
 Greater ability to generalize
 Helps investigate differences
within increasing diverse
populations
 Broadens scope and quality of
test.
DISADVANTAGES
 Risk of imposing
conclusions based on
concepts of one culture
 If any construct is
manifested in different
manner results can be
misleading.

7. 1. Instrument translated from source language
to target language.
2. Synthesis of translator version .
3. Evaluation of synthesized version by
experts.
4. Back translation
5. Pilot study.

8.  Translation from source language to target
language
 It should be suitable for new context but
consistent with original version
 Presence of at least 2 bilingual translator to
avoid underlying biases.

9.  Synthesis of translator version
 Should have 2 versions of translated instrument with
the purpose of creating a single version.
 Researcher may identify 2 sources :
1. Complex translation
2. Overall simplistic translation
 Each item should be assessed separately.
 Judges and assessors should assess on the basis :
1. Semantic equivalence
2. Idiomatic equivalence
3. Experiential equivalence
4. Conceptual equivalence

10.  Evaluation of synthesized versions by
experts
 Experts will assess imp aspects like :
Structural layout
Scope and adequacy of expressed contents
If it’s a good fit or not
Clarity of content
Suitability of fonts
Suitability of format and size
Arrangement of information
Instrument analysis.

12.  Pilot study
It refers to application of instrument in a small
sample of target population .
It helps to assess:
Appropriateness of items
Meaning and difficulty
Instructions for conducting test
Multiple pilot study can be conducted
To avoid biases
Should be done with the help of expert

14. Thank you