Terrorism in Russia has historical roots dating back to the 19th century with revolutionary terrorist organizations and continued with Bolsheviks using terrorism against political opponents. During the 1990s, terrorism increased amid the collapse of the USSR and rise of Islamic and radical right-wing groups. Chechnya declared independence in 1991 but Russian military intervention during 1994-1996 and 1999-2009 wars sought to reestablish control. Present-day Chechnya has greater autonomy under its president but contradictions remain between local Islamic laws and the Russian constitution, and corruption and security issues continue to undermine stability in the region.

1. Terrorism in Russia
in the context of Russia – Chechnya’s relations
Prepared by Timur Akhmetov

2. 1. Definition
2. Historical background
3. Post-soviet terrorism in Russia
4. Chechnya’s case
5. Present Chechnya
content:

3. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.
Article 205. act of terrorism
Criminal acts intended or calculated to provoke a state of terror in the general
public, a group of persons or particular persons for political purposes are in any
circumstance unjustifiable, whatever the considerations of a political,
philosophical, ideological, racial, ethnic, religious or any other nature that may be
invoked to justify them
UN General Assembly Resolution 51/210
1.Definition
Perpetration of an explosion, arson or other crimes, threatening to society,
leading to death casualties, considerable damages of property

4. 1. XIX century – terrorist organization “People's Will”, being under the
influence of the French revolution and Western ideologies, carried out a
set of associations including the killing of the Emperor of Russia
Alexander II in 1881.
2. XX century – terrorism as a political means used by the Bolsheviks and
their political enemies against each other, “Red Terrorism”, “White
Terrorism”.
3. 1930-s – The Great Terror – mass political trials and killing by the Stalin
regime to consolidate power and eliminate possible opposition.
4. 1990-s – Islamic terrorism – politically motivated terrorist activity under
the cover of religion (thus supported by the religious fundamentalists)
with the goal to win independence from the government in Moscow.
5. 1990-2000-s – Radical-right terrorism - acts of crimes perpetrated by
people and groups of people with nationalistic agenda.
2.Historical background

5. 1. The collapse of the USSR – economic and political instability.
2. Ethnic tensions as a result of the previous soviet policy of
resettlement and displacement of peoples in the USSR.
3. Struggle for independence and re-orientation of the Ex-soviet
republic.
4. The rise of the populist political figures with nationalist agenda.
5. Penetration of the fundamentalist political movements from
points of instability around the Ex-soviet region (Afghanistan,
Yugoslavia).
3.Post-soviet terrorism in Russia

7. 1. 1990-1991 – Separatist forces amid instability in the USSR.
2. 1991-1994 – Creation of the independent Chechnya by nationalist
forces. Struggle within Chechnya between different groups.
3. 1994-1996 – First Chechen war – between separatist quasi-independent
Chechnya and Russian government. Consolidation of the Chechen
regime. Moscow’s failure to achieve stability due to mismanagement
and weak central government. The Hasa-Yurt Accord – Peace
agreement on the status-quo.
4. 1996-1999 – Struggle between radical Islamists and nationalist in
Chechnya. Insurgence of the fundamentalist in the neighborhood
republics and terrorist activity in Russia’s main cities.
5. 1999-2009 – Second Chechen war – successful attempt by the
consolidated Russian government to establish constitutional order.
Support of the ex-separatist Ahmad Kadirov (killed in 2004).
4.Chechnya’s case

8. 5.Present Chechnya
1. 23 March 2003 – New Constitution was presented. Greater
autonomy
2. 2007 – Ahmad Kadirov’s son Ramzan becomes President of the
Republic
3. 2006 – Implementation of Islamic laws banning alcohol,
gambling, enforcing women wear headscarves. Contradictions
with the Russian Constitution.
4. Massive reconstruction in the Chechen Republic.
5. Huge budget spenings in the Caucasus republics.

9. Reasons for instability in
Chechnya (The Northern Caucasus)-Russia relations:
1. Weak central government.
2. Corruption and mismanagement.
3. Lack of clear policy towards the Northern Caucasus.
4. Massive budget spending without further control.
5. Contradictions between local and federal laws.
6. Inability of the federal government to tackle security problems –
thus support for local figures suspected of misdeeds, crimes and
corruption.
6.Conclusion

10. Thank you for attention!