hindu architecture

3. INTRODUCTION
India's Hindu temple architecture is developed from the
creativity of STHAPATHIS and SHILPIS, both of whom
belong to the larger community of craftsmen and artisans
called Vishwakarma (caste). A small Hindu
temple consists of an inner sanctum, the GARBHA
GRAHA or WOMB-CHAMBER, in which the idol or deity is
housed, often called circumambulation, a
CONGREGATION HALL, and sometimes an ANTECHAMBER
and PORCH. The garbha graha is crowned by a tower-
like SHIKARA. All the Hindu temples in India follows the
architecture defined in Shilpa Shastras. However, there
are artistic variations in terms of construction of shikara

4. CHALUKYAN’S
ARCHITECTURE

6. HISTORYThe CHALUKYAN DYNASTY was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled large
parts of SOUTHERN and CENTRAL INDIA between the 6th and the
12th centuries. During this period, they ruled as three related yet
individual dynasties. The earliest dynasty, known as the "BADAMI
CHALUKYAS", ruled from vatapi (modern BADAMI) from the middle
of the 6th century.
After the death of pulakesi II, the EASTERN CHALUKYAS became an
independent kingdom in THE EASTERN DECCAN . They ruled
from VENGI until about the 11th century.
In the Western Deccan, the rise of the RASHTRAKUTAS in the middle of
the 8th century eclipsed the chalukyas of badami before being
revived by their descendants, the WESTERN CHALUKYAS, in the late
10th century. These western chalukyas ruled from kalyani (modern
BASAVAKALYAN) until the end of the 12th century

7. ARCHITECTURE
• The Badami Chalukya era was an important period in the
development of South Indian architecture. Their style of
architecture is called "Chalukyan architecture" or "Karnata
Dravida architecture". Nearly a hundred monuments built
by them, rock cut (cave) and structural, are found in the
Malaprabha river basin in modern Bagalkot district of
northern Karnataka. The building material they used was a
reddish-golden Sandstone found locally. Though they ruled
a vast empire, the Chalukyan workshops concentrated most
of their temple building activity in a relatively small area
within the Chalukyan heartland –
Aihole, Badami, Pattadakal and Mahakuta in modern
Karnataka state.

8. Their temple building activity can be categorised into THREE
PHASES. The EARLY PHASE began in the last quarter of the
6th century and resulted in many cave temples, prominent
among which are three elementary cave temples at Aihole
(one Vedic, one Jain and one Buddhist which is
incomplete), followed by four developed cave temples at
Badami. These cave temples at Badami are similar, in that,
each has a plain exterior but an exceptionally well finished
interior consisting of a pillared verandah, a columned hall
(mantapa) and a cella (shrine, cut deep into rock) which
contains the deity of worship. In Badami, three caves
temples are Vedic and one in Jain. The Vedic temples
contain large well sculpted images
of Harihara, Mahishasuramardhini, Varaha, Narasimha,
Trivikrama, Vishnu seated on Anantha(the snake)
and Nataraja (dancing Shiva).

9. The second phase of temple building was at Aihole (where
some seventy structures exist and has been called "one of the
cradles of Indian temple architecture"]) and Badami. The
beginnings of these constructions are from c. 600.These are
the Lad Khan Temple with its interesting perforated stone
windows and sculptures of river goddesses; the Meguti Jain
Temple which shows progress in structural design; the Durga
Temple with its northern Indian style tower (8th century) and
experiments to adapt a Buddhist Chaitya design to a
brahminical one; the Huccimalli Gudi Temple with a new
inclusion, a vestibule (a passage between the outer door and
the interior of the building), connecting the sanctum to the
hall.
The reign of Western Chalukyas was an important period in
the development of Deccan architecture. Their architecture

10. served as a conceptual link between the Badami Chalukya
architecture of the 8th century and the Hoysala
architecture popularised in the 13th century. The centre of
their cultural and temple-building activity lay in
the Tungabhadra region of modern Karnataka state,
encompassing the present-day Dharwad district. Here, large
medieval workshops built numerous monuments. These
monuments, regional variants of pre-existing dravida temples,
defined the Karnata dravida tradition.

11. TEMPLE OF
ORISSA

12. Odisha, formerly known as Orissa is
an Indian state on the subcontinent's east
coast, by the Bay of Bengal.
The two famous and main temples of
orissa are- KONARK SUN TEMPLE and
JAGANNATH TEMPLE.

13. KONARK SUN TEMPLE-
Konark Sun Temple is a 13th century Sun Temple (also known
as the Black Pagoda), at Konark, in Odisha, India. It has
been built in the shape of a gigantic chariot with
elaborately carved stone wheels, pillars and walls. A major
part of the structure is now in ruins.
The temple was originally built at the mouth of the
river CHANDRABHAGA, but the waterline has receded
since then. The temple has been built in the form of a giant
ornamented chariot of the Sun god, Surya. It has twelve
pairs of elaborately carved stone wheels some of which
are 3 meters wide and is pulled by seven pairs of
horses. The temple follows the traditional style of Kalinga
architecture. It is carefully oriented towards the east so
that the first rays

14. of sunrise strikes the principal entrance. The temple is built
from Khondalite rocks.
The original temple had a main sanctum
sanctorum (vimana), which was supposedly 229 feet (70 m)
tall. But it has fallen off. The audience hall
(Jagamohana), which is about 128 feet (30 m) tall, still stands
and is the principal structure in the surviving ruins. Among
the structures, which have survived to the current day, are
the dance hall (Nata mandira) and dining hall (Bhoga
mandapa). The Konark temple is also known for its erotic
sculptures of maithunas.
Two smaller ruined temples have been discovered nearby.
One of them is called the Mayadevi Temple and is located
southwest from the entrance of the main temple. It is
presumed to have been dedicated to , one of the Sun god's

15. JAGANNATH TEMPLE-
The Jagannath Temple in Puri is a famous Hindu
temple dedicated to Jagannath and located in the coastal
town of Puri in the state of Odisha, India. The
name Jagannath (Lord of the Universe) is a combination of
the Sanskrit words Jagat (Universe) and Nath (Lord of).
The huge temple complex covers an area of over 400,000
square feet (37,000 m2), and is surrounded by a high fortified
wall. This 20 feet (6.1 m) high wall is known as Meghanada
Pacheri. Another wall known as kurma bedha surrounds the
main temple. It contains at least 120 temples and shrines.
With its sculptural richness and fluidity of the Oriya style of
temple architecture, it is one of the most magnificent
monuments of India. The temple has four distinct sectional

16. structures, namely -
1. Deula, Vimana or Garba griha (Sanctum sanctorum) where
the triad deities are lodged on the ratnavedi (Throne of
Pearls).
2. Mukhashala (Frontal porch);
3. Nata mandir/Natamandapa, which is also known as the
Jagamohan (Audience Hall/Dancing Hall), and
4. Bhoga Mandapa (Offerings Hall).
The main temple is a curvilinear temple and crowning the top is
the 'srichakra' (a eight spoked wheel) of Vishnu. Also known as
the "Nilachakra", it is made out of Ashtadhatu and is
considered sacrosanct. Among the existing temples in Orissa,
the temple of Shri Jagannath is the highest. The temple tower
was built on a raised platform of stone and, rising to 214 feet
(65 m) above the inner sanctum where the deities reside,
dominates the

17. surrounding landscape. The pyramidal roofs of
the surrounding temples and adjoining
halls, or mandapas, rise in steps toward the
tower like a ridge of mountain peaks

18. The Singhadwara-
The Singahdwara, which in Sanskrit means, The Lion Gate, is
one of the four gates to the temple and forms the Main
entrance. The Singhadwara is so named because two huge
statues of crouching lions exist on either side of the entrance.
The gate faces east opening on to the Bada Danda or the
Grand Road. The Baisi Pahacha or the flight of twenty two
steps leads into the temple complex
The Mandapas-
There are many Mandapas or Pillared halls on raised
platforms within the temple complex meant for religious
congregations. The most prominent is the Mukti
Mandapa the congregation hall of the holy seat of selected
learned brahmins. Here important decisions regarding

19. conduct of daily worship and festivals are taken.
The Dola Mandapa is noteworthy for a
beautifully carved stone Torana or arch which
is used for constructing a swing for the annual
Dol Yatra festival. The Snana Bedi is a
rectangular stone platform where idols of
Jagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra are placed
for ceremonial bathing.

20. TEMPLE OF
KHAJURAHO

21. The Khujrao Group of Monuments in
Khujrao, a town in the Indian
state of Madhya Pradesh, located
in Chhatarpur District. Khujrao has the
largest group of
medieval Hindu and Jain temples, famous
for their erotic sculptures

22. Architecture
The temples are grouped into three geographical divisions:
western, eastern and southern.
The Khajuraho temples are made of sandstone. The builders
didn't use mortar: the stones were put together
with mortise and tenon joints and they were held in place
by gravity. This form of construction requires very precise
joints. The columns and architraves were built with
megaliths that weighed up to 20 tons.
The Saraswati temple on the campus of the Birla Institute of
Technology and Science in Pilani, India, is modeled after the
Khajuraho temples.

23. Statues and carvings
The Khujrao temples contain sexual or erotic
art outside the temple or near the deities. Some of
the temples that have two layers of walls with small
erotic carvings on the outside of the inner wall. The
rest depict the everyday life. For example, those
depictions show women putting on makeup,
musicians, potters, farmers, and other folk.

24. THE DRAVIDIAN
STYLE

25. Dravidian architecture was a style of architecture that
emerged in the Southern part of the Indian
subcontinent or South India. It consists primarily of
pyramid shaped temples which are dependent on
intricate carved stone in order to create a step design
consisting of many statues of
deities, warriors, kings, and dancers. Mentioned as
one of three styles of temple building in the ancient
book Vastu shastra. The majority of the existing
buildings are located in the Southern Indian states
of Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Kerala, and Andhra pradesh.

26. Composition and structure
Chola style temples consist almost invariably of the three
following parts, arranged in differing manners, but differing in
themselves only according to the age in which they were
executed:
1. The porches or Mandapams, which always cover and
precede the door leading to the cell.
2. Gate-pyramids, Gopurams, which are the principal
features in the quadrangular enclosures that surround the
more notable temples. Gopurams are very common in
dravidian temples.
3. Pillard halls (Chaultris or Chawadis) are used for many
purposes and are the invariable accompaniments of these
temples.

27. Besides these, a temple always contains tanks
or wells for water – to be used for sacred
purposes or the convenience of the priests –
dwellings for all the grades of the priesthood
are attached to it, and other buildings for state
or convenience.

28. THE ARCHITECTURE
OF NEW DELHI

29. •The capital of India blends a historical past and a
vibrant present. Great monuments stand beside
crisp new residential areas. Legend has it that
Delhi, and then called INDRAPRASTHA was
originally founded around 1200 B.C. by the
PANDAVAS.
•The main buildings built in Delhi were:
QUTAB MINAR
HUMAYUN’S TOMB
RED FORT
PURANA QUILA
JAMA MASJID

30. HUMAYUN’S TOMB
•It stands on a raised platform in the centre of a park.
• It is made of marble and sandstone.
• Its shape and design are Persian in nature

31. RED FORT
The Red Fort has an area of 254 acres , enclosed by 2.41 KM of walls, surrounded
by tower and varying in height from 18 metres on the river side to 33 metres on
the city side. The marble, floral decorations and double domes in the fort's
buildings exemplify later MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE.
The fort's artwork includes Persian, European and Indian art, resulting in a unique
Shahjahani style rich in form, expression and colour. Red Fort is one of the building
complexes of India covering a long period of history and its arts.
The LAHORI and DELHI GATES were used by the public, and the KHIZRABAD Gate
was for the emperor. The Lahore Gate is the main entrance, leading to a domed
shopping area known as THE CHATTA CHOWK (covered bazaar).

32. JAMA MASJID
It is the last of the buildings constructed by the
Mughal Emperor, SHAH JAHAN. It is made of red
SANDSTONE and WHITE MARBLE. The vast
courtyard of 400 square meters is reached by a
flight of steps. The marble slab represents a seat
for the ROYAL PEOPLE, whereas the square
sandstone slabs are for the common man.

33. QUTUB MINAR
The construction was started in 1199 A.D. by
QUTAB-UD-DIN AIBAK and was completed by
ILLTUTMISH in 1230 A.D. This tower is 73 metres
high. It has 5-storeys, the first three made of Red
sandstone and the other two of marble and
sandstone. It has many inscriptions inscribed on it
inner walls.

34. PURANA QUILA
Its massive walls are pierced by three imposing Gateways. The walls of
the Fort rise to a height of 18 metres, traverse about 1.5 km, and have
three arched gateways: the Bara Darwaza (Big Gate) facing west,
which is still in use today; the south gate, also popularly known as the
'Humayun Gate’; and lastly, the 'Talaqi Gate', often known as the
"forbidden gate". All the gates are double-storeyed sandstone
structures flanked by two huge semi-circular bastion towers,
decorated with white and coloured-marble inlays and blue tiles. They
are replete with detailing, including ornate overhanging balconies,
or jharokhas, and are topped by pillared pavilions (chhatris). Despite
the grandeurs of the exterior, few of interior structures have survived.

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