Temperature and ph monitoring System.pptx
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This document discusses temperature and pH monitoring systems. It describes different types of temperature sensors including contact sensors like thermistors and bimetallic strips, and non-contact sensors like radiation thermometers. It explains how these sensors work by converting the measured temperature or pH into a voltage then a digital number. Some applications mentioned include freezer alarms, computers, and medical equipment for temperature sensors, and acid-base titrations and water quality testing for pH sensors. It concludes by stating the ideal soil pH and temperature conditions for optimum crop production are between 5.5-7 and 65-75 degrees respectively.
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2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
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- 1. TEMPERATURE AND PH MONITORING SYSTEM BY- AKSHAT MEHROTRA AVINASH KUMAR
- 2. CONTENTS • Temperature sensors 1. Types of temperature sensors 2. Working 3. Application • pH sensors 1. What is pH? 2. Working 3. application
- 3. TEMPERATURE SENSORS 1. Contact Sensors: • Measures their own temperature. • The temperature of the object to which the sensor is in contact is inferred by assuming or knowing that the two are in thermal equilibrium. 1. Non-contact Sensors: • Measures the thermal radiant power of the infrared or optical radiation that they receive. • The temperature of an object is inferred from which the radiant power is assumed to be emitted.
- 4. CONTACT TEMPERATURE SENSORS 1. Thermistor Thermally sensitive resistor that exhibits a change in electrical resistance with a change in temperature. 2. Bimetallic strip Thermometers Different metals expand at different rates as they warm up.
- 5. NON CONTACT TEMPERATURE SENSORS Radiation Thermometers (Pyrometers) Measures temperature from the amount of thermal electromagnetic radiation received from a spot on the object of measurement.
- 6. WORKING • In order to collect data from the sensors, the signals from the sensors need to be converted into digital numbers that the processor can handle. • The temperature sensor converts the temperature it is measuring to a voltage that corresponds to the temperature. The ADC measures the voltage and convert it into a digital number. The computer then process it to calculate the temperature.
- 7. APPLICATION • Freezing temperature alarm. • Freezer over-temperature alarm. • Personal computers, mobile phones, automobiles, medical equipment and gaming consoles.
- 8. PH SENSORS • What is pH? It is defined as negative logarithm of hydrogen ions in a solution. In simple words, it determines the acidity and salinity of a solution. • pH>7 indicates that the solution is basic. • pH<7 indicates that the solution is acidic. • pH=7 indicates that the solution is neutral.
- 9. APPLICATIONS • Acid-base titrations. • Investigation of acid rain. • Investigation of water quality in streams and lakes. • Monitoring pH change during chemical reactions.
- 10. DESIRABLE SOIL CONDITIONS FOR OPTIMUM CROP PRODUCTION • pH conditions varies from crop to crop. While some crops grow best in the 6 to 7 range, others grow well under slightly acidic conditions. • The ideal condition for maximum crops to grow best is in the range of 5.5 to 7. • The ideal temperature conditions for planting most plants are 65 to 75 degrees.
- 11. THANK YOU !!