INORGANIC FORMULATION: OXIDES, HYDROXIDES AND PEROXIDES

1. INORGANIC
CHEMICAL
FORMULATION 3º
ESO
SERGIO SALOBREÑA
LUCENA
FUENGIROLA

2. WHAT IS A CHEMICAL COMPOUND?
A CHEMICAL COMPOUND IS A PURE SUBSTANCE FORMED BY TWO
OR MORE DIFFERENT ELEMENTS COMBINED ALWAYS IN FIXED
PROPORTIONS.
EXAMPLES OF COMPOUNDS ARE: H2O (WATER), H2SO4 (SULFURIC
ACID), CH4 (METHANE), NH3 (AMMONIA), ETC.
AS YOU CAN SEE IN THE EXAMPLES EACH CHEMICAL COMPOUND
HAS A NAME AND IS REPRESENTED WITH A CHEMICAL FORMULA.
THE CHEMICAL FORMULA IS A REPRESENTATION OF A CHEMICAL
COMPOUND. IT CONTAINS THE SYMBOLS OF THE ELEMENTS THAT
FORM A COMPOSITE AND THE SUB-INDICES INDICATE THE NUMBER
OF ATOMS OF EACH OF THE ELEMENTS THAT ARE PART OF THE
COMPOUND.

3. NOMENCLATURE
NOMENCLATURE IT IS THE SET OF RULES THAT WE USE TO NAMED
THE COMPOUNDS. THESE RULES ARE DICTATED BY THE IUPAC
(INTERNATIONAL UNION OF PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY).
TO FORMULATE AND APPOINT A COMPOUND YOU MUST KNOW THE
SYMBOLS OF THE ELEMENTS AND THEIR OXIDATION NUMBERS. THE
NUMBER OF OXIDATION IS THE NUMBER OF LOADS THAT WOULD
HAVE AN ATOM IF IT IS IN THE FORM OF ION.
BELOW ARE THE MOST COMMON ELEMENTS WITH THEIR OXIDATION
NUMBERS, AND YOU CAN FIND THE NAME OF EACH ELEMENT IN
YOUR PERIODIC TABLE.

4. METALS NON METALS
I
(+1)
II
(+2)
III
(+3)
IV
(+2, +4
/-4)
V
(+1,+3,+5
/-3)
VI
(+2,+4,+6
/-2)
VII
(+1,+3,+5,+7
/-1)
VIII
E.E.
H(-1) Be Al C (n) N O (+2) F (+1) Fe
Li Mg B(n) Si (n) P S Cl Co
Na Ca Sn As Se Br Ni
K Sr Pb Sb Te I Pt
Rb Ba Bi Mn
Cu(+2) Ra Cr
Ag Zn
Au(+3) Cd
Cs Hg(+1)

5. GRUPO VIII
SPECIAL ELEMENTS
ELEMENTS METALS NON METALS
Fe (+2,+3)
Co (+2,+3)
Ni (+2,+3)
Pt (+2,+4)
Mn (+2,+3) (+4,+6,+7)
Cr (+2,+3) (+6)

6. EXERCISES
1. PUT THE SYMBOL AND THE VALENCIA OF THE FOLLOWING ELEMENTS:
CALCIUM, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, MANGANESE, SILVER, CARBON,
POTASSIUM, NITROGEN, CHLORINE, IRON, SULFUR.
2. WRITE THE SYMBOLS AND VALUES OF THE ELEMENTS BELONGING TO
GROUPS II, IV, VI.
3. PUT THE SYMBOL AND WHICH GROUP BELONG TO THE FOLLOWING
ELEMENTS: COBALT, NITROGEN, MAGNESIUM, COPPER, MANGANESE,
HYDROGEN, FLUOR, CALCIUM, CARBON, PLATINUM, SULFUR.

7. OXIDES
OXYGEN IS COMBINED WITH ALMOST ALL THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS TO GIVE OXIDES. IN
ALL OF THEM OXYGEN ACT WITH VALENCE -2, ACTING METALS AND NOT METALS WITH
ITS POSITIVE VALENCE.
FORMULATION:
1. YOU WRITE THE SYMBOL OF THE OTHER CHEMICAL ELEMENT FOLLOWED BY THE
OXYGEN SYMBOL (O) .
Ca O
2. THE VALENCES THAT WILL APPEAR AS SUBSIDIES ARE EXCHANGED. SUBSCRIPT 1 IS
NEVER WRITTEN.
K1 O2 ------- K 2 O
3. IF YOU CAN, THE SUBSIDIES ARE DIVIDED.
Ca2 O2 ------- Ca O

8. OXIDES
CLASSICAL NOMENCLATURE: THE NAME OF THE ELEMENT IS
FOLLOWED BY THE WORD OXIDUS, FOR ELEMENTS WITH ONLY ONE
VALENCE.
K 2 O --- POTASSIUM OXIDE
Ca O --- CALCIUM OXIDE
IF THE ELEMENT HAS TWO VALENCES, THE LATIN NAME OF THE
ELEMENT IS FINISHED IN -OUS BY THE SMALLEST VALENCE AND IN -
ICO BY THE BIGGEST. BEHIND WE PUT THE WORD OXIDE.
Au2 O ---- AUROUS OXIDE.
Au2 O3 --- AURIC OXIDE.

9. OXIDES
3 VALENCES:
HIPO ... OUS: S2 O2 --- SO ---- HIPOSULFUROUS OXIDE.
OUS: S4 O2 ----- SO2 ---------- SULFUROUS OXIDE.
ICO: S6 O2 ------ SO3 ----------- SULFURIC OXIDE.
4 VALENCES:
HIPO ... OUS: Cl2 O ---------- HIPOCLOROUS OXIDE.
OUS: Cl2 O3 ------------------ CHLOROUS OXIDE.
ICO: Cl2 O5 ------------------- CLORIC OXIDE.
PER ... ICO: Cl2 O7 ------------- PERCLORIC OXIDE.

10. EXERCISES
1. PUT THE NAME TO THE FOLLOWING OXIDES ACCORDING TO THE
CLASSICAL NOMENCLATURE :
1. Hg2 O 2. Zn O 3. Ra O 4. Sr O
5. Mg O 6. CaO 7. Hg O 8. Cd O
9. Ba O 10. FeO 11. Cr O 12. Mn O
13. Ni O 14. Pt O 15. Al2 O316. Sn O2
17. Co2 O3 18. Pb O 19. Pb3 O2 20. Au2 O3

11. OXIDES
NOMENCLATURE WITH MULTIPLIER PREFIXES: PRECEDING THE NAME OF THE ELEMENT
WE PUT THE GREEK PREFIXES: MONO, DI, TRI, TETRA, PENTA, ETC. ACCORDING TO THE
NUMBER OF ATOMS THAT EXISTS IN THE FORMULA. FOLLOWED BY THE WORD OXIDE
PRECEDING WITH THE GREEK PREFIXES PREVIOUSLY INDICATED, ACCORDING TO THE
NUMBER OF ATOMS OF OXIGENE THAT EXISTS IN THE FORMULA.
Fe2 O3– DIIRON TRIOXIDE.
Ca O --- CALCIUM MONOXIDE.
C O2 --- CARBON DIOXIDE.
NOMENCLATURE WITH THE VALENCE IN ROMAN NUMBERS: YOU PUT THE NAME OF THE
ELEMENT FOLLOWED BY THE WORD OXIDE, AND THE VALENCE IWITH WHICH THE
ELEMENT ACTS IN ROMAN NUMBERS AND BETWEEN PARENTHESES, ALWAYS HAVING
MORE THAN ONE.
Fe O ----- IRON OXIDE (II) CO --- CARBON OXIDE (II)
Fe2 O3 --- IRON OXIDE (III) CO2 - CARBON OXIDE (IV)

12. EXERCISES
1.WRITE THE FORMULA OF THE FOLLOWING OXIDES ACCORDING TO THE
CLASSICAL NOMENCLATURE:
1. MAGNESIUM OXIDE 2. PLUMBOUS OXIDE 3. ZINC OXIDE
4. FERROUS OXIDE 5. PHOSPHORIC OXIDE 6. HYPOARSENIOUS OXIDE
7. AURIC OXIDE 8. ANTIMONIOUS OXIDE 9. PERCLORIC OXIDE.
10. IODOUS OXIDE 11. SILVER OXIDE 12.HYPOBROMOUS OXIDE.
13. HIPOSULFUROUS OXIDE 14. HYPONITROUS OXIDE 15. CARBONIC OXIDE.
16. STANNIC OXIDE 17. CUPRIC OXIDE 18, CHLOROUS OXIDE.
19. PERYODIC OXIDE 20. COBALTOUS OXIDE 21. PLATINIC
OXIDE.

13. EXERCISES
2. WRITE THE FORMULA OF THE FOLLOWING OXIDES NAMED ACCORDING TO
ITS VALENCE:
1. MERCURY OXIDE (I) 2. SILVER OXIDE 3. GOLD OXIDE (III)
4. NITROGEN OXIDE (III) 5. TIN OXIDE (IV) 6. COPPER OXIDE (II)
7. ZINC OXIDE. 8. BORO OXIDE 9. CADMIUM OXIDE.
10. IRON OXIDE (II) 11. PLATINUM OXIDE (IV) 12. POTASSIUM OXIDE.
13. COPPER OXIDE (I) 14. SULFUR OXIDE (VI) 15. LEAD OXIDE (IV)

14. EXERCISES
3. WRITE THE FORMULA OF THE FOLLOWING OXIDES NAMED ACCORDING TO
THEIR MULTIPLIER PREFIXES:
1. SULFUR DIOXIDE 2. ALUMINUM TRIOXIDE 3. CHROME TRIOXIDE
4. DIBROME PENTAXIDE 5. DIHYDROME TRIOXIDE 6. DICHLORO TRIOXIDE
7. DIANTIMONIAL PENTAXIDE 8. DIBROME HEPTAOXIDE 9. DIFOSPHORUS
TRIOXIDE.
10. DICLORO MONOXIDE 11. DIBROME MONOXIDE. 12. CARBON DIOXIDE.
13. CARBON MONOXIDE 14. DICLORO HEPTAXIDE 15. DINITROGEN
PENTAXIDE

15. HIDROXIDES
THEY ARE BINARY COMPOUNDS FORMED BY THE COMBINATION OF A METAL WITH AN
OXYDRILLING ION (OH-). IN THIS JOINT THE METAL WILL ALWAYS USE ITS POSITIVE
VALENCES AND THE OXYDRILL ANION ALWAYS ITS VALENCE -1.
THE CLASSICAL NOMENCLATURE IS THE FOLLOWING: AFTER THE LATN NAME OF THE
METAL WRITES THE WORD HYDROXIDE, IF THIS HAS A SINGLE VALENCE.
Na (OH) ______________ SODIUM HYDROXIDE
Ra (OH)2 _______________ RADIO HYDROXIDE
IF YOU HAVE 2 VALENCES, WRITE THE LATIN NAME OF THE METAL FINISHED IN -OUS
FOR THE LESS VALENCE, OR IN -IC FOR THE GREATER VALENCE, AFTER WRITE THE
WORD HYDROXIDE.
Fe (OH)2 ______________________________________ FERROUS HYDROXIDE
Fe (OH)3 ______________________________________FERRIC HYDROXIDE.

16. HIDROXIDES
• NOMENCLATURE WITH MULTIPLIER PREFIXES: WRITE THE LATIN NAME OF THE METAL
FOLLOW BY THE PREFIX (MONO, DI, TRI, TETRA, ETC.) IN FRONT OF THE WORD
HYDROXIDE. THE PREFIX MARK THE NUMBER OF –OH THAT HAS THE FORMULA.
Na OH _________________ SODIUM MONOHYDROXIDE
Fe (OH) 2 ______________ IRON DIHYDROXIDE
Fe (OH) 3 ______________ IRON TRIHYDROXIDE
• NOMENCLATURE WITH ROMAN NUMBERS: WRITE THE LATIN NAME OF THE METAL
FOLLOW BY THE WORD HYDROXIDE, AND BETWEEN PARENTHESIS THE VALENCE OF
THE METAL, IF IT HAS MORE THAN ONE.
Na OH ____________________ SODIUM HYDROXIDE
Fe (OH) 2 ___________________ IRON HYDROXIDE (II)
Fe (OH) 3 ____________________ IRON HYDROXIDE (III)

17. PEROXIDES
BINARY COMPOUNDS ARE FORMED BY THE JOINT OF A METAL WITH THE PEROXIDE ION (O2)
-2. THEY ARE FORMULATED LIKE THE OXIDES, ACTING THE PEROXIDE ION WITH VALENCIA -2
AND THE METAL WITH ITS POSITIVE VALENCES.
CLASSICAL NOMENCLATURE IS THE FOLLOWING: WE WRITE THE NAME OF THE METAL
FOLLOWING BY THE WORD PEROXIDE, IF IT HAS A SINGLE VALENCE. IF IT HAS TWO
VALENCES, THE LATIN NAME OF THE METAL FINISHED WITH –OUS BY THE LESS VALENCE OR
–IC BY THE GREATER VALENCE.
Na2O2 ___________________ SODIUM PEROXIDE.
H2 O2 ______________________ HYDROGEN PEROXIDE OR OXYGENATED WATER.
Cu2 O2 ____________________ CUPROUS PEROXIDE
Cu2 (O2) 2 _______Cu O2 _____ CUPRIC PEROXIDE
Ni 2 (O2) 3 __________________ NICKEL IC PEROXIDE

18. PEROXIDES
• NOMENCLATURE WITH MULTIPLYING PREFIXES: BEFORE THE LATIN NAME OF THE
METAL APPEAR THE PREFIX (MONO, DI, TRI, TETRA, ETC.) , THEY MARK THE NUMBER OF
ATOMS OF THE METAL THAT HAS THE COMPOUND. BEFORE THE WORD OXID ARE
INDICATED WITH PREFIXES (MONO, DI, TRI, TETRA, ETC.) THE NUMBER OF ATOMS OF
OXYGEN.
H2 O2 _________________ DIHYDROGEN DIOXIDE
Ca O2 ______________ CALCIUM DIOXIDE
Cu2 O2 ______________ DICOPPER DIOXIDE
• NOMENCLATURE WITH ROMAN NUMBERS: WRITE THE LATIN NAME OF THE METAL
FOLLOW BY THE WORD PEROXIDE, AND BETWEEN PARENTHESIS THE VALENCE OF THE
METAL, IF IT HAS MORE THAN ONE.
H2 O2 ____________________ HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
Ca O2 ___________________ CALCIUM PEROXIDE
Cu2 O2 ____________________ COPPER PEROXIDE (II)

19. EXERCISES
1. NAMES THE FOLLOWING HYDROXIDES AND PEROXIDES FOLLOWING THE
CLASSICAL NOMENCLATURE:
1. Pt(OH)2 2. Ag OH 3. K OH 4. Bi (OH)3
5. Hg (OH)2 6. Hg OH 7. Cr (OH)2 8. Al (OH)3
9. Li OH 10. Ag OH 11. Au OH 12. Au (OH)3
13. Ni O2 14. Hg O215. Sn O2 16. Li2 O2
17. Zn O2 18. Ca O2 19. K2 O2 20. Cu2 O2
21. Pb (O2)2 22. Fe2 (O2)3

20. EXERCISES
2. PUT THE FORMULA OF THE FOLLOWING HYDROXIDE AND PEROXIDE
ACCORDING TO THE CLASSICAL NOMENCLATURE:
1. CHROMOUS PEROXIDE 2. BARIUM PEROXIDE 3. PLATINIC
PEROXIDE
4. AUROUS PEROXIDE 5. ALUMINUM PEROXIDE 6. SODIUM PEROXIDE
7. COBALTIC PEROXIDE 8. RUBIDIUM PEROXIDE 9. ZINC PEROXIDE.
10. NICKELOUS PEROXIDE 11. CROMIC PEROXIDE 12. FERROUS PEROXIDE
13. AURIC HYDROXIDE 14. NICKELOUS HYDROXIDE 15. LITHIUM HYDROXIDE.
16. STRONTIUM HYDROXIDE 17. HYDROXIDE COBALTOUS 18, FERRIC HYDROXIDE
19. CALCIUM HYDROXIDE 20. MANGANIC HYDROXIDE 21. PLUMBIC HYDROXIDE.
22. MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE 23. PLATINIC HYDROXIDE 24. CADMIUM HYDROXIDE

21. EXERCISES
3. PUT THE FORMULA OF THE FOLLOWING PEROXIDES AND HYDROXIDES
FOLLOWING THE RULES OF ROMAN NUMBERS:
1. MERCURY PEROXIDE (I) 2. SILVER PEROXIDE 3. GOLD
PEROXIDE (III)
4. NICKEL PEROXIDE (III) 5. TIN PEROXIDE (IV) 6. COPPER
PEROXIDE (II)
7. CINC PEROXIDE. 8. ALUMINUM PEROXIDE 9. CADMIUM PEROXIDE.
10. IRON PEROXIDE (II) 11. PLATINUM PEROXIDE (IV) 12. POTASSIUM
HYDROXIDE.
13. COPPER HYDROXIDE (I) 14. MANGANESE HYDROXIDE (II) 15. LEAD
HYDROXIDE (IV)
16. MERCURY HYDROXIDE (I) 17. BERILIUM HYDROXIDE 18. SILVER HYDROXIDE
19. NICKEL HYDROXIDE (II) 20. COBALT HYDROXIDE (III) 21. LITHIUM HYDROXIDE
22. GOLD HYDROXIDE (I) 23. MERCURY HYDROXIDE (II)

22. EXERCISES
4. PUT THE FORMULA OF THE FOLLOWING PEROXIDES AND HYDROXIDES
FOLLOWING THE RULES OF MULTIPLYING PREFIXES:
1. DIHYDROGEN DIOXIDE 2. DISODIUM DIOXIDE 3. DIALUMINUM TRIOXIDE
4. MANGANESE DIOXIDE 5. DINIQUEL TRIOXIDE 6. DICOBALT TRIOXIDE
7. DIMERCURY DIOXIDE 8. DIGOLD DIOXIDE 9. DIGOLD TRIOXIDE.
10. PLATINUM TETRAXIDE 11. LEAD DIOXIDE. 12. TIN TETRAOXIDE.
13. GOLD TRIHYDROXIDE 14. TIN TETRAHYDROXIDE 15. LEAD DIHYDROXIDE.
16. GOLD MONOHYDROXIDE 17. MAGNESIUM DIHYDROXIDE 18. IRON TRIHYDROXIDE
19. MANGANESE DIHYDROXIDE 20. CHROME TRIHYDROXIDE 21. GOLD MONOHYDRIDE
22. MERCURY TRIHYDROXIDE 23. ZINC DIOXIDE 24.ALUMINUM TRIHYDROXIDE