Telefonica UK has been conducting LTE and small cell trials to test and evolve their mobile network. The trials in Slough and London involved deploying LTE equipment from various vendors to test coverage, capacity, mobility and user experience on LTE. Results showed improved coverage and significantly higher throughput compared to 3G, as well as very high LTE to LTE handover success rates. User feedback was also very positive regarding speeds. Telefonica aims to evolve their network using small cell technology to address increasing data demand in dense urban areas.
Qualcomm is elevating its role as a market leader by bringing breakthrough concepts to LTE’s evolution. We believe that the next significant performance leap will come from heterogeneous networks, or HetNets, which bring the network closer to the user through low-power nodes such as pico and femto-cells. LTE Advanced uses adaptive interference management techniques to further improve the capacity and coverage of these HetNets. There by, ensuring fairness among users and an enhanced mobile experience, especially for those users at the cell edge. LTE Advanced also introduces multicarrier to leverage ultra wide bandwidths up to 100 MHz, supporting very high data rates.
China Telecom has been migrating from ADSL to fiber technologies like EPON and GPON to meet increasing broadband subscriber and bandwidth demands, piloting EPON in 2005 and making it a core access technology due to its maturity and interoperability. They aim to accelerate FTTH deployment through projects like "Broadband China, Optical City" to reach 100 million FTTH homes by 2015 using EPON and GPON, while also starting rollout of 10G-EPON to improve bandwidth for multi-dwelling units.
While LTE is the future in telecommunications, in light of the negative business case around 2.3/2.6Ghz deployments, the Indian roadmap looks a little less promising then it should be.
LTE was developed to meet increasing demands for mobile data traffic by improving key metrics like latency, throughput, capacity and coverage compared to HSPA. It features flexible bandwidths up to 20MHz, simplified network architecture, advanced antenna techniques and OFDMA/SC-FDMA based access for downlink and uplink respectively. LTE supports peak rates of 300Mbps downlink and 75Mbps uplink depending on UE category and bandwidth. It adopts an all-IP flat architecture with simplified all-packet based transmission procedures.
The document provides an overview of Passive Optical Networking (PON) and GPON fundamentals. It begins with the objectives of the course and describes the basic components and properties of a PON network, including optical fibers, splitters, transmitters, receivers, and wavelength usage. It then focuses on GPON specifics such as downstream and upstream data transmission using time-division multiple access, the 125us frame format, and how bandwidth allocation maps are used to assign timeslots to different ONTs.
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
This document provides an overview of Metro Ethernet (ME) concepts and technology. It defines ME as a carrier-class Ethernet service defined by five attributes that distinguish it from traditional Ethernet networks. The document discusses ME drivers like simplicity and transport flexibility. It also covers ME technologies like Ethernet, MPLS, VPLS, and various access methods. The author is Anuradha Udunuwara, a chartered engineer with experience in telecom network design and implementation.
This document summarizes the evolution of wireless technologies from 0G to 4G and highlights some of the key challenges of 3G/4G networks. It shows how data rates have doubled every year, driving the transition from narrowband to broadband networks. While 3G deployments are maturing, 4G/LTE rollouts are just beginning. This is fueling a massive growth in mobile data traffic and creating challenges around traffic management, mobile backhaul capacity, and complex new network architectures.
Qualcomm is elevating its role as a market leader by bringing breakthrough concepts to LTE’s evolution. We believe that the next significant performance leap will come from heterogeneous networks, or HetNets, which bring the network closer to the user through low-power nodes such as pico and femto-cells. LTE Advanced uses adaptive interference management techniques to further improve the capacity and coverage of these HetNets. There by, ensuring fairness among users and an enhanced mobile experience, especially for those users at the cell edge. LTE Advanced also introduces multicarrier to leverage ultra wide bandwidths up to 100 MHz, supporting very high data rates.
China Telecom has been migrating from ADSL to fiber technologies like EPON and GPON to meet increasing broadband subscriber and bandwidth demands, piloting EPON in 2005 and making it a core access technology due to its maturity and interoperability. They aim to accelerate FTTH deployment through projects like "Broadband China, Optical City" to reach 100 million FTTH homes by 2015 using EPON and GPON, while also starting rollout of 10G-EPON to improve bandwidth for multi-dwelling units.
While LTE is the future in telecommunications, in light of the negative business case around 2.3/2.6Ghz deployments, the Indian roadmap looks a little less promising then it should be.
LTE was developed to meet increasing demands for mobile data traffic by improving key metrics like latency, throughput, capacity and coverage compared to HSPA. It features flexible bandwidths up to 20MHz, simplified network architecture, advanced antenna techniques and OFDMA/SC-FDMA based access for downlink and uplink respectively. LTE supports peak rates of 300Mbps downlink and 75Mbps uplink depending on UE category and bandwidth. It adopts an all-IP flat architecture with simplified all-packet based transmission procedures.
The document provides an overview of Passive Optical Networking (PON) and GPON fundamentals. It begins with the objectives of the course and describes the basic components and properties of a PON network, including optical fibers, splitters, transmitters, receivers, and wavelength usage. It then focuses on GPON specifics such as downstream and upstream data transmission using time-division multiple access, the 125us frame format, and how bandwidth allocation maps are used to assign timeslots to different ONTs.
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
This document provides an overview of Metro Ethernet (ME) concepts and technology. It defines ME as a carrier-class Ethernet service defined by five attributes that distinguish it from traditional Ethernet networks. The document discusses ME drivers like simplicity and transport flexibility. It also covers ME technologies like Ethernet, MPLS, VPLS, and various access methods. The author is Anuradha Udunuwara, a chartered engineer with experience in telecom network design and implementation.
This document summarizes the evolution of wireless technologies from 0G to 4G and highlights some of the key challenges of 3G/4G networks. It shows how data rates have doubled every year, driving the transition from narrowband to broadband networks. While 3G deployments are maturing, 4G/LTE rollouts are just beginning. This is fueling a massive growth in mobile data traffic and creating challenges around traffic management, mobile backhaul capacity, and complex new network architectures.
The document proposes LTE Release 10 and beyond (LTE-Advanced) as a candidate radio interface technology for IMT-Advanced. It provides an overview of 3GPP's standardization activities, including LTE Release 8 and the development of LTE-Advanced. Key requirements for LTE-Advanced to meet IMT-Advanced specifications are described. The technical approaches being standardized in 3GPP to achieve the requirements, such as carrier aggregation and advanced MIMO, are outlined. The structure of 3GPP's submission documents to ITU-R for the evaluation of LTE-Advanced as an IMT-Advanced technology are also summarized.
This document discusses the transition to IP/MPLS in mobile backhaul networks. MPLS provides advantages like scalability, reliability, support for multiple services, manageability, and quality of service capabilities. It allows legacy radio access network equipment to be supported while enabling new packet-based networks. MPLS also facilitates the integration of 2G, 3G, 4G, and WiMAX networks on a common IP infrastructure. The transition involves migrating to MPLS over multiple phases while supporting existing technologies.
LTE and LTE advanced Performance ( By 3GPP RAN Chairmans’ ) BP Tiwari
The document proposes LTE Release 10 and beyond (LTE-Advanced) as a candidate radio interface technology for IMT-Advanced. It provides an overview of 3GPP standardization activities, including LTE Release 8 which established the foundation, and LTE-Advanced which aims to meet IMT-Advanced requirements through further evolution. The proposal outlines motivations for LTE-Advanced and the 3GPP study underway to identify technologies to achieve requirements and targets.
The document provides an overview of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) cellular network technology. It discusses the goals and key features of LTE, including increased data rates, improved spectral efficiency, scalable bandwidths, OFDM modulation in the downlink, SC-FDMA in the uplink, and multiple antenna techniques. It also describes the LTE network architecture including the Evolved Packet Core and compares LTE to other technologies such as WiMAX.
The document discusses Carrier Ethernet and provides definitions and background. It defines Ethernet and discusses its history and standards development. It then defines Carrier Ethernet, explaining that it provides standardized, carrier-class Ethernet services on a large scale with attributes like scalability, reliability, service management and quality of service. The document outlines requirements for Carrier Ethernet networks including availability, stability, performance, multicast and TDM support, and security.
Passive optical networks (PONs) provide fiber connectivity to multiple end users using a point-to-multipoint architecture and passive splitters to reduce costs. PONs use a single fiber to the premises, with a passive optical splitter used to feed multiple end users. This allows for fiber-based connectivity at costs similar to copper. Common PON types include GPON, EPON, and BPON. PONs employ wavelength division duplexing with different wavelengths for downstream and upstream traffic and time division multiple access for upstream transmissions.
Hnc2014 wan interconnection huawei new-generation ip long haul microwave solu...eieiswe
Huawei's new-generation IP long haul microwave solution provides more flexibility, efficiency and longer transmission distances compared to previous solutions. It covers transmission over sea, land and sky via microwave channels. The document discusses challenges in developing long haul microwave technologies and how Huawei's solution addresses issues like difficult terrains, harsh environments and high capacity needs. It provides case studies of the solution's deployment for customers in scenarios such as remote mountains, islands, deserts and reconstructing networks.
Active optical networks have advantages over passive optical networks in terms of bandwidth. With AONs, bandwidth allocation is flexible and each subscriber can be allocated from 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps. In contrast, PON bandwidth is determined by the splitting factor, with each subscriber receiving less bandwidth depending on the number of subscribers on the network. Upgrading bandwidth is also simpler with AONs, as subscribers can be upgraded by changing fiber optic leads or boards. However, PONs allow for higher subscriber counts due to their point-to-multipoint topology.
ASON – Automatically Switched Optical Networks
Dynamically switch the light path
Enabler for many applications
Controlled by UNI and NNI – Allow applications to set the light path
Allow to add the intelligence into the optical core
ASON:
The Automatic Switched Optical Network (ASON) is both a framework and a technology capability.
As a framework that describes a control and management architecture for an automatic switched optical transport network.
As a technology, it refers to routing and signalling protocols applied to an optical network which enable dynamic path setup.
Recently changed names to Automatic Switched Transport Network (G.ASTN)
1. The optical distribution network (ODN) must be carefully planned to ensure clients receive a usable optical signal over the desired coverage area.
2. Splitting ratio and level choices such as 1x32 or 1x64 affect how many clients can be supported per PON port and the optical power budget.
3. Distance between the OLT and furthest ONT must be considered - maximum reach is typically 20-25km depending on splitting used to stay within power and loss budgets.
This document discusses Huawei's fiber-to-the-x (FTTx) solutions and digital subscriber line (DSL) technologies for network migration. It highlights Huawei's innovations that facilitate broadband deployment over copper lines and fiber networks. These include vectoring, G.fast, and all-in-one outdoor cabinets. The document also outlines Huawei's N2510 network testing platform for accurate fault location, demarcation, and proactive network maintenance.
This presentation is based on Evolution of Passive Optical Network. We study strategies for increasing the PON’s capacity regardless of its technology: EPON (Ethernet-based PON) or GPON (Gigabit capable PON). It can also introduce other future Technologies like SCM Hybrids and Coherent PONs.
MPLS-based Metro Ethernet Networks Tutorial by KhatriFebrian
This document provides an overview of traditional metro Ethernet networks and carrier Ethernet services. It discusses:
1. How services were traditionally identified using VLAN IDs and Q-in-Q tagging which allowed for more services by preserving customer VLAN tags.
2. Forwarding was done through dynamic MAC learning in switch databases, which posed scaling issues as databases in all switches had to contain all MAC addresses.
3. Resiliency was provided by variants of spanning tree protocol, but these resulted in unused bandwidth during topology changes.
2015 02 04 international optical transport developments wdm africa 2015Xtera Communications
This presentation reviews the current status and the forecast for international connectivity to Africa and traffic demands inside the continent. In a second step, the technical solutions, including wider spectrum as enabled by Xtera’s Wise Raman technology, to respond to the traffic growth are described. This presentation was delivered at WDM & Next Generation Optical Networking Africa 2015 conference (4-5 February 2015 – Cape Town, South Africa).
PBB-TE builds on Ethernet and PBB to enable carrier-grade transport of Ethernet services with traffic engineering capabilities like protected virtual circuits. It provides secure customer demarcation, large customer service scalability through unique identifiers, and single-ended provisioning. PBB-TE can be deployed alongside regular PBB in a network and provide protected transport of services while PBB is used for other services, all on the same infrastructure.
Guylain Barlow presented on 100G and beyond transmission from a test and measurement perspective. He discussed the evolution of 100G client and line interfaces such as CFP and CFP2 modules, which aim to reduce size, power, and cost. He outlined challenges for testing newer modulation formats like DP-QPSK coherent signals used in DWDM networks. Specifically, developing methods for in-service OSNR measurements and high-resolution spectrum analysis will be important. Barlow also looked ahead to 400G transmission and potential next steps like space-division multiplexing using multi-core or multi-mode fibers to further increase total fiber capacity beyond 1 Tb/s.
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
The document discusses the challenges of future packet networks and fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) deployment alternatives. It argues that next generation access networks will be based on fiber deployments using Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network (GPON) technology. GPON is presented as the best candidate due to its pragmatic and simple approach in addressing all services while requiring less space and equipment at lower costs than other alternatives. The document also summarizes how GPON Doctor can help monitor and analyze GPON network traffic and performance.
This document discusses the E-Rate program, which provides discounts of 20-90% on telecommunication services for most schools and libraries in the US. It is funded by fees paid by telecommunications companies. The document outlines Woodville ISD's technology plan, which includes annually replacing PC/laptops and networking hardware, funding staff development, and ensuring a 1:1 student to computer ratio. The plan's objectives are to increase technology integration into instruction and provide opportunities for students to develop technology proficiency.
The document proposes LTE Release 10 and beyond (LTE-Advanced) as a candidate radio interface technology for IMT-Advanced. It provides an overview of 3GPP's standardization activities, including LTE Release 8 and the development of LTE-Advanced. Key requirements for LTE-Advanced to meet IMT-Advanced specifications are described. The technical approaches being standardized in 3GPP to achieve the requirements, such as carrier aggregation and advanced MIMO, are outlined. The structure of 3GPP's submission documents to ITU-R for the evaluation of LTE-Advanced as an IMT-Advanced technology are also summarized.
This document discusses the transition to IP/MPLS in mobile backhaul networks. MPLS provides advantages like scalability, reliability, support for multiple services, manageability, and quality of service capabilities. It allows legacy radio access network equipment to be supported while enabling new packet-based networks. MPLS also facilitates the integration of 2G, 3G, 4G, and WiMAX networks on a common IP infrastructure. The transition involves migrating to MPLS over multiple phases while supporting existing technologies.
LTE and LTE advanced Performance ( By 3GPP RAN Chairmans’ ) BP Tiwari
The document proposes LTE Release 10 and beyond (LTE-Advanced) as a candidate radio interface technology for IMT-Advanced. It provides an overview of 3GPP standardization activities, including LTE Release 8 which established the foundation, and LTE-Advanced which aims to meet IMT-Advanced requirements through further evolution. The proposal outlines motivations for LTE-Advanced and the 3GPP study underway to identify technologies to achieve requirements and targets.
The document provides an overview of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) cellular network technology. It discusses the goals and key features of LTE, including increased data rates, improved spectral efficiency, scalable bandwidths, OFDM modulation in the downlink, SC-FDMA in the uplink, and multiple antenna techniques. It also describes the LTE network architecture including the Evolved Packet Core and compares LTE to other technologies such as WiMAX.
The document discusses Carrier Ethernet and provides definitions and background. It defines Ethernet and discusses its history and standards development. It then defines Carrier Ethernet, explaining that it provides standardized, carrier-class Ethernet services on a large scale with attributes like scalability, reliability, service management and quality of service. The document outlines requirements for Carrier Ethernet networks including availability, stability, performance, multicast and TDM support, and security.
Passive optical networks (PONs) provide fiber connectivity to multiple end users using a point-to-multipoint architecture and passive splitters to reduce costs. PONs use a single fiber to the premises, with a passive optical splitter used to feed multiple end users. This allows for fiber-based connectivity at costs similar to copper. Common PON types include GPON, EPON, and BPON. PONs employ wavelength division duplexing with different wavelengths for downstream and upstream traffic and time division multiple access for upstream transmissions.
Hnc2014 wan interconnection huawei new-generation ip long haul microwave solu...eieiswe
Huawei's new-generation IP long haul microwave solution provides more flexibility, efficiency and longer transmission distances compared to previous solutions. It covers transmission over sea, land and sky via microwave channels. The document discusses challenges in developing long haul microwave technologies and how Huawei's solution addresses issues like difficult terrains, harsh environments and high capacity needs. It provides case studies of the solution's deployment for customers in scenarios such as remote mountains, islands, deserts and reconstructing networks.
Active optical networks have advantages over passive optical networks in terms of bandwidth. With AONs, bandwidth allocation is flexible and each subscriber can be allocated from 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps. In contrast, PON bandwidth is determined by the splitting factor, with each subscriber receiving less bandwidth depending on the number of subscribers on the network. Upgrading bandwidth is also simpler with AONs, as subscribers can be upgraded by changing fiber optic leads or boards. However, PONs allow for higher subscriber counts due to their point-to-multipoint topology.
ASON – Automatically Switched Optical Networks
Dynamically switch the light path
Enabler for many applications
Controlled by UNI and NNI – Allow applications to set the light path
Allow to add the intelligence into the optical core
ASON:
The Automatic Switched Optical Network (ASON) is both a framework and a technology capability.
As a framework that describes a control and management architecture for an automatic switched optical transport network.
As a technology, it refers to routing and signalling protocols applied to an optical network which enable dynamic path setup.
Recently changed names to Automatic Switched Transport Network (G.ASTN)
1. The optical distribution network (ODN) must be carefully planned to ensure clients receive a usable optical signal over the desired coverage area.
2. Splitting ratio and level choices such as 1x32 or 1x64 affect how many clients can be supported per PON port and the optical power budget.
3. Distance between the OLT and furthest ONT must be considered - maximum reach is typically 20-25km depending on splitting used to stay within power and loss budgets.
This document discusses Huawei's fiber-to-the-x (FTTx) solutions and digital subscriber line (DSL) technologies for network migration. It highlights Huawei's innovations that facilitate broadband deployment over copper lines and fiber networks. These include vectoring, G.fast, and all-in-one outdoor cabinets. The document also outlines Huawei's N2510 network testing platform for accurate fault location, demarcation, and proactive network maintenance.
This presentation is based on Evolution of Passive Optical Network. We study strategies for increasing the PON’s capacity regardless of its technology: EPON (Ethernet-based PON) or GPON (Gigabit capable PON). It can also introduce other future Technologies like SCM Hybrids and Coherent PONs.
MPLS-based Metro Ethernet Networks Tutorial by KhatriFebrian
This document provides an overview of traditional metro Ethernet networks and carrier Ethernet services. It discusses:
1. How services were traditionally identified using VLAN IDs and Q-in-Q tagging which allowed for more services by preserving customer VLAN tags.
2. Forwarding was done through dynamic MAC learning in switch databases, which posed scaling issues as databases in all switches had to contain all MAC addresses.
3. Resiliency was provided by variants of spanning tree protocol, but these resulted in unused bandwidth during topology changes.
2015 02 04 international optical transport developments wdm africa 2015Xtera Communications
This presentation reviews the current status and the forecast for international connectivity to Africa and traffic demands inside the continent. In a second step, the technical solutions, including wider spectrum as enabled by Xtera’s Wise Raman technology, to respond to the traffic growth are described. This presentation was delivered at WDM & Next Generation Optical Networking Africa 2015 conference (4-5 February 2015 – Cape Town, South Africa).
PBB-TE builds on Ethernet and PBB to enable carrier-grade transport of Ethernet services with traffic engineering capabilities like protected virtual circuits. It provides secure customer demarcation, large customer service scalability through unique identifiers, and single-ended provisioning. PBB-TE can be deployed alongside regular PBB in a network and provide protected transport of services while PBB is used for other services, all on the same infrastructure.
Guylain Barlow presented on 100G and beyond transmission from a test and measurement perspective. He discussed the evolution of 100G client and line interfaces such as CFP and CFP2 modules, which aim to reduce size, power, and cost. He outlined challenges for testing newer modulation formats like DP-QPSK coherent signals used in DWDM networks. Specifically, developing methods for in-service OSNR measurements and high-resolution spectrum analysis will be important. Barlow also looked ahead to 400G transmission and potential next steps like space-division multiplexing using multi-core or multi-mode fibers to further increase total fiber capacity beyond 1 Tb/s.
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
The document discusses the challenges of future packet networks and fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) deployment alternatives. It argues that next generation access networks will be based on fiber deployments using Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network (GPON) technology. GPON is presented as the best candidate due to its pragmatic and simple approach in addressing all services while requiring less space and equipment at lower costs than other alternatives. The document also summarizes how GPON Doctor can help monitor and analyze GPON network traffic and performance.
This document discusses the E-Rate program, which provides discounts of 20-90% on telecommunication services for most schools and libraries in the US. It is funded by fees paid by telecommunications companies. The document outlines Woodville ISD's technology plan, which includes annually replacing PC/laptops and networking hardware, funding staff development, and ensuring a 1:1 student to computer ratio. The plan's objectives are to increase technology integration into instruction and provide opportunities for students to develop technology proficiency.
1) By 2020, mobile networks will need to support up to 1000 times more data traffic than in 2010 through advancements like 10x more spectrum availability, 10x more base stations, and 10x improvements in spectral and latency performance.
2) New radio technologies aim to reduce latency to 1ms and improve spectral efficiency 10x by 2020 through techniques like shorter frame lengths, interference cancellation, and advanced antenna technologies.
3) To achieve 1000x more network capacity, mobile networks will rely on 10x gains in performance, spectrum, and base station deployment through smaller cells and a combination of new 4G, 5G, and WiFi technologies working together.
HTML and CSS best practices include having proper document structure with a DOCTYPE, loading HTML content before scripts, using semantic elements, avoiding inline CSS, keeping code lean and well organized with comments, using practical class names, and utilizing CSS preprocessors for better file organization and avoiding repetitions. The overall goals are to have code that is well organized, modular, flexible, easy to read, edit, and maintain.
This document discusses the E-Rate program, which provides discounts of 20-90% on telecommunication services for most schools and libraries in the US. It is funded by telecommunications service providers and aims to provide affordable internet access. The document outlines the benefits of E-Rate, how the application process works, and Woodville ISD's technology plan, which includes funding replacement cycles for devices and infrastructure, staff development, and teaching objectives to increase technology integration and proficiency. It concludes by asking for questions and detailing how the district can get started and involved with E-Rate.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Dokumen tersebut berisi kunci jawaban soal try out teori kejuruan SMK Negeri 1 Brondong tahun pelajaran 2012/2013 untuk paket B yang terdiri dari 40 soal. Soal-soal tersebut mencakup berbagai materi pelajaran teori kejuruan seperti komputer, multimedia, desain grafis, dan fotografi.
1. The document lists the specifications for a motherboard, including support for Intel Core i7, i5, and i3 processors in the LGA1155 package, two DDR3 memory slots supporting up to 16GB of RAM, one PCIe 3.0 x16 slot, two PCIe 2.0 x1 slots, and three PCI slots.
2. It then shows a table listing the proposed components for a PC build, including an Intel Core i5 2400 processor, 4GB of RAM, a 320GB HDD, DVD-RW drive, case, keyboard, mouse, and 17-inch monitor.
3. The last section scores how well the selected components match the specifications of
Django è un framework open source per lo sviluppo di applicazioni web, scritto in linguaggio Python. Django è anche conosciuto come "The web framework for perfectionists with deadlines" perché creato con l'obiettivo di ridurre i tempi di sviluppo e migliorare la qualità delle applicazioni web. La presentazione vuole evidenziare le caratteritiche di questo framework e mostrare come è semplice creare con Django una piccola applicazione web.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document compares WiMAX and LTE TDD standards and networks. It discusses their technical differences such as standard, network structure, duplex mode, radio frame structure, access technology, and mobility. It also compares their core network configurations and provides examples of how services like VoIP and VPNs can be supported on WiMAX and LTE TDD networks. The document aims to explain the evolution from WiMAX to LTE TDD networks and some of the impacts this transition would have on terminals, network operations and maintenance, and charging.
This document provides an overview of global trends in mobile data usage and LTE technology. It discusses how mobile data is overtaking fixed broadband growth. It also summarizes that LTE aims to provide improved mobile broadband through increased spectral efficiency and simplified network design. Key LTE technologies include OFDMA for downlinks and SC-FDMA for uplinks, as well as support for flexible bandwidths up to 20 MHz. The document compares LTE to 3G technologies and outlines the evolving 3GPP system architecture. Potential LTE applications and current deployment status globally are also summarized.
The document provides an overview of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, including both short and long range wireless technologies. It discusses low power wide area network standards like LoRaWAN and SigFox, as well as cellular technologies like LTE, LTE-Advanced, and 5G. It covers a wide range of topics like network architecture, spectrum fragmentation issues, carrier aggregation techniques, and voice over LTE. The presentation aims to provide insight into both current and emerging IoT/M2M technologies and their applications from both a technical and market perspective.
Just Fact: Using 4G mobile and fixed services on a dual mode WiMAX/LTE networkBSP Media Group
This document summarizes a presentation given by Mark Altshuller, CTO of Telrad Networks, at AfricaCom 2013 on using 4G mobile and fixed services on a dual mode WiMAX/LTE network. The presentation discusses LTE industry trends, the evolution of the LTE ecosystem and device availability, differences between mobile and fixed services, a roadmap for transitioning from WiMAX to TD-LTE, approaches to fixed and mobile convergence, and Telrad's dual mode WiMAX and LTE solution that provides flexibility during network transitions.
The document provides an overview of RAN evolutions from a vendor's perspective. It discusses key market trends driving 1000x increases in network traffic and connections by 2020. It then summarizes technology advances like HSPA evolution, LTE speed increases up to 1000 Mbps, and the benefits of harmonized spectrum standards to facilitate global roaming. Carrier aggregation techniques are described to efficiently use fragmented spectrum and support wider channel bandwidths of up to 100 MHz for LTE Advanced.
This document provides an overview of 5G technology and its advantages over 4G LTE. It discusses the different 5G use cases like enhanced mobile broadband, massive IoT, and critical communications. It describes the evolution of radio technology including the use of new spectrum bands and massive MIMO. It also covers network architecture aspects such as centralized RAN deployments and functional splits between centralized and distributed units. The document is intended as a tutorial for IP engineers to understand 5G network capabilities and requirements.
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a 4G wireless technology designed to support higher data speeds and capacities. It uses OFDMA for the downlink and SC-FDMA for the uplink. LTE supports MIMO to increase data rates through multiple antennas. The LTE network architecture consists of the eNodeB base stations, Mobility Management Entity (MME) for control plane functions, Serving Gateway (SGW) for user plane functions, and Packet Data Network Gateway (PGW) connecting to external networks. Voice can be supported in LTE through Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB) to legacy networks or using Voice over LTE (VoLTE) with IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS
This document compares LTE and WiMax technologies and performance. It finds that LTE provides higher peak data rates beyond 150 Mbps, more spectrum efficiency, and full mobility support. However, both technologies can achieve similar performance under comparable conditions. The success of LTE or WiMax depends on each operator's strategic considerations regarding available spectrum, regulatory issues, legacy networks, and future evolution paths.
This document provides an overview of TD-LTE technology. It discusses why TD-LTE is relevant for operators, Nokia Siemens Networks' involvement and references in TD-LTE, the TD-LTE development progress, and key aspects of the TD-LTE technology such as frame structure, uplink/downlink configurations, and coexistence with other standards.
TCO Comparison of different tehnologies.pptKenan451559
The document discusses mobile network technologies including GSM, WCDMA, LTE and WiMAX. It analyzes network deployment scenarios and frequency refarming strategies for transitioning to LTE. The document also compares key aspects of LTE and WiMAX such as peak data rates, frequencies, ecosystem size, and integration with other technologies.
Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a 4G mobile communication standard that aims to provide faster data speeds and network capacity. LTE targets peak download speeds of 100 Mbps for 20 MHz of spectrum and aims to reduce latency to less than 5 ms. It utilizes OFDM and MIMO technologies to achieve these goals. LTE has a simplified all-IP based architecture compared to 3G and supports spectrum bandwidths from 1.25-20 MHz. As of 2010, over 60 mobile operators had committed to deploying LTE networks in over 30 countries. LTE is expected to become the dominant next-generation mobile broadband technology globally.
This document compares the 4G wireless technologies WiMAX and 3GPP-LTE. It finds that while technically similar, WiMAX appears poised to reach the market sooner with initial deployments beginning in 2007-2008, while 3GPP-LTE deployments are not expected until 2010. WiMAX also has an earlier standard completion in 2005 versus 2007 for 3GPP-LTE. Due to its earlier timeline, the document concludes WiMAX is likely to be adopted by new service providers and those looking to offer mobile services sooner, while major UMTS providers will evolve to 3GPP-LTE over time.
The document summarizes an ITU/BDT workshop on 4G wireless systems and LTE technology. It provides an overview of LTE design targets and multiple access technologies. Key points include: LTE aims to support peak data rates of 100Mbps downlink and 50Mbps uplink, reduce latency to less than 5ms, and improve spectrum efficiency over previous standards. The simplified LTE/SAE architecture relies on Evolved Node Bs without RNCs and uses IP transport with OFDMA, MIMO, and frequency domain scheduling to improve flexibility and performance.
LTE is an IP-based broadband network technology developed by 3GPP as an evolution of 3G mobile networks. It provides higher data rates and an improved end-to-end solution for delivery of voice, data and multimedia to users. Key aspects of LTE include support for wider channel bandwidths up to 20MHz, OFDMA on the downlink and SC-FDMA on the uplink, peak data rates of 100Mbps downlink and 50Mbps uplink, and backward compatibility with 2G and 3G networks. LTE Advanced further enhances LTE through the use of carrier aggregation to bond multiple component carriers, support for higher order MIMO up to 8x8, and theoretical peak data rates
Following the phenomenal global success of LTE, the stage is set for the foray of LTE Advanced. Industry leaders have already gotten a head start with its first step: carrier aggregation. Join us to explore the success factors behind LTE proliferation and an impressive lineup of enhancements that LTE Advanced is bringing.
For more information please visit:
www.qualcomm.com/lte-advanced
4 g(lte) principle and key technology training and certificate 2Taiz Telecom
The document provides an overview of 4G LTE principles and key technologies. It discusses LTE evolution from 3G standards and introduces some of LTE's main features like OFDMA, MIMO and improved spectral efficiency. It describes LTE network elements including eNodeB, MME, SGW, PGW and PCRF. It also covers the LTE air interface and interconnection between network interfaces.
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4 g(lte) principle and key technology training and certificate 2
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1. Telefonica UK’s
LTE & Small Cell
Trials
Robert Joyce
Chief Radio Engineer
Telefonica UK
2. Telefonica UK Network Today
• 2G (GSM) Network (Launched 1994)
No. Sites: >11,000
Coverage: 99% Population Coverage
Capacity: 5Gbps
Capability: Voice, Data (240kbps DL/100kbps UL)
• 3G (UMTS) Network (Launched 2004)
No. Sites: >10,000 (U2100 & U900)
Coverage: >90% Population Coverage
UMTS Capacity: >50Gbps
Capability: Voice, Data (42Mbps DL/ 5.8Mbps UL)
• 4G (LTE) ...... Central London 4G Trial
No. Sites: 25
Coverage: 40km2
Coverage: 40km2
Capability: Voice, Data (150Mbps DL/50Mbps UL)
3. Telefonica UK Radio Network Evolution
Cell SplitSplit
Cell
3G900 4G1800/2600
/HSPA+ 4G800/900
6 Sector
6 Sector
Small Cell Technology
Microcells
Microcells
Year
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
What do customers want from O2’s network?
Coverage, Capacity & Capability
4. Why LTE?
• LTE = “Long Term Evolution” commonly referred to as 4G (e.g. 4G iPad)
• O2’s trial is achieving peak downlink 100Mbit/s, with 30-50 Mbit/s typical
• Compared to 3G, offers:
x5
Technology
x10 x4
Higher peak user Higher spectral
Decreased latency
throughput efficiency
Lower transmission
Customer Faster data Shorter waiting costs per Mbit, so
experience delivery for users times before data users can have more
starts flowing data for their money
6. Telefonica O2UK Slough Trial
• Understand the performance of LTE
• Coverage (cell range, in building penetration)
• Capacity (peak throughput, average throughput,
cell edge throughput, radio links/sec)
• Mobility (LTE/LTE, LTE/3G, LTE/2G)
• User experience (throughput/latency/services)
• Vendor benchmarking
• Understand the maturity of the technology
• Develop wider company understanding of LTE,
planning, deployment, operations, optimisation
Lab Phase Execution (2600)
Field Phase Execution (2600)
Friendly User Trials (2600)
LTE800Trials
May 09 June 09 Jul 09 Aug 09 Sep 09 Oct 09 Nov 09 Dec 09 Jan 10 Feb 10 Mar 10 Apr 10 May 10 Jun 10
7. O2UK Trial – Network Overview (LTE2600)
Slough LTE RAN
Central London
Heathrow
Airport
Basingstoke
SAE Core
9. LTE Slough 2009: Huawei LTE Equipment Overview (Test Lab)
Application Server
HSS (Home
Subscriber Server)
Remote Radio
Units x3 MME (Mobility
Management Entity)
S-GW/PDN-GW
Baseband Unit x2
Entire SAE Core Contained in 2 Racks
10. LTE Slough 2009: Typical GSM/UMTS/LTE Site Configuration –
Cab Area
Power
LTE BBU
Area for future
expansion
3G BTS 2G BTS LTE
(MultiRAN)
BTS
11. Typical GSM/UMTS/LTE Site Configuration – Tower Top
2100/2600 Antenna
2600 RET Actuator
NEC Ethernet
Radio Backhaul
LTE2600 RRUs x 3
900/1800 Antenna
13. LTE Slough 2009: O2UK Trial – Test UEs
Huawei LTE2600 Samsung LTE2600 Test UE
Test UE (Model Name: GT-B3710)
DL 50Mbs / UL 35Mbps DL 100Mbs / UL 50Mbps
(Cat 3 UE)
14. Selected LTE Trial Results
• TelefonicaTrials aims are to understand
the performance of LTE is terms of
• Coverage
• Capacity
• Mobility
• User experience/services
15. Selected LTE Trial Results
• TelefonicaTrials aims are to understand
the performance of LTE is terms of
• Coverage
• Capacity
• Mobility
• User experience/services
17. Selected LTE Trial Results – Coverage (Huawei UE)
RLC Throughput vs. PathLoss (20MHz DL, OL)
Good Coverage Medium Coverage Poor Coverage
RLC Throughput[Mbps]
40Mbps 20Mbps 5Mbps
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160
PathLoss[dB]
UE is limited to 50Mbps so x2 for a 100Mbps UE
18. Selected LTE Trial Results
• TelefonicaTrials aims are to understand
the performance of LTE is terms of
• Coverage
• Capacity
• Mobility
• User experience/services
19. Selected LTE Trial Results – Predicted Capacity
Average Cell Throughput (Mbps) in 5MHz Carrier
8
7
Average Cell Throughput (Mbps)
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
HSPA R6 Rake HSPA R6 Type HSPA R7 HSPA R7 2X2 HSPA R8 DC LTE R8 2X2 LTE R8 2X4 LTE R8 4X4
Rx 3 Rx 64QAM MIMO MIMO MIMO MIMO
Technology
21. Selected LTE Trial Results – Capacity
(Peak Cell Throughput)
Peak Cell Throughput Rate for 20MHz Bandwidth
160
Application throughput(Mbps)
140 134.99 135.40
120
100
80
63.11 64.10
60
40
20
0
DL FTP DL UDP UL FTP UL UDP
Peak cell application throughput of 135Mbps and 64Mbps measured in Lab & Field
22. Selected LTE Trial Results – Capacity
(Average Cell Throughput)
UE Locations
Loaded (70% DL load) cell application throughput of 25Mbps in Lab & Field,
compared to around 2-3Mbps in a loaded HSPA network (x2.5 more spectrally efficient)
23. Selected LTE Trial Results
• TelefonicaTrials aims are to understand
the performance of LTE is terms of
• Coverage
• Capacity
• Mobility
• User experience/services
24. Selected LTE Trial Results – Mobility (LTE<->LTE)
LTE/LTE Handover Success Rate (HOSR) seen in field extremely high >99.9%
Downlink Interruption Time ≈ 45ms
LTE<->3G Handover testing awaiting multi-mode UEs
25. Selected LTE Trial Results
• TelefonicaTrials aims are to understand
the performance of LTE is terms of
• Coverage
• Capacity
• Mobility
• User experience/services
26. Selected LTE Trial Results – User Experience (Throughput)
kbps WCDMA
Average Throughput = 1.5Mbps
kbps
LTE
Average Throughput = 20Mbps
Comparative drive test around Slough
3G HSPA 7.2Mbps dongle vs. 4G Samsung 100Mbps Dongle
29. LTE 2012 Friendly User Trials - Feedback
O2: “I don’t bother with the company LAN anymore Wi-Fi or
cable as this is faster”
Media: “We’ve already streamed live feeds over the 4G trial
network”
Consumer: “Why do I pay BT £15 per month for 2Mbps?”
41. Telefonica UK Macro Site Evolution
Technology @ Site Peak User Cumulative Average Site
Throughput Throughput
4G+ (2015) – LTE-A + HSPA++ 150Mbps 160 Mbps
Site Throughput 4G (2013) – LTE + HPSA+ 100Mbps 110 Mbps
Capacity x8
3G HSPA+ (2012) – HSPA+42 17.7 Mbps 25.2 Mbps
3G HSPA (2011) – HSPA 14.4 17.7 Mbps 18.9 Mbps
3G (2004) – HSPA 3.6 6 Mbps 5.4 Mbps
2G (2000) - GPRS/EDGE 40 kbps 120kbps
3G and 4G will deliver a x8 Capacity Increase on Macrocells
x50 will be required in the high traffic areas
Small cells are the only option
42. 2100 MHz (1) – 1st carrier
3G Macrocell
2100 MHz (2) – 2nd carrier
Network 2011
Limited to 7 macrocells
within 1x1km area
42
43. 2100 MHz (1) 900 MHz (1)
Microcell Picocell 2100 MHz (2) 900 MHz (2)
Network 2015 Macrocell 800/1800/2600 MHz
Busy areas require 50m
radius microcells
Limited to 7 macrocells All microcell deployed with 3
within 1x1km area carriers (2xU2100 1xLTE2600).
Busiest 200x200m area
requires 6 microcells
plus 3 carrier
picocells/public femto
cells
Microcell range limited
to 150m due to building
loss and corner loss
44. 2009-2010: Street Level “Micro” Cells
Upgrading of 2G Street Level Microcells to 3G Micro
Bellbox antenna
•Cost
•Time
•Landlords RF Feeder
•Maintenance
•Volumes •Transmission
•Technology
Street Level
Macrocell equipment and
NTE Located in basement/
store cupboard
Microcell/Macrocell RSCP
-20.0
-30.0
•Traffic Capture
Erlangs
-40.0
RSCP (dBm)
Macro RSCP [dBm]
-50.0
Micro RSCP [dBm]
-60.0
-70.0
•Macrocell
-80.0
•Shared Carrier
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
Cell Distance (m)
Traditional Microcell: Very High Cost per kE/Mbps/km2
45. 2011: Small Cell TCO Modelling
3rd Party Pole, Public Indoor Femto & WLAN looking most promising
46. 2011: O2 wifi
3rd Party Pole, Public Indoor Femto & WLAN looking most
promising
47. Public Wifi ... but also exclusive access to
Central London Street Furniture
48. 2012: O2 Metro Wifi Deployment Areas
All priority areas to be delivered by Summer 2012
49. High Level Delivery Plan with Planning after Design Approval
Dec-11 Jan-12 Feb-12 Mar-12 Apr-12 May-12
06-May
13-May
20-May
27-May
04-Dec
11-Dec
18-Dec
25-Dec
05-Feb
12-Feb
19-Feb
26-Feb
04-Mar
11-Mar
18-Mar
25-Mar
01-Jan
08-Jan
15-Jan
22-Jan
29-Jan
01-Apr
08-Apr
15-Apr
22-Apr
29-Apr
Responses
Responses
Decision
Decision
Issued
RFP
RFP
RFP
RFP
RFP
Generic Design & Development - Street to Data Centre
(Core)
RF Kit - AP Design, including Antennas
Backhaul Design
Mesh Design
Micro - Macro Design
Macro - Data Centre (Core) Design
Power to site design
Bank Holiday
Bank Holiday
Backhaul orders placed & Delivered - BT etc
Site Surveys
Ph 1a
1st batch of vendor street
Site AP & Backhaul Deployment -
units delivered
Local Network Design -
Exhibition Rd - Ph 1a
Exhibition Rd - Ph 1a
Optimisation - Ph 1a
Local Authority Planning
Approval
Hub Survey & Hub Deployment
Plan - A end
Bank Holiday
Bank Holiday
Power to AP site
order & Delivery
Site Surveys
Vendor street units delivered
Ph 1b
Local Network Design -
Ph 1b
Bank Holiday
Bank Holiday
Optimisation Ph 1b
Local Authority Planning Approval Planning Approval
Site AP & Backhaul
Hub Survey & Plan Hub Deployment - A end Deployment -
Ph 1b
Power to AP site order &
Delivery y
y
51. Example Install: Parliament Square
Type 1 Install Type 2 Install
Transmission Hub (7762)
Access Point (8800)
52. Access Point and Transmission Equipment
Ruckus 7762 5GHz
Remote Terminal (Wi-Fi)
239x195x141mm
Weight 1.9kg
Ruckus 8800
Access Point (Wi-Fi/Cellular)
380x310x170mm
10kg
53. Access Point
Ruckus 8800
Access Point (Wi-Fi/Cellular)
380x310x170mm
10kg
54. UK Small Cells – The Future (Wifi + Femto)
Adaptor plates
attaches to Wifi
unit with two Flat
head M6 screws ALU Femto Unit
per side mounts to adaptor
plates.
55. High Level Design - Project Metro Network Architecture - plan A
O2 WiFi
Core Network / O2 5GHz
O2
Data Centre CBNL /
Hemel Hempstead BT Ethernet CSL
Fibre Link
28GHz
28GHz
Hilton Park Lane
BT NTE
O2
O2 CBNL P-MP
28GHz Microwave
28GHz 5GHz
28GHz
Ruckus /
O2
O2 AWTG
5GHz
O2
Street Lighting Column with
Ruckus WiFi Access Point
Point to Multi Point Dish
O2 Existing O2 Macro Site
Ruckus Radio Access Point
56. High Level Design - Project Metro Network Architecture - plan B
O2 WiFi
Core Network / O2 5GHz
O2
Data Centre CBNL /
Hemel Hempstead BT Ethernet CSL
Fibre Link
28GHz
28GHz
Hilton Park Lane
BT NTE
O2
CBNL P-MP
Microwave
28GHz 5GHz
Virgin Fibre
to Post Ruckus /
X
O2 AWTG
Street Lighting Column with
Ruckus WiFi Access Point
Point to Multi Point Dish
O2 Existing O2 Macro Site
BT Fibre to
Post
Ruckus Radio Access Point
58. High Level Design – Exhibition Road
• Target Outdoor RxLev >= -90dBm.
• The design consists of 9 APs.
• The design will deliver an estimated
capacity of 9x15Mbps = 135Mbps
within the planned coverage area.
• Therefore delivering 1350Mbps/km2
• Already shown 50Mbps DL & UL
during initial testing
63. London Small Cells – High Density (HD) Femto Deployment
Telefonica UK has only 10MHz of U2100
spectrum and therefore has to share a Plot of Best Server HS-DSCH Throughput (Mbps)
carrier between Macro and Femto layers
For some time now we have been studying 21 22 23 24 25
the feasibility of deploying a dense Femto
Distance in bins
16 17 18 19 20
layer under a macrocell 11 12 13 14 15
And more recently we have deployed what
6 7 8 9 10
we believe to be the world’s densest Femto
cell deployment 1 2 3 4 5
65. London Small Cells – High Density (HD) Femto Deployment
11 Plots
65 Blocks (1 – 8 blocks per plot)
564 Floors (7 – 11 floors per block)
2818 apartments (typically 6 per floor)
Up to 16,962 beds
66. London Small Cells – High Density (HD) Femto Deployment
1. External CW Testing
This identified that the building penetration loss was in the order of 20dB for 900MHz and 30dB for 2100MHz.
Therefore an in-building solution would be required to provide assured service to users.
Subsequent O2 propagation modelling indicated that approx 20% of accommodation was likely to experience
acceptable 3G (2100MHz) service if the two proposed external macrocells are built. This reduces to 11% if they
are not built. For GSM900 the predicted coverage is approximately 40% with and 20% without macrocells.
2. Internal CW testing
This confirmed that two antennas (DAS or Femto) radiating +10dBm at 2100MHz could cover all rooms on a
typical floor to RSCP -85dBm or better. One antenna would cover to -105dBm or better. Central riser and
apartment service cupboard locations were equally effective. Penetration loss between floors was
approximately 20dB meaning that floors could be covered in relative isolation from each other.
3. Femto-cell trial
Confirmed that two ALU Enterprise Femto-cells, each located in a selected apartment service cupboard
provides satisfactory 3G voice and data performance in all rooms on a single typical floor. Further testing
identified no issues with femtos interfering between floors.
67. London Small Cells – High Density (HD) Femto Deployment
Femto Home Hub
Femto cell located within cupboard adjacent to BT
Infinity Home Hub.
Probably secured with cable ties to rear mesh (as
shown by blue square) to minimise potential
tampering and theft.
70. London Small Cells – High Density (HD) Femto Deployment
Coverage provided via 1200 x ALU Enterprise V1.5 (100mW – 8 user) indoor
femtocells with backhaul via BT Infinity FTTx.
Deployment, testing and validation concluded.
Alcatel-Lucent will provide a Managed Service to monitor and support the
Femto Gateway and CPE 24/7.
High Density “Open” group deployment proven
Densest Femtocell deployment in the world!
72. Small Cells: Solar Pole Test & Build
Telefonica UK’s first Solar Powered 3G/4G/Wi-Fi Access Point
73. In Summary
London “activities” in 2012 have accelerated the deployment of LTE &
small cells for Telefonica UK
• 3rd Party Poles, Indoor open Femto and Wifi are the way forward
• Proven that lamppost mounted small cells are feasible – London Lampposts
• Both fibre and Microwave is suitable for backhaul
• High Density Open Femto deployments are possible – London Femtos
Next steps
• Study further Femto/Wifi and Micro/Wifi integration
• Study further the interaction with the Macro layers
• Further prove 5GHz/Fibre, 5GHz/28GHz
• Investigation of other small cell backhaul technologies
› VDSL
› 28GHz Mesh, 60GHz P2P
2012 was the year of trialling and 2013 will the year of deployment!