Technology transfer is the process of transferring technology from its originators to wider distribution and use. It occurs both formally and informally within and across organizations, industries, and countries. The key steps in the process include identifying technologies, obtaining intellectual property protections, developing commercialization strategies, and marketing and licensing the technology. Some common methods of transfer are licensing, support contracts, franchising, management contracts, and joint ventures. While technology transfer enables competitive advantages and economic growth, it can also lead to issues like dependency, job loss, and intellectual property challenges.

1. Transfer of technology

2. What is it?
• Technology transfer is also called transfer of technology (TOT)
• It is the process of transferring technology from the places
and ingroups of its origination to wider distribution among more
people and places.
• It can also be defined as the transfer of new technology from the
originator to a secondary user, especially from developed to
developing countries in an attempt to boost their economies.
•

3. What is it?
• It occurs along various axes: among universities, from universities to
businesses, from large businesses to smaller ones,
from governments to businesses, across borders, both formally and
informally, and both openly and secretively.
• It occurs by efforts to share skills, knowledge, technologies, methods of
manufacturing, samples of manufacturing, and facilities among
institutions to ensure that scientific and technological developments
are accessible to many users.

5. The process includes:
• Identifying new technologies
• Protecting technologies through patents and copyrights
• Forming development and commercialization strategies such as
marketing and licensing to existing private sector companies or
creating new startup companies based on the technology
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6. Technology transfer process
• Invention: Observations and experiments during research activities often
lead to discoveries and inventions. Often multiple researchers may have
contributed to the invention.
• Invention Disclosure: An invention disclosure is a confidential document,
and should fully document the invention so that the options for
commercialization can be evaluated and pursued.
• Assessment: This is the period in which one reviews the invention
disclosure, conduct patent searches and analyze the market and competitive
landscape.

7. Technology transfer process
• Protection: The process in which protection for an invention is pursued to
encourage third party interest in commercialization. Other protection options
include copyright and trademark protection.
• Marketing: involves identifying candidate companies that have the expertise,
resources, and business networks to bring the technology to market.
•
• Licensing: A license agreement is used with both a new startup business or with
an established company. An option agreement is sometimes used to enable a
third party to evaluate the technology for a limited time before licensing

8. Some Ways of technology transfer
• Licensing- Licensing is an agreement under which the owner of a
patent, trademark or other intellectual property gives permission to
another company to use the technology developed by him, in a
certain area during a certain period of time.
• Support contract- According to this agreement, the technology owner
participates in the technology implementation, providing at each
stage of the transfer technical support, as well as personnel training.
•
• Franchising- Franchising is an agreement where one company grants
to another the right to use its trademark and business model.
•

9. Some ways of technology transfer
• Management contract- This method of technology transfers involves
minimum costs. But, generally, it can be effective only for small
projects with relatively simple technology.
• Joint venture-A joint venture is an agreement concluded between
two or more companies in order to execute a particular business.
The joint venture implies mutual assets, management, risks, profit
sharing, co-production, services and marketing.
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10. Advantages of transfer of technology
• Competitive advantage- it is important in order to get over their competitors.
• Research and development- it helps in research and development of a specific
product which helps to take into account public and private need.
• More customers and potential consumers- Latest technology transfer is also
contributing in laying foundation of new markets and so new customers.
• Sustainable economic growth- Another advantage of technology transfer is
sustainable economic growth in the future. It will help in improving overall
economic growth of the country.
• Cost efficiency- Technology has overtaken the need of labor.This way the
production cost has become quite lower.
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11. Disadvantages of transfer of technology
• Dependency- as the society is becoming technologically advanced people
become less self-reliant and this enormous dependency on technology put
the people at high dependency.
• Worthlessness of human workers- It is also causing a rise in
unemployment as automated machines are used to do the work of many
people with one machine so the organizations don’t need to employ
people to get their jobs done.
• Problems in higher education- With the advent and transfer of
technology the piracy has become irresistible. It has become quite difficult
to protect intellectual property ownership.
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12. List of institute in india assisting in
technology transfer
• Asia pacific centre for transfer of technology
• Technology bureau for small enterprises
• National research and development corporation
• Foundation for innovation and technology transfer

13. Case study
Technology transfer between volvo
and geely

14. • Geely is an Chinese multinational automotive manufacturing
company
• Volvo is an Swedish vehicle manufacturer
• In order to stay competitive in Chinese market,Volvo Cars has
to produce cars in China.
• Geely’s wants to take the benefit ofVolvo Car’s complete
system such as advanced platform, well-managed organization
structure and intelligent employees.
• the whole Volvo is a system and it can survive by itself. But
Geely offers them a way to reduce more cost and produce
efficiently
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15. Technological capability
• Volvo was using local engineers to produce cars locally.
• they have regular seminars as well as training program in both Geely
andVolvo Cars, which can help their employees to acquire know-
how skills and enhance the speed of technology transfer.
• It was also a big challenge for Swedish leaders to train people and
develop people.
• the cultural differences were challenging to both Chinese and Swedish
engineers.

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