Technology in the Street

Copyright Protected 2005:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Police TechnologyPolice Technology
Chapter EighteenChapter Eighteen
Technology in the StreetTechnology in the Street

Copyright Protected 2005:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymo
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
 Constitutional and case law that hasConstitutional and case law that has
motivated the development of less-lethalmotivated the development of less-lethal
use-of-force devicesuse-of-force devices
 Use of radar and laser technology in trafficUse of radar and laser technology in traffic
 Technologies used in vehicle pursuitsTechnologies used in vehicle pursuits
 Gunfire-reduction technologyGunfire-reduction technology
 Automated external defibrillatorsAutomated external defibrillators
 Body ArmorBody Armor

IntroductionIntroduction
 Nightstick and revolver were the firstNightstick and revolver were the first
technologies police officers used to protecttechnologies police officers used to protect
themselvesthemselves
 Today, officers carry semiautomaticToday, officers carry semiautomatic
handgunshandguns
 Shotgun is second-most common firearmShotgun is second-most common firearm
carried by police officerscarried by police officers

Less-Lethal Use-of-Force DevicesLess-Lethal Use-of-Force Devices
The offender’sThe offender’s
actions dictate theactions dictate the
Police officer’sPolice officer’s
response.response.
 Level 1 – CooperationLevel 1 – Cooperation
 Level 2 – PassiveLevel 2 – Passive
ResistanceResistance
 Level 3 – ActiveLevel 3 – Active
ResistanceResistance
 Level 4 – Threat ofLevel 4 – Threat of
bodily harmbodily harm
 Level 5 – Use-of-forceLevel 5 – Use-of-force

Less-Lethal Use-of-Force DevicesLess-Lethal Use-of-Force Devices
The levels of use of force is not a
stair-step approach…in other words
an officer may not try one before
the other….the officer chooses the
correct response to the offender’s
actions….more link a tool kit.

44thth
Amendment & Use-of-forceAmendment & Use-of-force
Is the foundation for the use of force byIs the foundation for the use of force by
police officers (Search and Seizure)police officers (Search and Seizure)
Any timeAny time police officers stop someone,police officers stop someone,
they are seizing that person.they are seizing that person.

Tennessee v. GarnerTennessee v. Garner
 The use of deadly force against anThe use of deadly force against an
offender whooffender who does notdoes not appear to pose aappear to pose a
threat to police officers or others inthreat to police officers or others in
unconstitutional.unconstitutional.
 This ruling established theThis ruling established the ““defense-of-life”defense-of-life”
standardstandard
 Introduced the concept that all force mustIntroduced the concept that all force must
bebe reasonablyreasonably applied.applied.

Less-lethal use-of-force devices – toolsLess-lethal use-of-force devices – tools
that can overcome offenders’ resistancethat can overcome offenders’ resistance
with awith a minimum amount of forceminimum amount of force andand
minimal injuryminimal injury to the offender andto the offender and
officers.officers.
AnyAny form of force can beform of force can be
deadly.deadly.

Less-lethal featuresLess-lethal features
 Must improve on present practiceMust improve on present practice
 Must be accessible to the officer yet notMust be accessible to the officer yet not
overburden the officer.overburden the officer.
 Must be relatively inexpensiveMust be relatively inexpensive
 Must be ruggedizedMust be ruggedized
 Cannot require intensive or frequentCannot require intensive or frequent
trainingtraining
 Must work under adverse conditionsMust work under adverse conditions

The Police BatonThe Police Baton
The most widely used and accepted impact/leverageThe most widely used and accepted impact/leverage
tool used by police officers.tool used by police officers.

Chemical AgentsChemical Agents
Chloroacetophenone (Chloroacetophenone (CNCN) and) and
OrthochlorobenzalmalononitrileOrthochlorobenzalmalononitrile
((CSCS))
 Both work on the centralBoth work on the central
nervous system of thenervous system of the
offender.offender.
 Induce pain by activatingInduce pain by activating
receptor cells via neuralreceptor cells via neural
transmitters within the brain.transmitters within the brain.

Any change in an offender’s system canAny change in an offender’s system can
diminish or negate the effectiveness of thediminish or negate the effectiveness of the
chemical agents (e.g., drugs, endorphins)chemical agents (e.g., drugs, endorphins)
CNCN
 Burning pain in theBurning pain in the
eyes, nose, andeyes, nose, and
throat.throat.
CSCS
 Pain in the nose,Pain in the nose,
throat, and chestthroat, and chest
 Can cause nauseaCan cause nausea
and vomiting.and vomiting.

Oleoresin Capsicum (OC)Oleoresin Capsicum (OC)
 A natural substanceA natural substance
found in cayenne pepper.found in cayenne pepper.
 Is an inflammatory agent,Is an inflammatory agent,
not an irritant. Causesnot an irritant. Causes
swelling of the eyes andswelling of the eyes and
breathing passages andbreathing passages and
burning sensation.burning sensation.
 Can cause shortness ofCan cause shortness of
breath, involuntarybreath, involuntary
closing of eyes andclosing of eyes and
coughing.coughing.
Photograph provided by ZARC International

Oleoresin Capsicum (OC)Oleoresin Capsicum (OC)
 UnlikeUnlike
conventionalconventional
“tear gas” OC“tear gas” OC
works on dogsworks on dogs

Beanbag ShotgunBeanbag Shotgun
 By changing theBy changing the
ammunition, theammunition, the
traditional shotgun istraditional shotgun is
changed to a less-changed to a less-
lethal use-of-forcelethal use-of-force
device.device.
 Projectile is aProjectile is a
beanbag-like round.beanbag-like round. Photograph provided by Defense Technology Federal laboratories

Foam baton roundFoam baton round
 Cousin to the beanbag shotgun.Cousin to the beanbag shotgun.
 Is a tactical crowd control less-lethalIs a tactical crowd control less-lethal
device (to move large groups of people)device (to move large groups of people)
 Fired from a 37 mm launcher.Fired from a 37 mm launcher.
 Round ricochets into crowd.Round ricochets into crowd.
 Large psychological effect (noise, smoke,Large psychological effect (noise, smoke,
flash).flash).

Electrical Control DevicesElectrical Control Devices
The most common is the Taser.The most common is the Taser.
 Handheld, used like a pistol.Handheld, used like a pistol.
 Compressed nitrogen is used to propelCompressed nitrogen is used to propel
two projectiles or probes.two projectiles or probes.
 The electrical charge interferes with theThe electrical charge interferes with the
electrical communication between theelectrical communication between the
brain and the muscles.brain and the muscles.

Radar Speed DetectionRadar Speed Detection
The traditional method of speed detectionThe traditional method of speed detection
is theis the radarradar..
 A radar is a transceiver designed to pickA radar is a transceiver designed to pick
up its own RF signals.up its own RF signals.
 Police radar uses a constant RF wavePolice radar uses a constant RF wave
 Good up to about 1,000 feetGood up to about 1,000 feet

Laser speed detectionLaser speed detection
 The laser unit reflects light off theThe laser unit reflects light off the
violator’s vehicleviolator’s vehicle
 Using the TDOA formula, calculatesUsing the TDOA formula, calculates
the speed of the vehicle.the speed of the vehicle.
 More expensive, but more specificMore expensive, but more specific
 Dedication range of up to 2000 feetDedication range of up to 2000 feet

Vehicle PursuitsVehicle Pursuits
The first tool is aThe first tool is a
pursuit policypursuit policy thatthat
guides the actionsguides the actions
of police officersof police officers
during stressfulduring stressful
events.events.
Basic technology hasBasic technology has
not changed - policenot changed - police
vehicle emergencyvehicle emergency
lights and sirenslights and sirens
Photograph provided by Woodcrest Vehicle Center

How to stop an offenderHow to stop an offender
Two commonTwo common
mechanical means:mechanical means:
 Tire deflation spikes –Tire deflation spikes –
difficult to deploydifficult to deploy
 PrecisionPrecision
immobilizationimmobilization
techniquetechnique
(PIT maneuver)(PIT maneuver)

Gunfire-Reduction TechnologyGunfire-Reduction Technology
It is nearly as dangerous toIt is nearly as dangerous to
fire a gun into the air as it isfire a gun into the air as it is
to fire a gun at someone.to fire a gun at someone.
When the bullet returns toWhen the bullet returns to
Earth, it has nearly theEarth, it has nearly the
same energy that it did onsame energy that it did on
the way up.the way up.

Some new technologiesSome new technologies
available to detect andavailable to detect and
locate gunfire use GISlocate gunfire use GIS
principles to provide localprinciples to provide local
police officers withpolice officers with
information as to theinformation as to the
location of the gunfire.location of the gunfire.Screen capture provided by ShotSpotter, Inc.

 Acoustic devices are placed onAcoustic devices are placed on
telephone poles, rooftops, andtelephone poles, rooftops, and
streetlamps within a one-square milestreetlamps within a one-square mile
area.area.
 These devices detect gunfire and feedThese devices detect gunfire and feed
information about sound and directioninformation about sound and direction
to a computer.to a computer.
 The computer uses TDOA to determineThe computer uses TDOA to determine
the location of the gunfire.the location of the gunfire.

Gunshot ResidueGunshot Residue
 The use of chemicals to detect theThe use of chemicals to detect the
presence of gunpowder residue.presence of gunpowder residue.
 Technologies are improving so that theTechnologies are improving so that the
techniques can be applying in the field.techniques can be applying in the field.

Body ArmorBody Armor
Soft body armor startedSoft body armor started
out as tire treadsout as tire treads
(Kevlar). Two basic(Kevlar). Two basic
types of body armor:types of body armor:
 SoftSoft
 HardHard
Soft – a series of tightlySoft – a series of tightly
woven nylon threadswoven nylon threads
that act tothat act to dispersedisperse
the energy of a bullet.the energy of a bullet.
Hard – Metal or ceramicHard – Metal or ceramic
plates. Itplates. It deflectsdeflects
gunfire.gunfire.

Automated External DefibrillatorAutomated External Defibrillator
Your heartbeat is controlled by electricalYour heartbeat is controlled by electrical
impulses. Sometimes, these electricalimpulses. Sometimes, these electrical
impulses beat out of synchronization. Theimpulses beat out of synchronization. The
heart contracts irregularly, does not pumpheart contracts irregularly, does not pump
blood throughout your body, and canblood throughout your body, and can
cause you to die.cause you to die.

If your heart isIf your heart is
defibrillateddefibrillated
(shocked), survival(shocked), survival
rates can be high.rates can be high.
AnAn automatedautomated
external defibrillatorexternal defibrillator
(AED)(AED) is a deviceis a device
designed to allow firstdesigned to allow first
responders toresponders to
diagnose anddiagnose and
administeradminister
defibrillation.defibrillation.
Photograph provided by Cardiac Science, Inc.

Copyright Protected 2005:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Police TechnologyPolice Technology
Go to theGo to the Student ResourcesStudent Resources page atpage at
www.hitechcj.comwww.hitechcj.com

Technology in the Street

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