The companion PowerPoint presentation for Chapter Nineteen (Personnel and Training) for the book Police Technology.

1. Copyright Protected 2005:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Police TechnologyPolice Technology
Chapter NineteenChapter Nineteen
Personnel and TrainingPersonnel and Training

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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
 History and factors of Scheduling andHistory and factors of Scheduling and
DeploymentDeployment
 Tracking problem officersTracking problem officers
 Continuous training in law enforcementContinuous training in law enforcement

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Scheduling and DeploymentScheduling and Deployment
 DeploymentDeployment is theis the
minimum numberminimum number
operating forceoperating force
necessary to providenecessary to provide
police services withinpolice services within
a jurisdictiona jurisdiction

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Scheduling and DeploymentScheduling and Deployment
 SchedulingScheduling is the process of movingis the process of moving
personnel resources around to meet thepersonnel resources around to meet the
needs of deployment.needs of deployment.

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Scheduling and DeploymentScheduling and Deployment
 Sometimes, the number of police officersSometimes, the number of police officers
required is relatively fixed – there are arequired is relatively fixed – there are a
certain number of beats within acertain number of beats within a
jurisdiction.jurisdiction.
 At other times, the number of policeAt other times, the number of police
officers needs to be increased becauseofficers needs to be increased because
the work load – like calls for service –the work load – like calls for service –
increases.increases.

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Scheduling and DeploymentScheduling and Deployment
 Early research into deployment:Early research into deployment:
 Patrol Car Allocation Model (PCAMPatrol Car Allocation Model (PCAM))
 Hypercube ModelHypercube Model
 Queuing theoryQueuing theory – a method of– a method of
mathematically determining a level ofmathematically determining a level of
serviceservice

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Scheduling and DeploymentScheduling and Deployment
 Level of Service FactorsLevel of Service Factors
 Response time to calls for serviceResponse time to calls for service
 Free time for officers to conduct investigationsFree time for officers to conduct investigations
 Crime rateCrime rate
 Community satisfactionCommunity satisfaction
 Geographic areaGeographic area

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Scheduling and DeploymentScheduling and Deployment
 Computer-AidedComputer-Aided
Dispatch (CAD) canDispatch (CAD) can
be helpful inbe helpful in
determining thedetermining the
number of calls fornumber of calls for
service, and thusservice, and thus
deployment needsdeployment needs
Screen Capture Provided by Crimestar

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Scheduling and DeploymentScheduling and Deployment
 Data can be viewedData can be viewed
by hour (as withby hour (as with
previous slide) or byprevious slide) or by
day (this slide).day (this slide).
Screen Capture Provided by Crimestar

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Case ManagementCase Management
 Detective supervisorsDetective supervisors
and managers areand managers are
concerned withconcerned with
managing the workmanaging the work
load and productivityload and productivity
of detectives. Caseof detectives. Case
managementmanagement
software is oftensoftware is often
helpful.helpful.
Screen Capture Provided by Crimestar

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Problem OfficersProblem Officers
 It is believed that a smallIt is believed that a small
percentage of policepercentage of police
officers garner the lion’sofficers garner the lion’s
share of citizenshare of citizen
complaints, on-duty trafficcomplaints, on-duty traffic
accidents and civil suits.accidents and civil suits.
 Agencies are looking forAgencies are looking for
ways to introduce early-ways to introduce early-
warning systemswarning systems
Screen capture provided by the Institute for Police Technology and Management

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Problem OfficersProblem Officers
 Software may help because:Software may help because:
 Much of police work is conducted outside theMuch of police work is conducted outside the
view of supervisorsview of supervisors
 Police work is 24/7 and officers move fromPolice work is 24/7 and officers move from
shift to shift, sometimes before a supervisorshift to shift, sometimes before a supervisor
notes a pattern or problem.notes a pattern or problem.
 In larger agencies, police officers can transferIn larger agencies, police officers can transfer
from one region to another before patterns orfrom one region to another before patterns or
problems are detected.problems are detected.

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Problem OfficersProblem Officers
 Difficulties:Difficulties:
 Legal and PoliceLegal and Police
Union concernsUnion concerns
 High MaintenanceHigh Maintenance
costscosts
 Does productivityDoes productivity
counter-balancecounter-balance
negative input?negative input?
 What is tracked?What is tracked?
 All complaints?All complaints?
 Only sustainedOnly sustained
complaints?complaints?

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TrainingTraining
 Police officers do not use all of their skillsPolice officers do not use all of their skills
everyday, but they need to be able to useeveryday, but they need to be able to use
their skills at a moment’s notice.their skills at a moment’s notice.
 People tend to default to the level of theirPeople tend to default to the level of their
training.training.
 Practice does not make perfect, but canPractice does not make perfect, but can
make response automatic.make response automatic.

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TrainingTraining
 Routine use of jobRoutine use of job
skills tends to improveskills tends to improve
employeeemployee
performance.performance.
 When job skills areWhen job skills are
not used, employeenot used, employee
performance declines.performance declines.
 In reality, tacticalIn reality, tactical
skills (like shooting,skills (like shooting,
pursuit driving, etc.)pursuit driving, etc.)
are rarely used.are rarely used.

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TrainingTraining
Knowledge
+ Practice Ability
=

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TrainingTraining
 Early forms ofEarly forms of
interactive traininginteractive training
used film and thenused film and then
videos to enhancevideos to enhance
training andtraining and
sometimes rolesometimes role
playing.playing.

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TrainingTraining
 One use ofOne use of
technology as atechnology as a
means to impart andmeans to impart and
refresh knowledge isrefresh knowledge is
through the use ofthrough the use of
multimediamultimedia
instructionalinstructional
technology like DVDstechnology like DVDs Screen capture provided by Video-ID Teleproductions

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TrainingTraining
 In this DVD a policeIn this DVD a police
officer is given theofficer is given the
opportunity to reviewopportunity to review
and test theirand test their
knowledge about Useknowledge about Use
of Forceof Force
Screen capture provided by Video-ID Teleproductions

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TrainingTraining
 Interactive trainingInteractive training
simulators give policesimulators give police
officers the ability toofficers the ability to
practice theirpractice their
application ofapplication of
knowledge…or theirknowledge…or their
skills.skills. Photograph provided by Advanced Interactive Systems

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TrainingTraining
 Simulators can beSimulators can be
used for driving, asused for driving, as
well as shooting andwell as shooting and
tactical skillstactical skills
Photograph provided by FAAC Inc

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TrainingTraining
 Training simulatorsTraining simulators
are becomingare becoming
increasingly moreincreasingly more
sophisticated.sophisticated.
 Here the simulator isHere the simulator is
configured like a patrolconfigured like a patrol
vehicle.vehicle.
 And, it gives manyAnd, it gives many
different views of thedifferent views of the
simulation.simulation.
Photographs provided by FAAC Inc

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TrainingTraining
 A response to these criticisms is thatA response to these criticisms is that
simulators, much like video games aresimulators, much like video games are
becoming very interactive.becoming very interactive.
 Simple patrol with unexpected hazards.Simple patrol with unexpected hazards.
 High-speed pursuit drivingHigh-speed pursuit driving
 Traffic StopsTraffic Stops
 A controller can change the scenario andA controller can change the scenario and
interact with the traineeinteract with the trainee
 If the trainee negotiates or tactically deploysIf the trainee negotiates or tactically deploys
the shooting situation can be avoided.the shooting situation can be avoided.

24. Copyright Protected 2005:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymo
TrainingTraining
 Some caution that some narrowly definedSome caution that some narrowly defined
simulators may not teach a full range ofsimulators may not teach a full range of
decision-making or negotiating skills.decision-making or negotiating skills.
 Or, others believe that simulatorsOr, others believe that simulators
concentrated on “shoot - - no shoot”concentrated on “shoot - - no shoot”
situations may convey the impression thatsituations may convey the impression that
every call for service contains an armedevery call for service contains an armed
adversary.adversary.

25. Copyright Protected 2005:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Police TechnologyPolice Technology
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