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BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAM
(T) 757.727.5442  (E
2013
Taylor McLemore & Horace Woolard
Team Tidewater Virginia
7/16/2013
Team Tidewater Virginia
Integrated Solar Thermal System
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY &
OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY
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BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY 
HAMPTON, VA  23669
(T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
Table of Contents
Team Tidewater Virginia Solar Thermal System Proposal.................................................................. 1
Solar Thermal System Line Diagram............................................................................................................. 5
Solar Thermal System Description................................................................................................................ 6
PureTemp 53 Technical Data Sheet .............................................................................................................. 7
PureTemp 53 Safety Data Sheet...................................................................................................................... 8
PureTemp PCM Sphere Analysis ..................................................................................................................12
Solar Thermal System Simulation................................................................................................................19
SunDrum Technical Data Sheet.....................................................................................................................25
Bosch WST 50 Technical Data Sheet...........................................................................................................27
Buderus Hot Water Tank Technical Data Sheet......................................................................................31
Bosch KS Pump Station Technical Data Sheet.........................................................................................34
Bosch SBU Technical Data Sheet...................................................................................................................40
Grundfos Alpha 15-55SF Technical Data Sheet ......................................................................................43
REHAU PRO_BALANCE Mixing Module......................................................................................................45
Bosch Logalux Membrane Expansion Tank Technical Data Sheet..................................................46
Resources...............................................................................................................................................................48
ble of Contents
No table of contents entries found.
Integrated Solar Thermal System
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD
DOMINION UNIVERSITY
TEAM TIDEWATER
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BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY 
HAMPTON, VA  23669
(T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
1
Team Tidewater Virginia Solar Thermal System Proposal
The U.S. Department of Energy, Solar Decathlon, challenges university teams to design,
build, and operate solar-powered houses that are affordable, energy-efficient, and attractive. The
winner of the competition is the team that best blends cost-effectiveness, consumer appeal, and
design excellence with optimal energy production and maximum efficiency. The Solar Decathlon
2013 competition will take place October 3-13,2013 in Irvine, California. Old Dominion and
Hampton University have joined together in this competition to form Team Tidewater Virginia.
For the 2013 Department of Energy Solar Decathlon, Team Tidewater Virginia has designed
built the Canopy House. Just as the canopy of a tree is a protective, sunlight-filled haven, the Canopy
House is a safe, universally designed, solar-powered dwelling. The Canopy House's smart home
technology allows its owners to live an independent lifestyle and age-in-place. The Canopy House
harmonizes two of Team Tidewater’s most important values: design in response to the
environment and design for all. Drawing from the principles of Universal Design, the Canopy House
strives to make sustainable living accessible to all people, regardless of physical impairments and
limitations. The design harnesses the power of the sun, both as an energy-efficient method for
providing heat and electricity, and as an integral foundation for the home’s innovative
technology. Through this technology, the house aims to instruct the user about living sustainably as
well as to provide the tools to lead a safe and independent lifestyle.
The competition requires each team to produce energy, using photovoltaic systems that will
sustain “net zero” or better energy consumption, maintain comfortable and healthy indoor
environmental conditions, supply energy to household appliances for cooking, cleaning, and
entertainment, and provide adequate hot water while complying with the Solar Decathlons strict
rules and regulations. By integrating and testing numerous combinations of proposed sub-systems,
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BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY 
HAMPTON, VA  23669
(T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
2
Team Tidewater expects to perform optimally. One of the major engineering innovations of the
team is the use of an Integrated Solar Thermal System. By using the sun to heat water, the Canopy
House is able to use significantly less energy when compared to using electricity to heat water.
The main component of our schematic system will be a hybrid photovoltaic-solar thermal
collector, the solar thermal component manufactured by SunDrum. This system will not only cool
our PV panels for improved efficiency but it will also allow us to integrate a large amount of thermal
energy into our hot water system design. The sustainable thermal energy will be directed to a
storage tank enclosed with PureTemp’s renewable based phase change material, or PCM. This PCM
is made from a “green” technology, converting vegetable based feedstock into PCM through a
patented and proprietary manufacturing process. This specific heat sink will then be our primary
source for our domestic hot water. To insure that an adequate temperature is met, Team Tidewater
will have an electrical water heater in case of emergency. It is expected that a sufficient amount of
thermal energy will be produced by incorporating 8 SunDrum collectors, allowing Team
Tidewater’s engineer’s schematic design to incorporate radiant floor heating as an additional
source for excess thermal energy. This final addition will optimize the use of SunDrum’s thermal
energy by heating the house. The design of Canopy House
includes a hybrid photovoltaic-solar thermal collector
manufactured by SunDrum® (SunDrum Solar, LLC, Hudson,
MA) as shown in Figure 1. The SunDrum system was selected
over conventional thermal collectors because provides “free”
thermal energy. However, it does not decrease the amount of
area available for photovoltaic panels.
Figure 1. SunDrum Solar
Collector
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BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY 
HAMPTON, VA  23669
(T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
3
Figure 2. SunDrum Total Energy Advantage
A second benefit of the SunDrum system is that it improves the efficiency of the attached
solar panels by cooling them. As seen in Figure 2, by flowing cooler water through the SunDrum’s,
the efficiency of the solar panels is increased due to the cooling from the SunDrum’s. Though
several other companies produce similar products, Team Tidewater elected to use SunDrum due to
various cost constraints.
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BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY 
HAMPTON, VA  23669
(T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
4
 1 Therms = 29.3 kWh or 105,480,400 J
 Competition duration during the month of
October
17 therms =1.793 GJ
 8 SunDrum units
8*1.793 GJ =14.344 GJ / (31 days in October) =
462.753 MJ average thermal energy per day
produced by 8 SunDrum units.
Several theoretical calculations were generated in order to estimate the thermal energy
production of 8 SunDrum panels. Table 1 shows the amount of thermal energy SunDrum Solar
indicates they will produce during optimal conditions.
SunDrum Calculations
Month Energy Production (Therms)
1 13
2 13
3 18
4 20
5 20
6 20
7 22
8 23
9 19
10 17
11 15
12 13
Table 1 SunDrum Thermal Production
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BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY 
HAMPTON, VA  23669
(T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
5
BOSCH SBU BOSCH WST 50 GRUNDFOS
PUMP
LOGALUX SM300 (PCM TANK) RADIANT FLOOR
PUMP
1.) TO PCM TANK
BOTTOM COIL
2.) FROM PCM
TANK
BOTTOM COIL
3.) TO WST 50
COIL
4.) FROM WST 50
COIL
5.) FROM BOSCH SBU
6.) TO PUMP/ PCM
TANK
7.) TO BOSCH SBU
8.) COLD WATER
INLET/ FROM PCM
TANK
9.) DOMESTIC HOT
WATER OUTLET
10.) FROM
WST 50
COIL
11.) TO PCM
TANK
TOP
COIL
12.) FROM RADIANT FLOOR
PUMP
13.) TO BOSCH SBU
14.) FROM BOSCH SBU
15.) FROM PUMP/DOMESTIC
COLD WATER
16.) TO BOSCH WST 50
17.) TO RADIANT FLOOR PUMP
18.) FROM PCM
TANK
19.) TO PCM TANK
Solar Thermal System Line
Diagram
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BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY 
HAMPTON, VA  23669
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TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
6
Solar Thermal System Description
For this description, I will be using Team Tidewater Virginia’s Solar Thermal System
Line Diagram which is shown on page 5 of this document. Below is a step-by-step
description of how the system works along with the installation of the PCM (phase change
material) within the system.
To start the overall system, the water from the sundrum panels, shown on the top of
the line diagram, will pass through the KS Pump Station directly to the SBU. The SBU will
choose which direction the hot water from the panels will go. The water will either go
through the bottom of the SBU to the hot water tank, Bosch WST 50, or through the left side
of the SBU to the PCM Tank, Logalux SM300. For each tank, the hot water from the
sundrum will flow through a coil that will heat the water inside the tank. For the PCM Tank,
the bottom coil will be used to heat the water from the sundrum panels. The radiant floor
system will be heated with the PCM tank by pumping in the cooler water in the bottom and
taking the warmer water from the top. The top coil of the PCM Tank will be used to transfer
the heat within the tank to the WST 50. This system can work in one of two ways. The first
way includes supplying the PCM tank top coil with domestic cold water which will be pre-
heated and then added into the WST 50. The second way is to pump water from the WST
50 through the top coil of the PCM Tank to be heated and then inserted back into the WST
50. Using a coil to transfer the heat from the PCM Tank to the WST 50 creates a safety
barrier between the PCM and the potable water.
For the installation of the PCM into the PCM Tank, we will first remove the front
access panel of the PCM Tank. We will then put PCM filled spheres that are 4” in diameter
in the tank which will float to the top when the tank is filled with water. The spheres are
made of HDPE, high-density polyethylene, which serves as the containment of the PCM
from the water. The PCM is inserted into the spheres in liquid form. The sealing of the plug
occurs after the PCM has solidified in order to prevent the sphere from breaking when the
PCM expands or contracts. The sealant is polyethylene and therefore can withstand
identical conditions experienced by the sphere. The HDPE spheres are chemical resistant
and do not absorb any liquid. For the PCM, we will be using Puretemp 53 from Entropy
Solutions. Puretemp currently has a trade secret on the composition of Puretemp 53. The
data sheet, safety data sheet, and PCM analysis are included in this document for further
information.
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BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY 
HAMPTON, VA  23669
(T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
7
PureTemp 53 Technical Data
Sheet
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BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY 
HAMPTON, VA  23669
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TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
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BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY 
HAMPTON, VA  23669
(T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
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BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY 
HAMPTON, VA  23669
(T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
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BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY 
HAMPTON, VA  23669
(T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
11
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BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY 
HAMPTON, VA  23669
(T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
12
PureTemp PCM Sphere Analysis
Intro:
This analysis is provided to ensure that the PCM balls contained within the secondary hot
water tank will be safe during operation. In order for the PCM balls to be considered safe during
operation we must conclude that the yield stress of the PCM ball is greater than the stress the ball
will undergo at the system’s most extreme operating conditions.
Information:
The PCM is encapsulated in a ball of high density polyethylene (HDPE). The ball has the
following properties (which can be found on the company’s website
http://cicball.thomasnet.com/item/hollow-plastic-balls/hdpe-hollow-balls/pn-1140?):
Outer Diameter: d_0 = 4 in = 0.1016 m
Material Thickness: t = 1.4 mm = 0.0014 m
Max. Operating Temp: T_max = 180 oF = 82 oC
The analysis also requires the ultimate stress of HDPE (found in “Foundations of Materials
Science and Engineering” 4th Ed, by William F. Smith and Javad Hashemi, Pg. 949) and a couple
other key properties of air (found in “Fundamentals of Thermodynamics” SI Version, 7th Ed, by
Claus Borgnakke and Richard E. Sonntag, Pg. 686).
Ultimate Stress: σ_yield = 16 MPa = 16,000,000 Pa
Gas Constant of Air: R = 287 J/kg/K
Density of Air at 25 deg C: ρ_a_25 = 1.169 kg/m3
Experiment:
In order to properly evaluate the stress the HDPE will undergo we will also require the
volume of the PCM during both its liquid and solid states. The mass of PCM contained in each ball is
given to be m_PCM = 0.45466 kg.
In the experiment we heated the PCM ball in liquid water until all of the PCM was melted.
At this point we carefully cut a hole in the ball and emptied the contents into 5 graduated cylinders,
measured their volumes, let them cool, and then measured their volumes again. We chose to
measure the volume change in 5 different cylinders so we could take the results and find an
experimental average in volume change. Below are the results of our experiment.
Liquid PCM Solid PCM % Dif
Graduated Cylinder Volume (ml) Volume (ml)
25 ml (inc = 0.2 ml) 15.3 14.9 2.61438
25 ml (inc = 0.2 ml) 14.4 13.8 4.16667
25 ml (inc = 0.2 ml) 9.9 9.6 3.0303
10 ml (inc = 0.1 ml) 4.65 4.5 3.22581
500 ml (inc = 5.0 ml) 415 400 3.61446
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BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY 
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HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
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13
From the results of the experiment we calculated the following:
Total volume of liquid PCM: V_liq = 459.25 ml = 0.00045925 m3
Average % difference from liquid to solid: % dif = 3.330323 %
We are now able to calculate the volume of solid PCM as follows:
Total volume of solid PCM: V_sol = (V_liq) – (V_liq) * (% dif)
V_sol = 0.000443955 m3
The experiment also revealed a small cylindrical notch inside the sphere. This was
discovered when we cut the hole in the sphere. In order for our experiment to be as accurate as
possible we also take this small volume into account. The notch was very close to having a
cylindrical shape and thus will be approximated as a cylinder with measurements height = 0.0121
meters and diameter = 0.008 meters. Thus the volume of this miscellaneous piece was found to be:
V_misc = (0.0121) * (π/4) * (0.008)^2
V_misc = 6.0821*10^-7 m3
Next we find the total volume the PCM and air can occupy within the sphere. To find this we
must subtract the thickness of the HDPE from the radius of the sphere and remove the
miscellaneous volume occupied by the notch within the sphere:
V_total = {(4/3)* π * ([d_0/2] – t)^3} – (V_misc)
V_total = 0.000504366 m3
Assumptions:
In this experiment we assume that the sphere was filled with 0.45466 kg of PCM, (which is
equivalent to 0.00045925 cubic meters) and then allowed to cool to room temperature, (25 degrees
Celsius), before the sphere was sealed. (This was the process that was described to us by Entropy
Solutions, however they were not able to provide us with documentation of this). Thus the volume
occupied by the solid PCM upon sealing the sphere was V_sol = 0.000443955 cubic meters. We
calculate the mass of air that was left to occupy the remaining space within the ball during the
sealing process. We assume the air was at a room temperature of 25 degrees Celsius. It is also
important to note that the gauge pressure inside the vessel under these conditions will be equal to
zero, thus P1 = 0 Pa.
V1_air = (V_total) – (V_sol) = (0.000504366 m^3) – (0.000443955 m^3)
V1_air = 6.04108*10^-5 m^3
m_air = (ρ_a_25) * (V1_air) = (1.169 kg/m^3) * (6.04108*10^-5 m^3)
m_air = 7.06202*10^-5 kg
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Because the ball is sealed at these conditions the mass of the air will remain constant. This
allows us to find the volume the air will occupy when the PCM is in its liquid state.
V2_air = (V_total) – (V_liq) = (0.000504366 m^3) – (0.00045925 m^3)
V2_air = 4.51163*10^-5 m^3
We now calculate the gage pressure inside the ball due to the expansion of the PCM. For
this part we will assume that air is an ideal gas and thus use the ideal gas equation (found in
“Fundamentals of Thermodynamics” SI Version, 7th Ed, by Claus Borgnakke and Richard E. Sonntag,
Pg. 61), with T2 = 82 deg Celsius (the maximum operating temperature of the PCM). We will also
assume that PCM (in its liquid state) can be treated as an incompressible fluid.
P2 = [(m_air) * (R) * (T2)] / (V2_air)
= [(7.06202*10^-5 kg) * (287 J/kg/K) * (355.15 K)] / (4.51163*10^-5 m^3)
P2 = 159,547.2801 Pa
Other Important Details:
The PCM balls will be located inside the Buderus hot water tank and submersed in the
working fluid of the Rehau panel radiant flooring system. Thus our operating conditions must
accommodate all of these products. The maximum temperature of both of these systems is greater
than the operating temperature of the PCM (82 degrees Celsius). Thus the maximum operating
temperature of the system must be set at this temperature. The maximum operating pressure of
the Rehau panel at 82 degrees Celsius is 690 kPa; this increases as temperature is lowered, thus we
will use 82 deg C as our standard. It is also important to note that the Buderus tank itself does not
need to be pressurized; however the maximum operating pressure of the tank is 1 MPa.
Due to the design of our system, the pressure of the Rehau panel directly depends on the
pressure inside the Buderus tank and the minimum pressure required to move the working fluid
through the 236 feet of PEX tubing (called head loss). The maximum head loss the system will need
to overcome (found on page 22 of the Rehau installation guide, using 100% water as the working
fluid and a PEX length of 250 ft.) is 31.41 ft. head. We convert this pressure to Pascal’s for
convenience:
Head (psi) = head (ft.) * (specific gravity) * density of water (lb./ft^3)
= (31.41 ft.) * (1) * (62.4 lb./ft^3) / (1 ft. / 12 in)^2
= 13.61 psi = 92.458 kPa
P_headloss = 92.458 kPa
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We now find the maximum pressure of the tank as not to exceed the maximum pressure of
the Rehau panel and still enable the additional pressure required by the pump to accommodate the
working fluid.
P_tank_max = P_Rahue – P_headloss
= (690 kPa) – (92.458 kPa)
P_tank_max = 597.542 kPa
Analysis:
We will model the sphere as a thin-walled pressure vessel, (found in Shigley’s Mechanical
Engineering Design” 9th Ed (SI units), by Richard G. Budynas and J. Keith Nisbett, Pg. 114).
σ _actual = (ΔP) * (d_0) / (2 * t)
It is important that we understand how this equation works for our analysis. The actual
pressure the PCM ball experiences is the difference between the pressure inside of the sphere and
inside of the tank. Thus:
ΔP = P_actual = P_Sphere – P_tank
The pressure in the sphere depends on the tank temperature and the state of the phase
change material in the sphere. Thus:
P_Sphere = [(m_air) * (R) * (T_tank)] / V_air
We analyze the stress on the sphere by varying the operating pressure of the tank at three
different temperatures: T_min, T_max and at the phase change temperature (53 deg C). These
temperatures were selected as they represent the extreme conditions of the system and will vary
linearly at all points in-between. The phase change temperature will be analyzed twice, once
assuming completely liquid PCM and a second assuming completely solid PCM. Thus the general
equation we use for analysis will have two different forms depending on the temperature we are
analyzing:
T_tank ≤ 53 deg C: σ _actual = {[(m_air) * (R) * (T_tank)] / V1_air) – P_tank} * (d_0) / (2 * t)
T_tank ≥ 53 deg C: σ _actual = {[(m_air) * (R) * (T_tank)] / V2_air) – P_tank} * (d_0) / (2 * t)
Because the tank pressure is an independent variable we will select it last and vary it to see
the impact it has on the factor of safety. We first determine if the factor of safety is adequate to
withstand the stress at each of these conditions. If it is in fact adequate, we use the tank pressure
that yields the highest factor of safety for all conditions. *Note: We avoid selecting a tank pressure
which yields a factor of safety that changes from positive to negative in the working temperature
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BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY 
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range. This implies a change from tension to compression within the ball and stands an increased
chance of failing due to fatigue.
Results:
Tank Pressure = 0 kPa
Air (m^3) Temp (C) P_Sphere (Pa) P_tank (Pa) σ _actual (Pa) Factor of Safety
Solid PCM
6.04E-05 25 0.00E+00 0 0.00 Approach Infinity
6.04E-05 53 9.39E+03 0 340870.93 46.94
Liquid PCM
4.51E-05 53 4.65E+04 0 1686889.71 9.48
4.51E-05 82 5.95E+04 0 2159617.40 7.41
Tank Pressure = 5 kPa
Air (m^3) Temp (C) P_Sphere (Pa) P_tank (Pa) σ _actual (Pa) Factor of Safety
Solid PCM
6.04E-05 25 0.00E+00 5000 -181428.57 -88.19
6.04E-05 53 9.39E+03 5000 159442.35 100.35
Liquid PCM
4.51E-05 53 4.65E+04 5000 1505461.14 10.63
4.51E-05 82 5.95E+04 5000 1978188.82 8.09
Tank Pressure = 10 kPa
Air (m^3) Temp (C) P_Sphere (Pa) P_tank (Pa) σ _actual (Pa) Factor of Safety
Solid PCM
6.04E-05 25 0.00E+00 10000 -362857.14 -44.09
6.04E-05 53 9.39E+03 10000 -21986.22 -727.73
Liquid PCM
4.51E-05 53 4.65E+04 10000 1324032.57 12.08
4.51E-05 82 5.95E+04 10000 1796760.25 8.90
Tank Pressure = 50 kPa
Air (m^3) Temp (C) P_Sphere (Pa) P_tank (Pa) σ _actual (Pa) Factor of Safety
Solid PCM
6.04E-05 25 0.00E+00 50000 -1814285.71 -8.82
6.04E-05 53 9.39E+03 50000 -1473414.79 -10.86
Liquid PCM
4.51E-05 53 4.65E+04 50000 -127396.00 -125.59
4.51E-05 82 5.95E+04 50000 345331.68 46.33
Tank Pressure = 60 kPa
Air (m^3) Temp (C) P_Sphere (Pa) P_tank (Pa) σ _actual (Pa) Factor of Safety
Solid PCM
6.04E-05 25 0.00E+00 60000 -2177142.86 -7.35
6.04E-05 53 9.39E+03 60000 -1836271.93 -8.71
Liquid PCM
4.51E-05 53 4.65E+04 60000 -490253.15 -32.64
4.51E-05 82 5.95E+04 60000 -17525.46 -912.96
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Tank Pressure = 100 kPa
Air (m^3) Temp (C) P_Sphere (Pa) P_tank (Pa) σ _actual (Pa) Factor of Safety
Solid PCM
6.04E-05 25 0.00E+00 100000 -3628571.43 -4.41
6.04E-05 53 9.39E+03 100000 -3287700.50 -4.87
Liquid PCM
4.51E-05 53 4.65E+04 100000 -1941681.72 -8.24
4.51E-05 82 5.95E+04 100000 -1468954.03 -10.89
Tank Pressure = 200 kPa
Air (m^3) Temp (C) P_Sphere (Pa) P_tank (Pa) σ _actual (Pa) Factor of Safety
Solid PCM
6.04E-05 25 0.00E+00 400000 -14514285.71 -1.10
6.04E-05 53 9.39E+03 400000 -14173414.79 -1.13
Liquid PCM
4.51E-05 53 4.65E+04 400000 -12827396.00 -1.25
4.51E-05 82 5.95E+04 400000 -12354668.32 -1.30
Tank Pressure = 400 kPa
Air (m^3) Temp (C) P_Sphere (Pa) P_tank (Pa) σ _actual (Pa) Factor of Safety
Solid PCM
6.04E-05 25 0.00E+00 400000 -14514285.71 -1.10
6.04E-05 53 9.39E+03 400000 -14173414.79 -1.13
Liquid PCM
4.51E-05 53 4.65E+04 400000 -12827396.00 -1.25
4.51E-05 82 5.95E+04 400000 -12354668.32 -1.30
Tank Pressure = 597.542 kPa
Air (m^3) Temp (C) P_Sphere (Pa) P_tank (Pa) σ _actual (Pa) Factor of Safety
Solid PCM
6.04E-05 25 0.00E+00 597542 -21682238.29 -0.74
6.04E-05 53 9.39E+03 597542 -21341367.36 -0.75
Liquid PCM
4.51E-05 53 4.65E+04 597542 -19995348.58 -0.80
4.51E-05 82 5.95E+04 597542 -19522620.89 -0.82
canopyhouse.org
BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY 
HAMPTON, VA  23669
(T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
18
Discussion:
From the chart we are able to quickly eliminate tank pressures of 200, 400, and 597.542
kPa as they all yield very low factor of safeties. A closer look also eliminates tank pressures of 5, 10,
and 50 kPa as they each vary from positive to negative factor of safeties which we want to avoid
due fatigue. Of the remaining 3 tank pressures (0, 60, and 100 kPa) we eliminate 100 kPa as it has
lower factor of safeties for all temperatures than 60 kPa. The remaining two options are both
adequate for use as the factor of safeties in both cases are more than sufficient at all temperature
ranges. The difference between these two options is the tank pressure of 0 kPa holds the ball in
constant tension and the tank pressure of 60 kPa holds the ball in constant compression. Also, a
tank pressure of 0 kPa, on average, has higher factor of safeties through the operating temperature
range. This selection also does not require the tank to be pressurized. Thus the PCM balls can be
used with confidence within the given temperature range of 25oC – 82oC at a tank pressure of 0 kPa.
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
25 53 53 82
FactorofSafety
Tank Temperature
PCM Analysis
0 kPa
6 kPa
10 kPa
50 kPa
60 kPa
100 kPa
200 kPa
400 kPa
597.542 kPa
canopyhouse.org
BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY 
HAMPTON, VA  23669
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19
Solar Thermal System
Simulation
canopyhouse.org
BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY 
HAMPTON, VA  23669
(T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
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HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
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canopyhouse.org
BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY 
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canopyhouse.org
BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY 
HAMPTON, VA  23669
(T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
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HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
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canopyhouse.org
BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY 
HAMPTON, VA  23669
(T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
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HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
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canopyhouse.org
BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY 
HAMPTON, VA  23669
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HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
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canopyhouse.org
BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY 
HAMPTON, VA  23669
(T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
25
SunDrum Technical Data Sheet
canopyhouse.org
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HAMPTON, VA  23669
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UNIVERSITY
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canopyhouse.org
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HAMPTON, VA  23669
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UNIVERSITY
27
Bosch WST 50 Technical Data Sheet
canopyhouse.org
BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY 
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TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
28
canopyhouse.org
BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY 
HAMPTON, VA  23669
(T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
29
canopyhouse.org
BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY 
HAMPTON, VA  23669
(T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
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canopyhouse.org
BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY 
HAMPTON, VA  23669
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HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
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Buderus Hot Water Tank Technical Data Sheet
canopyhouse.org
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canopyhouse.org
BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY 
HAMPTON, VA  23669
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TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
33
canopyhouse.org
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34
Bosch KS Pump Station Technical Data Sheet
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canopyhouse.org
BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY 
HAMPTON, VA  23669
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TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
36
canopyhouse.org
BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY 
HAMPTON, VA  23669
(T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
37
canopyhouse.org
BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY 
HAMPTON, VA  23669
(T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
38
canopyhouse.org
BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY 
HAMPTON, VA  23669
(T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
39
canopyhouse.org
BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY 
HAMPTON, VA  23669
(T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
40
Bosch SBU Technical Data Sheet
canopyhouse.org
BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY 
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UNIVERSITY
41
canopyhouse.org
BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY 
HAMPTON, VA  23669
(T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
42
canopyhouse.org
BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY 
HAMPTON, VA  23669
(T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
43
Grundfos Alpha 15-55SF Technical Data Sheet
canopyhouse.org
BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY 
HAMPTON, VA  23669
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TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
44
canopyhouse.org
BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY 
HAMPTON, VA  23669
(T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
45
REHAU PRO_BALANCE
Mixing Module
canopyhouse.org
BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY 
HAMPTON, VA  23669
(T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
46
Bosch Logalux Membrane Expansion Tank Technical Data Sheet
canopyhouse.org
BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY 
HAMPTON, VA  23669
(T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
47
canopyhouse.org
BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY 
HAMPTON, VA  23669
(T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
48
Resources:
 http://www.solardecathlon.gov/
 http://www.canopyhouse.org/
 http://www.sundrumsolar.com/
 http://www.puretemp.com/technology.html
 http://www.bosch-home.com/us
 http://www.bosch-climate.us/products-bosch-thermotechnology/indirect-storage-tanks/
 http://www.bosch-climate.us/products-bosch-thermotechnology/solar-thermal-
system/solar-hydraulics/
 http://www.buderus.us/residentialhomeowners/products/solarproducts.html
 http://www.rehau.com/US_en/Construction/Radiant-Heating-and-
Cooling/Radiant_Heating/
 http://us.grundfos.com/products/find-product/alpha.html
 http://www.rehau.com/US_en/

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Team Tidewater Virginia Integrated Solar Thermal System (2)

  • 1. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAM (T) 757.727.5442  (E 2013 Taylor McLemore & Horace Woolard Team Tidewater Virginia 7/16/2013 Team Tidewater Virginia Integrated Solar Thermal System HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY
  • 2. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG Table of Contents Team Tidewater Virginia Solar Thermal System Proposal.................................................................. 1 Solar Thermal System Line Diagram............................................................................................................. 5 Solar Thermal System Description................................................................................................................ 6 PureTemp 53 Technical Data Sheet .............................................................................................................. 7 PureTemp 53 Safety Data Sheet...................................................................................................................... 8 PureTemp PCM Sphere Analysis ..................................................................................................................12 Solar Thermal System Simulation................................................................................................................19 SunDrum Technical Data Sheet.....................................................................................................................25 Bosch WST 50 Technical Data Sheet...........................................................................................................27 Buderus Hot Water Tank Technical Data Sheet......................................................................................31 Bosch KS Pump Station Technical Data Sheet.........................................................................................34 Bosch SBU Technical Data Sheet...................................................................................................................40 Grundfos Alpha 15-55SF Technical Data Sheet ......................................................................................43 REHAU PRO_BALANCE Mixing Module......................................................................................................45 Bosch Logalux Membrane Expansion Tank Technical Data Sheet..................................................46 Resources...............................................................................................................................................................48 ble of Contents No table of contents entries found. Integrated Solar Thermal System HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY TEAM TIDEWATER
  • 3. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 1 Team Tidewater Virginia Solar Thermal System Proposal The U.S. Department of Energy, Solar Decathlon, challenges university teams to design, build, and operate solar-powered houses that are affordable, energy-efficient, and attractive. The winner of the competition is the team that best blends cost-effectiveness, consumer appeal, and design excellence with optimal energy production and maximum efficiency. The Solar Decathlon 2013 competition will take place October 3-13,2013 in Irvine, California. Old Dominion and Hampton University have joined together in this competition to form Team Tidewater Virginia. For the 2013 Department of Energy Solar Decathlon, Team Tidewater Virginia has designed built the Canopy House. Just as the canopy of a tree is a protective, sunlight-filled haven, the Canopy House is a safe, universally designed, solar-powered dwelling. The Canopy House's smart home technology allows its owners to live an independent lifestyle and age-in-place. The Canopy House harmonizes two of Team Tidewater’s most important values: design in response to the environment and design for all. Drawing from the principles of Universal Design, the Canopy House strives to make sustainable living accessible to all people, regardless of physical impairments and limitations. The design harnesses the power of the sun, both as an energy-efficient method for providing heat and electricity, and as an integral foundation for the home’s innovative technology. Through this technology, the house aims to instruct the user about living sustainably as well as to provide the tools to lead a safe and independent lifestyle. The competition requires each team to produce energy, using photovoltaic systems that will sustain “net zero” or better energy consumption, maintain comfortable and healthy indoor environmental conditions, supply energy to household appliances for cooking, cleaning, and entertainment, and provide adequate hot water while complying with the Solar Decathlons strict rules and regulations. By integrating and testing numerous combinations of proposed sub-systems,
  • 4. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 2 Team Tidewater expects to perform optimally. One of the major engineering innovations of the team is the use of an Integrated Solar Thermal System. By using the sun to heat water, the Canopy House is able to use significantly less energy when compared to using electricity to heat water. The main component of our schematic system will be a hybrid photovoltaic-solar thermal collector, the solar thermal component manufactured by SunDrum. This system will not only cool our PV panels for improved efficiency but it will also allow us to integrate a large amount of thermal energy into our hot water system design. The sustainable thermal energy will be directed to a storage tank enclosed with PureTemp’s renewable based phase change material, or PCM. This PCM is made from a “green” technology, converting vegetable based feedstock into PCM through a patented and proprietary manufacturing process. This specific heat sink will then be our primary source for our domestic hot water. To insure that an adequate temperature is met, Team Tidewater will have an electrical water heater in case of emergency. It is expected that a sufficient amount of thermal energy will be produced by incorporating 8 SunDrum collectors, allowing Team Tidewater’s engineer’s schematic design to incorporate radiant floor heating as an additional source for excess thermal energy. This final addition will optimize the use of SunDrum’s thermal energy by heating the house. The design of Canopy House includes a hybrid photovoltaic-solar thermal collector manufactured by SunDrum® (SunDrum Solar, LLC, Hudson, MA) as shown in Figure 1. The SunDrum system was selected over conventional thermal collectors because provides “free” thermal energy. However, it does not decrease the amount of area available for photovoltaic panels. Figure 1. SunDrum Solar Collector
  • 5. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 3 Figure 2. SunDrum Total Energy Advantage A second benefit of the SunDrum system is that it improves the efficiency of the attached solar panels by cooling them. As seen in Figure 2, by flowing cooler water through the SunDrum’s, the efficiency of the solar panels is increased due to the cooling from the SunDrum’s. Though several other companies produce similar products, Team Tidewater elected to use SunDrum due to various cost constraints.
  • 6. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 4  1 Therms = 29.3 kWh or 105,480,400 J  Competition duration during the month of October 17 therms =1.793 GJ  8 SunDrum units 8*1.793 GJ =14.344 GJ / (31 days in October) = 462.753 MJ average thermal energy per day produced by 8 SunDrum units. Several theoretical calculations were generated in order to estimate the thermal energy production of 8 SunDrum panels. Table 1 shows the amount of thermal energy SunDrum Solar indicates they will produce during optimal conditions. SunDrum Calculations Month Energy Production (Therms) 1 13 2 13 3 18 4 20 5 20 6 20 7 22 8 23 9 19 10 17 11 15 12 13 Table 1 SunDrum Thermal Production
  • 7. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 5 BOSCH SBU BOSCH WST 50 GRUNDFOS PUMP LOGALUX SM300 (PCM TANK) RADIANT FLOOR PUMP 1.) TO PCM TANK BOTTOM COIL 2.) FROM PCM TANK BOTTOM COIL 3.) TO WST 50 COIL 4.) FROM WST 50 COIL 5.) FROM BOSCH SBU 6.) TO PUMP/ PCM TANK 7.) TO BOSCH SBU 8.) COLD WATER INLET/ FROM PCM TANK 9.) DOMESTIC HOT WATER OUTLET 10.) FROM WST 50 COIL 11.) TO PCM TANK TOP COIL 12.) FROM RADIANT FLOOR PUMP 13.) TO BOSCH SBU 14.) FROM BOSCH SBU 15.) FROM PUMP/DOMESTIC COLD WATER 16.) TO BOSCH WST 50 17.) TO RADIANT FLOOR PUMP 18.) FROM PCM TANK 19.) TO PCM TANK Solar Thermal System Line Diagram
  • 8. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 6 Solar Thermal System Description For this description, I will be using Team Tidewater Virginia’s Solar Thermal System Line Diagram which is shown on page 5 of this document. Below is a step-by-step description of how the system works along with the installation of the PCM (phase change material) within the system. To start the overall system, the water from the sundrum panels, shown on the top of the line diagram, will pass through the KS Pump Station directly to the SBU. The SBU will choose which direction the hot water from the panels will go. The water will either go through the bottom of the SBU to the hot water tank, Bosch WST 50, or through the left side of the SBU to the PCM Tank, Logalux SM300. For each tank, the hot water from the sundrum will flow through a coil that will heat the water inside the tank. For the PCM Tank, the bottom coil will be used to heat the water from the sundrum panels. The radiant floor system will be heated with the PCM tank by pumping in the cooler water in the bottom and taking the warmer water from the top. The top coil of the PCM Tank will be used to transfer the heat within the tank to the WST 50. This system can work in one of two ways. The first way includes supplying the PCM tank top coil with domestic cold water which will be pre- heated and then added into the WST 50. The second way is to pump water from the WST 50 through the top coil of the PCM Tank to be heated and then inserted back into the WST 50. Using a coil to transfer the heat from the PCM Tank to the WST 50 creates a safety barrier between the PCM and the potable water. For the installation of the PCM into the PCM Tank, we will first remove the front access panel of the PCM Tank. We will then put PCM filled spheres that are 4” in diameter in the tank which will float to the top when the tank is filled with water. The spheres are made of HDPE, high-density polyethylene, which serves as the containment of the PCM from the water. The PCM is inserted into the spheres in liquid form. The sealing of the plug occurs after the PCM has solidified in order to prevent the sphere from breaking when the PCM expands or contracts. The sealant is polyethylene and therefore can withstand identical conditions experienced by the sphere. The HDPE spheres are chemical resistant and do not absorb any liquid. For the PCM, we will be using Puretemp 53 from Entropy Solutions. Puretemp currently has a trade secret on the composition of Puretemp 53. The data sheet, safety data sheet, and PCM analysis are included in this document for further information.
  • 9. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 7 PureTemp 53 Technical Data Sheet
  • 10. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 8
  • 11. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 9
  • 12. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 10
  • 13. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 11
  • 14. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 12 PureTemp PCM Sphere Analysis Intro: This analysis is provided to ensure that the PCM balls contained within the secondary hot water tank will be safe during operation. In order for the PCM balls to be considered safe during operation we must conclude that the yield stress of the PCM ball is greater than the stress the ball will undergo at the system’s most extreme operating conditions. Information: The PCM is encapsulated in a ball of high density polyethylene (HDPE). The ball has the following properties (which can be found on the company’s website http://cicball.thomasnet.com/item/hollow-plastic-balls/hdpe-hollow-balls/pn-1140?): Outer Diameter: d_0 = 4 in = 0.1016 m Material Thickness: t = 1.4 mm = 0.0014 m Max. Operating Temp: T_max = 180 oF = 82 oC The analysis also requires the ultimate stress of HDPE (found in “Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering” 4th Ed, by William F. Smith and Javad Hashemi, Pg. 949) and a couple other key properties of air (found in “Fundamentals of Thermodynamics” SI Version, 7th Ed, by Claus Borgnakke and Richard E. Sonntag, Pg. 686). Ultimate Stress: σ_yield = 16 MPa = 16,000,000 Pa Gas Constant of Air: R = 287 J/kg/K Density of Air at 25 deg C: ρ_a_25 = 1.169 kg/m3 Experiment: In order to properly evaluate the stress the HDPE will undergo we will also require the volume of the PCM during both its liquid and solid states. The mass of PCM contained in each ball is given to be m_PCM = 0.45466 kg. In the experiment we heated the PCM ball in liquid water until all of the PCM was melted. At this point we carefully cut a hole in the ball and emptied the contents into 5 graduated cylinders, measured their volumes, let them cool, and then measured their volumes again. We chose to measure the volume change in 5 different cylinders so we could take the results and find an experimental average in volume change. Below are the results of our experiment. Liquid PCM Solid PCM % Dif Graduated Cylinder Volume (ml) Volume (ml) 25 ml (inc = 0.2 ml) 15.3 14.9 2.61438 25 ml (inc = 0.2 ml) 14.4 13.8 4.16667 25 ml (inc = 0.2 ml) 9.9 9.6 3.0303 10 ml (inc = 0.1 ml) 4.65 4.5 3.22581 500 ml (inc = 5.0 ml) 415 400 3.61446
  • 15. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 13 From the results of the experiment we calculated the following: Total volume of liquid PCM: V_liq = 459.25 ml = 0.00045925 m3 Average % difference from liquid to solid: % dif = 3.330323 % We are now able to calculate the volume of solid PCM as follows: Total volume of solid PCM: V_sol = (V_liq) – (V_liq) * (% dif) V_sol = 0.000443955 m3 The experiment also revealed a small cylindrical notch inside the sphere. This was discovered when we cut the hole in the sphere. In order for our experiment to be as accurate as possible we also take this small volume into account. The notch was very close to having a cylindrical shape and thus will be approximated as a cylinder with measurements height = 0.0121 meters and diameter = 0.008 meters. Thus the volume of this miscellaneous piece was found to be: V_misc = (0.0121) * (π/4) * (0.008)^2 V_misc = 6.0821*10^-7 m3 Next we find the total volume the PCM and air can occupy within the sphere. To find this we must subtract the thickness of the HDPE from the radius of the sphere and remove the miscellaneous volume occupied by the notch within the sphere: V_total = {(4/3)* π * ([d_0/2] – t)^3} – (V_misc) V_total = 0.000504366 m3 Assumptions: In this experiment we assume that the sphere was filled with 0.45466 kg of PCM, (which is equivalent to 0.00045925 cubic meters) and then allowed to cool to room temperature, (25 degrees Celsius), before the sphere was sealed. (This was the process that was described to us by Entropy Solutions, however they were not able to provide us with documentation of this). Thus the volume occupied by the solid PCM upon sealing the sphere was V_sol = 0.000443955 cubic meters. We calculate the mass of air that was left to occupy the remaining space within the ball during the sealing process. We assume the air was at a room temperature of 25 degrees Celsius. It is also important to note that the gauge pressure inside the vessel under these conditions will be equal to zero, thus P1 = 0 Pa. V1_air = (V_total) – (V_sol) = (0.000504366 m^3) – (0.000443955 m^3) V1_air = 6.04108*10^-5 m^3 m_air = (ρ_a_25) * (V1_air) = (1.169 kg/m^3) * (6.04108*10^-5 m^3) m_air = 7.06202*10^-5 kg
  • 16. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 14 Because the ball is sealed at these conditions the mass of the air will remain constant. This allows us to find the volume the air will occupy when the PCM is in its liquid state. V2_air = (V_total) – (V_liq) = (0.000504366 m^3) – (0.00045925 m^3) V2_air = 4.51163*10^-5 m^3 We now calculate the gage pressure inside the ball due to the expansion of the PCM. For this part we will assume that air is an ideal gas and thus use the ideal gas equation (found in “Fundamentals of Thermodynamics” SI Version, 7th Ed, by Claus Borgnakke and Richard E. Sonntag, Pg. 61), with T2 = 82 deg Celsius (the maximum operating temperature of the PCM). We will also assume that PCM (in its liquid state) can be treated as an incompressible fluid. P2 = [(m_air) * (R) * (T2)] / (V2_air) = [(7.06202*10^-5 kg) * (287 J/kg/K) * (355.15 K)] / (4.51163*10^-5 m^3) P2 = 159,547.2801 Pa Other Important Details: The PCM balls will be located inside the Buderus hot water tank and submersed in the working fluid of the Rehau panel radiant flooring system. Thus our operating conditions must accommodate all of these products. The maximum temperature of both of these systems is greater than the operating temperature of the PCM (82 degrees Celsius). Thus the maximum operating temperature of the system must be set at this temperature. The maximum operating pressure of the Rehau panel at 82 degrees Celsius is 690 kPa; this increases as temperature is lowered, thus we will use 82 deg C as our standard. It is also important to note that the Buderus tank itself does not need to be pressurized; however the maximum operating pressure of the tank is 1 MPa. Due to the design of our system, the pressure of the Rehau panel directly depends on the pressure inside the Buderus tank and the minimum pressure required to move the working fluid through the 236 feet of PEX tubing (called head loss). The maximum head loss the system will need to overcome (found on page 22 of the Rehau installation guide, using 100% water as the working fluid and a PEX length of 250 ft.) is 31.41 ft. head. We convert this pressure to Pascal’s for convenience: Head (psi) = head (ft.) * (specific gravity) * density of water (lb./ft^3) = (31.41 ft.) * (1) * (62.4 lb./ft^3) / (1 ft. / 12 in)^2 = 13.61 psi = 92.458 kPa P_headloss = 92.458 kPa
  • 17. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 15 We now find the maximum pressure of the tank as not to exceed the maximum pressure of the Rehau panel and still enable the additional pressure required by the pump to accommodate the working fluid. P_tank_max = P_Rahue – P_headloss = (690 kPa) – (92.458 kPa) P_tank_max = 597.542 kPa Analysis: We will model the sphere as a thin-walled pressure vessel, (found in Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design” 9th Ed (SI units), by Richard G. Budynas and J. Keith Nisbett, Pg. 114). σ _actual = (ΔP) * (d_0) / (2 * t) It is important that we understand how this equation works for our analysis. The actual pressure the PCM ball experiences is the difference between the pressure inside of the sphere and inside of the tank. Thus: ΔP = P_actual = P_Sphere – P_tank The pressure in the sphere depends on the tank temperature and the state of the phase change material in the sphere. Thus: P_Sphere = [(m_air) * (R) * (T_tank)] / V_air We analyze the stress on the sphere by varying the operating pressure of the tank at three different temperatures: T_min, T_max and at the phase change temperature (53 deg C). These temperatures were selected as they represent the extreme conditions of the system and will vary linearly at all points in-between. The phase change temperature will be analyzed twice, once assuming completely liquid PCM and a second assuming completely solid PCM. Thus the general equation we use for analysis will have two different forms depending on the temperature we are analyzing: T_tank ≤ 53 deg C: σ _actual = {[(m_air) * (R) * (T_tank)] / V1_air) – P_tank} * (d_0) / (2 * t) T_tank ≥ 53 deg C: σ _actual = {[(m_air) * (R) * (T_tank)] / V2_air) – P_tank} * (d_0) / (2 * t) Because the tank pressure is an independent variable we will select it last and vary it to see the impact it has on the factor of safety. We first determine if the factor of safety is adequate to withstand the stress at each of these conditions. If it is in fact adequate, we use the tank pressure that yields the highest factor of safety for all conditions. *Note: We avoid selecting a tank pressure which yields a factor of safety that changes from positive to negative in the working temperature
  • 18. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 16 range. This implies a change from tension to compression within the ball and stands an increased chance of failing due to fatigue. Results: Tank Pressure = 0 kPa Air (m^3) Temp (C) P_Sphere (Pa) P_tank (Pa) σ _actual (Pa) Factor of Safety Solid PCM 6.04E-05 25 0.00E+00 0 0.00 Approach Infinity 6.04E-05 53 9.39E+03 0 340870.93 46.94 Liquid PCM 4.51E-05 53 4.65E+04 0 1686889.71 9.48 4.51E-05 82 5.95E+04 0 2159617.40 7.41 Tank Pressure = 5 kPa Air (m^3) Temp (C) P_Sphere (Pa) P_tank (Pa) σ _actual (Pa) Factor of Safety Solid PCM 6.04E-05 25 0.00E+00 5000 -181428.57 -88.19 6.04E-05 53 9.39E+03 5000 159442.35 100.35 Liquid PCM 4.51E-05 53 4.65E+04 5000 1505461.14 10.63 4.51E-05 82 5.95E+04 5000 1978188.82 8.09 Tank Pressure = 10 kPa Air (m^3) Temp (C) P_Sphere (Pa) P_tank (Pa) σ _actual (Pa) Factor of Safety Solid PCM 6.04E-05 25 0.00E+00 10000 -362857.14 -44.09 6.04E-05 53 9.39E+03 10000 -21986.22 -727.73 Liquid PCM 4.51E-05 53 4.65E+04 10000 1324032.57 12.08 4.51E-05 82 5.95E+04 10000 1796760.25 8.90 Tank Pressure = 50 kPa Air (m^3) Temp (C) P_Sphere (Pa) P_tank (Pa) σ _actual (Pa) Factor of Safety Solid PCM 6.04E-05 25 0.00E+00 50000 -1814285.71 -8.82 6.04E-05 53 9.39E+03 50000 -1473414.79 -10.86 Liquid PCM 4.51E-05 53 4.65E+04 50000 -127396.00 -125.59 4.51E-05 82 5.95E+04 50000 345331.68 46.33 Tank Pressure = 60 kPa Air (m^3) Temp (C) P_Sphere (Pa) P_tank (Pa) σ _actual (Pa) Factor of Safety Solid PCM 6.04E-05 25 0.00E+00 60000 -2177142.86 -7.35 6.04E-05 53 9.39E+03 60000 -1836271.93 -8.71 Liquid PCM 4.51E-05 53 4.65E+04 60000 -490253.15 -32.64 4.51E-05 82 5.95E+04 60000 -17525.46 -912.96
  • 19. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 17 Tank Pressure = 100 kPa Air (m^3) Temp (C) P_Sphere (Pa) P_tank (Pa) σ _actual (Pa) Factor of Safety Solid PCM 6.04E-05 25 0.00E+00 100000 -3628571.43 -4.41 6.04E-05 53 9.39E+03 100000 -3287700.50 -4.87 Liquid PCM 4.51E-05 53 4.65E+04 100000 -1941681.72 -8.24 4.51E-05 82 5.95E+04 100000 -1468954.03 -10.89 Tank Pressure = 200 kPa Air (m^3) Temp (C) P_Sphere (Pa) P_tank (Pa) σ _actual (Pa) Factor of Safety Solid PCM 6.04E-05 25 0.00E+00 400000 -14514285.71 -1.10 6.04E-05 53 9.39E+03 400000 -14173414.79 -1.13 Liquid PCM 4.51E-05 53 4.65E+04 400000 -12827396.00 -1.25 4.51E-05 82 5.95E+04 400000 -12354668.32 -1.30 Tank Pressure = 400 kPa Air (m^3) Temp (C) P_Sphere (Pa) P_tank (Pa) σ _actual (Pa) Factor of Safety Solid PCM 6.04E-05 25 0.00E+00 400000 -14514285.71 -1.10 6.04E-05 53 9.39E+03 400000 -14173414.79 -1.13 Liquid PCM 4.51E-05 53 4.65E+04 400000 -12827396.00 -1.25 4.51E-05 82 5.95E+04 400000 -12354668.32 -1.30 Tank Pressure = 597.542 kPa Air (m^3) Temp (C) P_Sphere (Pa) P_tank (Pa) σ _actual (Pa) Factor of Safety Solid PCM 6.04E-05 25 0.00E+00 597542 -21682238.29 -0.74 6.04E-05 53 9.39E+03 597542 -21341367.36 -0.75 Liquid PCM 4.51E-05 53 4.65E+04 597542 -19995348.58 -0.80 4.51E-05 82 5.95E+04 597542 -19522620.89 -0.82
  • 20. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 18 Discussion: From the chart we are able to quickly eliminate tank pressures of 200, 400, and 597.542 kPa as they all yield very low factor of safeties. A closer look also eliminates tank pressures of 5, 10, and 50 kPa as they each vary from positive to negative factor of safeties which we want to avoid due fatigue. Of the remaining 3 tank pressures (0, 60, and 100 kPa) we eliminate 100 kPa as it has lower factor of safeties for all temperatures than 60 kPa. The remaining two options are both adequate for use as the factor of safeties in both cases are more than sufficient at all temperature ranges. The difference between these two options is the tank pressure of 0 kPa holds the ball in constant tension and the tank pressure of 60 kPa holds the ball in constant compression. Also, a tank pressure of 0 kPa, on average, has higher factor of safeties through the operating temperature range. This selection also does not require the tank to be pressurized. Thus the PCM balls can be used with confidence within the given temperature range of 25oC – 82oC at a tank pressure of 0 kPa. -1000 -800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 25 53 53 82 FactorofSafety Tank Temperature PCM Analysis 0 kPa 6 kPa 10 kPa 50 kPa 60 kPa 100 kPa 200 kPa 400 kPa 597.542 kPa
  • 21. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 19 Solar Thermal System Simulation
  • 22. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 20
  • 23. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 21
  • 24. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 22
  • 25. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 23
  • 26. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 24
  • 27. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 25 SunDrum Technical Data Sheet
  • 28. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 26
  • 29. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 27 Bosch WST 50 Technical Data Sheet
  • 30. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 28
  • 31. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 29
  • 32. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 30
  • 33. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 31 Buderus Hot Water Tank Technical Data Sheet
  • 34. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 32
  • 35. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 33
  • 36. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 34 Bosch KS Pump Station Technical Data Sheet
  • 37. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 35
  • 38. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 36
  • 39. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 37
  • 40. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 38
  • 41. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 39
  • 42. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 40 Bosch SBU Technical Data Sheet
  • 43. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 41
  • 44. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 42
  • 45. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 43 Grundfos Alpha 15-55SF Technical Data Sheet
  • 46. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 44
  • 47. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 45 REHAU PRO_BALANCE Mixing Module
  • 48. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 46 Bosch Logalux Membrane Expansion Tank Technical Data Sheet
  • 49. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 47
  • 50. canopyhouse.org BEMIS LABORATORIES  HAMPTON UNIVERSITY  HAMPTON, VA  23669 (T) 757.727.5442  (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG TEAM TIDEWATER HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 48 Resources:  http://www.solardecathlon.gov/  http://www.canopyhouse.org/  http://www.sundrumsolar.com/  http://www.puretemp.com/technology.html  http://www.bosch-home.com/us  http://www.bosch-climate.us/products-bosch-thermotechnology/indirect-storage-tanks/  http://www.bosch-climate.us/products-bosch-thermotechnology/solar-thermal- system/solar-hydraulics/  http://www.buderus.us/residentialhomeowners/products/solarproducts.html  http://www.rehau.com/US_en/Construction/Radiant-Heating-and- Cooling/Radiant_Heating/  http://us.grundfos.com/products/find-product/alpha.html  http://www.rehau.com/US_en/