This document provides technical specifications and analysis for components of an integrated solar thermal system proposed for use in the Canopy House designed by Team Tidewater Virginia for the 2013 Department of Energy Solar Decathlon competition. Key components discussed include the SunDrum solar thermal collectors, PureTemp 53 phase change material spheres, water storage tanks, pumps, and a radiant floor heating system. Calculations are presented estimating thermal energy production from the SunDrum collectors and analyzing the stress levels on the phase change material spheres during system operation.
This document provides an overview of sustainable energy sources. It discusses both conventional sources like fossil fuels and non-conventional renewable sources such as solar, wind, tidal, and bioenergy. For non-conventional sources, it describes technologies like solar thermal collectors and solar power plants. It also covers the advantages of renewable energy in being non-polluting and inexhaustible, as well as the disadvantages of high capital costs and inconsistent supply.
Expansion of solar energy electricity production using hybrid systemsJacob Belson
The document discusses the expansion of solar energy electricity production in Israel using hybrid photovoltaic-thermal (PV-T) systems. It describes how PV-T systems can generate both electricity and hot water simultaneously, capturing up to 60-70% of solar energy compared to 15-20% for traditional PV panels. A case study is presented of a 3.3 kW PV-T system installed in the UK that generates both electricity and thermal energy for hot water. Finally, an example installation on the roof of a federal building in Boston is discussed, comprising an array of PV-T modules that generate 30 kW of electricity and 69 kW of thermal energy for hot water.
1. The document summarizes a case study of a 3 MW grid-connected solar photovoltaic power plant in Kolar, Karnataka.
2. Key details include the plant's technical specifications, performance in 2010 including energy generated and sold to the grid, and operational and maintenance issues faced.
3. Analysis of the plant's performance found good module performance but reduced generation due to inverter issues, with efficiency more sensitive to temperature than solar radiation.
This document provides an overview of concentrating solar power technologies. It discusses the principles of concentrating sunlight to generate heat and electricity. It compares existing CSP technologies like parabolic troughs, central receivers, and dish Stirling systems. It also outlines the solar power potential in India and commercially deployed CSP projects like the Andasol plant in Spain. Key challenges and development measures to advance CSP are summarized.
This document summarizes renewable energy sources. It discusses various renewable sources like wind, solar, hydroelectric, tidal, and geothermal energy. It provides information on non-renewable sources like coal, LPG, natural gas and nuclear energy. It also shares data on energy consumption per capita in different countries and the share of different energy sources in India's total power generation. The document further describes various solar energy applications like solar panels, solar collectors, solar street lights and their merits and limitations. It concludes with providing facts about other renewable sources like hydroelectric, biomass, biogas, ethanol and hydrogen energy.
Solar powered water pumping systems (1)irfan khans
This document discusses solar powered water pumping systems for agricultural use. It describes the basic components, which include photovoltaic panels that convert sunlight to electricity, and pumps that use this electricity to pump water from wells or other sources. There are two main types of systems - battery-coupled systems, which store electricity in batteries to power pumps day or night, and direct-coupled systems that only pump during daylight hours and rely on water storage tanks to provide water after dark. The document provides details on components like pumps, mounting structures, controllers and water storage options to help farmers understand how solar powered pumping can provide an alternative to diesel generators for powering agricultural water needs.
This document provides an overview of sustainable energy sources. It discusses both conventional sources like fossil fuels and non-conventional renewable sources such as solar, wind, tidal, and bioenergy. For non-conventional sources, it describes technologies like solar thermal collectors and solar power plants. It also covers the advantages of renewable energy in being non-polluting and inexhaustible, as well as the disadvantages of high capital costs and inconsistent supply.
Expansion of solar energy electricity production using hybrid systemsJacob Belson
The document discusses the expansion of solar energy electricity production in Israel using hybrid photovoltaic-thermal (PV-T) systems. It describes how PV-T systems can generate both electricity and hot water simultaneously, capturing up to 60-70% of solar energy compared to 15-20% for traditional PV panels. A case study is presented of a 3.3 kW PV-T system installed in the UK that generates both electricity and thermal energy for hot water. Finally, an example installation on the roof of a federal building in Boston is discussed, comprising an array of PV-T modules that generate 30 kW of electricity and 69 kW of thermal energy for hot water.
1. The document summarizes a case study of a 3 MW grid-connected solar photovoltaic power plant in Kolar, Karnataka.
2. Key details include the plant's technical specifications, performance in 2010 including energy generated and sold to the grid, and operational and maintenance issues faced.
3. Analysis of the plant's performance found good module performance but reduced generation due to inverter issues, with efficiency more sensitive to temperature than solar radiation.
This document provides an overview of concentrating solar power technologies. It discusses the principles of concentrating sunlight to generate heat and electricity. It compares existing CSP technologies like parabolic troughs, central receivers, and dish Stirling systems. It also outlines the solar power potential in India and commercially deployed CSP projects like the Andasol plant in Spain. Key challenges and development measures to advance CSP are summarized.
This document summarizes renewable energy sources. It discusses various renewable sources like wind, solar, hydroelectric, tidal, and geothermal energy. It provides information on non-renewable sources like coal, LPG, natural gas and nuclear energy. It also shares data on energy consumption per capita in different countries and the share of different energy sources in India's total power generation. The document further describes various solar energy applications like solar panels, solar collectors, solar street lights and their merits and limitations. It concludes with providing facts about other renewable sources like hydroelectric, biomass, biogas, ethanol and hydrogen energy.
Solar powered water pumping systems (1)irfan khans
This document discusses solar powered water pumping systems for agricultural use. It describes the basic components, which include photovoltaic panels that convert sunlight to electricity, and pumps that use this electricity to pump water from wells or other sources. There are two main types of systems - battery-coupled systems, which store electricity in batteries to power pumps day or night, and direct-coupled systems that only pump during daylight hours and rely on water storage tanks to provide water after dark. The document provides details on components like pumps, mounting structures, controllers and water storage options to help farmers understand how solar powered pumping can provide an alternative to diesel generators for powering agricultural water needs.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
METHODOLOGY :
In our present study planning to develop a hybrid power generation model consists of Rain water power(hydro), Solar PV and Wind energy, the process of working and installation as below:
Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and deposition of rainwater for reuse before it reaches the aquifer.
In this technique, we channel the water falling on roof tops of buildings and homes, and open spaces to a storage tank through a filter. Excess water is directed to a well or pit through which water seeps in earth to increase water table.
The generated power is converted and collected using power electronics and power systems devices respectively.
OBJECTIVES :
To install Solar PV technology in order to trap solar radiation for converting into electrical energy.
To install the wind turbine for converting wind energy into electrical energy to pump the water for hydro-plant.
Integrate the complete system composed of hydro, solar, wind energy
Assess the performance of the system.
IRJET- Study of Hybrid Solar-Wind Power Plant System using MATLABIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and simulation of a hybrid solar-wind power plant system using MATLAB. It begins with an introduction to hybrid energy systems and the benefits of combining solar and wind energy sources. It then provides details on the components of the system, including solar panels, wind turbines, batteries, charge controllers, inverters, and maximum power point tracking. The document presents equations to calculate the power output from the solar and wind components and the total cost of the system. It describes building a model of the hybrid system in SIMULINK and shows the output waveforms generated. Finally, it concludes that a hybrid solar-wind system can provide pollution-free electricity to remote areas in a cost-effective manner.
This document summarizes information about solar energy, including its origins from thermonuclear fusion in the sun and advantages such as producing no polluting byproducts. It discusses various methods for harnessing solar energy, such as using flat plate collectors to heat water through passive or active systems. Larger-scale methods to generate electricity are also covered, including power towers that use many mirrors to direct sunlight to a central tower, and parabolic dishes/troughs that focus sunlight to heat a liquid and drive steam turbines. Photovoltaic cells that directly convert sunlight to electricity are also mentioned.
The document discusses solar energy and smart grids. It provides an introduction to solar energy concepts and technologies like solar thermal, photovoltaics, and concentrated solar power. It covers the benefits of solar including being abundant and emissions-free, as well as challenges like intermittency. World status of solar is increasing, with costs decreasing and capacity growing significantly year-over-year. Smart grids are needed to support renewable energy sources like solar by enabling two-way communication between producers and consumers. Singapore is working to increase solar installations and research through programs like the Solar Energy Research Institute.
This document is a project report submitted by four students for their Bachelor of Technology degree. It discusses the development of a 500W, 12V to 220V solar inverter. The report includes chapters on the components used in the inverter such as solar panels, microcontrollers, transformers and more. It also provides a literature review on previous related projects and discusses implementing and testing the inverter hardware.
The document discusses solar energy and its uses. It provides information on:
1) India emerging as a top country in solar power generation.
2) How solar energy works through converting sunlight to electricity via photovoltaic cells or heating via solar panels.
3) Applications of solar energy including heating air/water, power generation, vehicles, and more.
4) Steps taken in Punjab, India to promote solar energy through government agencies and collaboration with companies.
This document provides information about different types of solar energy, including passive solar energy, active solar energy, photovoltaic solar power, solar thermal energy, and concentrated solar power. It discusses applications of each type and how they can be used to generate electricity or heat water and spaces. The document also covers topics like how solar panels are manufactured, costs of building solar lanterns, and locations of solar power stations in India.
Energy crisis are of special attention now-a-days. In this project presents a new system configuration of the front-end rectifier stage for a hybrid Hydro/wind/photovoltaic energy system. This system allows the three sources to supply the load separately or simultaneously depending on the availability of the energy sources. In household power generation wind and solar are the general hybrid energy options, which are used. But the overhead water tank is one of the neglected energy generation sources which are available in normal household and commercial places. In today’s world each and every source of energy has to be utilized. Therefore we are trying to use the stored energy in overhead water tank for power generation. Solar and Wind energy will contribute major part of power generation. Generated power will be stored in the battery which sources power to inverter and inverter to load. It gives us multiple sources of energy and also helps us to recover some amount of energy which is stored in overhead water tank.
Solar energy is a renewable source of energy derived from the sun. It is clean, renewable, and produces no pollution or greenhouse gases. A solar energy system converts sunlight into electricity or uses it to heat water. Key benefits are that it provides an unlimited, free source of energy and reduces environmental impacts and costs compared to fossil fuels over the long term. However, high initial installation costs are the main disadvantage.
This document describes a hybrid power generation system that uses both wind and solar energy. It begins with an overview that electricity demand is increasing and conventional energy sources are unsustainable, so alternative sources like wind and solar are needed. It then provides details on the system components - solar panels to convert solar energy, wind turbines for wind energy, batteries to store energy, and an inverter to convert DC to AC power. Equations to calculate the power generated from each source and total system cost are also presented. The conclusion states that a hybrid system provides a reliable, efficient and affordable solution for electricity generation.
This document describes a proposed solar-biomass hybrid power plant. The plant would use a parabolic trough solar collector to generate steam from solar energy. A biomass gasifier would produce syngas from biomass that could also be used to generate steam. This would allow the plant to continuously produce electricity even when solar irradiance is insufficient. Major components would include the solar collector, gasifier, boiler, and steam turbine. By combining solar and biomass power sources, the plant aims to provide stable, renewable energy generation with reduced carbon emissions compared to biomass alone.
Scott Frier, COO of Abengoa Solar, presented at the GW Solar Institute Symposium on April 19, 2010. For more information visit: solar.gwu.edu/Symposium.html
Emerging solar thermal plants in india as on 2013Aravindh M. A.
This document summarizes several emerging solar thermal power plant projects in India as of 2013. It describes Lauren CCL's engineering, procurement, and construction management services for 50 MW and 25 MW solar thermal plants in Rajasthan and Gujarat, respectively. It also mentions ACME's commissioning of a 2.5 MW plant in Rajasthan and their solar thermal technology. Finally, it provides details on several other solar thermal projects underway or planned in India with capacities ranging from 10 MW to 250 MW.
This document discusses solar power plants. It begins by defining solar energy and describing the two main types: thermal and electric. It then discusses why solar energy is important due to depletion of fossil fuels. The main uses of solar energy are in power plants, water treatment, heating, and cooking. The two main types of solar power plants are photovoltaic plants and concentrated solar power plants. Photovoltaic plants directly convert sunlight to electricity using solar panels, while concentrated solar plants use mirrors to focus sunlight and convert it to heat before generating electricity. The document provides examples of techniques used in concentrated solar plants and lists some of the largest solar power plants currently operating in India.
This document provides an overview of solar energy, including its history, development, technologies, applications, advantages and disadvantages. It discusses how solar cells work by converting sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Different types of solar cells and panels are described, as well as the process of installing a solar energy system. Opportunities and challenges of solar power in Pakistan are highlighted, along with various uses of solar energy from heating to transportation.
Modeling and Analysis of Hybrid Solar/Wind Power System for a Small CommunityIOSR Journals
The document models and analyzes a hybrid solar/wind power system for a small community in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Data on solar radiation, temperature, and wind speed from 2002-2004 is used to simulate the power output of a photovoltaic array, wind turbine, and their combination in a hybrid system using MATLAB/Simulink. The results show the hybrid system is capable of meeting the community's 2.015 kW load demand throughout the year except in July, and that months with higher solar radiation or wind speeds yield more power. Combining solar and wind resources provides a more reliable off-grid power solution than either resource alone.
1. Paper on Floating Solar Photovoltaic System An Emerging TechnologyMd Shahabuddin
Floating solar photovoltaic systems are an emerging technology that can generate electricity from water bodies while providing land conservation benefits. The document discusses India's growing renewable energy capacity and proposes installing a 2.5 MW floating solar system on Jindal Power Limited's 19 hectare reservoir, which could generate 4.8 million units annually and pay for itself within 5 years. Key advantages of floating solar include increased energy production through water cooling, reduced water evaporation, and utilizing existing water surfaces without using valuable land.
The document discusses the benefits of solar energy as a renewable and sustainable source of energy. It notes that fossil fuels are non-renewable so alternatives are needed. Solar energy is described as a clean, green, and low maintenance form of energy that can meet power needs. The document outlines different solar technologies for heating and electricity generation, including photovoltaic cells. It discusses applications of solar energy and its potential in Pakistan given the country's climate and need for rural electrification. Challenges of solar energy are also summarized.
Fast Response & Reliable - Amerikey Locksmith Amerikey
Amerikey Locksmith provides various locksmith services including emergency locksmith services available 24/7, residential locksmith services such as re-keying locks for new homes, commercial locksmith services for installing quality locks for businesses, automotive locksmith services such as replacing car keys, and installing window gates. They are located in Brooklyn, NY and serve locations throughout the area. Their services are described on their website and social media pages.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
METHODOLOGY :
In our present study planning to develop a hybrid power generation model consists of Rain water power(hydro), Solar PV and Wind energy, the process of working and installation as below:
Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and deposition of rainwater for reuse before it reaches the aquifer.
In this technique, we channel the water falling on roof tops of buildings and homes, and open spaces to a storage tank through a filter. Excess water is directed to a well or pit through which water seeps in earth to increase water table.
The generated power is converted and collected using power electronics and power systems devices respectively.
OBJECTIVES :
To install Solar PV technology in order to trap solar radiation for converting into electrical energy.
To install the wind turbine for converting wind energy into electrical energy to pump the water for hydro-plant.
Integrate the complete system composed of hydro, solar, wind energy
Assess the performance of the system.
IRJET- Study of Hybrid Solar-Wind Power Plant System using MATLABIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and simulation of a hybrid solar-wind power plant system using MATLAB. It begins with an introduction to hybrid energy systems and the benefits of combining solar and wind energy sources. It then provides details on the components of the system, including solar panels, wind turbines, batteries, charge controllers, inverters, and maximum power point tracking. The document presents equations to calculate the power output from the solar and wind components and the total cost of the system. It describes building a model of the hybrid system in SIMULINK and shows the output waveforms generated. Finally, it concludes that a hybrid solar-wind system can provide pollution-free electricity to remote areas in a cost-effective manner.
This document summarizes information about solar energy, including its origins from thermonuclear fusion in the sun and advantages such as producing no polluting byproducts. It discusses various methods for harnessing solar energy, such as using flat plate collectors to heat water through passive or active systems. Larger-scale methods to generate electricity are also covered, including power towers that use many mirrors to direct sunlight to a central tower, and parabolic dishes/troughs that focus sunlight to heat a liquid and drive steam turbines. Photovoltaic cells that directly convert sunlight to electricity are also mentioned.
The document discusses solar energy and smart grids. It provides an introduction to solar energy concepts and technologies like solar thermal, photovoltaics, and concentrated solar power. It covers the benefits of solar including being abundant and emissions-free, as well as challenges like intermittency. World status of solar is increasing, with costs decreasing and capacity growing significantly year-over-year. Smart grids are needed to support renewable energy sources like solar by enabling two-way communication between producers and consumers. Singapore is working to increase solar installations and research through programs like the Solar Energy Research Institute.
This document is a project report submitted by four students for their Bachelor of Technology degree. It discusses the development of a 500W, 12V to 220V solar inverter. The report includes chapters on the components used in the inverter such as solar panels, microcontrollers, transformers and more. It also provides a literature review on previous related projects and discusses implementing and testing the inverter hardware.
The document discusses solar energy and its uses. It provides information on:
1) India emerging as a top country in solar power generation.
2) How solar energy works through converting sunlight to electricity via photovoltaic cells or heating via solar panels.
3) Applications of solar energy including heating air/water, power generation, vehicles, and more.
4) Steps taken in Punjab, India to promote solar energy through government agencies and collaboration with companies.
This document provides information about different types of solar energy, including passive solar energy, active solar energy, photovoltaic solar power, solar thermal energy, and concentrated solar power. It discusses applications of each type and how they can be used to generate electricity or heat water and spaces. The document also covers topics like how solar panels are manufactured, costs of building solar lanterns, and locations of solar power stations in India.
Energy crisis are of special attention now-a-days. In this project presents a new system configuration of the front-end rectifier stage for a hybrid Hydro/wind/photovoltaic energy system. This system allows the three sources to supply the load separately or simultaneously depending on the availability of the energy sources. In household power generation wind and solar are the general hybrid energy options, which are used. But the overhead water tank is one of the neglected energy generation sources which are available in normal household and commercial places. In today’s world each and every source of energy has to be utilized. Therefore we are trying to use the stored energy in overhead water tank for power generation. Solar and Wind energy will contribute major part of power generation. Generated power will be stored in the battery which sources power to inverter and inverter to load. It gives us multiple sources of energy and also helps us to recover some amount of energy which is stored in overhead water tank.
Solar energy is a renewable source of energy derived from the sun. It is clean, renewable, and produces no pollution or greenhouse gases. A solar energy system converts sunlight into electricity or uses it to heat water. Key benefits are that it provides an unlimited, free source of energy and reduces environmental impacts and costs compared to fossil fuels over the long term. However, high initial installation costs are the main disadvantage.
This document describes a hybrid power generation system that uses both wind and solar energy. It begins with an overview that electricity demand is increasing and conventional energy sources are unsustainable, so alternative sources like wind and solar are needed. It then provides details on the system components - solar panels to convert solar energy, wind turbines for wind energy, batteries to store energy, and an inverter to convert DC to AC power. Equations to calculate the power generated from each source and total system cost are also presented. The conclusion states that a hybrid system provides a reliable, efficient and affordable solution for electricity generation.
This document describes a proposed solar-biomass hybrid power plant. The plant would use a parabolic trough solar collector to generate steam from solar energy. A biomass gasifier would produce syngas from biomass that could also be used to generate steam. This would allow the plant to continuously produce electricity even when solar irradiance is insufficient. Major components would include the solar collector, gasifier, boiler, and steam turbine. By combining solar and biomass power sources, the plant aims to provide stable, renewable energy generation with reduced carbon emissions compared to biomass alone.
Scott Frier, COO of Abengoa Solar, presented at the GW Solar Institute Symposium on April 19, 2010. For more information visit: solar.gwu.edu/Symposium.html
Emerging solar thermal plants in india as on 2013Aravindh M. A.
This document summarizes several emerging solar thermal power plant projects in India as of 2013. It describes Lauren CCL's engineering, procurement, and construction management services for 50 MW and 25 MW solar thermal plants in Rajasthan and Gujarat, respectively. It also mentions ACME's commissioning of a 2.5 MW plant in Rajasthan and their solar thermal technology. Finally, it provides details on several other solar thermal projects underway or planned in India with capacities ranging from 10 MW to 250 MW.
This document discusses solar power plants. It begins by defining solar energy and describing the two main types: thermal and electric. It then discusses why solar energy is important due to depletion of fossil fuels. The main uses of solar energy are in power plants, water treatment, heating, and cooking. The two main types of solar power plants are photovoltaic plants and concentrated solar power plants. Photovoltaic plants directly convert sunlight to electricity using solar panels, while concentrated solar plants use mirrors to focus sunlight and convert it to heat before generating electricity. The document provides examples of techniques used in concentrated solar plants and lists some of the largest solar power plants currently operating in India.
This document provides an overview of solar energy, including its history, development, technologies, applications, advantages and disadvantages. It discusses how solar cells work by converting sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Different types of solar cells and panels are described, as well as the process of installing a solar energy system. Opportunities and challenges of solar power in Pakistan are highlighted, along with various uses of solar energy from heating to transportation.
Modeling and Analysis of Hybrid Solar/Wind Power System for a Small CommunityIOSR Journals
The document models and analyzes a hybrid solar/wind power system for a small community in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Data on solar radiation, temperature, and wind speed from 2002-2004 is used to simulate the power output of a photovoltaic array, wind turbine, and their combination in a hybrid system using MATLAB/Simulink. The results show the hybrid system is capable of meeting the community's 2.015 kW load demand throughout the year except in July, and that months with higher solar radiation or wind speeds yield more power. Combining solar and wind resources provides a more reliable off-grid power solution than either resource alone.
1. Paper on Floating Solar Photovoltaic System An Emerging TechnologyMd Shahabuddin
Floating solar photovoltaic systems are an emerging technology that can generate electricity from water bodies while providing land conservation benefits. The document discusses India's growing renewable energy capacity and proposes installing a 2.5 MW floating solar system on Jindal Power Limited's 19 hectare reservoir, which could generate 4.8 million units annually and pay for itself within 5 years. Key advantages of floating solar include increased energy production through water cooling, reduced water evaporation, and utilizing existing water surfaces without using valuable land.
The document discusses the benefits of solar energy as a renewable and sustainable source of energy. It notes that fossil fuels are non-renewable so alternatives are needed. Solar energy is described as a clean, green, and low maintenance form of energy that can meet power needs. The document outlines different solar technologies for heating and electricity generation, including photovoltaic cells. It discusses applications of solar energy and its potential in Pakistan given the country's climate and need for rural electrification. Challenges of solar energy are also summarized.
Fast Response & Reliable - Amerikey Locksmith Amerikey
Amerikey Locksmith provides various locksmith services including emergency locksmith services available 24/7, residential locksmith services such as re-keying locks for new homes, commercial locksmith services for installing quality locks for businesses, automotive locksmith services such as replacing car keys, and installing window gates. They are located in Brooklyn, NY and serve locations throughout the area. Their services are described on their website and social media pages.
Este horario escolar semanal muestra las asignaturas impartidas cada día de la semana a diferentes horas. Las materias incluyen arte, álgebra, geometría, ciencia, plan lector, ambiente, ajedrez, resolución de problemas matemáticos, computo, razonamiento matemático, redacción, comunicación integral, inglés, religión, educación física, aritmética, razonamiento verbal, personal social, empresa o investigación científica.
Insights 2015 - Accounting Update for Private CompaniesWindham Brannon
The document summarizes accounting updates from the FASB that are relevant for private companies, including 4 accounting standards updates issued by the Private Company Council in 2014 that simplified certain accounting requirements for private companies. It discusses the activities of the Private Company Council and the American Institute of CPAs in developing alternative accounting standards for private companies. The document also reviews several specific FASB accounting standards updates that provide simplified accounting options for private companies regarding business combinations, inventory valuation, fair value disclosures, interest rate swaps, and goodwill amortization.
The document discusses the student's learning experiences in educational technology courses. It provides background on educational technology, outlines the goals of using technology in education, and discusses how technology can improve learning outcomes. The student learned about incorporating various technological tools in teaching through Educational Technology 1 and 2. After taking these courses, the student understands that technology is a useful instructional tool but that teachers must also focus on teaching students proper technology usage and be ready to facilitate knowledge absorption, as technology cannot replace the role of an educator.
Su sueño... es una cocina que se adapta perfectamente a su estilo y necesidades en cuanto a dimensiones y detalles. ¡Pensamos que no debe ser ningún sueño! Cocinas Nolte convierte los deseos personales en proyectos reales. El amplio abanico de frentes, encimeras,
diseños, así como un amplia variedad de tiradores u opciones sin tirador darán respuesta con total garantía a su estilo.
http://www.nolte.es/
O documento descreve o período colonial no Brasil de 1500 a 1822, incluindo a estrutura administrativa inicial de capitanias hereditárias, a invasão holandesa entre 1630-1654 sob o comando de Maurício de Nassau, e a expulsão final dos holandeses em 1654 após anos de conflito.
William Colgate founded Colgate & Company in New York in 1806 to make soap and candles. Over the following centuries, the company introduced toothpaste and toothpaste tubes, merged with other brands like Palmolive and Peet, and became a global leader in oral care as Colgate-Palmolive. It has held the top spot in the Indian toothpaste market since the 2000s, acquired brands internationally, and been recognized for its social impact and ethical practices in recent years.
Meridian Township undertook several initiatives to improve stormwater management public education and outreach. They updated their website to be fully compliant with permit requirements, ran a social media campaign called #PollutionIsntPretty featuring 10 educational videos, and created additional outreach materials like informational graphics and a Pinterest board. The social media campaign reached over 1/3 of Facebook followers and received positive feedback. Future plans include continued website updates, monthly stormwater education content sharing, and expanding the public education plan.
Restaurant Wine & Spirits Service: The Basics Ben Booth
My colleagues don't have a lot of time to learn the basics of wine service, so I wrote them a simple, easy to understand guide. To give a bit of ownership, all the images are of them and the restaurant.
Social Influence Marketing presentation given at SXSW 2008 in Austin, TX. Themed Going Social Now it discussed how brands can play in the social media space
The advertisement is a marketing tool which helps a company to let the people know about the product. The main purpose of the advertisement is to Create Awareness, Persuasion, Education, Information, Emotion, Brand Loyalty, Understanding, etc.
Colgate-Palmolive informs its customers about its new products as well as the product that is being used by the customers. Colgate-Palmolive persuades and convinces its new as well as old customers to purchase its
new product. Adopting a good promotional strategy Colgate has succeeded to retain its customers and image. By this Colgate strongly focuses on different promotional strategies i.e. mass selling, advertising, publicity and sale promotion etc. Colgate-Palmolive has proved itself as a keen observer of the market and the culture all around itself. Through the strong promotion by the media i.e. TV, radio, newspaper etc. It is rightly successful to capture the mass market. So, we can say that the Colgate is the product of mass selling. Colgate is not only using the traditional advertising media for its Promotion. However it is also using the electronic advertising media i.e. internet etc. Because a large number of people are using the internet. So, Colgate also advertises on the different websites with its required information for its customers and has a specific website to promote each Colgate product. Colgate also promotes its product by sales Promotion to attract its customers to use the product. Sometimes, Colgate introduces the product at low prices according to the quantity and to facilitate its customer. Which effect positively on the Colgate’s end customer or consumer. Colgate’s positive Promotion effect on the product as well as company. Which helps a lot to establish the product image as well as company image in the minds of customers. By using the idea of AIDA and IMC, Colgate’s promotional activity not only became strong but also helps to convincing the customers to adopt the product for using. So, we can say that the Colgate’s proper promotion makes new room in the market for establishment
ADVERTISEMENT: Its different products which are designed for different segments are targeted to the audience by highlighting its
features. Its common tagline for all products is-
No1 brand recommended by dentist.´
Sales promotion:-for rural market COLGATE uses VAN (van is a mobile promotion station having facilities for screen show, slide show and mike publicity.
Este documento discute a gestão de processos de negócio (BPM) e como as organizações podem se beneficiar de uma abordagem orientada a processos. Ele explica o que é BPM, como implementá-lo e as tecnologias relacionadas, incluindo modelagem e execução de processos usando uma suíte BPM. O documento também discute como a arquitetura de TI pode ser orientada a processos para apoiar a estratégia de BPM de uma organização.
O documento apresenta conceitos e estratégias de gestão de processos de negócios (BPM). Em 3 frases:
1) Discutem-se definições e abordagens de BPM, incluindo a importância de alinhar processos com a estratégia corporativa e melhorar desempenho.
2) Detalha-se como implantar BPM com a criação de um centro de excelência e maturidade de processos, além de apresentar benefícios como redução de custos.
3) Por fim, aborda-se a autom
Syed Farrukh Iqbal has over 10 years of experience in database administration, HR management, and data entry. He has worked at Indus University as an Assistant Database Administrator for 7 years where he installed and upgraded Oracle databases, planned storage, tuned performance, and managed database security and backups. He also worked at Hilal Manufactures and Baqai Medical University in data entry and assistant administration roles. Farrukh holds an MBA in HR and a BA from the Federal Urdu University. He is proficient in Microsoft Windows, Office, and database software.
It is possible to consider that adsorption systems can be alternative to reduce the CO2 emissions and electricity demand when they driven by waste heat or solar energy. Although, for a broader utilization the researches should continue aiming for improvements in heat transfer,reductions of new adsorbent compounds with enhanced adsorption capacity and improved heat and mass transfer properties.
The document discusses choosing a solar hot water system, including the types available such as evacuated tubes, flat plates, and heat pumps. It covers key factors to consider like roof orientation, pitch, and shading, as well as system configurations, advantages of different collector types, energy savings potential, and installation guidelines. The goal is to help homeowners learn about solar hot water and select the best system for their needs and home.
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF ADVANCED SOLAR WATER HEATERIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of an advanced solar water heater. The proposed system uses a double exposure system with mirrors to reflect sunlight onto both sides of an aluminum flat plate solar collector, increasing the heating rate of water in the tubes. An evacuated flat plate collector is used for its high efficiency. A tracking system orients the collector to follow the sun's motion and further reflect sunlight, improving overall performance. The design aims to heat water faster and more efficiently than conventional solar water heaters through these enhanced collection and exposure methods. Testing showed the maximum water temperature reached 72°C, demonstrating effectiveness of the double exposure system and vacuum insulation for solar water heating.
This document discusses the components and design of a green building in India. It provides details of the electrical load calculation and sizing of the solar PV system to power the building. The building would use a 3KW solar PV system with a 2.5KVA inverter to meet its 4KW peak load. It also includes specifications for the solar water heater, solar air heater, and solar cooker to utilize solar energy for heating and cooking needs. The methodology section outlines the research approach, including literature reviews, data collection from construction projects, and identifying new green building techniques.
This document summarizes a senior design project report submitted by three students at North South University for their capstone design course. The project involved developing a solar-based refrigerator system to provide refrigeration for rural areas without reliable electricity access. Key components of the system included a 100W solar panel, charge controller, 12V battery, 500W inverter, refrigerator, and data logging equipment to monitor voltage, current and temperature over time. The goal of the project was to optimize the power usage of the refrigerator and provide an affordable solution for off-grid refrigeration needs in developing areas.
1) The document presents a project on solar air conditioning by six students guided by an assistant professor.
2) It aims to provide pollution-free refrigeration using solar energy to minimize environmental impact and fuel costs.
3) The key components are solar panels, a compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator. Solar energy is converted to electricity to power the vapor compression refrigeration cycle.
This document discusses utilizing solar energy through non-conventional methods for applications like air conditioning, refrigeration, and electricity generation. It describes various solar technologies like solar air conditioning using absorption or adsorption refrigeration, hybrid photovoltaic/thermal systems that generate both electricity and thermal energy, and photovoltaic solar assisted heat pumps. These technologies have potential to meet household energy needs for lighting, cooling, refrigeration, and more with little to no electricity usage. The document concludes solar energy can be harnessed efficiently through proper selection and design of collectors based on load requirements and cost factors.
- Peltier effect involves heat being absorbed or released when an electric current passes through two dissimilar materials. Peltier coolers use this effect to provide precise temperature control without moving parts, making them compact and reliable.
- The document discusses using a Peltier cooler powered by solar cells to cool water in an experiment. It was found that 250mL of water could be cooled from 18.5°C to 13°C, with the cooling efficiency varying with solar insulation levels.
- India has significant potential for solar energy due to its sunlight. The government has ambitious targets for solar capacity and provides various programs to encourage solar power development.
This document provides an overview of solar energy, including its various uses and applications. It discusses how solar energy works, how much the Earth receives, and major current uses like heating water, spaces, and generating electricity. Both passive and active solar heating systems are examined. Advantages of solar like being renewable and clean are outlined, as well as challenges like high initial costs and limited generation at night. The document concludes that further cost reductions from more production and research could significantly increase the viability and use of solar energy.
This document summarizes information about solar energy. It discusses what solar energy is, how much the Earth receives, and major uses like daylight, drying crops, space heating, water heating, and generating electricity. It describes passive and active systems for using solar energy to heat water and living spaces. Larger scale applications like power towers and parabolic dishes that generate solar-thermal electricity are also outlined. The advantages of solar energy being renewable and clean are highlighted, along with some disadvantages like high costs and lack of power at night.
The document describes the Solar CatcherTM concentrating solar power system, which uses parabolic dish technology equipped with a Brayton turbine specially designed for areas with medium solar insolation. The system aims to provide the most affordable, modular and scalable solar solution for utility-scale solar power. It can operate individually or be grouped, providing clean energy for small grids or utility-scale applications from 2-100 kW. The system includes options for energy storage like vanadium batteries to allow longer operation times from 6-24 hours.
Dr. Keith Lovegrove unveiled the ANU's new solar thermal dish in September at the SolarPACES international solar thermal conference in Berlin to much acclaim. This will be the first time it will be presented in Melbourne.
It is the world's biggest solar dish that comes with a mass production system that can build one dish a day. The dish has the highest optical efficiency of any commercial solar technology in the world and a field of 500 produces 100MW electrical power. ANU's dishes can be used on undulating ground, which is difficult for current solar thermal systems that use mirror fields or troughs.
Dr. Keith Lovegrove will also talk about replacing all of Australia's energy needs with this solar technology used in conjunction with thermal salt storage.
Dr. Keith Lovegrove is a senior lecturer in Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology at the Australian National University (ANU). He heads the ANU Solar Thermal Group which works on a range of projects involving high and low temperature thermal conversion of solar energy. This includes looking at dish and trough concentrators and thermochemical energy storage. He is widely published in scientific journals and has advised the Australian Government on CSP . Dr Lovegrove and his team are at the forefront of International research into concentrated solar power.
HEAT ENERGY COLLECTION VIA PARABOLIC SOLAR REFLECTORSRitesh Toppo
This document describes the development of a solar parabolic dish collector prototype for rural areas in India that lack access to electricity. The prototype uses a polished aluminum parabolic dish to concentrate solar radiation to a focal point, where the thermal energy can be used for cooking or other applications. The document discusses the design of the prototype, including a CAD model, and selection of appropriate materials for the reflector and other components, such as aluminum, fiberglass, and diamond-shaped glass. The goal is to provide a low-cost solar energy solution for heating and cooking needs in off-grid rural communities.
Solar for the home installation and maintenance-20161Reynante Alvarado
This document provides information on installing and maintaining solar panels for home use. It includes a table estimating the costs of an off-grid home solar system based on monthly electricity bills. Key factors in the cost estimates are the number and wattage of solar panels, inverters, batteries, and other equipment. Installation and maintenance are also discussed. The document promotes adopting rooftop solar to save money on electricity costs over time.
This document is a capstone project submitted by four students for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering. It outlines the development of a solar absorption domestic refrigeration system. Key components discussed include an absorber, pump, heat exchanger, generator, condenser, capillary tube, and evaporator. Experimental work was conducted to test the system and various calculations were performed to analyze heat transfer and efficiency. The project was completed under the guidance of a faculty member to fulfill degree requirements.
Alternative energy sources presentationShahan Saheed
The document discusses various alternative energy sources as replacements for fossil fuels to mitigate global warming. It describes solar power including the photovoltaic process to convert sunlight to electricity and thermal solar to heat water. Challenges with solar include high costs and lack of energy at night. The document also covers thermal power stations in Sri Lanka and companies involved in alternative energy implementation. Wind power is discussed as an option for rural communities through micro-grids.
Solar air conditioning uses solar power through photovoltaic conversion of sunlight to electricity, geothermal cooling, or passive cooling methods. Photovoltaic systems can power conventional or absorption cooling systems for small residential or commercial buildings. Earth sheltering and cooling tubes can reduce cooling needs by taking advantage of stable underground temperatures. Geothermal heat pumps exchange heat with the ground through water circulating in closed loops to improve air conditioning efficiency. Passive solar techniques like building orientation and shading can reduce cooling loads through natural ventilation and heat transfer principles without active solar thermal systems.
Team Tidewater Virginia Integrated Solar Thermal System (2)
1. canopyhouse.org
BEMIS LABORATORIES HAM
(T) 757.727.5442 (E
2013
Taylor McLemore & Horace Woolard
Team Tidewater Virginia
7/16/2013
Team Tidewater Virginia
Integrated Solar Thermal System
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY &
OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY
2. canopyhouse.org
BEMIS LABORATORIES HAMPTON UNIVERSITY
HAMPTON, VA 23669
(T) 757.727.5442 (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
Table of Contents
Team Tidewater Virginia Solar Thermal System Proposal.................................................................. 1
Solar Thermal System Line Diagram............................................................................................................. 5
Solar Thermal System Description................................................................................................................ 6
PureTemp 53 Technical Data Sheet .............................................................................................................. 7
PureTemp 53 Safety Data Sheet...................................................................................................................... 8
PureTemp PCM Sphere Analysis ..................................................................................................................12
Solar Thermal System Simulation................................................................................................................19
SunDrum Technical Data Sheet.....................................................................................................................25
Bosch WST 50 Technical Data Sheet...........................................................................................................27
Buderus Hot Water Tank Technical Data Sheet......................................................................................31
Bosch KS Pump Station Technical Data Sheet.........................................................................................34
Bosch SBU Technical Data Sheet...................................................................................................................40
Grundfos Alpha 15-55SF Technical Data Sheet ......................................................................................43
REHAU PRO_BALANCE Mixing Module......................................................................................................45
Bosch Logalux Membrane Expansion Tank Technical Data Sheet..................................................46
Resources...............................................................................................................................................................48
ble of Contents
No table of contents entries found.
Integrated Solar Thermal System
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD
DOMINION UNIVERSITY
TEAM TIDEWATER
3. canopyhouse.org
BEMIS LABORATORIES HAMPTON UNIVERSITY
HAMPTON, VA 23669
(T) 757.727.5442 (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
1
Team Tidewater Virginia Solar Thermal System Proposal
The U.S. Department of Energy, Solar Decathlon, challenges university teams to design,
build, and operate solar-powered houses that are affordable, energy-efficient, and attractive. The
winner of the competition is the team that best blends cost-effectiveness, consumer appeal, and
design excellence with optimal energy production and maximum efficiency. The Solar Decathlon
2013 competition will take place October 3-13,2013 in Irvine, California. Old Dominion and
Hampton University have joined together in this competition to form Team Tidewater Virginia.
For the 2013 Department of Energy Solar Decathlon, Team Tidewater Virginia has designed
built the Canopy House. Just as the canopy of a tree is a protective, sunlight-filled haven, the Canopy
House is a safe, universally designed, solar-powered dwelling. The Canopy House's smart home
technology allows its owners to live an independent lifestyle and age-in-place. The Canopy House
harmonizes two of Team Tidewater’s most important values: design in response to the
environment and design for all. Drawing from the principles of Universal Design, the Canopy House
strives to make sustainable living accessible to all people, regardless of physical impairments and
limitations. The design harnesses the power of the sun, both as an energy-efficient method for
providing heat and electricity, and as an integral foundation for the home’s innovative
technology. Through this technology, the house aims to instruct the user about living sustainably as
well as to provide the tools to lead a safe and independent lifestyle.
The competition requires each team to produce energy, using photovoltaic systems that will
sustain “net zero” or better energy consumption, maintain comfortable and healthy indoor
environmental conditions, supply energy to household appliances for cooking, cleaning, and
entertainment, and provide adequate hot water while complying with the Solar Decathlons strict
rules and regulations. By integrating and testing numerous combinations of proposed sub-systems,
4. canopyhouse.org
BEMIS LABORATORIES HAMPTON UNIVERSITY
HAMPTON, VA 23669
(T) 757.727.5442 (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
2
Team Tidewater expects to perform optimally. One of the major engineering innovations of the
team is the use of an Integrated Solar Thermal System. By using the sun to heat water, the Canopy
House is able to use significantly less energy when compared to using electricity to heat water.
The main component of our schematic system will be a hybrid photovoltaic-solar thermal
collector, the solar thermal component manufactured by SunDrum. This system will not only cool
our PV panels for improved efficiency but it will also allow us to integrate a large amount of thermal
energy into our hot water system design. The sustainable thermal energy will be directed to a
storage tank enclosed with PureTemp’s renewable based phase change material, or PCM. This PCM
is made from a “green” technology, converting vegetable based feedstock into PCM through a
patented and proprietary manufacturing process. This specific heat sink will then be our primary
source for our domestic hot water. To insure that an adequate temperature is met, Team Tidewater
will have an electrical water heater in case of emergency. It is expected that a sufficient amount of
thermal energy will be produced by incorporating 8 SunDrum collectors, allowing Team
Tidewater’s engineer’s schematic design to incorporate radiant floor heating as an additional
source for excess thermal energy. This final addition will optimize the use of SunDrum’s thermal
energy by heating the house. The design of Canopy House
includes a hybrid photovoltaic-solar thermal collector
manufactured by SunDrum® (SunDrum Solar, LLC, Hudson,
MA) as shown in Figure 1. The SunDrum system was selected
over conventional thermal collectors because provides “free”
thermal energy. However, it does not decrease the amount of
area available for photovoltaic panels.
Figure 1. SunDrum Solar
Collector
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BEMIS LABORATORIES HAMPTON UNIVERSITY
HAMPTON, VA 23669
(T) 757.727.5442 (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
3
Figure 2. SunDrum Total Energy Advantage
A second benefit of the SunDrum system is that it improves the efficiency of the attached
solar panels by cooling them. As seen in Figure 2, by flowing cooler water through the SunDrum’s,
the efficiency of the solar panels is increased due to the cooling from the SunDrum’s. Though
several other companies produce similar products, Team Tidewater elected to use SunDrum due to
various cost constraints.
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BEMIS LABORATORIES HAMPTON UNIVERSITY
HAMPTON, VA 23669
(T) 757.727.5442 (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
4
1 Therms = 29.3 kWh or 105,480,400 J
Competition duration during the month of
October
17 therms =1.793 GJ
8 SunDrum units
8*1.793 GJ =14.344 GJ / (31 days in October) =
462.753 MJ average thermal energy per day
produced by 8 SunDrum units.
Several theoretical calculations were generated in order to estimate the thermal energy
production of 8 SunDrum panels. Table 1 shows the amount of thermal energy SunDrum Solar
indicates they will produce during optimal conditions.
SunDrum Calculations
Month Energy Production (Therms)
1 13
2 13
3 18
4 20
5 20
6 20
7 22
8 23
9 19
10 17
11 15
12 13
Table 1 SunDrum Thermal Production
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BEMIS LABORATORIES HAMPTON UNIVERSITY
HAMPTON, VA 23669
(T) 757.727.5442 (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
5
BOSCH SBU BOSCH WST 50 GRUNDFOS
PUMP
LOGALUX SM300 (PCM TANK) RADIANT FLOOR
PUMP
1.) TO PCM TANK
BOTTOM COIL
2.) FROM PCM
TANK
BOTTOM COIL
3.) TO WST 50
COIL
4.) FROM WST 50
COIL
5.) FROM BOSCH SBU
6.) TO PUMP/ PCM
TANK
7.) TO BOSCH SBU
8.) COLD WATER
INLET/ FROM PCM
TANK
9.) DOMESTIC HOT
WATER OUTLET
10.) FROM
WST 50
COIL
11.) TO PCM
TANK
TOP
COIL
12.) FROM RADIANT FLOOR
PUMP
13.) TO BOSCH SBU
14.) FROM BOSCH SBU
15.) FROM PUMP/DOMESTIC
COLD WATER
16.) TO BOSCH WST 50
17.) TO RADIANT FLOOR PUMP
18.) FROM PCM
TANK
19.) TO PCM TANK
Solar Thermal System Line
Diagram
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BEMIS LABORATORIES HAMPTON UNIVERSITY
HAMPTON, VA 23669
(T) 757.727.5442 (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
6
Solar Thermal System Description
For this description, I will be using Team Tidewater Virginia’s Solar Thermal System
Line Diagram which is shown on page 5 of this document. Below is a step-by-step
description of how the system works along with the installation of the PCM (phase change
material) within the system.
To start the overall system, the water from the sundrum panels, shown on the top of
the line diagram, will pass through the KS Pump Station directly to the SBU. The SBU will
choose which direction the hot water from the panels will go. The water will either go
through the bottom of the SBU to the hot water tank, Bosch WST 50, or through the left side
of the SBU to the PCM Tank, Logalux SM300. For each tank, the hot water from the
sundrum will flow through a coil that will heat the water inside the tank. For the PCM Tank,
the bottom coil will be used to heat the water from the sundrum panels. The radiant floor
system will be heated with the PCM tank by pumping in the cooler water in the bottom and
taking the warmer water from the top. The top coil of the PCM Tank will be used to transfer
the heat within the tank to the WST 50. This system can work in one of two ways. The first
way includes supplying the PCM tank top coil with domestic cold water which will be pre-
heated and then added into the WST 50. The second way is to pump water from the WST
50 through the top coil of the PCM Tank to be heated and then inserted back into the WST
50. Using a coil to transfer the heat from the PCM Tank to the WST 50 creates a safety
barrier between the PCM and the potable water.
For the installation of the PCM into the PCM Tank, we will first remove the front
access panel of the PCM Tank. We will then put PCM filled spheres that are 4” in diameter
in the tank which will float to the top when the tank is filled with water. The spheres are
made of HDPE, high-density polyethylene, which serves as the containment of the PCM
from the water. The PCM is inserted into the spheres in liquid form. The sealing of the plug
occurs after the PCM has solidified in order to prevent the sphere from breaking when the
PCM expands or contracts. The sealant is polyethylene and therefore can withstand
identical conditions experienced by the sphere. The HDPE spheres are chemical resistant
and do not absorb any liquid. For the PCM, we will be using Puretemp 53 from Entropy
Solutions. Puretemp currently has a trade secret on the composition of Puretemp 53. The
data sheet, safety data sheet, and PCM analysis are included in this document for further
information.
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BEMIS LABORATORIES HAMPTON UNIVERSITY
HAMPTON, VA 23669
(T) 757.727.5442 (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
7
PureTemp 53 Technical Data
Sheet
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BEMIS LABORATORIES HAMPTON UNIVERSITY
HAMPTON, VA 23669
(T) 757.727.5442 (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
8
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BEMIS LABORATORIES HAMPTON UNIVERSITY
HAMPTON, VA 23669
(T) 757.727.5442 (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
9
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BEMIS LABORATORIES HAMPTON UNIVERSITY
HAMPTON, VA 23669
(T) 757.727.5442 (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
10
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BEMIS LABORATORIES HAMPTON UNIVERSITY
HAMPTON, VA 23669
(T) 757.727.5442 (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
11
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BEMIS LABORATORIES HAMPTON UNIVERSITY
HAMPTON, VA 23669
(T) 757.727.5442 (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
12
PureTemp PCM Sphere Analysis
Intro:
This analysis is provided to ensure that the PCM balls contained within the secondary hot
water tank will be safe during operation. In order for the PCM balls to be considered safe during
operation we must conclude that the yield stress of the PCM ball is greater than the stress the ball
will undergo at the system’s most extreme operating conditions.
Information:
The PCM is encapsulated in a ball of high density polyethylene (HDPE). The ball has the
following properties (which can be found on the company’s website
http://cicball.thomasnet.com/item/hollow-plastic-balls/hdpe-hollow-balls/pn-1140?):
Outer Diameter: d_0 = 4 in = 0.1016 m
Material Thickness: t = 1.4 mm = 0.0014 m
Max. Operating Temp: T_max = 180 oF = 82 oC
The analysis also requires the ultimate stress of HDPE (found in “Foundations of Materials
Science and Engineering” 4th Ed, by William F. Smith and Javad Hashemi, Pg. 949) and a couple
other key properties of air (found in “Fundamentals of Thermodynamics” SI Version, 7th Ed, by
Claus Borgnakke and Richard E. Sonntag, Pg. 686).
Ultimate Stress: σ_yield = 16 MPa = 16,000,000 Pa
Gas Constant of Air: R = 287 J/kg/K
Density of Air at 25 deg C: ρ_a_25 = 1.169 kg/m3
Experiment:
In order to properly evaluate the stress the HDPE will undergo we will also require the
volume of the PCM during both its liquid and solid states. The mass of PCM contained in each ball is
given to be m_PCM = 0.45466 kg.
In the experiment we heated the PCM ball in liquid water until all of the PCM was melted.
At this point we carefully cut a hole in the ball and emptied the contents into 5 graduated cylinders,
measured their volumes, let them cool, and then measured their volumes again. We chose to
measure the volume change in 5 different cylinders so we could take the results and find an
experimental average in volume change. Below are the results of our experiment.
Liquid PCM Solid PCM % Dif
Graduated Cylinder Volume (ml) Volume (ml)
25 ml (inc = 0.2 ml) 15.3 14.9 2.61438
25 ml (inc = 0.2 ml) 14.4 13.8 4.16667
25 ml (inc = 0.2 ml) 9.9 9.6 3.0303
10 ml (inc = 0.1 ml) 4.65 4.5 3.22581
500 ml (inc = 5.0 ml) 415 400 3.61446
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BEMIS LABORATORIES HAMPTON UNIVERSITY
HAMPTON, VA 23669
(T) 757.727.5442 (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
13
From the results of the experiment we calculated the following:
Total volume of liquid PCM: V_liq = 459.25 ml = 0.00045925 m3
Average % difference from liquid to solid: % dif = 3.330323 %
We are now able to calculate the volume of solid PCM as follows:
Total volume of solid PCM: V_sol = (V_liq) – (V_liq) * (% dif)
V_sol = 0.000443955 m3
The experiment also revealed a small cylindrical notch inside the sphere. This was
discovered when we cut the hole in the sphere. In order for our experiment to be as accurate as
possible we also take this small volume into account. The notch was very close to having a
cylindrical shape and thus will be approximated as a cylinder with measurements height = 0.0121
meters and diameter = 0.008 meters. Thus the volume of this miscellaneous piece was found to be:
V_misc = (0.0121) * (π/4) * (0.008)^2
V_misc = 6.0821*10^-7 m3
Next we find the total volume the PCM and air can occupy within the sphere. To find this we
must subtract the thickness of the HDPE from the radius of the sphere and remove the
miscellaneous volume occupied by the notch within the sphere:
V_total = {(4/3)* π * ([d_0/2] – t)^3} – (V_misc)
V_total = 0.000504366 m3
Assumptions:
In this experiment we assume that the sphere was filled with 0.45466 kg of PCM, (which is
equivalent to 0.00045925 cubic meters) and then allowed to cool to room temperature, (25 degrees
Celsius), before the sphere was sealed. (This was the process that was described to us by Entropy
Solutions, however they were not able to provide us with documentation of this). Thus the volume
occupied by the solid PCM upon sealing the sphere was V_sol = 0.000443955 cubic meters. We
calculate the mass of air that was left to occupy the remaining space within the ball during the
sealing process. We assume the air was at a room temperature of 25 degrees Celsius. It is also
important to note that the gauge pressure inside the vessel under these conditions will be equal to
zero, thus P1 = 0 Pa.
V1_air = (V_total) – (V_sol) = (0.000504366 m^3) – (0.000443955 m^3)
V1_air = 6.04108*10^-5 m^3
m_air = (ρ_a_25) * (V1_air) = (1.169 kg/m^3) * (6.04108*10^-5 m^3)
m_air = 7.06202*10^-5 kg
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BEMIS LABORATORIES HAMPTON UNIVERSITY
HAMPTON, VA 23669
(T) 757.727.5442 (E) LEADERSHIP@CANOPYHOUSE.ORG
TEAM TIDEWATER
HAMPTON UNIVERSITY & OLD DOMINION
UNIVERSITY
14
Because the ball is sealed at these conditions the mass of the air will remain constant. This
allows us to find the volume the air will occupy when the PCM is in its liquid state.
V2_air = (V_total) – (V_liq) = (0.000504366 m^3) – (0.00045925 m^3)
V2_air = 4.51163*10^-5 m^3
We now calculate the gage pressure inside the ball due to the expansion of the PCM. For
this part we will assume that air is an ideal gas and thus use the ideal gas equation (found in
“Fundamentals of Thermodynamics” SI Version, 7th Ed, by Claus Borgnakke and Richard E. Sonntag,
Pg. 61), with T2 = 82 deg Celsius (the maximum operating temperature of the PCM). We will also
assume that PCM (in its liquid state) can be treated as an incompressible fluid.
P2 = [(m_air) * (R) * (T2)] / (V2_air)
= [(7.06202*10^-5 kg) * (287 J/kg/K) * (355.15 K)] / (4.51163*10^-5 m^3)
P2 = 159,547.2801 Pa
Other Important Details:
The PCM balls will be located inside the Buderus hot water tank and submersed in the
working fluid of the Rehau panel radiant flooring system. Thus our operating conditions must
accommodate all of these products. The maximum temperature of both of these systems is greater
than the operating temperature of the PCM (82 degrees Celsius). Thus the maximum operating
temperature of the system must be set at this temperature. The maximum operating pressure of
the Rehau panel at 82 degrees Celsius is 690 kPa; this increases as temperature is lowered, thus we
will use 82 deg C as our standard. It is also important to note that the Buderus tank itself does not
need to be pressurized; however the maximum operating pressure of the tank is 1 MPa.
Due to the design of our system, the pressure of the Rehau panel directly depends on the
pressure inside the Buderus tank and the minimum pressure required to move the working fluid
through the 236 feet of PEX tubing (called head loss). The maximum head loss the system will need
to overcome (found on page 22 of the Rehau installation guide, using 100% water as the working
fluid and a PEX length of 250 ft.) is 31.41 ft. head. We convert this pressure to Pascal’s for
convenience:
Head (psi) = head (ft.) * (specific gravity) * density of water (lb./ft^3)
= (31.41 ft.) * (1) * (62.4 lb./ft^3) / (1 ft. / 12 in)^2
= 13.61 psi = 92.458 kPa
P_headloss = 92.458 kPa
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We now find the maximum pressure of the tank as not to exceed the maximum pressure of
the Rehau panel and still enable the additional pressure required by the pump to accommodate the
working fluid.
P_tank_max = P_Rahue – P_headloss
= (690 kPa) – (92.458 kPa)
P_tank_max = 597.542 kPa
Analysis:
We will model the sphere as a thin-walled pressure vessel, (found in Shigley’s Mechanical
Engineering Design” 9th Ed (SI units), by Richard G. Budynas and J. Keith Nisbett, Pg. 114).
σ _actual = (ΔP) * (d_0) / (2 * t)
It is important that we understand how this equation works for our analysis. The actual
pressure the PCM ball experiences is the difference between the pressure inside of the sphere and
inside of the tank. Thus:
ΔP = P_actual = P_Sphere – P_tank
The pressure in the sphere depends on the tank temperature and the state of the phase
change material in the sphere. Thus:
P_Sphere = [(m_air) * (R) * (T_tank)] / V_air
We analyze the stress on the sphere by varying the operating pressure of the tank at three
different temperatures: T_min, T_max and at the phase change temperature (53 deg C). These
temperatures were selected as they represent the extreme conditions of the system and will vary
linearly at all points in-between. The phase change temperature will be analyzed twice, once
assuming completely liquid PCM and a second assuming completely solid PCM. Thus the general
equation we use for analysis will have two different forms depending on the temperature we are
analyzing:
T_tank ≤ 53 deg C: σ _actual = {[(m_air) * (R) * (T_tank)] / V1_air) – P_tank} * (d_0) / (2 * t)
T_tank ≥ 53 deg C: σ _actual = {[(m_air) * (R) * (T_tank)] / V2_air) – P_tank} * (d_0) / (2 * t)
Because the tank pressure is an independent variable we will select it last and vary it to see
the impact it has on the factor of safety. We first determine if the factor of safety is adequate to
withstand the stress at each of these conditions. If it is in fact adequate, we use the tank pressure
that yields the highest factor of safety for all conditions. *Note: We avoid selecting a tank pressure
which yields a factor of safety that changes from positive to negative in the working temperature
18. canopyhouse.org
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16
range. This implies a change from tension to compression within the ball and stands an increased
chance of failing due to fatigue.
Results:
Tank Pressure = 0 kPa
Air (m^3) Temp (C) P_Sphere (Pa) P_tank (Pa) σ _actual (Pa) Factor of Safety
Solid PCM
6.04E-05 25 0.00E+00 0 0.00 Approach Infinity
6.04E-05 53 9.39E+03 0 340870.93 46.94
Liquid PCM
4.51E-05 53 4.65E+04 0 1686889.71 9.48
4.51E-05 82 5.95E+04 0 2159617.40 7.41
Tank Pressure = 5 kPa
Air (m^3) Temp (C) P_Sphere (Pa) P_tank (Pa) σ _actual (Pa) Factor of Safety
Solid PCM
6.04E-05 25 0.00E+00 5000 -181428.57 -88.19
6.04E-05 53 9.39E+03 5000 159442.35 100.35
Liquid PCM
4.51E-05 53 4.65E+04 5000 1505461.14 10.63
4.51E-05 82 5.95E+04 5000 1978188.82 8.09
Tank Pressure = 10 kPa
Air (m^3) Temp (C) P_Sphere (Pa) P_tank (Pa) σ _actual (Pa) Factor of Safety
Solid PCM
6.04E-05 25 0.00E+00 10000 -362857.14 -44.09
6.04E-05 53 9.39E+03 10000 -21986.22 -727.73
Liquid PCM
4.51E-05 53 4.65E+04 10000 1324032.57 12.08
4.51E-05 82 5.95E+04 10000 1796760.25 8.90
Tank Pressure = 50 kPa
Air (m^3) Temp (C) P_Sphere (Pa) P_tank (Pa) σ _actual (Pa) Factor of Safety
Solid PCM
6.04E-05 25 0.00E+00 50000 -1814285.71 -8.82
6.04E-05 53 9.39E+03 50000 -1473414.79 -10.86
Liquid PCM
4.51E-05 53 4.65E+04 50000 -127396.00 -125.59
4.51E-05 82 5.95E+04 50000 345331.68 46.33
Tank Pressure = 60 kPa
Air (m^3) Temp (C) P_Sphere (Pa) P_tank (Pa) σ _actual (Pa) Factor of Safety
Solid PCM
6.04E-05 25 0.00E+00 60000 -2177142.86 -7.35
6.04E-05 53 9.39E+03 60000 -1836271.93 -8.71
Liquid PCM
4.51E-05 53 4.65E+04 60000 -490253.15 -32.64
4.51E-05 82 5.95E+04 60000 -17525.46 -912.96
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Discussion:
From the chart we are able to quickly eliminate tank pressures of 200, 400, and 597.542
kPa as they all yield very low factor of safeties. A closer look also eliminates tank pressures of 5, 10,
and 50 kPa as they each vary from positive to negative factor of safeties which we want to avoid
due fatigue. Of the remaining 3 tank pressures (0, 60, and 100 kPa) we eliminate 100 kPa as it has
lower factor of safeties for all temperatures than 60 kPa. The remaining two options are both
adequate for use as the factor of safeties in both cases are more than sufficient at all temperature
ranges. The difference between these two options is the tank pressure of 0 kPa holds the ball in
constant tension and the tank pressure of 60 kPa holds the ball in constant compression. Also, a
tank pressure of 0 kPa, on average, has higher factor of safeties through the operating temperature
range. This selection also does not require the tank to be pressurized. Thus the PCM balls can be
used with confidence within the given temperature range of 25oC – 82oC at a tank pressure of 0 kPa.
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
25 53 53 82
FactorofSafety
Tank Temperature
PCM Analysis
0 kPa
6 kPa
10 kPa
50 kPa
60 kPa
100 kPa
200 kPa
400 kPa
597.542 kPa
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Solar Thermal System
Simulation
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23. canopyhouse.org
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24. canopyhouse.org
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25. canopyhouse.org
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SunDrum Technical Data Sheet
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Bosch WST 50 Technical Data Sheet
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Buderus Hot Water Tank Technical Data Sheet
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Bosch KS Pump Station Technical Data Sheet
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39. canopyhouse.org
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41. canopyhouse.org
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42. canopyhouse.org
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Bosch SBU Technical Data Sheet
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Grundfos Alpha 15-55SF Technical Data Sheet
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REHAU PRO_BALANCE
Mixing Module
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Bosch Logalux Membrane Expansion Tank Technical Data Sheet
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Resources:
http://www.solardecathlon.gov/
http://www.canopyhouse.org/
http://www.sundrumsolar.com/
http://www.puretemp.com/technology.html
http://www.bosch-home.com/us
http://www.bosch-climate.us/products-bosch-thermotechnology/indirect-storage-tanks/
http://www.bosch-climate.us/products-bosch-thermotechnology/solar-thermal-
system/solar-hydraulics/
http://www.buderus.us/residentialhomeowners/products/solarproducts.html
http://www.rehau.com/US_en/Construction/Radiant-Heating-and-
Cooling/Radiant_Heating/
http://us.grundfos.com/products/find-product/alpha.html
http://www.rehau.com/US_en/