Physiological mechanisms of salt tolerance in TomatoShanwaz Ahmad
Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stresses, limiting crop production in arid and semi-arid regions, where soil salt content is naturally high. According to the FAO land and nutrition management service (2008), over 16 percent of the world’s land is affected by either salinity or sodicity which accounts for more than 800 million ha of land (CSSIR, 2016). The common cations associated with salinity are Na+, SO+34 Ca2+ and Mg2+, while the common anions are Cl- and HCO3-. Salinity occurs through natural or human induced processes that result in the accumulation of dissolved salts in the soil water to an extent that inhibits plant growth. There is competition for fresh water among the municipal, industrial and agricultural sectors in several regions. The consequence has been a decreased allocation of fresh water to agriculture. For this reason there is increasing pressure to irrigate with water of certain salt content like ground water, drainage water and treated waste water. Various causes of salinity over globe and how plants response to their suboptimal and toxic doses along with tolerance strategies has illustrated.
Salt stressRole of Organelle Membranes in Salt Stress Sensing and Signalling ...Suresh Antre
Soil salinity is a major environmental constraint to crop production, affecting an estimated 45 million hectares of irrigated land, and is expected to increase due to global climate changes and as a consequence of many irrigation practices. The deleterious effects of salt stress on agricultural yield are significant, mainly because crops exhibit slower growth rates, reduced tillering and, over months, reproductive development is affected.
QUALITY OF IRRIGATION WATER AND MANAGEMENT OF SALINE WATER FOR IRRIGATION GOVARDHAN LODHA
Enroll. No. (160111017)
Department of Agronomy
M.Sc. (Ag) Agronomy 2nd semester
Physiological mechanisms of salt tolerance in TomatoShanwaz Ahmad
Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stresses, limiting crop production in arid and semi-arid regions, where soil salt content is naturally high. According to the FAO land and nutrition management service (2008), over 16 percent of the world’s land is affected by either salinity or sodicity which accounts for more than 800 million ha of land (CSSIR, 2016). The common cations associated with salinity are Na+, SO+34 Ca2+ and Mg2+, while the common anions are Cl- and HCO3-. Salinity occurs through natural or human induced processes that result in the accumulation of dissolved salts in the soil water to an extent that inhibits plant growth. There is competition for fresh water among the municipal, industrial and agricultural sectors in several regions. The consequence has been a decreased allocation of fresh water to agriculture. For this reason there is increasing pressure to irrigate with water of certain salt content like ground water, drainage water and treated waste water. Various causes of salinity over globe and how plants response to their suboptimal and toxic doses along with tolerance strategies has illustrated.
Salt stressRole of Organelle Membranes in Salt Stress Sensing and Signalling ...Suresh Antre
Soil salinity is a major environmental constraint to crop production, affecting an estimated 45 million hectares of irrigated land, and is expected to increase due to global climate changes and as a consequence of many irrigation practices. The deleterious effects of salt stress on agricultural yield are significant, mainly because crops exhibit slower growth rates, reduced tillering and, over months, reproductive development is affected.
QUALITY OF IRRIGATION WATER AND MANAGEMENT OF SALINE WATER FOR IRRIGATION GOVARDHAN LODHA
Enroll. No. (160111017)
Department of Agronomy
M.Sc. (Ag) Agronomy 2nd semester
Effect of saline water irrigation and different management practices on soil ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
quality of water irrigation and factors lead poor water qualitynasuura
Water quality is the physical, chemical, biological, and aesthetic characteristics of water which determines its fitness for a variety of uses and for protecting the health and integrity of aquatic ecosystems.
Another general perception of water quality is that of a simple
property that tells whether water is polluted or not. Water
quality depends on the local geology and ecosystem, as well as
human uses such as sewage dispersion, industrial pollution, use
of water bodies as a heat sink, and overuse (which may lower the level of the water).
Agriculture, nursery, and turfgrass managers depend on an adequate supply of water for irrigation. With the increasing demand for potable water, irrigation managers are turning to alternative, poorer quality sources of water (e.g., recycled runoff, saline groundwater, reclaimed water) for irrigation purposes.
Poor quality irrigation water poses many hazards to plant production if not managed properly.
intro-classification-salt accumulation in soil imapairs plant function and soil structure-physiological effects on crop growth and development-osmotic effect and specific ion effects-plant use different strategies to avoid salt injury
Irrigation Groundwater Quality for Agricultural Usability in Biochar and Fert...Jenkins Macedo
1J. Macedo, 2M. Souvanhnachit, 3S. Rattanavong, 4B. Maokhamphiou, 4T. Sotoukee, 4P. Pavelic, 1M. Sarkis, 1T. Downs
1 Department of International Development, Community, and Environment, Clark University, Worcester, MA. U.S.A.
2 Department of Water Resources Engineering, National University of Laos, Vientiane, Lao PDR
3Independent Consultant, Washington DC, U.S.A.
4 International Water Management Institute Vientiane, Lao PDR.
Climate change risks pose significant challenge to smallholder irrigators who rely on rainfed agriculture for their livelihoods. Increased mean surface temperatures, varying rainfall, increasing evaporation and declining soil moistures all serve to impact productivity. Groundwater irrigation poses promising potential for agricultural productivity and the livelihoods of smallholders. Groundwater irrigation for agriculture use requires constant water quality monitoring. This excerpt is part of a field research, which assessed the impacts of biochar and fertilizer treatments on soil nutrients status, soil moisture, irrigation groundwater quality for agricultural use on the growth and yield of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica). Groundwater quality was monitored to determine the levels of electric conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) determinants of salinity and sodium, calcium, and magnesium to calculate the sodium absorption ratio (SAR) to estimate sodicity. The methods involved daily field tests to measure EC, TDS, pH, temperature, and detailed chemical analysis. The results indicate that the mean EC (0.021 dS/m; SD = 0.010) is significantly less than the salinity tolerance threshold for water spinach (< 1.3 dS/m) and the mean TDS (12 ppm; SD = 4.5) with soil pH of 6.6. The results suggest that the irrigation groundwater quality was suitable for agriculture and the chance of salinity was significantly low. The computed SAR 0.174 was significantly lower than the normal level (<10) above which soil water permeability could result from sodic soil condition. The results demonstrate that groundwater use for agriculture could assist smallholders adapt to climate change risks, but judicious use requires constant monitoring of groundwater quality and resources to increase crop yield and improve soil health.
Key Words: Salinity, Sodicity, Groundwater Quality, Electric Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Sodium Absorption Ratio
This PowerPoint only focuses on assessing irrigation groundwater quality in objective 4 and not the water use efficiency aspect/soil water savings. Here, we are only interested in the ability for biochar to reduce soil water salinity and sodicity.
Effect of saline water irrigation and different management practices on soil ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
quality of water irrigation and factors lead poor water qualitynasuura
Water quality is the physical, chemical, biological, and aesthetic characteristics of water which determines its fitness for a variety of uses and for protecting the health and integrity of aquatic ecosystems.
Another general perception of water quality is that of a simple
property that tells whether water is polluted or not. Water
quality depends on the local geology and ecosystem, as well as
human uses such as sewage dispersion, industrial pollution, use
of water bodies as a heat sink, and overuse (which may lower the level of the water).
Agriculture, nursery, and turfgrass managers depend on an adequate supply of water for irrigation. With the increasing demand for potable water, irrigation managers are turning to alternative, poorer quality sources of water (e.g., recycled runoff, saline groundwater, reclaimed water) for irrigation purposes.
Poor quality irrigation water poses many hazards to plant production if not managed properly.
intro-classification-salt accumulation in soil imapairs plant function and soil structure-physiological effects on crop growth and development-osmotic effect and specific ion effects-plant use different strategies to avoid salt injury
Irrigation Groundwater Quality for Agricultural Usability in Biochar and Fert...Jenkins Macedo
1J. Macedo, 2M. Souvanhnachit, 3S. Rattanavong, 4B. Maokhamphiou, 4T. Sotoukee, 4P. Pavelic, 1M. Sarkis, 1T. Downs
1 Department of International Development, Community, and Environment, Clark University, Worcester, MA. U.S.A.
2 Department of Water Resources Engineering, National University of Laos, Vientiane, Lao PDR
3Independent Consultant, Washington DC, U.S.A.
4 International Water Management Institute Vientiane, Lao PDR.
Climate change risks pose significant challenge to smallholder irrigators who rely on rainfed agriculture for their livelihoods. Increased mean surface temperatures, varying rainfall, increasing evaporation and declining soil moistures all serve to impact productivity. Groundwater irrigation poses promising potential for agricultural productivity and the livelihoods of smallholders. Groundwater irrigation for agriculture use requires constant water quality monitoring. This excerpt is part of a field research, which assessed the impacts of biochar and fertilizer treatments on soil nutrients status, soil moisture, irrigation groundwater quality for agricultural use on the growth and yield of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica). Groundwater quality was monitored to determine the levels of electric conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) determinants of salinity and sodium, calcium, and magnesium to calculate the sodium absorption ratio (SAR) to estimate sodicity. The methods involved daily field tests to measure EC, TDS, pH, temperature, and detailed chemical analysis. The results indicate that the mean EC (0.021 dS/m; SD = 0.010) is significantly less than the salinity tolerance threshold for water spinach (< 1.3 dS/m) and the mean TDS (12 ppm; SD = 4.5) with soil pH of 6.6. The results suggest that the irrigation groundwater quality was suitable for agriculture and the chance of salinity was significantly low. The computed SAR 0.174 was significantly lower than the normal level (<10) above which soil water permeability could result from sodic soil condition. The results demonstrate that groundwater use for agriculture could assist smallholders adapt to climate change risks, but judicious use requires constant monitoring of groundwater quality and resources to increase crop yield and improve soil health.
Key Words: Salinity, Sodicity, Groundwater Quality, Electric Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Sodium Absorption Ratio
This PowerPoint only focuses on assessing irrigation groundwater quality in objective 4 and not the water use efficiency aspect/soil water savings. Here, we are only interested in the ability for biochar to reduce soil water salinity and sodicity.
Starting a new aquaponic system or dealing with an iron deficiency? Here's your primer on iron in aquaponics: how it works, why it's often unavailable, and how to supplement it effectively.
See the whole post here: https://university.upstartfarmers.com/blog/the-beginners-guide-to-iron-in-aquaponics
Each month, join us as we highlight and discuss hot topics ranging from the future of higher education to wearable technology, best productivity hacks and secrets to hiring top talent. Upload your SlideShares, and share your expertise with the world!
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Effect of Salt and Water Stresses on Jujube Trees under Ras Sudr Conditionsiosrjce
This investigation was carried out during two successive seasons (2010 and 2011) on 5 years old
Nabq (Zizyphus spina christi) trees at Ras Suder Research Station, Desert Research Center- South Sinai
Governorate, Egypt. This investigation aimed to study the effect of saline water treatments, water regulation
and water irrigation levels on vegetative growth, some fruit parameters, leaf mineral contents, yield and fruit
quality. The treatments contained the combination of three main factors: The first factor: two wells as a saline
water source (well I and well II with EC values 3.68 and 6.80 dS/m, respectively). The second factor: water
regulation method (WR): DI= deficit irrigation and RDI = regulated deficit irrigation by partial root zone
drying (PRD). The third factor: irrigation levels of ETc = crop evapotranspiration 50, 75 and 100% (IL)). The
obtained results showed that well I X deficit irrigation (DI) & regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) X 100% gave
the highest values of tree circumference, Number shoots/tree, leaf area, yield/tree, fruit length, fruit diameter,
fruit weight, fruit volume, fruit flesh weight, fruit moisture% and leaf contents of N, P, Mg beside TSS and total
sugars. Moreover, treatments with well I X deficit irrigation (DI) recorded the highest values of shoot length,
shoot diameter, fruit set, fruit retention, K and Fe. We can be recommended by treatment of trees with well I
under stresses with regulated deficit irrigation under 100 % ETc to get the best results of fruit quality
Effect of Drip Irrigation and Fertilizer Management on Capsicum (Capsicum Ann...iosrjce
An experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2008-09 to study the effect of drip irrigation
and fertilizer management on Capsicum at Research area farms of Assam Agriculture University Jorhat
(Assam) India. Result reviled that the effect of drip irrigation and fertilizer management treatments (T3) were
significant in respect of percent nitrogen content both in plant (2.18%) and fruits (1.19%). Similarly the highest
uptake af p2o5 by plants (7.37 kg/ha) and by fruits (3.64 kg/ha) k2o by plant (47.05 kg/ha) and by fruits (26.07
kg/ha) recorded in treatment T3 at 100% EPR alone with the application of 75% RD of N and K through drip.
The total Uptake of N (69.16 kg/ha) p2o 5 (11.0 kg/ha) and K20 (73.12 kg/ha) were also significant over the
treatment T9 (N-48.27 kg/ha)p2o 5 (7.41 kg/ha) and K2o (48.85 kg/ha) respectively. The nutrient status
determined in terms of available N, p2o 5, and K+O in kg/ha was significantly influenced by different drip
irrigation and fertilizer management significantly highest fruit yield (87.20 q/ha) was recorded in drip irrigation
at 100 EPR along application of 75 % Rd of N through drip irrigation over treatments.
Evalution the changes of some biomolecules of two grapevine cultivars against...Innspub Net
Salinity is one of the limiting factor for grape growing in arid and semi-arid areas. Hence he effect of salinity on some physiological and biochemical characteristics of two seedless cultivars of grape namely Flame Seedless and Perlette under salinity stress were investigated. The design of the experiment was factorial arrangement in a complete randomized design with four replications. Five levels of salinity (0, 25, 50,75 and 100 m molar of NaCl) in irrigation water were surveyed on rooted cuttings of both cultivars. Results indicated that with increasing salinity levels photosynthesis, amount of soluble proteins and relative leaf water content was decreased and amount of proline and soluble sugars were increased. Ion leakage of cell membrane and malondialdehyde were increased with increased salinity. Withoute salinity application Perlette cultivar produced the best values for physiological and morphological indices. In general, Perlette cultivar proved more tolerance against salinity than Flame Seedless cultivar did. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-5-may-2015-jbes/
Triple Green-Agricultural Management Interventions for a New Green RevolutionSIANI
This study was presented during the conference “Production and Carbon Dynamics in Sustainable Agricultural and Forest Systems in Africa” held in September, 2010.
Delivery of Hydrologic and Microbial Services by Shrub Rhizospheres to Increase Crop productivity and Stability in the Sahel. Shrubs do hydraulic lift – during night when photosynthesis stops – but water keeps moving up through roots because of low water potential in surface and high water potential in subsoil – so water moves passively through roots because of the structure of roots facilitates faster movement of water then through the soils.
Productivity of some forage grasses under foliar sprinkler irrigation and fol...Innspub Net
Field experiment was conducted during 2013/2014 and 2015 seasons was aimed to evaluate productivity of Rhodes and Blue panic grasses as well as Alfalfa under sprinkler irrigation with foliar application of potassium nitrate that enable plants to cope with water stress. Each two forage grasses beside alfalfa were conducted in separate experiments. Irrigation every 10 days surpassed in total chlorophyll, leaf area, plant height, number of stems/m 2 , forage green yield/fed and forage dry matter yield/fed than those irrigated every 20 days. Highest percentages of water use efficiency, crude fiber and nitrogen free extract as well as yield/fed of crude protein, crude fiber, ether extract, ash and nitrogen free extract were produced from irrigation every 7 days. However, highest percentages of crude protein, ether extract and ash were produced from irrigation every 14 days. Forage species significantly differed on total chlorophyll, leaf area/plant, plant height, average of number of stem/cm 2 , forage green yield/fed and forage dry matter yield/fed. A significant effect due to forage species on percentages of water use efficiency, crude protein and fiber, extracting ether, ash and nitrogen free extract and nitrogen free extract as well as crude fiber, extracting ether, ash and nitrogen free extract yield/fed. Sown Rhodes grass produced maximum forage green and forage dry matter yield/fed and its quality compared with other studied forage crops. Foliar spraying of potassium nitrate at 15 ppm significantly increased total chlorophyll, leaf area, plant height, number of stems/m 2 , forage green and forage dry matter yield/fed. The results showed that highest percentages of water use efficiency, crude protein, crude fiber and ether extract, and nitrogen free extract and nitrogen free extract as well as crude fiber, extracting ether, ash and nitrogen free extract yield/fed. It could be stated that irrigation every 10 days and sown Rhodes grass and foliar spraying of potassium nitrate at 15 ppm maximized forage green and forage dry matter yield/fed. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/productivity-of-some-forage-grasses-under-foliar-sprinkler-irrigation-and-foliar-application-of-potassium-nitrate-under-salinity-stress/
1. EFFECTS OF HIGH CONCENTRATION OF NaCl IN THE NUTRIENT SOLUTION OF
HYDROPONIC TOMATOES ON YIELD, WATER EFFICIENCY AND POTASSIUM
ABSORPTION
25th Scientific Conference of the Greek Society for Horticultural Science,
Cyprus, 2011
K. Koni1, D. Tarnavas1, I. Lycoskoufis1,2, G. Mavrogianopoulos1
1Laboratory of Agricultural Constructions, Department of Natural Resources Management & Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of
Athens, 75 Iera Odos, P.O. 118 55, Athens, Tel. +30 210 529 4008, Fax: +30 210 529 4016, E-mail: ilycoskoufis@aua.gr, mav.g@aua.gr
2School of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Peloponnese, Antikalamos,
P.O. 24 100, Kalamata, Tel. +30 27210 45160
Introduction
The aim of the current project is to research the effects of high salinity
in the nutrient solution, on hydroponic tomatoes, when partly or all the
root system is under high salinity conditions.
Materials and Methods
For this purpose tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. ‘Rally
F1’) were cultivated on a closed hydroponic N.F.T. System on three
different cases: in Case (A) the roots of the plants were supplied with
regular nutrient solution of 2 dS m-1 of electrical conductivity, in Case
(B) the roots were supplied with saline nutrient solution of 12 dS m-1
E.C. ( regular nutrient solution + 100 mΜ NaCl), while in Case (C) the
roots were divided on two segments, one was supplied with regular
nutrient solution (2 dS m-1 E.C.) and the other with saline nutrient
solution (12 dS m-1 E.C.). To the regular solution Rb was added as a
detection element of potassium absorption.
Results-Discussion
Exposuring the tomato plants in NaCl high salinity conditions, as it was
expected, reduced significantly their growth by reducing their height,
their leaf area and their production. The decrease in the leaf area of
the plants emerged from the reduction of the size of the leaves, as well
as from the reduction of the amount of leaves per plant. The decrease
of production came from the decrease of the average weight per fruit.
Exposuring part of the root system of the plants that were exposed in
salinity conditions, on a regular nutrient solution eliminated the
negative effects of high salinity, in the development of the leaf area and
in the yield of the tomato plants, while it significantly confined its
negative effect on the height of the plants (Graph 1).
Also, in comparison with Case (A), the fruit quality was improved due
to the increase in the concentration of total soluble solids (Graph 2).
Water efficiency, as to the quantity of fresh product produced, was
greater in Case (C), with the split root system. The amount of water
absorbed in Case (C), originated at 81% in the root growing with
regular nutrient solution and 19% in the root growing with saline
nutrient solution (Graph 3a). Leaves conciseness on Rb+ and K+, in Case
(A), confirmed that the two elements are absorbed on the same rate.
Based on the previous statement it was calculated that in Case (C),
where one part of the root system has grown with regular nutrient
solution and the other with saline nutrient solution, the part with the
regular nutrient solution absorbed the greater amount of Κ+ (70%)
(Graph 3b).
Conclusions
Exposing only part of the root system of a plant that is in a saline
environment to regular nutrient solution, prevents the decrease in
tomato yield, while it improves the quality of fruits, through the
increase in the concentration of total soluble solids and enhances the
efficiency of irrigation water. In such conditions the plant absorbs both
water and potassium from the area with the least electrical
conductivity.
Graph 1. Salinity implications, in the root system of tomatoes or part of it, (a) in
height, (b) on leaf area per plant, (c) on average leaf area και (d) in number of
leaves per plant.
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
Μάρτυρας
2,5 dS m-1
NaCl
12 dS m-1
Διαχωρισμένη
ρίζα
m2
CASES
Leaf Area per Plant
A B C
2,5 dS m-1 12 dS m-1 Split Root
12
13
14
15
16
17
Μάρτυρας
2,5 dS m-1
NaCl
12 dS m-1
Διαχωρισμένη
ρίζα
CASES
Number of Leaves per Plant
A B C
2,5 dS m-1 12 dS m-1 Split Root
500
550
600
650
700
750
Μάρτυρας
2,5 dS m-1
NaCl
12 dS m-1
Διαχωρισμένη
ρίζα
cm2
CASES
Average Leaf Area
A B C
2,5 dS m-1 12 dS m-1 Split Root
0
40
80
120
160
200
Μάρτυρας
2,5 dS m-1
NaCl
12 dS m-1
Διαχωρισμένη
ρίζα
g
CASES
Average Fruit Weight
A B C
2,5 dS m-1 12 dS m-1 Split Root
(c)
20
24
28
32
36
40
Μάρτυρας
2,5 dS m-1
NaCl
12 dS m-1
Διαχωρισμένη
ρίζα
CASES
Number of Fruits per Plant
A B C
2,5 dS m-1 12 dS m-1 Split Root
0
2
4
6
8
Μάρτυρας
2,5 dS m-1
NaCl
12 dS m-1
Διαχωρισμένη
ρίζα
kgperplant
CASES
Yield
A B C
2,5 dS m-1 12 dS m-1 Split Root
4,0
4,3
4,6
4,9
5,2
5,5
Μάρτυρας
2,5 dS m-1
NaCl
12 dS m-1
Διαχωρισμένη
ρίζα
%brix
CASES
Total Soluble Solids (d)
A B C
2,5 dS m-1 12 dS m-1 Split Root
Graph 2. Salinity implications, in the root system of tomatoes or part of it, (a) on
yield, (b) on number of fruits per plant, (c) on average fruit weight and (d) in
total soluble solids of tomatoes.
(α)
(a)
(c) (d)
(b)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Μάρτυρας
2,5 dS m-1
NaCl
12 dS m-1
Διαχωρισμένη
ρίζα
m
CASES
Plant Height
A B C
2,5 dS m-1 12 dS m-1 Split Root
(a)
10
11
12
13
14
15
Μάρτυρας
2,5 dS m-1
NaCl
12 dS m-1
Διαχωρισμένη
ρίζα
l kg-1
CASES
Water Efficiency (a)
Graph 3. Salinity implications, in the root system of tomatoes or part of it, (a)
on water efficiency and (b) on relative potassium absorption in uneven salinity
conditions.
0
20
40
60
80
Κανονικό θρεπτικό διάλυμα
2,5 dS m-1
Αλατούχο θρεπτικό
διάλυμα 12 dS m-1
%
Root System
Κ+ Absorption
Regular Nutrient Saline Nutrient
Solution Solution
2,5 dS m-1 12 dS m-1
(b)
A B C
2,5 dS m-1 12 dS m-1 Split Root
(b)