Delivery of Hydrologic and Microbial Services by Shrub Rhizospheres to Increase Crop productivity and Stability in the Sahel. Shrubs do hydraulic lift – during night when photosynthesis stops – but water keeps moving up through roots because of low water potential in surface and high water potential in subsoil – so water moves passively through roots because of the structure of roots facilitates faster movement of water then through the soils.
The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is an agricultural method developed in Madagascar in the 1980s that has led to increased rice yields. SRI involves transplanting young seedlings with wider spacing, reducing water levels, and increasing soil aeration. These practices promote increased root and soil biomass growth. Field trials show SRI can increase average rice yields by 50-100% with fewer inputs, while reducing costs, water use, and risks for farmers. SRI is now being adopted by farmers in over 30 countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is an alternative rice cultivation method that can improve yields and reduce water usage compared to conventional methods. Field trials in multiple countries found average SRI yields were 2-3 times higher than conventional methods. SRI changes management practices like transplanting young seedlings and reducing plant density to promote deeper, more extensive root growth and increase beneficial soil microbes. This allows plants to make more efficient use of available nutrients and water. SRI represents a new paradigm that relies more on biological processes in soil and plants than external chemical inputs like fertilizers.
Context: Development of early maturing maize cultivars that remain productive under low N fertilizer farming system, consistent with the farmers’ technologies is a prerequisite to improving adoption of new varieties without increasing production cost.
Objective: To assess the performance of ten early open pollination maize varieties (OPVs) and their F1 hybrids for grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and also identify productive cultivars under low N fertilizer regimes.
Materials and Methods: The trials were set up in a split plot arrangement with three N fertilizer levels (0, 45 and 90 kg N ha-1) as main plot and the genotypes as sub-plot. Each plot within N level was four-row, laid out in a randomized complete block design of four replications. Ten OPVs were crossed in a half diallel to generate 45 F1 hybrids during 2004 and 2005 growing seasons. Planting were carried out on 20th July, 2005 and 2nd July, 2006. Agronomic characters studied were grain yield, maize establishment count, days to 50% tasselling and silking as well as plant and ear heights.
Results: The year 2005 growing season was better for all observed characters amongst all the genotypes than the year 2006. Although, expressions of these traits in the hybrids were relatively higher than the OPVs including the grain yield. The total increase in grain yield observed was 1.72 t ha-1 and 1.95 t ha-1 for OPVs and hybrids respectively on application of 90 kg ha-1 over no N-application. However, NUE was optimum at 45 kg N ha-1 in both groups. Grain yield and NUE correlated positively with growth characters measured except for days to 50% silking. Higher genetic gains were recorded for plant and ear heights.
Conclusion: Two drought tolerant varieties (Acr 90 Pool 16-Dt and Tze Comp3 Dt) that combined well with specific cultivars for grain yield and NUE probably have gene pools for low N-tolerance.
Alternate bearing in avocado is caused by heavy crops reducing resources for the next season. Nutrition plays a role and proper phosphorus control is important. Nutrient needs depend on yield, soil type, and climate. Nitrogen controls the vegetative-reproductive balance and timing of applications can reduce alternate bearing. More research is still needed on seasonal uptake patterns and fine-tuning fertilization recommendations to local conditions.
This study evaluated seven cabbage varieties for resistance to internal tipburn, a calcium deficiency disorder, under a rain shelter in Kerala, India. The varieties were treated with three levels of calcium foliar spray (0%, 0.5%, and 1.5%) and differences between varieties were observed for plant characteristics and yield. Only the variety NS 43 showed symptoms of internal tipburn, and only in plots treated with 1.5% calcium spray. While calcium spray and variety affected tipburn incidence, interactions between these factors did not significantly impact plant characteristics or yield. Overall, calcium foliar application was found to minimize internal tipburn, with 0.5% spray preventing symptoms in NS 43.
The document summarizes the System of Rice Intensification (SRI), a methodology developed in Madagascar to increase rice productivity through changes in plant management practices. SRI involves transplanting young seedlings singly and wider spaced, with minimal flooding. This induces greater root growth and soil biological activity, resulting in more tillers, larger plants and roots, higher yields, and other benefits. Field trials in many countries found SRI yields 30-100% higher than conventional methods with less inputs, water, and sometimes higher profits for farmers. The methodology is still evolving and many questions remain, but offers opportunities to improve rice and possibly other crop production systems.
Organic Ag Research & Extensin at Washington State Universitynacaa
Presentation presented at the 2009 NACAA AM/PIC. E-Organic Super Sessions
Presenters: Carol Miles, WSU Mt. Vernon REC; David Granastein, WSU Wenatchee REC; Diana
Roberts, WSU Spokane Extension<
The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is an agricultural method developed in Madagascar in the 1980s that has led to increased rice yields. SRI involves transplanting young seedlings with wider spacing, reducing water levels, and increasing soil aeration. These practices promote increased root and soil biomass growth. Field trials show SRI can increase average rice yields by 50-100% with fewer inputs, while reducing costs, water use, and risks for farmers. SRI is now being adopted by farmers in over 30 countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is an alternative rice cultivation method that can improve yields and reduce water usage compared to conventional methods. Field trials in multiple countries found average SRI yields were 2-3 times higher than conventional methods. SRI changes management practices like transplanting young seedlings and reducing plant density to promote deeper, more extensive root growth and increase beneficial soil microbes. This allows plants to make more efficient use of available nutrients and water. SRI represents a new paradigm that relies more on biological processes in soil and plants than external chemical inputs like fertilizers.
Context: Development of early maturing maize cultivars that remain productive under low N fertilizer farming system, consistent with the farmers’ technologies is a prerequisite to improving adoption of new varieties without increasing production cost.
Objective: To assess the performance of ten early open pollination maize varieties (OPVs) and their F1 hybrids for grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and also identify productive cultivars under low N fertilizer regimes.
Materials and Methods: The trials were set up in a split plot arrangement with three N fertilizer levels (0, 45 and 90 kg N ha-1) as main plot and the genotypes as sub-plot. Each plot within N level was four-row, laid out in a randomized complete block design of four replications. Ten OPVs were crossed in a half diallel to generate 45 F1 hybrids during 2004 and 2005 growing seasons. Planting were carried out on 20th July, 2005 and 2nd July, 2006. Agronomic characters studied were grain yield, maize establishment count, days to 50% tasselling and silking as well as plant and ear heights.
Results: The year 2005 growing season was better for all observed characters amongst all the genotypes than the year 2006. Although, expressions of these traits in the hybrids were relatively higher than the OPVs including the grain yield. The total increase in grain yield observed was 1.72 t ha-1 and 1.95 t ha-1 for OPVs and hybrids respectively on application of 90 kg ha-1 over no N-application. However, NUE was optimum at 45 kg N ha-1 in both groups. Grain yield and NUE correlated positively with growth characters measured except for days to 50% silking. Higher genetic gains were recorded for plant and ear heights.
Conclusion: Two drought tolerant varieties (Acr 90 Pool 16-Dt and Tze Comp3 Dt) that combined well with specific cultivars for grain yield and NUE probably have gene pools for low N-tolerance.
Alternate bearing in avocado is caused by heavy crops reducing resources for the next season. Nutrition plays a role and proper phosphorus control is important. Nutrient needs depend on yield, soil type, and climate. Nitrogen controls the vegetative-reproductive balance and timing of applications can reduce alternate bearing. More research is still needed on seasonal uptake patterns and fine-tuning fertilization recommendations to local conditions.
This study evaluated seven cabbage varieties for resistance to internal tipburn, a calcium deficiency disorder, under a rain shelter in Kerala, India. The varieties were treated with three levels of calcium foliar spray (0%, 0.5%, and 1.5%) and differences between varieties were observed for plant characteristics and yield. Only the variety NS 43 showed symptoms of internal tipburn, and only in plots treated with 1.5% calcium spray. While calcium spray and variety affected tipburn incidence, interactions between these factors did not significantly impact plant characteristics or yield. Overall, calcium foliar application was found to minimize internal tipburn, with 0.5% spray preventing symptoms in NS 43.
The document summarizes the System of Rice Intensification (SRI), a methodology developed in Madagascar to increase rice productivity through changes in plant management practices. SRI involves transplanting young seedlings singly and wider spaced, with minimal flooding. This induces greater root growth and soil biological activity, resulting in more tillers, larger plants and roots, higher yields, and other benefits. Field trials in many countries found SRI yields 30-100% higher than conventional methods with less inputs, water, and sometimes higher profits for farmers. The methodology is still evolving and many questions remain, but offers opportunities to improve rice and possibly other crop production systems.
Organic Ag Research & Extensin at Washington State Universitynacaa
Presentation presented at the 2009 NACAA AM/PIC. E-Organic Super Sessions
Presenters: Carol Miles, WSU Mt. Vernon REC; David Granastein, WSU Wenatchee REC; Diana
Roberts, WSU Spokane Extension<
Genome-wide association mapping of canopy wilting in diverse soybean genotypesAvjinder (Avi) Kaler
Genome-wide association analysis identified 61 SNP markers for canopy wilting, which likely tagged 51 different loci. Based on the allelic effects of the significant SNPs, the slowest and fastest wilting genotypes were identified.
The overall goal of this project is to develop tangible options to mitigate and adapt to climate change impacts on agriculture and forestry more quickly than could be reached by relying solely on crop improvement approaches via breeding or transgenic.
Breeding approaches for drought tolerance in cereals finalshivrajgehlot1
This document provides an outline and overview of breeding approaches for drought tolerance in cereals. It discusses the types of drought, mechanisms of drought tolerance including drought escape, avoidance and tolerance. It describes breeding methods for drought tolerance, including conventional methods like hybridization and non-conventional methods using biotechnology and genetic engineering. Examples of research from different countries evaluating drought tolerance in crops like wheat, rice and barley are presented. The document concludes that drought tolerance is complex and future work should identify signaling elements and cross-talk between pathways to develop crops tolerant to both drought and heat stress.
Effects of Incorporated Green Manure and Inorganic Fertilizer on Amaranth Ama...ijtsrd
Four cowpea varieties Oloyin, Drum, Zobo and White Mallam , and four levels of nitrogen fertilizer 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg N ha were applied at 2 weeks after planting WAP to the vegetable Amaranth between October 2018 to April 2019. The cowpea green manure was incorporated into soil 6 WAP and left for a week to decompose before planting the vegetable Amaranth. Growth of cowpea varieties used as green manure in 2018 showed no significant difference. However, in 2019 the canopy height and fresh weight at 3 WAP were significantly p 0.05 different among cowpea varieties. The canopy height of Oloyin, Drum and White Mallam were similar but significantly p 0.05 higher than that of Zobo variety. Similarly, application of 60 and 80 kg N ha significantly produced more yield relative to 0 and 40 kg N ha of inorganic fertilizer rates. Generally, higher significant yield p 0.05 was recorded in the second cycle of planting. This study concluded that green manure from Oloyin produced yield of Amaranth us 11.0 47.3 t ha which was similar to the yield obtained from 80 kg N ha 12.13 37.7t ha . Adeniji Azeez Adewale | Kumoye Deborah Etooluwa "Effects of Incorporated Green Manure and Inorganic Fertilizer on Amaranth (Amaranthus Caudatus. L) Vegetable" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33676.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/33676/effects-of-incorporated-green-manure-and-inorganic-fertilizer-on-amaranth-amaranthus-caudatus-l-vegetable/adeniji-azeez-adewale
The document summarizes the System of Rice Intensification (SRI), which aims to improve rice productivity through a set of principles and practices that change the growing environment for rice plants. SRI promotes greater root growth and more abundant soil biota by using young seedlings, wider spacing between plants, intermittent flooding of fields, and organic matter additions to soil. Preliminary evidence suggests SRI can lead to higher yields with less water and lower production costs compared to conventional rice farming methods.
Breeding for yield potential and stress adaptation in riceAshish Tiwari
With resources such as land being limited, increasing yield potential holds an important place for feeding the growing population. Stress is one of the main reasons for hindering the full flourish potential of any crop. Thus, breeding for increasing yield potential as well as stress adaptability goes hand in hand. Various conventional as well as advanced breeding methods along with the understanding of crop physiology can help us achieve the goal
11.response of maize (zea mays l) yield and yield components to rates of appl...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of phosphorus fertilizer rates on maize yield and yield components in two locations in Kogi State, Nigeria. Seven phosphorus rates ranging from 0 to 120 kg/ha were applied. Across both locations and years, phosphorus application significantly increased plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, stem girth, cob weight, and grain yield compared to the control. The highest cob weights and grain yields were obtained from application rates of 100-120 kg/ha. Specifically, 100 kg/ha of P was found to provide optimum maize yields of 5.40 and 5.51 tons/ha in the Anyigba soils over two years. In the Ofere soils, the optimum yield of
Field crops breeding for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses: achieveme...ICARDA
11-14 February 2019. Jodhpur, India. The 13th International Conference on Dryland Development
Presentation of Michael Baum, Director Biodiversity & Crop Improvement Program Jodhpur, India
Effects of salinity stress on growth, Water use efficiency and biomass partit...Innspub Net
Future crop production is predicted to face significant challenges from salinity stress due to secondary salinization. Therefore future-proofing crop production in these conditions is an essential path towards addressing food security. We evaluated the effect of irrigation with water of 0, 4 and 8 ppt salinity on growth, biomass partitioning, WUE and chlorophyll fluorescence of Vernonia hymenolepis A.Rich as ameliorated by fertilization with three levels of NPK20:10:10. Data were analysed for variance using the General Linear Model ANOVA procedure, after positive tests for normality and homogeneity of variance. Means were separated through the Dunnett test. Pearson Correlation was done to determine relationship between variables and these were spatially projected using the Factor Analysis procedure, without rotation. Under fertilization at 8 g NPK20:10:10 per plant, growth was stimulated by salinity increase to 4 ppt (35.43cm) compared to 30.43cm for control plants. Fertilizer application significantly improved all the biomass fractions of plants irrigated with water of 4 ppt relative to the control, while root:shoot ratios were highest for unfertilized plants indicating resource re-allocation to roots for better foraging. Chlorophyll fluorescence ranged between 0.716 and 0.727 and did not differ significantly across treatments. These values indicate that all treatments were under stress, including control plants. Values of WUE and RGR indicate that fertilization of plants irrigated with water of 4ppt salinity enhances growth and Harvest Index of V. hymenolepis, in spite of the registered stress. This is significant to future food security.
This document discusses foliar fertilization, which involves spraying plant leaves and stems with nutrients. It can increase crop nutrition and yields, improve drought tolerance, and enhance quality. Factors like nutrient form, concentration, application timing and frequency influence results. Foliar feeding is used in both conventional and organic agriculture, but should not replace soil fertility programs. The document provides background on foliar feeding and its potential benefits, as well as guidelines for effective application.
This document provides an overview of the System of Rice Intensification (SRI), which is a methodology for growing rice that can produce higher yields with fewer inputs. SRI involves transplanting young seedlings with wide spacing, maintaining moist soil rather than continuous flooding, and incorporating other practices. Key findings from SRI include larger and more extensive root systems, increased numbers of tillers per plant, and higher yields compared to conventional rice growing. While promising, SRI is still being studied scientifically to better understand the mechanisms producing its effects. The document discusses several potential explanations for SRI's results and calls for further research collaboration.
Association mapping identifies loci for canopy coverage in diverse soybean ge...Avjinder (Avi) Kaler
Rapid establishment of canopy coverage decreases
soil evaporation relative to transpiration improves
water use efficiency and light interception, and increases
soybean competitiveness against weeds.
PhD research presentation at the workshop of the Climate Food and Farming Network, Dec. 2-4 at Aarhus University, Foulum. The Climate Food and Farming Network is an initiative of Copenhagen U., Aarhus U., and the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security.
This document discusses how tree-cropping systems can be used to reclaim problem soils. It identifies several properties that make tree species suitable for soil improvement, such as high biomass production, nitrogen fixation, and deep root systems. The document also provides an example from Brazil where nitrogen-fixing legume trees have been used successfully to reclaim severely degraded lands. Key aspects of this reclamation method include selecting fast-growing legume tree species and their symbiotic partners, and producing legume tree seedlings that can withstand harsh degraded soil conditions and accelerate the natural succession process.
1. The study examined the effects of mulching and irrigation on cocoa seedling survival and establishment during the dry season in Ghana.
2. Results showed that irrigation and mulching significantly increased soil moisture content. Cocoa seedlings raised in topsoil, mulched and irrigated had the highest survival rate of 94.5%, while seedlings without irrigation or mulching had the lowest survival rate of 47.1%.
3. Irrigation had a significant positive effect on cocoa seedling survival, plant height, and leaf number. Seedling survival was 89.6% under irrigation versus 65.6% without irrigation. Mulching alone did not significantly affect seedling survival.
Effect of Rhizobium Innoculation on Growth, Nodulation Count and Yield of Soy...ijtsrd
This document reports on a study that evaluated the effect of rhizobium inoculation and biochar soil amendment on the growth, nodulation, and yield of soybeans in Nigeria. The results showed that rhizobium inoculation significantly increased the number of roots nodules, as well as yield parameters like number of flowers, pods, and seed weight, compared to the control in both study years. While biochar amendment alone did not significantly affect growth, it did produce higher yields when combined with rhizobium inoculation. The study suggests that rhizobium inoculation is an effective and affordable way to improve soil nitrogen and increase soybean productivity in Nigerian soils.
This document discusses crop wild relatives (CWR) and their importance for crop breeding and sustainability. It notes that CWR are rugged plants that have evolved naturally without human intervention and represent an untapped source of genetic diversity. Examples are given of CWR providing traits like disease resistance, drought tolerance, and aluminum tolerance when introduced into cultivated crops. The document also discusses challenges in utilizing CWR like cross-incompatibility barriers and the need for techniques like wide hybridization and embryo rescue. It identifies CWR as important reservoirs of adaptive traits for crop breeding but also notes threats they face and challenges in research and conservation of CWR diversity.
Hidden diversity for abiotic and biotic stress tolerances in the primary gene...FOODCROPS
FOODCROPS.VN. Hidden diversity for abiotic and biotic stress tolerances
in the primary gene pool of rice revealed by a large
backcross breeding program
- SRI (System of Rice Intensification) practices have led to increased rice yields of 50-100% or more in over 22 countries through changes in plant growth patterns. Key practices include wider spacing of young seedlings, minimal flooding of fields, and use of organic matter to promote soil biota.
- SRI results in larger root systems and more productive plant phenotypes through changes in root and shoot environment. Yields increases are due to greater productivity of land, labor, water and other inputs rather than variety changes or increased fertilizer.
- Further understanding of SRI's effects on soil biota and plant hormones may provide insights into its mechanisms. Overall, SRI aims to promote sustainable increases in rice productivity
Plant Growth-Promoting Activities and Molecular Characterization of Rhizobact...IOSR Journals
Rhizosphere bacteria are known to influence plant growth by direct and indirect mechanisms. Development of an effective plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) inoculant necessitates the presence of a diverse set of traits that can help its colonization of the rhizosphere and survival under varying environmental conditions. In the present study, a total of 219 bacterial strains isolated from the rhizosphere of different medicinal and aromatic plants collected from different locations of Andhra Pradesh (India) were initially screened for their PGP activities. From the 219 isolates four bacterial strains were selected and tested for in vitro specific plant growth promotion activities such as ammonia production, IAA production, phosphate solubilization, HCN production and antifungal activity. These four isolates showed maximum plant growth promoting activities and further they were identified on the basis of colony morphology, gram staining and biochemical tests. These PGPR isolates were characterized through 16S rRNA gene sequencing which led to their identification as Pantoea sp. (Cf 7), Bacillus sp. (Cf 60) and Pseudomonas sp. (Te1, Av 30) respectively. Seed germination test was conducted by employing these strains under laboratory conditions on sorghum, maize and green gram seeds to investigate the effect of PGPR on the growth of seedlings. These PGPR isolates induced production of plant growth hormones (indole acetic acid), phosphate solubilization and ammonia production resulting in enhanced plant growth. Most of the isolates resulted in a significant increase in % of seed germination, shoot length, root length and vigor index of sorghum, maize and green gram seedlings. Therefore, the present study suggests that these PGPR isolates (Cf 7, Cf 60, Te1, Av 30) may be used as biofertilizers to enhance the growth and productivity of commercially important medicinal and aromatic plants.
JICA's forestry activities in Africa focus on REDD+, resilience in the Sahel and Horn of Africa, regional cooperation, technology, and capacity building. Key areas include:
- REDD+ projects in 6 countries supporting strategies, MRV, and pilot projects.
- A new African Initiative to strengthen resilience to climate change in 15 Sahel and Horn countries.
- Supporting regional bodies COMIFAC and SADC to coordinate conservation, forests, and climate change.
- Promoting Japanese satellite monitoring and private sector partnerships for REDD+.
- Over 550 African trainees since 2009 in areas like remote sensing and sustainable forestry.
Genome-wide association mapping of canopy wilting in diverse soybean genotypesAvjinder (Avi) Kaler
Genome-wide association analysis identified 61 SNP markers for canopy wilting, which likely tagged 51 different loci. Based on the allelic effects of the significant SNPs, the slowest and fastest wilting genotypes were identified.
The overall goal of this project is to develop tangible options to mitigate and adapt to climate change impacts on agriculture and forestry more quickly than could be reached by relying solely on crop improvement approaches via breeding or transgenic.
Breeding approaches for drought tolerance in cereals finalshivrajgehlot1
This document provides an outline and overview of breeding approaches for drought tolerance in cereals. It discusses the types of drought, mechanisms of drought tolerance including drought escape, avoidance and tolerance. It describes breeding methods for drought tolerance, including conventional methods like hybridization and non-conventional methods using biotechnology and genetic engineering. Examples of research from different countries evaluating drought tolerance in crops like wheat, rice and barley are presented. The document concludes that drought tolerance is complex and future work should identify signaling elements and cross-talk between pathways to develop crops tolerant to both drought and heat stress.
Effects of Incorporated Green Manure and Inorganic Fertilizer on Amaranth Ama...ijtsrd
Four cowpea varieties Oloyin, Drum, Zobo and White Mallam , and four levels of nitrogen fertilizer 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg N ha were applied at 2 weeks after planting WAP to the vegetable Amaranth between October 2018 to April 2019. The cowpea green manure was incorporated into soil 6 WAP and left for a week to decompose before planting the vegetable Amaranth. Growth of cowpea varieties used as green manure in 2018 showed no significant difference. However, in 2019 the canopy height and fresh weight at 3 WAP were significantly p 0.05 different among cowpea varieties. The canopy height of Oloyin, Drum and White Mallam were similar but significantly p 0.05 higher than that of Zobo variety. Similarly, application of 60 and 80 kg N ha significantly produced more yield relative to 0 and 40 kg N ha of inorganic fertilizer rates. Generally, higher significant yield p 0.05 was recorded in the second cycle of planting. This study concluded that green manure from Oloyin produced yield of Amaranth us 11.0 47.3 t ha which was similar to the yield obtained from 80 kg N ha 12.13 37.7t ha . Adeniji Azeez Adewale | Kumoye Deborah Etooluwa "Effects of Incorporated Green Manure and Inorganic Fertilizer on Amaranth (Amaranthus Caudatus. L) Vegetable" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33676.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/33676/effects-of-incorporated-green-manure-and-inorganic-fertilizer-on-amaranth-amaranthus-caudatus-l-vegetable/adeniji-azeez-adewale
The document summarizes the System of Rice Intensification (SRI), which aims to improve rice productivity through a set of principles and practices that change the growing environment for rice plants. SRI promotes greater root growth and more abundant soil biota by using young seedlings, wider spacing between plants, intermittent flooding of fields, and organic matter additions to soil. Preliminary evidence suggests SRI can lead to higher yields with less water and lower production costs compared to conventional rice farming methods.
Breeding for yield potential and stress adaptation in riceAshish Tiwari
With resources such as land being limited, increasing yield potential holds an important place for feeding the growing population. Stress is one of the main reasons for hindering the full flourish potential of any crop. Thus, breeding for increasing yield potential as well as stress adaptability goes hand in hand. Various conventional as well as advanced breeding methods along with the understanding of crop physiology can help us achieve the goal
11.response of maize (zea mays l) yield and yield components to rates of appl...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of phosphorus fertilizer rates on maize yield and yield components in two locations in Kogi State, Nigeria. Seven phosphorus rates ranging from 0 to 120 kg/ha were applied. Across both locations and years, phosphorus application significantly increased plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, stem girth, cob weight, and grain yield compared to the control. The highest cob weights and grain yields were obtained from application rates of 100-120 kg/ha. Specifically, 100 kg/ha of P was found to provide optimum maize yields of 5.40 and 5.51 tons/ha in the Anyigba soils over two years. In the Ofere soils, the optimum yield of
Field crops breeding for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses: achieveme...ICARDA
11-14 February 2019. Jodhpur, India. The 13th International Conference on Dryland Development
Presentation of Michael Baum, Director Biodiversity & Crop Improvement Program Jodhpur, India
Effects of salinity stress on growth, Water use efficiency and biomass partit...Innspub Net
Future crop production is predicted to face significant challenges from salinity stress due to secondary salinization. Therefore future-proofing crop production in these conditions is an essential path towards addressing food security. We evaluated the effect of irrigation with water of 0, 4 and 8 ppt salinity on growth, biomass partitioning, WUE and chlorophyll fluorescence of Vernonia hymenolepis A.Rich as ameliorated by fertilization with three levels of NPK20:10:10. Data were analysed for variance using the General Linear Model ANOVA procedure, after positive tests for normality and homogeneity of variance. Means were separated through the Dunnett test. Pearson Correlation was done to determine relationship between variables and these were spatially projected using the Factor Analysis procedure, without rotation. Under fertilization at 8 g NPK20:10:10 per plant, growth was stimulated by salinity increase to 4 ppt (35.43cm) compared to 30.43cm for control plants. Fertilizer application significantly improved all the biomass fractions of plants irrigated with water of 4 ppt relative to the control, while root:shoot ratios were highest for unfertilized plants indicating resource re-allocation to roots for better foraging. Chlorophyll fluorescence ranged between 0.716 and 0.727 and did not differ significantly across treatments. These values indicate that all treatments were under stress, including control plants. Values of WUE and RGR indicate that fertilization of plants irrigated with water of 4ppt salinity enhances growth and Harvest Index of V. hymenolepis, in spite of the registered stress. This is significant to future food security.
This document discusses foliar fertilization, which involves spraying plant leaves and stems with nutrients. It can increase crop nutrition and yields, improve drought tolerance, and enhance quality. Factors like nutrient form, concentration, application timing and frequency influence results. Foliar feeding is used in both conventional and organic agriculture, but should not replace soil fertility programs. The document provides background on foliar feeding and its potential benefits, as well as guidelines for effective application.
This document provides an overview of the System of Rice Intensification (SRI), which is a methodology for growing rice that can produce higher yields with fewer inputs. SRI involves transplanting young seedlings with wide spacing, maintaining moist soil rather than continuous flooding, and incorporating other practices. Key findings from SRI include larger and more extensive root systems, increased numbers of tillers per plant, and higher yields compared to conventional rice growing. While promising, SRI is still being studied scientifically to better understand the mechanisms producing its effects. The document discusses several potential explanations for SRI's results and calls for further research collaboration.
Association mapping identifies loci for canopy coverage in diverse soybean ge...Avjinder (Avi) Kaler
Rapid establishment of canopy coverage decreases
soil evaporation relative to transpiration improves
water use efficiency and light interception, and increases
soybean competitiveness against weeds.
PhD research presentation at the workshop of the Climate Food and Farming Network, Dec. 2-4 at Aarhus University, Foulum. The Climate Food and Farming Network is an initiative of Copenhagen U., Aarhus U., and the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security.
This document discusses how tree-cropping systems can be used to reclaim problem soils. It identifies several properties that make tree species suitable for soil improvement, such as high biomass production, nitrogen fixation, and deep root systems. The document also provides an example from Brazil where nitrogen-fixing legume trees have been used successfully to reclaim severely degraded lands. Key aspects of this reclamation method include selecting fast-growing legume tree species and their symbiotic partners, and producing legume tree seedlings that can withstand harsh degraded soil conditions and accelerate the natural succession process.
1. The study examined the effects of mulching and irrigation on cocoa seedling survival and establishment during the dry season in Ghana.
2. Results showed that irrigation and mulching significantly increased soil moisture content. Cocoa seedlings raised in topsoil, mulched and irrigated had the highest survival rate of 94.5%, while seedlings without irrigation or mulching had the lowest survival rate of 47.1%.
3. Irrigation had a significant positive effect on cocoa seedling survival, plant height, and leaf number. Seedling survival was 89.6% under irrigation versus 65.6% without irrigation. Mulching alone did not significantly affect seedling survival.
Effect of Rhizobium Innoculation on Growth, Nodulation Count and Yield of Soy...ijtsrd
This document reports on a study that evaluated the effect of rhizobium inoculation and biochar soil amendment on the growth, nodulation, and yield of soybeans in Nigeria. The results showed that rhizobium inoculation significantly increased the number of roots nodules, as well as yield parameters like number of flowers, pods, and seed weight, compared to the control in both study years. While biochar amendment alone did not significantly affect growth, it did produce higher yields when combined with rhizobium inoculation. The study suggests that rhizobium inoculation is an effective and affordable way to improve soil nitrogen and increase soybean productivity in Nigerian soils.
This document discusses crop wild relatives (CWR) and their importance for crop breeding and sustainability. It notes that CWR are rugged plants that have evolved naturally without human intervention and represent an untapped source of genetic diversity. Examples are given of CWR providing traits like disease resistance, drought tolerance, and aluminum tolerance when introduced into cultivated crops. The document also discusses challenges in utilizing CWR like cross-incompatibility barriers and the need for techniques like wide hybridization and embryo rescue. It identifies CWR as important reservoirs of adaptive traits for crop breeding but also notes threats they face and challenges in research and conservation of CWR diversity.
Hidden diversity for abiotic and biotic stress tolerances in the primary gene...FOODCROPS
FOODCROPS.VN. Hidden diversity for abiotic and biotic stress tolerances
in the primary gene pool of rice revealed by a large
backcross breeding program
- SRI (System of Rice Intensification) practices have led to increased rice yields of 50-100% or more in over 22 countries through changes in plant growth patterns. Key practices include wider spacing of young seedlings, minimal flooding of fields, and use of organic matter to promote soil biota.
- SRI results in larger root systems and more productive plant phenotypes through changes in root and shoot environment. Yields increases are due to greater productivity of land, labor, water and other inputs rather than variety changes or increased fertilizer.
- Further understanding of SRI's effects on soil biota and plant hormones may provide insights into its mechanisms. Overall, SRI aims to promote sustainable increases in rice productivity
Plant Growth-Promoting Activities and Molecular Characterization of Rhizobact...IOSR Journals
Rhizosphere bacteria are known to influence plant growth by direct and indirect mechanisms. Development of an effective plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) inoculant necessitates the presence of a diverse set of traits that can help its colonization of the rhizosphere and survival under varying environmental conditions. In the present study, a total of 219 bacterial strains isolated from the rhizosphere of different medicinal and aromatic plants collected from different locations of Andhra Pradesh (India) were initially screened for their PGP activities. From the 219 isolates four bacterial strains were selected and tested for in vitro specific plant growth promotion activities such as ammonia production, IAA production, phosphate solubilization, HCN production and antifungal activity. These four isolates showed maximum plant growth promoting activities and further they were identified on the basis of colony morphology, gram staining and biochemical tests. These PGPR isolates were characterized through 16S rRNA gene sequencing which led to their identification as Pantoea sp. (Cf 7), Bacillus sp. (Cf 60) and Pseudomonas sp. (Te1, Av 30) respectively. Seed germination test was conducted by employing these strains under laboratory conditions on sorghum, maize and green gram seeds to investigate the effect of PGPR on the growth of seedlings. These PGPR isolates induced production of plant growth hormones (indole acetic acid), phosphate solubilization and ammonia production resulting in enhanced plant growth. Most of the isolates resulted in a significant increase in % of seed germination, shoot length, root length and vigor index of sorghum, maize and green gram seedlings. Therefore, the present study suggests that these PGPR isolates (Cf 7, Cf 60, Te1, Av 30) may be used as biofertilizers to enhance the growth and productivity of commercially important medicinal and aromatic plants.
JICA's forestry activities in Africa focus on REDD+, resilience in the Sahel and Horn of Africa, regional cooperation, technology, and capacity building. Key areas include:
- REDD+ projects in 6 countries supporting strategies, MRV, and pilot projects.
- A new African Initiative to strengthen resilience to climate change in 15 Sahel and Horn countries.
- Supporting regional bodies COMIFAC and SADC to coordinate conservation, forests, and climate change.
- Promoting Japanese satellite monitoring and private sector partnerships for REDD+.
- Over 550 African trainees since 2009 in areas like remote sensing and sustainable forestry.
Presentation by Abdoulaye Mando at the May 15, 2013 event "Natural Resource Management and Food Security for a Growing Population". For more information visit: http://www.wri.org/event/2013/05/natural-resource-management-and-food-security-growing-population
Root genetic research and its application in plant breeding or crop improvementOm Prakash Patidar
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, DHARWAD
DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING Master’s seminar-II
Root genetic research and its applications in plant breeding
Speaker: Om Prakash Patidar Date: 20/03/2015 ID No.: PGS13AGR6140 Time: 3:00 PM
Synopsis
Roots play an essential role in the acquisition of water and minerals from soils. Root system architecture (RSA), the spatial configuration of a root system in the soil, is used to describe the shape and structure of root system. Its importance in plant productivity lies in the fact that major soil resources are heterogeneously distributed in the soil, so that the spatial deployment of roots will substantially determine the ability of a plant to secure edaphic resources. Measuring crop root architecture and assaying for changes in function can be challenging, but examples have emerged showing that modifications to roots result in higher yield and increased stress tolerance.1
A marker-assisted back-crossing (MABC) breeding programme was conducted to improve the root morphological traits, and thereby drought tolerance, of the Indian upland rice variety, Kalinga III. The donor parent was Azucena, an upland japonica variety from Philippines. Five segments on different chromosomes were targeted for introgression; four segments carried QTLs for improved root morphological traits and the fifth carried a recessive QTL for aroma. It significantly increased root length under both irrigated and drought stress treatments.2
Alteration of root system architecture improves drought avoidance through the cloning and characterization of DEEPER ROOTING 1 (DRO1), a rice quantitative trait locus controlling root growth angle. Higher expression of DRO1 increases the root growth angle, whereby roots grow in a more downward direction. Introducing DRO1 into a shallow-rooting rice cultivar by backcrossing enabled the resulting line to avoid drought by increasing deep rooting, which maintained high yield performance under drought conditions relative to the recipient cultivar.3
GmEXPB2, A vegetative -expansin gene, clone from a Pi starvation-induced soybean cDNA library. GmEXPB2 was found to be primarily expressed in roots, and was highly induced by Pi starvation, and the induction pattern was confirmed by GUS staining in transgenic soybean hairy roots. Results from intact soybean composite showed that GmEXPB2 is involved in hairy root elongation, and subsequently affects plant growth and P uptake, especially at low P levels.4
Candidate Aluminum tolerance proteins include organic acid efflux transporters, with the organic acids forming non-toxic complexes with rhizosphere aluminum. ge
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. It notes that regular exercise can reduce the risk of diseases like heart disease and diabetes, improve mood, and reduce feelings of stress and anxiety. The document recommends that adults get at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise per week to gain these benefits.
This document summarizes research on evergreen agriculture for sustainable intensification and resilience in the African drylands. The research examines the role of native shrub species, such as Guiera senegalensis and Piliostigma reticulatum, which are commonly found in farmers' fields. Several key findings are highlighted: 1) Shrubs provide significant carbon storage and inputs to soils. 2) Shrubs enhance water infiltration and groundwater recharge through hydraulic redistribution without competing with crops for water. 3) The shrub rhizosphere maintains high microbial activity and diversity year-round. The presence of shrubs has been shown to increase crop yields substantially.
The document discusses phenotyping methods for evaluating tolerance to abiotic stresses like drought, heat, and low soil phosphorus in various crops. It describes:
- Screening protocols for evaluating drought tolerance in maize, banana, cowpea and yam through measurements of agronomic traits under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions.
- Methods for assessing tolerance to low nitrogen and phosphorus availability in maize, cowpea and yam, including establishing low fertility plots and measuring traits like growth, yield and nutrient uptake.
- Techniques for high-throughput phenotyping of root traits and physiological responses that could help mine available nutrients and tap water more efficiently.
Norman Uphoff presented on improving food production in a water-constrained world through agroecological practices like the System of Rice Intensification (SRI). SRI has led to higher rice yields with less water, fewer inputs, and more resilience to stresses. It has now spread to over 50 countries and is being adapted for other crops. SRI achieves more productive plant phenotypes through improved soil conditions and plant establishment techniques. Trials in several countries found SRI uses 22-35% less water but yields are typically 11-25% higher. SRI also reduces costs, increases profits, and has environmental benefits like less greenhouse gas emissions and groundwater pollution. Uphoff argues SRI shows farmers can meet
The document discusses the System of Rice Intensification (SRI), which focuses on managing plants, soil, water and nutrients to induce greater root growth and nurture soil microbial communities. Key points include: SRI practices can lead to higher yields, reduced costs, and environmental benefits compared to conventional rice production. SRI performance may be due to enhanced soil microbial activity and biological nitrogen fixation, which are important for plant nutrition. Further research is needed to fully understand the impacts of SRI management on root and soil microbial dynamics.
Author: Norman Uphoff
Title: Agroecological Management of Soil Systems for Food, Water, Climate Resilience, and Biodiversity
Date: December 6, 2019
Presented at: The Knowledge Dialogue on the Occasion of World Soil Day
Venue: United Nations, New York
Agroforestry systems can help improve environmental quality by increasing carbon sequestration, enhancing biodiversity, and improving water quality. Studies have found that agroforestry systems store more carbon in both aboveground vegetation and belowground soils than non-agroforestry systems. The deeper and more extensive tree roots in agroforestry systems take up more nutrients, reducing levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment runoff into waterways. As a result, agroforestry improves water quality. Agroforestry systems also support higher levels of biodiversity by providing habitat for plants and animals and creating wildlife corridors.
Presenter: Norman Uphoff
The Cornell Agroforestry Working Group/ The Management of Organic Inputs in Soils of the Tropics Group (CAWG/MOIST) Seminar Series 2003, USA
The document summarizes the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) method of rice cultivation. SRI uses younger seedlings, wider spacing between plants, less flooding of fields, and other practices. It can significantly increase rice yields, often doubling average yields, while reducing water, seed, and other input needs. SRI goes against conventional agriculture wisdom but evidence shows it improves root and tiller growth, leading to higher productivity from existing rice varieties and genomes.
The document discusses the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) developed in Madagascar, which has led to increased rice yields without external inputs through improved soil and plant management. Key points include: SRI has been validated in over 35 countries, increasing yields by 50-100% on average through practices like transplanting young seedlings in wide spacing and intermittent wetting and drying of soils to encourage root and microbial growth. Studies show SRI methods can work in African countries like The Gambia, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Benin, Rwanda, and Zambia, increasing yields from 1-2 tons/hectare to over 5 tons/hectare.
The document discusses the benefits of growing cover crops for building soil health. Some key benefits mentioned include improved soil structure and organic matter content, reduced erosion, increased moisture retention and nutrient cycling. Cover crops can improve soil biology by adding carbon and root biomass. Their root systems and residues help with compaction reduction and weed and pest suppression. Proper cover crop selection and management is important to maximize these soil health benefits. The document provides information on choosing cover crops that fit within crop rotations and managing them effectively.
This document summarizes research on how ecological practices can mitigate floods and droughts. A meta-analysis found that no-till practices improved infiltration rates by 21% on average, while cover crops improved infiltration by 19% and perennials by 59%. Continuous living covers like cover crops and perennials increased soil water storage by 8-9%. Modeling shows that shifting less profitable cropland to perennials and cover crops reduced runoff 10-14% and increased water usage 7-10%, with larger benefits during droughts. Targeting these practices to high erosion or low profit areas provides flood mitigation and drought resilience benefits.
Lowland rice water stress management in GhanaPatrickTanz
This study investigated the effects of different water saving management methods on the growth, yield, and water productivity of lowland rice. The treatments included continuous flooding (control), flooding until 10 or 20 days after heading, and alternate wetting and drying until booting followed by flooding until 10 or 20 days after heading. Results showed that withholding water 20 days after heading (treatment 5) saved 24.3% and 25.2% of water in 2016 and 2017, respectively, while producing similar grain yields as the continuously flooded control. Treatment 5 was the most water efficient method with no reduction in yield.
The document discusses the System of Rice Intensification (SRI), an agricultural method that indicates a path toward post-modern agriculture. SRI was developed in Madagascar in the 1980s and aims to produce more rice with less water and other inputs through changes in plant, soil, and water management rather than external inputs. The document summarizes evidence that SRI leads to higher yields, less water use, lower costs, and greater resilience compared to conventional rice production methods. SRI practices have now spread to over 38 countries across Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
Presenter: Biksham Gujja
Audience: International Workshop on Rice and Water: Exploring Options for Food Security and Sustainable Environments IRRI, Las Banos
Subject Country: India
Macedo et al (2015)-Irrigation Groundwater Quality for Agricultural UseJenkins Macedo
The document summarizes a study on assessing irrigation groundwater quality for agricultural use in Ekxang Village, Lao PDR. Daily field tests were conducted to measure parameters like EC, TDS, pH, and temperature of the groundwater. Laboratory analyses found that mean EC and SAR were below thresholds for crop tolerance, indicating groundwater quality was suitable for agriculture with low salinity and sodicity risks. While groundwater irrigation could help smallholders adapt to climate change, constant monitoring of quality is needed to sustainably increase crop yields and soil health.
- The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is an alternative methodology for growing rice that can significantly increase yields using fewer external inputs. It involves transplanting young seedlings with wide spacing, maintaining moist soil conditions, and mechanical weeding.
- SRI has led to increased yields of 8-16 tons/hectare in various countries, compared to average worldwide yields of 3.8 tons/hectare, through profuse tillering, greater root growth, larger panicles, and less water requirement. Additional benefits include lower costs, higher profits, and less need for fertilizers and agrochemicals.
- While counterintuitive, SRI principles take advantage of plant biology and dynamics
Enhancing Productivity and Livelihoods Among Smallholder Irrigators through B...Jenkins Macedo
This is a research project in progress. A full report with results will be available at the end of the year [2014] and after the thesis has being defended at Clark University. This research is funded by Purdue University Center for Global Food Security through a grant funded by the USAID.
Presented by: Norman Uphoff, CIIFAD, Cornell University, USA
Presented at: BioVision Alexandria 2010 New Life Sciences: Future Prospects
Date Presented: 04/14/2010
Similar to Richard Dick- Shrub Resource Islands in the Sahel.ppt (20)
1. Tree-soil-crop interactions in rubber agroforestry systems can be managed at the plot, farm, and landscape levels. At the plot level, a mixed-age stand can be maintained for cash flow while diversifying. At the farm level, credit can cover replanting costs until cash flow is positive. At the landscape level, policy harmonization across forest and agriculture is important.
2. Agroforestry is understood as applying at the plot, landscape, and governance levels, reflecting the interface of agriculture and forestry. It involves tree-soil-crop-livestock interactions as well as interactions between tree cover, livelihoods, and ecosystem services across landscapes.
3. Rubber
The DryDev programme aimed to transform lives and landscapes in dryland areas through sustainable rural development. Over six years, it worked with over 164,000 smallholder farmers across five countries in Africa. Key achievements included rehabilitating over 163,000 hectares of land through watershed management and planting over 4.6 million trees. It also increased food security and incomes by expanding irrigation to over 16,000 hectares, utilizing over 950 water harvesting structures, and promoting climate-smart agricultural practices on over 60,000 hectares.
This document discusses measuring biodiversity on farmland. It notes that 60% of ecosystem services have been impaired and over 20% of global agricultural land is degraded. Assessing farmland biodiversity is challenging due to high spatial variability. Protocols for landscape-scale assessment include measuring land cover, trees, birds, and modeling remote sensing data with ground calibration. Optional protocols examine linear tree features, pollinators, natural enemies, and soil organisms. A farmland biodiversity score is proposed that weighs biomass, spectral diversity, neighborhood effects, and slope/proximity to water.
How can we overcome obstacles and mobilize investments for successful, sustai...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This document discusses funding gaps and principles for successful financing of nature-based solutions (NBS) such as land restoration projects in Africa. It notes that while the Bonn Challenge and New York declaration on Forests call for $350 billion and $830 billion respectively for restoration, actual funding leaves large gaps. It advocates for bridging these gaps through public-private partnerships and prioritizing long-term sustainability over short-term profits. Six principles are outlined for financing NBS, including ensuring social and environmental safeguards, monitoring impacts, and directing funds toward low-carbon development in developing countries. The Regreening Africa program addresses livelihoods, biodiversity and climate change through land restoration projects across eight African nations.
Forest and agroforesty options for building resilience in refugee situations:...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
Humanitarian Networks and Partnerships Week (HNPW) 2020
Climate Crisis Inter-Network
"Fit for Purpose? Current Tools and Approaches to Mitigate Climate Risks in Humanitarian Settings"
HLPE 2019. Agroecological and other innovative approaches for sustainable agriculture and food systems that enhance food security and nutrition. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome
Agroforestry systems for restoration in Brazil: reconciling social and ecolo...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This document discusses agroforestry systems for environmental restoration in Brazil that balance social and ecological functions. It outlines that agroforestry can: (1) maintain ecosystem structure/functions like biodiversity and soil quality while providing social/economic functions for family farms; (2) perform restoration in an economically feasible way by including people and accelerating natural succession; and (3) improve livelihoods through appropriate management. However, balancing trade-offs between social/environmental benefits and costs is challenging. The document then provides examples of agroforestry systems for restoration in Brazil and their costs, benefits for climate change adaptation/mitigation, food security, and carbon storage potential.
This document discusses the vulnerability of forest-dependent people and forests to climate change. It notes that over 1 billion people depend on forests for their livelihoods, while 1 billion hectares of land are under agroforestry worldwide. Climate change poses direct risks like increased temperatures and wildfires, and indirect risks through impacts on species and ecosystems. Potential transition issues from policies like REDD+ could negatively impact land and tree rights of indigenous groups. The document argues that comprehensive vulnerability assessments are needed using qualitative and quantitative methods to understand all vulnerabilities, include stakeholders, and identify good practices to address risks to forests and forest-dependent communities from climate change.
An increasing multitude of insect pests and pathogens is targeting indigenous trees of natural forests, agroforestry systems, and exotic trees in planted forests in Africa. This is raising major concerns for a continent already challenged by adaptations to climate change, as it threatens a vital resource for food security of rural communities, economic growth, and ecosystem conservation. The accidental introduction through trade of non‐native species in particular is accelerating, and it adds to the damage to tree‐based landscapes by native pests and diseases. Old‐time and new invaders heavily impact planted forests of exotic eucalypts, pines, and acacias, and are spreading quickly across African regions. But many non‐native pathogens are recently found affecting important indigenous trees.
Species distribution modelling is being used to map the habitats of over 150 priority African plant species. More advanced modelling methods are being used to reduce bias, including spatial folding and thinning. Presence observations from across Africa are being used to calibrate provisional distribution models for individual species in countries like Ethiopia. The results will then be verified by botanists and combined with vegetation mapping data.
Not all roads lead to Rome: Inclusive business models and responsible finance...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
The document discusses approaches to achieving sustainable cocoa production in Ghana by 2020. It identifies several challenges in the cocoa sector including low productivity, rural poverty, and deforestation. It analyzes different stakeholder approaches and finds they mainly focus on increased productivity, while social and environmental issues are addressed less. Inclusive business models include many smallholder farmers but benefits are not always equitable. Responsible finance from impact investors and social lenders has potential to leverage more equitable models and landscape restoration, but investments have not been well adapted for cocoa sectors. A "multi-chain approach" is proposed to better leverage finance through a portfolio of value chains at the landscape level.
Decent work and economic growth: Potential impacts of SDG 8 on forests and fo...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This paper assesses the potential impact of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 8 on forests and forest-dependent people. The concepts of decent work and economic growth are put in the context of predominant development theories and paradigms (modernization, economic growth, basic needs, sustainable development) which shape the agendas of governments, private sector, civil society, and investors. These stakeholders pursue different goals and interests, with uneven prioritization of SDG 8 targets and mixed impacts on forests and livelihoods.
Forest conservation and socio-economic benefits through community forest conc...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
With an extension of 2.1 million ha, the Maya Biosphere Reserve (MBR) in Petén, Guatemala is the largest protected area in Central America. To reconcile forest conservation and socio-economic development, community forest concessions were created in its Multiple Use Zone (MUZ) in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Operated by a community forest enterprise (CFE), and with a cycle of 25 years, the concessions grant usufruct rights to local communities on an area of about 400,000 ha. Currently, nine concessions are active, while the contracts of two concessions were cancelled and the management plan of another suspended.
Sustainable land management for improved livelihoods and environmental sustai...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
A healthy viable multifunctional landscape has the capability of supporting sustainable agricultural productivity, providing agroforestry and forest products (timber, fuel wood, fruits, medicine, fertilizer, gum etc.) for the sustenance of mankind while providing other environmental services. However these products are increasingly becoming unavailable due to declining soil fertility, climatic extremes, and high costs of inputs. Identifying low-cost, sustainable ways to attain food security and sustainable environment for millions of smallholder farmers in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) remains a major developmental challenge.
Rangelands are more than just grass but rather complex and biodiverse ecosystems. Covering nearly half the world’s land area, they are in need of restoration and sustainable management.
The document discusses several projects aimed at improving agricultural outcomes through agroforestry. It describes a project in Uganda that introduced fodder shrubs to improve milk yields, which increased yields significantly. It is now scaling this approach in Kenya and Malawi through farmer cooperatives. Another project aims to better understand farmers' livelihood aspirations to customize technologies to their goals. A final project focuses on improving diets and health through diversifying crops and developing new food value chains. The document emphasizes the need for meaningful diagnosis, strong intervention design, credible evidence gathering, and efficient delivery to accelerate research impact on poverty, food insecurity, and environmental issues.
1) The document discusses watershed development projects in India, focusing on the state of Uttar Pradesh. It outlines the history and increasing scale of watershed programs in India over time from the 1960s to present.
2) Key data presented includes groundwater usage increasing dramatically from 25 km3 in 1960 to 250-300 km3 in 2009, and the number of bore wells increasing from 1 million to 20 million over the same period. Watershed programs have led to increased benefit-cost ratios, rates of return, and agricultural incomes.
3) The document then focuses on the Doubling Farmers' Income project targeting watershed interventions across several districts in Bundelkhand region of UP. It outlines strategies
NRM Innovations for Risk Management and Agricultural Transformation in Semiar...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This document summarizes natural resource management innovations in semi-arid East African highlands. It discusses (1) managing extreme events like drought and flood to ensure sustainable ecosystem services and support livelihoods, (2) increasing and sustaining agricultural productivity through investments in NRM, and (3) two examples of NRM innovations - community-based watershed management in Ethiopia and using water spreading weirs to build resilience to climate risks in Ethiopia through a partnership between GIZ, ICRISAT, and local universities. The document also discusses the impacts of these innovations, including increased food security, higher crop yields, and institutional impacts like the site becoming a learning center that influenced regional soil and water conservation policies.
This document discusses land restoration efforts in Niger. It describes the land degradation issues facing the West Africa Sahel region due to fragile ecosystems and unsustainable agricultural practices. Various integrated land management techniques are being implemented and tested, including Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR), cereal/legume intercropping, microdosing of fertilizers, and restoring degraded lands. These techniques are improving soil fertility and crop yields when combined. The document outlines several partnerships working to scale these efforts across Niger, including restoring over 175 hectares of degraded land managed by 11,970 women generating more income. There is growing demand from farmers and partners to expand training and testing of integrated packages to improve livelihoods and food security.
Combining land restoration and livelihoods - examples from Niger
Richard Dick- Shrub Resource Islands in the Sahel.ppt
1. Delivery of Hydrologic and Microbial Services by
Shrub Rhizospheres to Increase Crop
Productivity and Stability in the Sahel
Global Forum for Innovations in Agriculture,
Abu Dhabi, 9-10 March, 2015
Richard P. Dick, Director (dick.
78@snr.osu.edu)
Soil Microbial Ecology Laboratory
Ohio State University, Columbus Ohio, USA
7. Sahalian Agroecosystems:
Carbon - A Major Agronomic Constraint
Loss of soil organic matter inputs:
Decreases nutrient/water efficiency and optimal yields
(Badiane et al., 2001; Sanchez et al., 1997)
Even with fertilizer applications yields continue to go
down over the long-term (Sanchez et al., 1997; Merckx et
al., 2001).
8. 1. Unique Research Opportunity
• Shrub-crop rhizosphere interactions/ecology
• Possible because of minimally mechanized
agriculture in the Sahel
• Food security
• Rural poverty
• Buffering capacity for global climate change
• Desert encroachment
2. Potential Applications for Africa
3. Implications for semi-arid regions worldwide
9. Dr. Mateugue Diack, Univ of Gaston
Berger, Decomposition
Dr. Ibrahima Diedhiou, Univ. of Thies,
Senegal, Plant ecology
Dr. Modou Sene, CNRA/ISRA, Senegal,
Hydrology
Dr. Richard Dick, Ohio State University,
Soil biology
Dr. Mamadou Khouma, UNDP (formerly
ISRA), GIS and plant nutrition
Dr. Samba Ndiaye, Univ. Thies, (formerly
ISRA), Agroforestry
Dr. Jay Noller, Oregon State University
C and biomass – landscape level
Dr. Maria Dragila, Oregon State
University, Hydrology
Dr. Aminata Badiane, USAID (formerly
ISRA), Soil biochemistry
Ms. Astou Sene, ISRA, Socio-economics
Phase I – Collaborators
USAID ($US 250,000)
US National Science Foundation Project
(1.2 $US million)
1999-2008
10. Dr. Samba N. Samba
Agroforestry
Ms. A. Sene
Rural Sociology
Dr. Aminata Badiane
Soil Biochemistry
Dr. Modou Sene
Soil Physics
Dr. Mamadou Sene
Agronomy/GIS
11. Research
Coordinator
Dr. Ibrahima Diedhiou
Post doc - Plant ecology
Sire Diedhiou, Senegal
Soil microbiology
Ekwe Dossa, Togo
Soil chemistry
Nutrient cycling
Abel Lufafa
Uganda
Landscape carbon
dynamics
Fred Kizito, Uganda
Hydrology/soil physics
PhD Students
12. Dr. Richard Dick, Ohio State University,
Soil Biology
Dr. Ibrahima Diedhiou, Univ. of Thies,
Senegal, Plant Ecology
Dr. Brian Mcspadden Gardener, Ohio
State University, Plant Pathology
Dr. Hassna Founoune-Mboup, Institut
Senegalais de Recherches Agricole, Plant
Science
Dr. Teamrat Ghezzehei, University of
California, Merced, Hydrology, Soil &
Env. Physics
Dr. Lydie Lardy, IRD Dakar, Molecular
Biology
Dr. Yacine Ndour, Institut de Recherche
pour le Development, Soil Microbiology
Dr. Paul Schreiner, USDA-ARS,
Mycorrhizal Fungi
Dr. Komi Assigbetse, IRD Dakar,
Molecular Biology
Phase II – Collaborators
US National Science Foundation Project
(2.6 $US million)
2011-2016
13. Phase II – Collaborators
Richard Dick
Soil microbiology
Ibrahima Diedhiou
Plant ecology
Brian Mcspadden Gardener
Microbial diversity
Teamrat Ghezzehei
Soil Physics hydrology
Paul Schreiner
Mycorrhizal fungi
Yacine Ndour
Soil microbiology
Komi Assigbetse
Molecular microbiology
Lydie Lardy
Nitrogen cycling
Hassna Founoune-Mboup
Mycorrhizal fungi
14. Students
Nathaniel Bogie, PhD
Rhizpsphere hydrology
Matthew Bright, PhD
Mycorrhizal fungi
Chelsea DeLay, MS
Diazotrophs and
nitrogen cycling
Spencer Debenport, PhD
Beneficial microorganisms
Esther Lattin, MS
Enzymes and
microbial communities
Roger Bayala, Post doc
Fieid research coordinator
hydrology
15. 3 m3 m
Dominant Native Shrubs in Farmers’ Fields
1m
" Northern region, typically sandy
" Mean annual rainfall 300 mm
" Mean annual temperature 30 oC
" Southern region, higher clay content
" Mean annual rainfall 750 mm
" Mean annual temperature 32oC
Guiera senegalensisPiliostigma reticulatum
16. G. Senegalensis
3 Mg dry stem+leaves ha-1
P. reticulatum
3 Mg dry stem+leaves ha-1
Shrub Biomass Study
Factorial Treatments:
Biomass Rate - 1.5 or 3 Mg ha-1
Fertilizer - 0, 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 X Recommended Rate
17. Effect of Shrub Residue (absence of shrub plant)
and rate of fertilizer in on Crop Yields in Senegal.
‡Values within columns followed by the same superscript letter are not significantly different at P <0.05
Residue Treatment Rate ha-1 2004
Peanut
2005
Millet
2006 Peanut 2007 Millet
--------------------------------------------kg ha-1---------------------------------------
Control No residue 816a 537a
712b 1197c
G. senegalensis
Biomass
1.5 Mg 766a 664a
912b 1296c
G. senegalensis
Biomass
3.0 Mg 857a 755a
1116a 1609a
P. Reticulatum
Biomass
1.5 Mg 615a 583a
908b 1385b
P. Reticulatum
Biomass
3.0 Mg 691a 588a
1116a 1479b
NS NS P<0.05 P<0.05
18. Ekwe Dossa
N and P Cycling
PhD Candidate
Shrub X Fertilizer Rate (Bambey ~500 mm)
Factorial:
1) + and - Shrub
2) 0, 0.5, or 1.0
Rec. Fret. Rate
Plus Shrub
Litter Incorporation
Guiera senegalensis
Minus
Shrub
19. †Rate Shrub No shrub Shrub
Increase
Shrub No shrub Shrub
Increase
------------ kg ha--1
------------- % ---------- kg ha-1
----------- %
2004 season (Arachis hypogaea) 2005 season (Pennissetum glaucum)
0 190a† 78b 143 218a 11a 1818
0.5 135a 103a 32 359a 148b 142
1.0 153a 116a 36 422a 278b 52
1.5 203a 91b 123 605a 503a 20
Mean 170a 97b 400a 260b
2006 season (Arachis hypogaea) 2007 season (Pennissetum glaucum)
0 384a 273b 41 197a 6b 3183
0.5 542a 449b 21 403a 85b 374
1.0 556a 579a -4 378a 200b 89
1.5 708a 532b 33 622a 174b 257
Mean 547a 458b 400a 116b
Effect of shrub (G. senegalensis) and rate of fertilizer on
Crop Yields in the Peanut Basin, Senegal.
‡Values within columns followed by the same superscript letter are not significantly different at
P <0.05
†Fertilizer rate is 0, 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 the recommended NPK rates appropriate for each crop.
(Dossa et al. Agronomy J. 2012)
20. G. Senegalensis and P. reticulatum are found in farmers’ fields
between < 200 to ~ 1200 mm from Senegal to Niger and Chad
23. Dramatic Yield Response to
Shrub Intercrops:
Why?
Improved Water Relations
Improved Nutrient Status
Beneficial Microorganisms
24. Increased Soil Organic Matter
and Nutrient Availability
(Dossa et al., 2008; 2009)
• Root turnover
• Litter inputs from aboveground biomass
25.
26. Shrub Roots go very deep
• Roots grow to 10 meters or more
• Perform hydraulic lift – movement of water through
roots from wet subsoil to surface soil at night when
PS stops (Kizito et al., 2012)
27. Shrub impact on water balance
" Hydraulic lift under dry
conditions
" Ground water recharge with
excess precipitation
" No competition of shrubs with
crops for water
WATER TABLE
ET
P
ΔSW
Gin
DP
Crop
Shrub
?
Kizito et al. 2006; 2012
28. Shrub Rhizosphere
Promotes Beneficial Microorganisms
Harbor bacteria and fungi for crop roots that:
- increase nutrient availability
- provide plant growth promoting hormones
- increase N fixation by free living microbes
Promote mycorrhizal fungi-infecting shrubs/crops:
- common hyphal connections of shrub to crop roots
- improves water relations of crops
- promote P and other nutrients for crops
29. 0 1 2 3 40
20
40
60
80
100
Wet season
Distance from Center of Shrub (R=canopy radius)
Center R/2 1 R 2 R
MicrobialBiomassC(µgg-1)
Dry season
Rhizosphere soil
Non-rhizosphere
soil
Dry season
Wet season
Soil Microbial Biomass C (incubation-fumigation) (0-20 cm
depth) in the Wet and Dry Season of P. reticulatum (n=3).
30. Microbial Diversity with
PLFA Analysis
Variance explained (PCA): 64%
Correlation with Axis 1
! Fungi, 18:2ω6c (0.89)
! Actinomycetes, 10Me 18:0 (0.86)
! 15:0 3OH (0.85)
! Rhizosphere effect (p<0.001)
! Seasonal effect (p<0.02)
PLFA
Axis 1
Axis2
Rainy season Dry season
Rhizosphere
Bulk
Non-rhizosphere
P. reticulatum : red color
G. senegalensis: black color
(18%)
(46 %)
Non-rhizosphere soil
Bulk soil
Rainy season
Bulk soil
Dry season
Rhizosphere
Rainy season Dry season
Rhizosphere
Bulk
Non-rhizosphere
P. reticulatum : red color
G. senegalensis: black color
34. Mescosm for studying hydraulic redistribution relative to
microbial and crop responses in rhizo- vs. mycorrhizo-spheres.
G. senegalensis
Millet
Perforated 35 !m
stainless steel sheet
coated with PTFE
tap root chamber
water container
15 !m air
gap
mycorrhizae
fungi
75 cm
Root
chamber
36. Millet under water stress in mesocosm:
Effect of Mycorrhizal hyphae
Intact microcosm Turned microcosm
Hyphae connections No hyphal connection
37. Paradigm shift
Biogeochemical processes can proceed in
the dry season of arid regions.
Hydraulic lift maintains microbial
communities and activities – Therefore,
driving processes that can improve crop
yields – notably nutrient release for crop
uptake
38. Overall Conclusions
Shrubs can act as “mother” plant for crops
Shrub Rhizospheres:
ü Increase microbial diversity/activity
ü Harbor beneficial microorganisms
ü Are performing hydraulic lift
ü Increase nutrient availability and decomposition rates
Crop Productivity
P Shrub residues do not inhibit yield & can increase yield
P Shrubs do not compete for water with crops
P Shrubs assist crops through drought periods
P Non-thermal systems with shrub present increase crop
yields dramatically with G. senegalensis
P Shrubs decrease time to maturityb
39. Publications
Diack, M., M. Sene, A. N. Badiane, M. Diatta, and R. P. Dick. 2000. Decomposition of a native shrub (Piliostigma
reticulatum) litter in soils of Semiarid Senegal. J. of Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation 14(3):205-218.
Iyamuremye, F., V. Gewin, R.P. Dick, M.Diack, M.Sene, A.N. Badiane, and M. Diatta. 2000. Carbon, nitrogen,
and phosphorus mineralization of agroforestry plant residues in soils of Senegal. J. of Arid Soil Research and
Rehabilitation 14:359-371.
Badiane, A.N., A. Faye, C.F. Yamoah, and R.P. Dick. 2002. Compost and mineral fertilizers for millet production
by farmers in semi-arid Senegal. Biol. Ag. Hort. 19:219-230.
Lufafa, A., I. Diédhiou, S. Ndiaye, M. Séné, M. Khouma, F. Kizito, R.P. Dick, and J.S. Noller. 2008. Carbon stocks
and patterns in native shrub communities of Sénégal’s Peanut Basin. Geoderma 146: 75-82
Kizito, F., M. Dragila, M. Sène, A. Lufafa, I. Diedhiou, E Dossa, R.P Dick, M Khouma, A. Badiane, and S.
Ndiaye. 2006. Seasonal soil water variation and root dynamics among two semi-arid shrubs coexisting with
Pearl millet in Senegal, West Africa. J. of Arid Environments 67:436.
Lufafa, A., Wright, D., Bolte, J., Diédhiou, I., Khouma, M., Kizito, F., Dick, R.P., Noller, J.S., 2008. Regional
carbon stocks and dynamics in native woody shrub communities of Senegal’s Peanut Basin. Agriculture,
Ecosystems and Environment 128:1–11.
Kizito, F., M. Senè, M. I. Dragila, A. Lufafa, I. Diedhiou, E. Dossa, R. Cuenca, J. Selker, R. P. Dick. 2007. Soil
water balance of annual crop-native shrub systems in Senegal’s Peanut Basin. Ag. Water Management
90:137 – 148.
Dossa, E.L. M. Khouma, I. Diedhiou, M. Sene, F. Kizito, A.N. Badiane, S.A.N. Samba, and R.P. Dick. 2009.
Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus mineralization potential of semiarid Sahelian soils amended with native
shrub residues Geoderma 148:251–260
Dossa .E. L., J. Baham, M. Khouma, M. Sene, F. Kizito, R.P. Dick. 2009. Phosphorus Sorption and Desorption in
Semiarid Soils of Senegal Amended with Native Shrub Residues Soil Science 173:669-682.
40. Publications (continued)
Lufafa, A.; Diedhiou, I.; Ndiaye, N.A.S.; Sene, M.; Kizito, F.; Dick, R.P.; Noller, J.S.
Allometric relationships and peak-season community biomass stocks of native
shrubs in Senegal's Peanut Basin. Journal of Arid Environments73:260-266.
Diedhiou, S., A.N. Badiane, I. Diedhiou, M. Khoum, A.N.S Samba, M. Sène and R.P.
Dick. 2009. Succession of Soil Microbial Communities during Decomposition of
Native Shrub Litter of Semi-Arid Senegal. Pedobiologia 52:273—286.
Dossa , E.L.,S. Diedhiou & J. E. Compton, K. B. Assigbetse & R. P. Dick. 2010. Spatial
patterns of P fractions and chemical properties in soils of two native shrub
communities in Senegal. Plant Soil 327:185–198
Kizito, F., M. I. Dragila, M. Senè, R. J. Brooks, F. C. Meinzer, I. Diedhiou, M. Diouf,, A.
Lufafa, R.P. Dick, J. Selker, R. H Cuenca. 2012. Hydraulic Redistribution by Two
Semi-arid Shrub Species: Implications for Sahelian Agro-ecosystems. J. Aird
Environments. 83:69-77.
Dossa, E.L. M. Khouma, I. Diedhiou, M. Sene, F. Kizito, A.N. Badiane, S.A.N. Samba,
and R.P. Dick. 20012. Crop Productivity and Nutrient Dynamics in a Shrub (Guiera
senegalensis) -Based Farming System of the Sahel. Aronomy J. 104:1255–1264.
Diedhiou1, S., E.L. Dossa, A.N. Badiane, K.B. Assigbetsee, I. Diedhiou, N.A.S. Ndiaye5,
M. Khouma, M. Sène and R.P. Dick. 2012. Microbiology and Macrofaunal Activity
in Soil beneath Shrub Canopies during Residue Decomposition in Agroecosystems
of the Sahel. Soil Science Society of America J. Soil Science Soc. Am. J. 77:501-511
Dossa, E.L. I. Diedhiou, M. Khouma,, M. Sene, A.N. Badiane, S.A.Ndiaye, K.B.
Assigbetse, S. Sall, A. Lufafa, F. Kizito, S. Diedhiou, and R.P. Dick, and J. Saxena
2012. Crop productivity and Nutrient Dynamics in a Shrub (Piliostigma reticulatum)
-Based Farming System of The Sahel. Agron. J. 105:1237-1246.
41. WEST AFRICAN SHRUB INTER-
CROPPING INITIATIVE:
ALearning and Observatory Network Focused
on Subsistence Farm Families
Guiding principles
Gender neutral
Locally defined criteria of success
Integrate ‘expert’ and ‘non-expert’ knowledge
World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya
Ohio State University
42. Technology Development
Participating Countries:
Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, Senegal
Approach
On-farm demonstration and technology development
A. Test and demonstrate:
Optimized shrub-crop system – high shrub density/no burning
vs.
Traditional management – low shrub density/coppicing& residue burning
B. Monitoring: C sequestration, soil quality, crop water stress levels and yield,
and socio-economic impacts of shrub-based farming systems
C. Farmer-researcher data analysis and interpretation
43. Expected Results:
Technology Adaptation and Transfer
Successful shrub-based farming options in the
Sahel documented, and findings made
available to stakeholders (FBO, NGO,
government agencies, ) for decision making.
Farmer-centered decision-support tools will be
developed using focus sessions, workshops,
and field surveys.
44. Expected Products
1. Roadmap for scaling and fundamentals for full
technology transfer campaigns
2. Optimized Shrub-Crop Manuals for agricultural
professionals and policy makers - local language
and French for both literate and illiterate end
users
3. Smart Phone apps and technology transfer
platforms – including real time crop management
information transfer
45. Expected Products (continued)
4. Website Model for farmers and ag professionals
with downloadable and printable extension
instruments - local language and French
5. Carbon Credit Calculator - App for smart phones
that uses easily measurable above ground
measurements to verify C sequestration rates at the
farmer level
46. Richard Dick
School of Environment an Natural Resources
Ohio State University
dick.78@snr.osu.edu
Thank You
Questions?
47. Reestablishment Technology
1. Grow seedling in spring season
P. reticulatum by seed; G. senegalensis by layering mother plant
2. Transplant seedling into farmers fields during
wet season
3. Allow seedlings to grow without further
irrigation over dry season.
48. Stem from mother plant
New seedling growth
Dr. Ibrahima Diedhiou
Cooperating
Farmer
Shrub Reproduction
49. Piliostigma reticulatum
Interplanting for Mango Seedling
Establishment
Plant mango on established P. reticulatum
Hydraulic lift “irrigation”
High mango seedling survival – likely because of
water and improved soil quality