Tacheometry
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The document discusses tacheometry, which is a method of surveying using a tacheometer. A tacheometer is a transit theodolite fitted with a stadia diaphragm consisting of two stadia hairs above and below the horizontal crosshair. The document discusses the components used in tacheometry including stadia rods, methods for determining tacheometric constants, and formulas for calculating distance and elevation from stadia readings taken with the tacheometer. It also provides examples of solving tacheometry problems.
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Tacheometry +part 2
The document discusses tacheometry, which uses a theodolite fitted with a stadia diaphragm to measure distances. It describes the key components of tacheometry including the tacheometer, stadia rod, and stadia interval. The document explains that tacheometric distance (D) can be calculated using the formula D=Ks+C, where K is the multiplying constant, s is the stadia interval, and C is the additive constant. It also provides methods for determining the tacheometric constants K and C, including direct measurement and computation from multiple measured distances. Examples of solving tacheometry problems involving distance, elevation, and reduced level calculations are given.
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This document provides information about tacheometric surveying. It discusses various tacheometric constants including multiplying and additive constants. It describes three methods for determining distances using a tacheometer: movable hair method, tangential method, and examples of using angles of elevation and depression to calculate distances. The document also lists common topics covered in tacheometric surveying such as determining constants, field work, and reducing observations.
Tacheometry survey
This document discusses tacheometry, which is a method of distance measurement using a transit theodolite fitted with a stadia diaphragm and anallatic lens. An anallatic lens is an additional convex lens provided between the eyepiece and object glass of the instrument to make the additive constant equal to zero. This simplifies distance calculations by making it dependent only on the multiplying constant. The document provides examples of using stadia readings to calculate distances and defines various terms used in tacheometry such as focal length, stadia intercept, multiplying constant, etc. It also discusses the working principle of an anallatic lens and assigns notation for different optical components. Home assignments on deriving formulae for inclined
Tacheometric surveying ppt
Tacheometric surveying uses a tacheometer to determine horizontal and vertical distances through angular measurements. A tacheometer is a theodolite fitted with stadia hairs and an anallatic lens. The tacheometric formula relates the staff intercept, focal length, stadia interval and additive constant to calculate horizontal distances. Methods include stadia, fixed/movable hair, and non-stadia techniques. Determining the tacheometer constant involves measuring distances and staff intervals at stations to solve equations. Errors arise from incorrect stadia intervals or graduations. Tacheometric surveying provides distances in rough terrain but with less precision than other methods.
Tacheometry 1
Tacheometry is a surveying method that uses angular measurements from a tacheometer to determine horizontal and vertical distances. It is well-suited for hilly areas where chaining distances is difficult. The document provides procedures to determine the multiplying and additive constants of a tacheometer through stadia tacheometry. This involves setting up the instrument and measuring staff intercepts at known distances to solve equations and calculate the constants. The constants are then used in tacheometric formulas to determine horizontal distances, vertical distances, and elevations for different sighting configurations of the staff.
Tacheometric surveying - Assignment
This document provides instructions and examples for performing tacheometric surveying using a tacheometer. It defines different stadia hair methods, provides formulas for calculating horizontal and vertical distances from a tacheometer to a staff, and examples of using these formulas and methods to determine distances and slopes between points from tacheometer readings of inclined or vertical staffs. It also includes an example of performing a tacheometric survey and drawing a 2D line map of points.
Tacheometry ppt
This document provides information about tacheometry, which is a method of surveying that determines horizontal and vertical distances from instrumental observations. It discusses how tacheometry can be used when obstacles make traditional surveying difficult. The key aspects covered include:
- Defining tacheometry and the measurements it provides
- When tacheometry is advantageous over other surveying methods
- The instruments used, including tacheometers and levelling rods
- How horizontal and vertical distances are calculated using constants
- The different types of tacheometer diaphragms and telescopes
- The fixed hair method for taking readings
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The document discusses tacheometry, which uses a theodolite fitted with a stadia diaphragm to measure distances. It describes the key components of tacheometry including the tacheometer, stadia rod, and stadia interval. The document explains that tacheometric distance (D) can be calculated using the formula D=Ks+C, where K is the multiplying constant, s is the stadia interval, and C is the additive constant. It also provides methods for determining the tacheometric constants K and C, including direct measurement and computation from multiple measured distances. Examples of solving tacheometry problems involving distance, elevation, and reduced level calculations are given.
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This document provides information about tacheometric surveying. It discusses various tacheometric constants including multiplying and additive constants. It describes three methods for determining distances using a tacheometer: movable hair method, tangential method, and examples of using angles of elevation and depression to calculate distances. The document also lists common topics covered in tacheometric surveying such as determining constants, field work, and reducing observations.
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This document discusses tacheometry, which is a method of distance measurement using a transit theodolite fitted with a stadia diaphragm and anallatic lens. An anallatic lens is an additional convex lens provided between the eyepiece and object glass of the instrument to make the additive constant equal to zero. This simplifies distance calculations by making it dependent only on the multiplying constant. The document provides examples of using stadia readings to calculate distances and defines various terms used in tacheometry such as focal length, stadia intercept, multiplying constant, etc. It also discusses the working principle of an anallatic lens and assigns notation for different optical components. Home assignments on deriving formulae for inclined
Tacheometric surveying ppt
Tacheometric surveying uses a tacheometer to determine horizontal and vertical distances through angular measurements. A tacheometer is a theodolite fitted with stadia hairs and an anallatic lens. The tacheometric formula relates the staff intercept, focal length, stadia interval and additive constant to calculate horizontal distances. Methods include stadia, fixed/movable hair, and non-stadia techniques. Determining the tacheometer constant involves measuring distances and staff intervals at stations to solve equations. Errors arise from incorrect stadia intervals or graduations. Tacheometric surveying provides distances in rough terrain but with less precision than other methods.
Tacheometry 1
Tacheometry is a surveying method that uses angular measurements from a tacheometer to determine horizontal and vertical distances. It is well-suited for hilly areas where chaining distances is difficult. The document provides procedures to determine the multiplying and additive constants of a tacheometer through stadia tacheometry. This involves setting up the instrument and measuring staff intercepts at known distances to solve equations and calculate the constants. The constants are then used in tacheometric formulas to determine horizontal distances, vertical distances, and elevations for different sighting configurations of the staff.
Tacheometric surveying - Assignment
This document provides instructions and examples for performing tacheometric surveying using a tacheometer. It defines different stadia hair methods, provides formulas for calculating horizontal and vertical distances from a tacheometer to a staff, and examples of using these formulas and methods to determine distances and slopes between points from tacheometer readings of inclined or vertical staffs. It also includes an example of performing a tacheometric survey and drawing a 2D line map of points.
Tacheometry ppt
This document provides information about tacheometry, which is a method of surveying that determines horizontal and vertical distances from instrumental observations. It discusses how tacheometry can be used when obstacles make traditional surveying difficult. The key aspects covered include:
- Defining tacheometry and the measurements it provides
- When tacheometry is advantageous over other surveying methods
- The instruments used, including tacheometers and levelling rods
- How horizontal and vertical distances are calculated using constants
- The different types of tacheometer diaphragms and telescopes
- The fixed hair method for taking readings
Module 1 tacheometry
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This document provides information about tacheometric surveying. Some key points:
1. Tacheometric surveying allows determination of both horizontal and vertical distances between stations using instrumental observations, without the need for slope corrections or chaining. It is well-suited for rugged terrain.
2. The main instrument is a tacheometer, which is a theodolite fitted with stadia hairs. Stadia rods are also used.
3. The tacheometric equation relates the staff intercept reading to the horizontal distance between instrument and staff stations using constants K and C.
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This document discusses stadia tachymetry field practice and accuracy. It describes using stadia tachymetry to conduct topographic surveys in open areas with few hard levels. The document outlines sources of error in stadia distance and height measurements including errors from staff holding, reading intercepts, instrument constants, refraction, and vertical angles. Accuracy of distance is +/- 100mm at 20m and +/- 300mm at 150m, while height accuracy is within 0.01% of sighting distance when angles are less than 10 degrees.
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Tacheometry is a surveying method that determines horizontal distances and vertical elevations from observed vertical angles and staff intercept readings using trigonometry. It is used for topographic mapping, difficult terrain surveys, and establishing secondary control points. Tacheometry systems are either stadia, which considers staff intercepts at stadia hairs, or non-stadia, which uses telescopes without stadia and tangential or subtense bar methods. An anallactic lens in some tacheometers reduces the stadia constant to directly relate staff intercept to measured distance. Formulas are provided to calculate horizontal distance, vertical distance, and reduced level from observed angles for various line of sight inclinations and staff orientations.
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Introduction, classification of curves, Elements of a simple circular, designation of curve, methods of setting out a simple circular curve, elements of a compound and reverse curves, transition curve, types of transition curves, combined curve, types of vertical curves
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Tacheometry is a surveying method that uses optical instruments like a theodolite fitted with a stadia diaphragm to measure horizontal and vertical distances between points. It works on the principle that the ratio of distance from the instrument to the base of an isosceles triangle and the length of the base is constant. Distances are calculated using stadia intercept readings and multiplying constants based on the focal length of the instrument's objective lens. Tacheometry offers faster measurement compared to traditional chaining and is useful for surveys in difficult terrain like rivers, valleys, or undulating ground where conventional surveying would be inaccurate or slow.
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Tutorial circular curve
356° 20’ 40”
δ7
2180
20.000
00 57’ 18”
357° 14’ 00”
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2200
20.000
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15.506
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354° 29’ 40”
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2. Methods for describing the "sharpness" of a curve are discussed, including radius, degree of curve based on chord length (Dc) or arc length (Da). Formulas are provided to calculate radius from these values.
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Tacheometry is a surveying method that uses a tacheometer, which is a telescope fitted with a stadia hair micrometer, to measure distances. There are three types of telescopes used: external focusing, internal focusing, and external focusing with an additional anallatic lens. An anallatic lens provides simpler distance calculations by making the constant (f+c) equal to 0. Essential characteristics of a tacheometer include a focal length constant of 100, an anallatic lens, high magnification, and a clear image. Distance measurements use a stadia rod or leveling staff measured in meters, decimeters, and centimeters. The fixed hair method takes readings from three hairs on the staff to determine
Tacheometric surveying
Tacheometric surveying is a method of rapidly determining horizontal and vertical positions of points using optical measurements rather than traditional tape or chain measurements. A tacheometer, which is a transit theodolite fitted with a stadia diaphragm, is used to measure the horizontal and vertical angles to a stadia rod or staff held at survey points. Formulas involving the stadia interval, staff intercept readings, and calculated constants are used to determine horizontal distances and elevations from the instrument to points. Measurements can be taken with horizontal lines of sight or inclined lines of sight when the staff is held vertically or normal to the line of sight.
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This document provides information about tacheometric surveying. Some key points:
1. Tacheometric surveying allows determination of both horizontal and vertical distances between stations using instrumental observations, without the need for slope corrections or chaining. It is well-suited for rugged terrain.
2. The main instrument is a tacheometer, which is a theodolite fitted with stadia hairs. Stadia rods are also used.
3. The tacheometric equation relates the staff intercept reading to the horizontal distance between instrument and staff stations using constants K and C.
4. Procedures for determining horizontal and vertical distances for both horizontal and inclined sights are described. Errors in t
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This document discusses stadia tachymetry field practice and accuracy. It describes using stadia tachymetry to conduct topographic surveys in open areas with few hard levels. The document outlines sources of error in stadia distance and height measurements including errors from staff holding, reading intercepts, instrument constants, refraction, and vertical angles. Accuracy of distance is +/- 100mm at 20m and +/- 300mm at 150m, while height accuracy is within 0.01% of sighting distance when angles are less than 10 degrees.
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Circular curves are used to connect two straight sections of roads, railways, or other infrastructure. There are several common methods for setting out circular curves in the field, including using offsets from the tangent line, offsets from the long chord line, or using deflection angles. Field work involves using tools like optical squares and tapes to accurately mark the curve based on the chosen setting out method. Practical exercises and field work provide opportunities to apply these techniques hands-on.
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Tachymetry is a surveying method that uses optical instruments to measure distances and heights between ground marks. It involves using a tachymeter, which is a theodolite fitted with an optical device, to obtain measurements. The document provides definitions and explanations of tachymetry principles and systems, including the stadia method of measuring distances optically using stadia hairs on the tachymeter. Examples are given of evaluating stadia constants and fieldwork procedures for tachymetry surveys.
Sharique tacheometry slide
Tacheometry is a surveying method that determines horizontal distances and vertical elevations from observed vertical angles and staff intercept readings using trigonometry. It is used for topographic mapping, difficult terrain surveys, and establishing secondary control points. Tacheometry systems are either stadia, which considers staff intercepts at stadia hairs, or non-stadia, which uses telescopes without stadia and tangential or subtense bar methods. An anallactic lens in some tacheometers reduces the stadia constant to directly relate staff intercept to measured distance. Formulas are provided to calculate horizontal distance, vertical distance, and reduced level from observed angles for various line of sight inclinations and staff orientations.
Curves
This document discusses methods for setting out simple circular curves in surveying. There are two main methods: linear and angular.
The linear method uses only a tape or chain and does not require angle measurement. It includes setting out curves by offsets from the long chord, by successive bisection of arcs, and by offsets from the tangents.
The angular method is used for longer curves and involves measuring deflection angles. It includes Rankine's method of tangential angles using a tape and theodolite to measure deflection angles from the back tangent to points on the curve. The two theodolite method also uses angle measurement between two theodolites.
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This document contains a question bank related to surveying techniques involving theodolite and tacheometry. It includes 11 multiple choice questions and definitions covering topics like reduced bearings, deflection angles, transit rule, methods of theodolite traversing, subtense bars, stadia diaphragms, tacheometer constants, uses of transition curves, tacheometric contouring, and the functions of a theodolite. The questions assess understanding of technical surveying concepts and calculations.
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Tacheometry is a surveying method that uses optical instruments like a theodolite fitted with a stadia diaphragm to measure horizontal and vertical distances between points. It works on the principle that the ratio of distance from the instrument to the base of an isosceles triangle and the length of the base is constant. Distances are calculated using stadia intercept readings and multiplying constants based on the focal length of the instrument's objective lens. Tacheometry offers faster measurement compared to traditional chaining and is useful for surveys in difficult terrain like rivers, valleys, or undulating ground where conventional surveying would be inaccurate or slow.
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Introduction, purpose, principle, instruments, methods of tacheometry, stadia constants, anallatic lens, Subtense bar, field work in tacheometry, reduction of readings, errors and precisions.
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This document discusses horizontal curves used in transportation infrastructure to gradually change the direction of roads, railways, and other linear structures. It defines simple, compound, and reverse circular curves used for this purpose. Simple curves are arcs of a circle defined by their radius, while compound curves consist of two simple curves joined together curving in the same direction. Reverse curves curve in opposite directions. Spiral curves with varying radii are also used. The document then provides details on calculating elements of simple circular curves like radius, tangent distance, external distance, middle ordinate, and degree of curvature using standard geometric relationships. It concludes with describing the deflection angle method for laying out horizontal curves in the field using one or two theodolites.
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This document provides definitions and explanations of terms related to horizontal curves. It discusses the following:
- Horizontal curves are used to connect two straight lines when there is a change in direction of a road or railway alignment. Circular curves are the most common type of horizontal curve.
- Key terms defined include degree of curve, radius, relationship between radius and degree, superelevation, and centrifugal ratio.
- Different types of horizontal curves are described, including simple circular, compound, reverse, and transition curves.
- Notation used in circular curves is explained, such as tangent points and lengths, deflection angle, and radius.
- Properties of simple circular curves are outlined, including
Combiend curves of surveying
1. This document provides information about combined curves, which are a combination of circular curves and transition curves used in railways and highways. It defines the key elements of a combined curve and provides the notation and formulas for calculating elements like spiral angle, shift, tangent length, and chainages of points.
2. Steps for setting out a combined curve are outlined, requiring data like deflection angle, radius, and transition curve length. Formulas are given for computing elements like spiral angle, shift, and length of the circular curve.
3. Types of vertical curves are defined as summit/convex and valley/concave curves, with examples given of where each would be used. The formula for calculating the length of
Horizontal curves pdf
Horizontal curves are used in highway design to provide a gradual transition between two intersecting roadways. A simple curve is an arc of a circle, with the radius determining the sharpness of the curve. Key elements of a simple curve include the radius, tangent distance, intersection angle, and stationing of the point of curvature and point of tangency. Compound curves consist of two simple curves joined together curving in the same direction. Reversed curves have two simple curves joined and curving in opposite directions, connected at the point of reversed curve.
Horizontal curves
The document discusses different types of circular curves used in road design, including simple, compound, and broken-back curves. It notes that broken-back curves should be avoided if possible. The document also discusses using spirals to transition between tangents and circular curves, and defines elements of circular curves like radius, degree of curvature, tangent distance, and chord length. An example problem demonstrates computing values for a horizontal curve connecting two tangents. Finally, the document discusses laying out curves using deflection angles and computing subchords and subdeflections.
Tutorial circular curve
356° 20’ 40”
δ7
2180
20.000
00 57’ 18”
357° 14’ 00”
δ8
2200
20.000
00 57’ 18”
358° 07’ 20”
δ9
2220
20.000
00 57’ 18”
358° 60’ 40”
T2
2235.506
15.506
00 44’ 25”
359° 12’ 1”
Σ = 192.684
Σ = 90 12’ 1”
354° 29’ 40”
Geodetic surveying - Assignment
This document provides an overview of advanced surveying techniques including:
1. Plane surveying differs from geodetic surveying in scope and precision.
2. Triangulation is the process of determining locations using triangles and angular measurements. There are various types of triangulation systems and criteria for selecting triangle layouts.
3. A country's primary triangulation framework establishes the overall survey control network using advanced techniques like observing angles and distances over long baselines.
Part 5 simple curves updated
1. The document describes the geometry of simple circular curves used in highway design. It defines key terms like radius (R), deflection angle (Δ), subtangent distance (T), and presents formulas to calculate these values from the radius or each other.
2. Methods for describing the "sharpness" of a curve are discussed, including radius, degree of curve based on chord length (Dc) or arc length (Da). Formulas are provided to calculate radius from these values.
3. The document provides an example problem calculating values for a given curve with a 40 degree deflection angle, including the radius (R), tangent distance (T), arc length (La), and stationing of points of
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Tacheometry is a surveying method that uses a tacheometer, which is a telescope fitted with a stadia hair micrometer, to measure distances. There are three types of telescopes used: external focusing, internal focusing, and external focusing with an additional anallatic lens. An anallatic lens provides simpler distance calculations by making the constant (f+c) equal to 0. Essential characteristics of a tacheometer include a focal length constant of 100, an anallatic lens, high magnification, and a clear image. Distance measurements use a stadia rod or leveling staff measured in meters, decimeters, and centimeters. The fixed hair method takes readings from three hairs on the staff to determine
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Tacheometric surveying is a method of rapidly determining horizontal and vertical positions of points using optical measurements rather than traditional tape or chain measurements. A tacheometer, which is a transit theodolite fitted with a stadia diaphragm, is used to measure the horizontal and vertical angles to a stadia rod or staff held at survey points. Formulas involving the stadia interval, staff intercept readings, and calculated constants are used to determine horizontal distances and elevations from the instrument to points. Measurements can be taken with horizontal lines of sight or inclined lines of sight when the staff is held vertically or normal to the line of sight.
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Tacheometric surveying is a method of surveying that uses optical instruments to rapidly measure horizontal and vertical distances between points. It is well-suited for difficult terrain where direct measurements with tapes or chains are impossible. A tacheometer, which is a theodolite fitted with a stadia diaphragm, is used to measure the angle subtended by a known distance on a stadia rod or staff at a point. This allows the horizontal distance and elevation of points to be calculated trigonometrically without direct measurement. Common tacheometric methods include fixed hair stadia, subtense, and tangential systems. Field procedures involve establishing instrument stations along a traverse and taking angular and stadia rod readings
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tacheometric surveying
Tacheometric surveying is a method of surveying that determines horizontal and vertical distances optically rather than through direct measurement with a tape or chain. It uses an instrument called a tacheometer fitted with a stadia diaphragm to rapidly measure distances. The key principles are that the ratio of perpendicular to base is constant in similar triangles, allowing horizontal distance and elevation to be calculated from observed angles and staff intercept readings. Common tacheometric systems include fixed hair stadia, subtense stadia, and tangential methods. Distance and elevation formulas are derived for horizontal, inclined, and depressed line of sights depending on staff orientation. Tacheometric surveying is well-suited for difficult terrain where direct measurement is challenging
lathe
The document provides information about lathe operations including turning, facing, knurling, grooving, parting, chamfering, taper turning and drilling. It discusses lathe components like the bed, headstock, tailstock, carriage and feed screw. It also covers workholding devices, operating conditions, material removal rate, process sequences and examples of calculating machining times and tool life.
TORSION (MECHANICS OF SOLIDS)
This document discusses torsion in circular shafts. It defines torque as the turning force applied to a shaft multiplied by the diameter. The angle of twist is the angle of rotation at the surface of the shaft under an applied torque. Shear stress is induced in the shaft under pure torsion. The maximum torque a shaft can transmit depends on its diameter and the allowable shear stress. Assumptions in torsion theory and the polar moment of inertia are also defined. Several examples calculating shaft dimensions, torque, power, and angle of twist are provided. Shaft couplings and keys are also discussed.
Torsion-mmmmm-84739392727363638393999909
This document provides information about torsion of circular shafts. It defines torque as the turning or twisting moment applied to a shaft. It describes how torque results in shear stress in the shaft material and causes the shaft to twist through an angle. Formulas are provided for calculating torque, shear stress, angle of twist, and strength of solid and hollow circular shafts. Examples are included to demonstrate calculating torque capacity, shear stress, diameter, and angle of twist for shafts given various conditions. The document also discusses shaft couplings and keys used to connect shafts and transmit torque between them.
Normal distribution
This document provides an overview of the normal distribution. It discusses how the normal distribution arises from the binomial distribution with large numbers of trials. Some key properties of the normal distribution are that it is symmetric, bell-shaped, and defined by its mean and standard deviation. The normal distribution is widely used in fields like statistics, science, engineering, and medicine. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate probabilities within a normal distribution for applications like predicting machine part sizes and light bulb lifetimes.
Tacheometric-Surveying.ppt
Tacheometric surveying is a method that determines horizontal and vertical distances optically rather than using a tape or chain. It uses a theodolite fitted with a stadia diaphragm containing hairs to rapidly measure distances. There are different systems, including the stadia system which uses fixed or movable hairs, and the tangential system. Formulas are used to calculate distances and elevations based on staff intercept readings and vertical angles observed. The constants of the instrument such as the multiplying constant and additive constant must also be determined.
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1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
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◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
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留信网认证的作用:
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2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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校名:学校英文全称
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其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
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综上所述，办理(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
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1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问微bwp0011
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一.毕业证【微bwp0011】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微bwp0011】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
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7:个人信誉贷款加10分
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Tacheometry
- 1. BY ---- MOHIT DUREJA
- 2. BY ---- MOHIT DUREJA
- 3. BY ---- MOHIT DUREJA
- 4. INSTRUEMENT USED IN TACHEOMETRY 1) TACHEOMETER • IT IS A TRANSIT THEODOLITE FITTED WITH A STADIA DIAPHRAGAM. • THE STADIA DIAPHRAGAM CONSIST OF ONE STADIA ABOVE AND OTHER AN EQUAL DISTANCE BELOW THE HORIZONTAL CROSS HAIR BY ---- MOHIT DUREJA
- 5. DIFFERENT TYPES OF DIAPHRAGAM CROSS HAIR DIAPHRAGAM STADIA HAIR DIAPHRAGAM BY ---- MOHIT DUREJA
- 6. 2) STADIA ROD • For small sights ordinary leveling staff is used. It has a least count of 5mm. • For long sight stadia rod is used. The least count is 5mm or 10mm cont… INSTRUEMENT USED IN TACHEOMETRY BY ---- MOHIT DUREJA
- 7. Requirement/ Characteristics of Tacheometer • The value of multiplying constant should be 100 • The central horizontal hair must be exactly mid way between the other two horizontal hair • The value of additive constant should be zero. • In order to have bright image the aperture of objective should be 35 to 45 mm. BY ---- MOHIT DUREJA
- 8. METHODS OF TECHEOMETRY BY ---- MOHIT DUREJA
- 9. STADIA INTERVAL 0R STAFF INTERCEPT (S) S=(12.38 - 11.98) S= 0.40 M BY ---- MOHIT DUREJA
- 10. BY ---- MOHIT DUREJA
- 11. :-The stadia method is based on the principle that the ratio of the perpendicular to the base is constant in similar isosceles triangles D BY ---- MOHIT DUREJA
- 12. D= K s + C WHERE; K= MULTIPLYING CONSTANT C = ADDITIVE CONSTANT TACHEOMETRIC CONSTANT Multiplying constant is usually taken as 100 Additive constant is taken as zero(0) There values are generally provide by manufacturers BY ---- MOHIT DUREJA
- 13. DETERMINATION OF STADIA CONSTANT 1) BY DIRECTLY MEASURE FROM THE INSTRUMENT D= f s + (f+d) i f BY ---- MOHIT DUREJA
- 14. 2) BY COMPUTATION D1= f S1 + (f+d) i D2= f S2 + (f+d) i D3= f S3 + (f+d) i …………..1 …………..2 …………..3 SOLVE EQ. 1 & 2 EQ. 2 & 3 EQ. 3 & 1 And find exact value by their mean f i (f+d) = ? = ?K C BY ---- MOHIT DUREJA
- 15. Q .) Two distance of 90m and 250m were accurately measured out and the intercepts on the vertical were 0.895 & 2.495m respectively. Calculate Tacheometric constant. BY ---- MOHIT DUREJA
- 16. Q. With telescope horizontal, the readings taken by upper and lower wires were 3.840 and1.060 m. Find the horizontal distance and elevation of staff station if the RL of instrument axis is 341.540m. The central hair reading was 2.450. (K=100, c=0.4) BY ---- MOHIT DUREJA
- 17. Distance and elevation formula with inclined sight D=K Cos α S Cos α + C Cos α V=K Sin α S Cos α + C Sinα D= K S + C ……from Case 1 RL of staff station (M)= RL of Inst. Axis + (V-h) D α =ANGLE OF ELEVATION BY ---- MOHIT DUREJA
- 18. Distance and elevation formula with inclined sight D=K Cos α S Cos α + C Cos α V=K Sin α S Cos α + C Sinα D= K S + C ……from Case 1 RL of staff station (M)= RL of Instrument Axis - (V+h) α =ANGLE OF DEPRESSION BY ---- MOHIT DUREJA
- 19. Q.) A tacheometer was set up at A and the readings on staff held vertical at B were 1.215, 1.825, 2.435, the line of sight at elevation of 6ᴼ30’. Calculate distance between them and RL of point B if the RL of the sight is 350.700 m. ( K=100 ,C=0.35) BY ---- MOHIT DUREJA