Swennen - Mitigating the impact of biotic constraints to build resilient banana systems in Central and East Africa

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Presentation delivered at the CIALCA international conference 'Challenges and Opportunities to the agricultural intensification of the humid highland systems of sub-Saharan Africa'. Kigali, Rwanda, October 24-27 2011.

Education Technology Self Improvement

Mitigating the impact
of biotic constraints

to build resilient banana
systems

in Central and Eastern Africa

Rony Swennen

Guy Blomme, Pascale Lepoint, Eldad Karamura,

Piet van Asten, Emmanuel Njukwe, Jim Lorenzen

2

Setting the scene

A story from planting till harvest

What’s next?

3

The pathogen can adapt: Black resistance breakdown

7

Influence of farming system on black Sigatoka

Farming system Youngest % Leaf area
leaf spotted with symptoms
Field 4.9 22.2
Homestead 6.9 17.1
LSD* (0.05) 0.9 2.1

9

Host response and Yield of plantain
under different management practices

Cultural Youngest leaf % Leaf area with Yield (t/ha)
Practice spotted symptoms
Control 5.5 a 19.6 d 15.8 a
Vigna unguiculata 7.5 b 10.3 c 18.3 a
N-P-K 8.1 b 6.9 b 21.7 b
Wood sawdust 9.3 c 4.2 a 25.0 c
Rice husk 10.9 d 3.8 a 29.2 d

10

Different infestation with
a different soil fertility

11

G X E: warrants multilocational testing

14

Setting the scene

A story from planting till harvest

What’s next?

15

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Foc)

22
Healthy sucker???

Different densities

Increased soil temperature
with effects on nematodes
24

Banana streak virus

All bananas carry the virus genome,
Need to avoid stress Good agronomy

25

Intercrops

with cocoyam
with climbing beans

28

BXW and Sigatoka control
BXW and matooke consumption

35

Setting the scene

A story from planting till harvest

What’s next?

36

Improved banana germplasm
NSH 20 and NSH 42

FHIA 23 and FHIA 17 37

Macropropagation

need to get certified healthy
planting material
39

Improving productivity

Training on recognition, prevention, and resolving pest and disease
problems in bananas

40

Selection criteria of farmers for
banana varieties
Criterion PC1 PC2

Bunch size 0.09 0.44

-0.02
Drought tolerance 0.46
-0.01
Marginal-soil 0.58
tolerance
Availability 0.18 0.32

Taste 0.01 0.41

Maturation 0.05 0.41

Market 0.02 0.43

Longevity 0.60 0.02
= sustainability
Pest tolerance -0.02 0.30

Toppling -0.23 0.24

Eigen Value 2.2 2.0

Total Variation % 22 20 41

Cowpea cultivation in Burkina Faso has progressed from 1978 to the present through conventional and molecular breeding techniques as well as increased farmer involvement. Production increased from 100,000 tons in 1978 to 600,000 tons in 2013 due to the release of over 30 new varieties, some of which are now widely adopted. The combination of conventional and modern breeding approaches along with participatory research and variety selection has led to developments such as Striga resistance mapping, DNA markers, and the first Bt cowpea variety with pod borer resistance.

Improvement of Banana and Plantain in West and Central Africa

ExternalEvents

The document summarizes the activities of CARBAP, the African Center for Research on Bananas and Plantains. It discusses: 1) CARBAP's mission to improve banana and plantain productivity and food security in West and Central Africa through research and development. 2) An overview of CARBAP, including its creation in 2001, headquarters in Cameroon, staff of 120 people, and strategic plan to develop technologies and innovations for production and processing of bananas and plantains. 3) CARBAP's banana and plantain improvement program, which uses traditional hybridization techniques and tissue culture to develop new hybrid varieties that are resistant to diseases while meeting user requirements.

An emergency banana seed system intervention: A case study of the Crop Crisis...

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This document summarizes a case study of the Crop Crisis Control Project (C3P) in East and Central Africa from 2006-2008 that aimed to provide clean banana planting materials in response to epidemics of banana diseases. The project used macropropagation chambers and mother gardens to multiply banana plantlets in 6 countries. While the intervention increased access to disease-free materials, issues with scaling up production, quality control along the supply chain, and integrating with local seed systems limited the project's long-term success and sustainability. The case study highlights lessons for improving emergency seed system interventions for vegetatively propagated crops.

Plant pathology basics

Miftah Ullah

Plant pathology involves studying the relationship between plants, microbes, and the environment in causing plant diseases. The main factors that produce plant diseases are the environment, host, pathogen, human, and nutrient supply. The major plant pathogens are bacteria, fungi, viruses and viroids, nematodes, and insects. Pathogens can be classified into three categories: biotic pathogens which are living organisms like fungi, nematodes and protists that infect plants; abiotic pathogens which are non-living factors like drought or frost; and mesobiotic pathogens which are non-cellular infectious entities like viruses and viroids.

Chalcone synthase ppt

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This document summarizes a presentation on the plant enzyme chalcone synthase (CHS). It discusses that CHS is a key enzyme in the phenylpropanoid pathway that produces flavonoids. It describes the localization and regulation of CHS gene expression and activity, which can be controlled by metabolic feedback, turnover rates, and transgenic methods. CHS expression and activity increases in response to stresses like UV light and pathogen infection, inducing the production of protective phytoalexins.

Pathogens and Toxins

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The document discusses pathogens, toxins, and examples of each including H1N1 virus, botulism bacteria, nicotine toxin, and E. coli bacteria. Pathogens are microorganisms that cause disease by entering cells/tissues or producing toxins, while toxins are harmful substances affecting the body negatively. H1N1 virus causes respiratory illness and can lead to secondary infections if not treated properly. Botulism bacteria produces a toxin paralyzing muscles and respiratory functions. Nicotine is a highly addictive toxin in cigarettes damaging multiple body systems. E. coli bacteria normally in the body can cause infection if levels become too high.

interoduction of Plant diseases

Mohamed Barakat

Phenotyping in Breeding Programs for biotic stresses

International Institute of Tropical Agriculture

The document discusses phenotyping approaches for biotic stresses in IITA mandate crops. It outlines the major diseases and pests affecting cassava, yam, banana, maize, soybean and cowpea. Current phenotyping methods include visual assessments of infection rates and disease severity. It recommends modernizing methods with digital tools, benchmark sites, and data collection. Challenges include insufficient facilities, depletion of pathogen isolates, and thinly stretched staffing. The way forward is developing a phenotyping-genotyping pipeline with omics applications to identify traits, markers and mechanisms of resistance.

The document discusses how plant pathogens infect plants. It explains that pathogens penetrate plant surfaces through mechanical force or secretion of enzymes. The pathogens adhere to the plant surface and form an appressorium to penetrate the cuticle or cell wall. Major secretions by pathogens that cause disease include enzymes, toxins, growth regulators, and polysaccharides. While some mechanical force is used, the effects of pathogens on plants are primarily the result of biochemical reactions between substances secreted by the pathogen and those in the plant.

Genetic engineering for biotic stress tolerance

Sachin Ekatpure

This document discusses genetic engineering approaches for improving biotic stress tolerance in plants. It focuses on engineering resistance to herbicides, insects, fungi and bacteria. For herbicide resistance, genes have been introduced that encode herbicide-insensitive versions of the EPSPS enzyme or enzymes that can degrade herbicides. For insect resistance, genes from Bacillus thuringiensis encoding cry toxins have been widely used, as well as genes encoding protease inhibitors, lectins, and chitinases. For resistance to fungi and bacteria, genes involved in the plant's incompatible hypersensitive response have potential for engineering resistance.

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Plants have array of defense response against biotic stresses which could be either structural reinforcement, release of chemicals, and defense gene expression against invading organisms. The physical barriers are trichoms, waxy cuticle, thick cell wall. Once the pathogen overcomes the first line of defense, basal or innate defense response comes into play. Pathogens secrete some conserved molecules known as Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP/MAMP), which are recognized by transmembrane receptors present in the plasma membrane and initiate a series of signal cascade reaction which ultimately leads to activation of various defense related genes. Apart from inducing the expression of defense related genes, it also triggers a hypersensitive reaction (HR) which cause deliberate cell death at the site of infection and limit the pathogen access to water and nutrient by sacrificing a few cells in order to save the rest of the plant. Once HR is triggered, plant tissue may become highly resistant to a broad range of pathogens for an extended period of time. This phenomenon is called Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR). Plants respond to herbivory is a similar manner as described above. The biochemical mechanisms of defense against the herbivores are wide-ranging, highly dynamic, and are mediated both by direct and indirect defenses. The defensive compounds are either produced constitutively or in response to plant damage, and affect feeding, growth, and survival of herbivores. In addition, plants also release volatile organic compounds that attract the natural enemies of the herbivores. These strategies either act independently or in conjunction with each other. However, our understanding of these defensive mechanisms is still limited. Induced resistance could be exploited as an important tool for the pest management to minimize the amounts of insecticides used for pest control. Host plant resistance to insects, particularly, induced resistance, can also be manipulated with the use of chemical elicitors of secondary metabolites, which confer resistance to insects. By understanding the mechanisms of induced resistance, we can predict the herbivores that are likely to be affected by inducing responses. The elicitors of induced responses can be sprayed on crop plants to build up the natural defense system against damage caused by herbivores. The induced responses can also be genetically engineered, so that the defensive compounds are constitutively produced in plants challenged by the herbivory. Induced resistance can be exploited for developing crop cultivars, which readily produce the inducible response upon mild infestation, and can act as one of components of integrated pest management for sustainable crop production.

MG plant pathology

Maureen Thiessen

Plant pathology is the study of plant diseases and their causes. Diseases can be caused by abiotic factors like temperature stress or biotic factors like fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes and parasitic plants. The disease triangle shows that a susceptible host, viable pathogen and favorable environment are necessary for disease development. Fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens can enter plants and disrupt physiological processes through various mechanisms. Plants have structural and chemical defenses to resist pathogens. Proper diagnosis of plant diseases involves examining symptoms and signs to identify the pathogen. Integrated disease management utilizes prevention strategies and controls when needed.

Stress psychology

bethieboo8

The document discusses the body's response to acute and chronic stressors. Acute stressors activate the sympathetic nervous system through the sympathomedullary pathway in the short term. Chronic stressors activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the long term through the release of corticosteroids. The document also examines how stress can impact the immune system, cardiovascular and psychiatric disorders, as well as everyday stressors like life changes, daily hassles and uplifts. Personality factors like Type A and hardy personalities are also discussed in relation to stress. Finally, the document outlines biological and psychological methods of managing stress through problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies.

Stress physiology

meleebirdsong

1) Stress is the body's response to challenges that prepares it for "fight or flight". Acute, short-term stress is adaptive but chronic stress takes a toll. 2) Chronic stress activates the hormone cortisol which initially helps the body resist stressors but over time leads to issues like high blood pressure, reduced immunity, memory problems and weight gain. 3) The body can recover from stress if the stressor is removed but prolonged stress without recovery can damage health and even lead to death from conditions like heart attack. Maintaining social connections, sleep, nutrition and exercise can help mitigate the effects of stress.

Effect of Water Stress & the Interaction between Fertilizer & Inoculum Concen...

Bioversity International

Presentation given by Dennis Ochola, Bioversity International, on the 'Effect of Water Stress & the Interaction between Fertilizer & Inoculum Concentration'. The presentation was given at the International Horticultural Congress 2014. Find out more at www.promusa.org Read more about Dennis Ochola here: http://www.bioversityinternational.org/about-us/who-we-are/staff-bios/single-details-bios/ochola-dennis/

Breeding for disease resistance by sajad

Sajad Nabi

This document discusses breeding rice for resistance to bacterial leaf blight (BLB) by introgressing three BLB resistance genes (Xa21, Xa13, and Xa5) from donor parent SS1113 into recipient parent Samba Mahsuri. Marker-assisted selection was used at each backcross generation to select plants that were heterozygous for the three resistance genes. Selected plants with the highest percentage of Samba Mahsuri genome were backcrossed to generate subsequent generations. By the BC4F1 generation, three BLB resistance genes were introgressed into Samba Mahsuri while retaining its yield and quality characteristics. Lines with single or double resistance genes showed resistance but three-gene

Banana Breeding in IITA

International Institute of Tropical Agriculture

The document discusses banana breeding activities at IITA in three locations: Arusha, Tanzania; Sendusu/Namulonge, Uganda; and Ibadan, Nigeria. It focuses on breeding Mchare bananas in Arusha, Matooke bananas in Uganda, and plantains in Ibadan. The breeding objectives are to develop varieties with increased yield, earliness, plant stature, quality, and resistance to diseases and pests like black sigatoka and weevils. Conventional breeding is slow, so the program is adopting techniques like genomics, marker-assisted selection, and hybridization to speed up the process. Achievements include the development of 27 NARITA

Effect of sowing methods and weed management practices on wheat

SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY MEERUT, U.P., INDIA

This document summarizes the effects of different sowing methods and weed management practices on wheat crops. It finds that cross sowing and close sowing methods resulted in lower weed biomass and higher yields compared to normal line sowing. Herbicide treatments including sulfosulfuron, metsulfuron, and fenoxaprop-ethyl were most effective at controlling weeds. Criss-cross sowing and integrated weed management practices like hand-weeding or herbicide use led to higher wheat yields, fewer weeds, and greater profits compared to broadcast sowing or weedy conditions.

Stress physiology

Prachee Rajput

This document discusses Zhou Yan's research interests in plant physiology, specifically stress physiology. It provides an overview of stress types in plants, including biotic, abiotic, chilling, freezing, heat, and drought stresses. It also discusses resistance mechanisms in plants, such as stress avoidance and stress tolerance. Zhou Yan's current research focuses on the effects of saline and alkaline stresses on soybean seedlings. The research examines impacts on growth factors and ionic balance, as well as the mechanisms plants use to adapt, such as osmotic regulation and ion regionalization.

The Banana Plant: Morphology, Propagation and Breeding

International Institute of Tropical Agriculture

The document provides an overview of banana morphology, propagation, and breeding. It discusses the classification of banana as a giant perennial herb with underground rhizomes and suckers for propagation. The pseudostem, foliage, inflorescence, and bunch are described. Constraints to production include diseases like black sigatoka and pests like nematodes and weevils. Breeding objectives are listed as taste, yield, disease resistance, short stature and earliness. Breeding techniques include hybridization, embryo culture and evaluation of progeny for traits of interest.

A biotic stresses & role of tissue culture

Neelam Fatima

The document discusses various types of abiotic stresses that negatively impact plant growth and productivity. It defines abiotic stress and describes different abiotic stresses including water stress, temperature stress, light stress, wind stress, salt stress, and heavy metal stress. It discusses the effects of these stresses on plants and mechanisms plants have evolved to respond to stresses. The document also covers the role of plant tissue culture in introducing stress resistance to plants through genetic engineering techniques like gene transfer.

Role of Silicon in Alleviating Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Plants

BHU,Varanasi, INDIA

1) Silicon plays an important role in alleviating biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. It provides strength to cell walls and improves growth, health, and productivity. 2) Silicon is taken up by plants through monosilicic acid and polysilicic acid in the soil. It accumulates in leaves and other organs. Gene research has identified silicon transporters that allow for uptake in rice. 3) Applying silicon enhances plant resistance to diseases and pests. It acts as a physical barrier on plant surfaces and boosts the plant's defenses. Silicon application increases crop yields and quality.

Plant defenses

heman568

Plants have two main types of defenses against pathogens: constitutive defenses that are always present and inducible defenses that are produced when the plant is injured or infected. Constitutive defenses include cell walls, waxy cuticles, bark, and thorns. Inducible defenses include producing toxic chemicals and enzymes when the plant detects pathogens. Secondary compounds produced by plants as defenses can be toxic to herbivores and have negative impacts on them. However, some herbivores have adapted ways to reduce the effects of plant toxins such as using bacteria or fungi to weaken defenses or producing their own enzymes to break down toxins.

Invitro mutation selection for biotic stresses in Plants

amvannan

In-vitro selection is a somaclonal variation method that uses a selection agent or particular condition to select for somaclones with a desired character. Various mutagens like gamma irradiation, chemicals, and transposons can be used to induce mutations in vitro. Somatic embryogenesis is advantageous for in-vitro selection as it allows treatment of large populations and rapid generation of non-chimeric plants. Chemical mutagens are commonly used for in-vitro selection due to ease of handling. In-vitro selection has been used successfully to obtain disease resistance in various crop species like tobacco, rice, wheat, and potato.

Advances in biotic and abiotic stress tolerance

International Institute of Tropical Agriculture

Plant Disease Resistant And Genetic Engineering

Shweta Jhakhar

Breeding for resistance to disease and insect pests(biotic stress)

Pawan Nagar

Breeding for resistance to plant diseases and insect pests (biotic stress) involves targeting six main groups of pests: airborne fungi, soil-borne fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, and insects. Plant breeders develop strategies to breed cultivars resistant to these types of biotic stress through an understanding of the biology and damage caused. Breeding can involve improving vertical/qualitative resistance to specific pathogen races or strains, as well as horizontal/partial resistance effective against all pathogen variants. Strategies include using differential varieties to identify pathogen races, planned release of resistance genes, gene pyramiding, combining vertical and horizontal resistance, and utilizing wild plant germplasm.

Dr paul struik

Alper Akman

This document discusses controlling soil-borne pests and diseases through managing soil health. It defines soil health and lists many common potato pests and diseases. Approaches to enhance soil health discussed include soil disinfection, crop rotation, trap crops, organic amendments, managing crop residues, enhancing disease suppressiveness through techniques like solarization and changing biological diversity. The document also describes experiments testing these approaches, finding that interactions between soil organisms are important for control and that biodiversity and organic amendments are most likely to reliably manage soil-borne pathogens.

Towards Sound Strategies For Soil-Water And Nutrient Retention A Cawt Case…

World Agroforestry (ICRAF)

This study examined soil and water retention strategies using conservation agriculture with trees (CAWT) in Kibwezi, Kenya. Minimum and zero tillage increased soil organic carbon and cation exchange capacity compared to conventional tillage. Faidherbia albida, Gliricidia sepium and Tephrosia candida improved soil fertility when used in CAWT. Soil water content was highest under zero tillage and F. albida. The hardpan layer reduced infiltration. Overall, CAWT and water harvesting increased soil organic matter and water retention compared to conventional practices.

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