Rusike - Supply and demand drivers of grain legumes in highlands of central and southern Africa: Targeting agricultural research investments

Supply and demand drivers of grain legumes in highlands of central and southern Africa: Targeting agricultural research investments CIALCA International Conference, Kigali, Rwanda, 24-27 October 2011 J. Rusike, S. Boahen, K. Dashiell, S. Kantengwa, J. Ongoma, D. M. Mongane, G. Kasongo

Introduction Increase % legumes: N2Africa Debates about R4D for impact Target cowpeas (food security) or soybeans (cash, nutritional security)? Target better-favored or less-favored areas? How deliver seed, fertilizers, inoculants, crop and post-harvest management technologies, finance, services, capacity building?

Objectives Apply value chain methods to assess role of legumes, drivers of change, opportunities and constraints on grain legume-led growth Identify areas for targeting R4D investments

Conceptual Framework Local Country Global Input supply Output marketing

Hypotheses N2Africa legumes important for cash income, food security, NRM and gender equity Global and country scale drivers (globalization, world prices, urbanization, policy) determinants of market opportunities Targeting R4D at local scale drivers generates most impact

Methods Rapid analysis value chain questionnaire interview survey with key players Survey April-September 2001 245 in-depth interviews with government researchers, extension agents, seed companies, traders, agribusinesses, NGOs, government policy makers Ghana 45; Kenya 32; Malawi 37; Mozambique 24; Nigeria 44; Rwanda 20; S. Kivu 17; Zimbabwe 26 Statistical analyses and econometric modelling Time series annual data on area planted, yield production Time series monthly price data in wholesale and retail markets in source and end-markets

Opportunities: Production consumption

Consumers Channel 2 Fresh grains unprocessed Channel 3 Dried grains unprocessed Channel 4 Dried grains export Exports Channel 5 Dried grains processed Consumers Subsistence households Consumption Distribution Trade On-farm p roduction Inputs Channel 1 Subsistence production & consumption Processing

Gross margins Grain legume price (Metical/kg) Market stage Common beans Cowpeas Groundnuts Soybeans Farm gate 20 6 22 10 Wholesale (terminal) 23 8 26 14-22 Retail (terminal) 46 8-10 35-40

Co-integration analysis of prices: beans

Constraints Low yields and poor quality of products Poor access to inputs, extension services and markets Lack of post-harvest storage Lack of market coordination Poor road and communication infrastructure Unavailability of micro-credit Poor government market regulations and high transaction costs

Areas for targeting research V arietal testing and agronomic research Efficient systems for delivery of certified seed of adapted varieties, rhizobium inoculants, fertilizers and agro-chemicals and crop management practices that relax constraints on higher yields Post-harvest management practices and storage Microfinance Agro-processing plants Infrastructure and market regulations to reduce transaction costs Policy incentives to expand private sector investments

Conclusions G rain legumes important and very important roles in smallholder farmers’ strategies for incomes, food security, nutrition, NRM and gender equity in highlands Significant opportunities in domestic urban, regional and international markets Smallholders can be linked by strengthening farmers’ groups and better targeting of research investments

Rusike - Supply and demand drivers of grain legumes in highlands of central and southern Africa: Targeting agricultural research investments