The document discusses the supply and demand drivers for grain legumes in the highlands of central and southern Africa, emphasizing their importance for food security, cash income, and gender equity. It identifies market opportunities and constraints based on value chain analysis, highlighting the need for targeted agricultural research investments. Challenges such as low yields, poor access to inputs, and inadequate market infrastructure are outlined, along with suggestions for enhancing research and support systems for smallholder farmers.

1. Supply and demand drivers of grain legumes in highlands of central and southern Africa: Targeting agricultural research investments CIALCA International Conference, Kigali, Rwanda, 24-27 October 2011 J. Rusike, S. Boahen, K. Dashiell, S. Kantengwa, J. Ongoma, D. M. Mongane, G. Kasongo

2. Introduction

3. Introduction

4. Introduction Increase % legumes: N2Africa Debates about R4D for impact Target cowpeas (food security) or soybeans (cash, nutritional security)? Target better-favored or less-favored areas? How deliver seed, fertilizers, inoculants, crop and post-harvest management technologies, finance, services, capacity building?

5. Objectives Apply value chain methods to assess role of legumes, drivers of change, opportunities and constraints on grain legume-led growth Identify areas for targeting R4D investments

6. Conceptual Framework Local Country Global Input supply Output marketing

7. Hypotheses N2Africa legumes important for cash income, food security, NRM and gender equity Global and country scale drivers (globalization, world prices, urbanization, policy) determinants of market opportunities Targeting R4D at local scale drivers generates most impact

8. Methods Rapid analysis value chain questionnaire interview survey with key players Survey April-September 2001 245 in-depth interviews with government researchers, extension agents, seed companies, traders, agribusinesses, NGOs, government policy makers Ghana 45; Kenya 32; Malawi 37; Mozambique 24; Nigeria 44; Rwanda 20; S. Kivu 17; Zimbabwe 26 Statistical analyses and econometric modelling Time series annual data on area planted, yield production Time series monthly price data in wholesale and retail markets in source and end-markets

9. Roles in household strategies

10. Opportunities: Production consumption

11. Production

12. Consumers Channel 2 Fresh grains unprocessed Channel 3 Dried grains unprocessed Channel 4 Dried grains export Exports Channel 5 Dried grains processed Consumers Subsistence households Consumption Distribution Trade On-farm p roduction Inputs Channel 1 Subsistence production & consumption Processing

13. Pathways: Source-endmarkets

14. Gross margins Grain legume price (Metical/kg) Market stage Common beans Cowpeas Groundnuts Soybeans Farm gate 20 6 22 10 Wholesale (terminal) 23 8 26 14-22 Retail (terminal) 46 8-10 35-40

15. Co-integration analysis of prices: beans

16. Constraints Low yields and poor quality of products Poor access to inputs, extension services and markets Lack of post-harvest storage Lack of market coordination Poor road and communication infrastructure Unavailability of micro-credit Poor government market regulations and high transaction costs

17. Areas for targeting research V arietal testing and agronomic research Efficient systems for delivery of certified seed of adapted varieties, rhizobium inoculants, fertilizers and agro-chemicals and crop management practices that relax constraints on higher yields Post-harvest management practices and storage Microfinance Agro-processing plants Infrastructure and market regulations to reduce transaction costs Policy incentives to expand private sector investments

18. Conclusions G rain legumes important and very important roles in smallholder farmers’ strategies for incomes, food security, nutrition, NRM and gender equity in highlands Significant opportunities in domestic urban, regional and international markets Smallholders can be linked by strengthening farmers’ groups and better targeting of research investments