Terraces are ancient erosion control practice that facilitates cultivation on steep slopes. A Terrace system consists of multiple continuous lines of embankments constructed across a field slope to check erosion under the most intense cropping system planned for the field. Runoff water intercepted by the embankments is conducted to a stable outlet through non-erosive stable channels or stored and released through soil infiltration. It reduces the length of the hillside slope, thereby reducing sheet and rill erosion and prevents the formation of gullies.
Sprinkler Irrigation is a method of applying irrigation water which is similar to rainfall.
Water is distributed through a system of pipes usually by pumping at pressure above 2 kg/cm2.
It is then sprayed into the air and irrigated entire soil surface through spray heads so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground.
Pressurized irrigation through devices called sprinklers.
Gully Erosion Control Measures
Temporary check dam
Brushwood dams
One row or single post brush wood dam
Double row post brush wood dams.
Semi permanent dams
Loose rock dam
Netting dam
Log check dam
Permanent check dam
Drop Spillway
Drop inlet spillway
Chute spillway
THIS PPT COVERS ABOUT TERRACE AND ITS TYPES
TOPICS COVERED ARE TERRACE TYPES;BROAD BASE, BENCH TERRACE
BENCH TERRACE DESIGN AND TYPES ARE ALSO COVERED IN PPT
Tillage is the mechanical manipulation of soil with tools and implements for obtaining conditions ideal for seed germination, seedling establishment and growth of crops.
Sprinkler Irrigation is a method of applying irrigation water which is similar to rainfall.
Water is distributed through a system of pipes usually by pumping at pressure above 2 kg/cm2.
It is then sprayed into the air and irrigated entire soil surface through spray heads so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground.
Pressurized irrigation through devices called sprinklers.
Gully Erosion Control Measures
Temporary check dam
Brushwood dams
One row or single post brush wood dam
Double row post brush wood dams.
Semi permanent dams
Loose rock dam
Netting dam
Log check dam
Permanent check dam
Drop Spillway
Drop inlet spillway
Chute spillway
THIS PPT COVERS ABOUT TERRACE AND ITS TYPES
TOPICS COVERED ARE TERRACE TYPES;BROAD BASE, BENCH TERRACE
BENCH TERRACE DESIGN AND TYPES ARE ALSO COVERED IN PPT
Tillage is the mechanical manipulation of soil with tools and implements for obtaining conditions ideal for seed germination, seedling establishment and growth of crops.
The mechanical measures of soil conservation include various engineering techniques and structures which are adopted to supplement the biological methods when the latter alone are not sufficiently effective. These are also called as engineering measures.
Irrigation Engineering
Agricultural Engineerng
Hydraulic Engineering
Water Resources Engineering
Water Resources and Irrigation Management
Water Supply Engineering.
soil resources and Watershed management.
natural resources managements
plant science departments can share this materials on the concepts of irrigation aplication techniques.
this material include:- surface irrigation, subsurface irrigation, pressurized irrigation.
specifically under surface irrigation it discuss it's type, advantage, disadvantage, limitation, layout, constructionon and efficiency determination system.
under pressurized irrigation system; the type of pressurized irrigation system, it's components, layout, construction techniques and irrigating techniques was discussed.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Summary of the Climate and Energy Policy of Australia
TERRACING.docx
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1
TERRACING
Introduction
Terraces are ancient erosion control practice that facilitates cultivation on steep
slopes.
Eg:-Production of grains such as Rice and Wheat on steep slopes
A Terrace system consists of multiple continuous lines of embankments constructed
across a field slope to check erosion under the most intense cropping system
planned for the field.
Runoff water intercepted by the embankments is conducted to a stable outlet
through non erosive stable channels or stored and released through soil infiltration.
It reduces the length of hill side slope, thereby reducing sheet and rill erosion and
prevents formation of gullies.
Objectives of Terracing
Land use
To facilitate farming on steep slopes
Soil conservation
To check soil erosion
Water Conservation
Reduce runoff
Increase infiltration rate
Functions of Terracing
to reduce erosion by
o shortening length of slope
o conducting runoff water on a non erosive grade to a stable
slope
to conserve moisture by
o increasing infiltration opportunity time
facilitate cultivation and tillage operation on sloping land
Limitations
can be used in all soils except
too storny, sandy or shallow to permit practical and economical
constructions and maintenance-due to earth moving limitations and
the detrimental effect of the loss of farmability after disturbance of
these soils.
Not advisable
o Slope of the land is either too slight/too excessive
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o Topography is extremely irregular
o Soil depth is not sufficient-earth moving during construction
may place subsoil on top of the fertile top soil and affect
productivity.
Classification of Terraces
In India ,the Terraces are classified into two major types:
Broad base Terraces-adopted where the main purpose is either to remove /to retain
water on slopping lands that are suitable for cultivation.
Bench Terraces-are mainly adopted to reduce the land slope.
і)Broad-base Terraces
Terraces for which all constructed and excavated slopes are flatter than 5:1 and the
entire terrace is cropped.
Earthfill for the Terrace ridge is normally obtained from excavation of the Terrace
channel.
Adopted for land slope<8%
Preferred due to ease of construction with any earthmoving equipment simply by
moving the soil downhill to form a channel/ridge.
Flat slope allow farm equipment to operate on the constructed ridge slope,
therefore allowing cropping of the entire field.
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A.Graded/Channel type
Constructed by cutting a shallow channel on the uphill side and using only these soil
to build the embankment.
Primarily removes excess water and minimises erosion by
1. Reducing slope length
2. Conducting the intercepted runoff to a safe outlet as a non erosive
velocity.
Side slope of both channel and ridge kept as possible to facilitate farming operations.
B.Level/Ridge type
Primarily used for moisture conservation.
In low to moderate rainfall regions they trap and hold rainfall for infiltration into soil
profile.
Embankment is constructed of soil from both sides of the ridge.
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іі)Bench Terrace
Bench Terrace consist of series of platforms along contours cut into hill slope in a
step like formation.
Platforms are separated at a regular intervals by vertical drops/by steep sides and
protected by vegetation and sometimes by stone retaining.
It convert a steep slope to 20-30% to a series of level/nearly level benches
Costly to construct.
A.Absorption/Level/Table top Terraces
Constructed exactly on the contours and provided with sufficient freeboard so that
they can trap all the rain that falls.
Suitable for areas having evenly distributed medium rainfall and having deep and
highly permeable soils.
B.Outward sloping Terraces
Bench Terraces sloping outward are effective only in low rainfall areas with a
permeable soil of medium depth.
Shoulder bund is essential.
Useful for slopes upto 15%.
Suitable for Orchards.
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C.Inward sloping Terraces
Bench terraces of sloping inward type are more effective in heavy rainfall areas.
Suitable drain at the inward end of each of these terraces is to be provided to drain
runoff.
Prevent ponding of water and useful for crops that are susceptible to water logging.
D.Puerto type Terraces
Levelling is done gradually by cultivation.
Bunds are constructed on the place where the terrace wall would have been
positioned.
Instead the land is ploughed ,harrowed and cultivated from the lower side of each
plot turning the sliced soil each plough line towards the lower side. Gradually the
plot becomes levelled automatically.
Design of Bench Terraces
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The design of bench terraces consists of determining the type of the bench
terrace, terrace spacing or the depth of the cut, terrace width, and terrace
cross section.
Terrace spacing is generally expressed as the vertical interval between two terraces.
The vertical interval (D) is dependent upon the depth of the cut. The factors that
limit the depth of cut are the soil depth in the area and the slope. The depth of cut
should not be too high as to expose the bed rock which makes the bench terraces
unsuitable for cultivation. In higher slopes greater depth of cuts result in greater
heights of embankments which may become unstable.
The width of the bench terraces (W) should be as per the requirement (purpose) for
which the terraces are to be put after construction. Once the width of the terrace is
decided, the depth of cut required can be calculated using the following formulae
Case 1: When the terrace cuts are vertical
Case 2: When the batter slope is 1:1
Case 3: When the batter slope is ½: 1
(S is the land slope in percent; D/2 is the depth of cut and W is the width of terrace)
Submitted by,
Farzana Haris