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The document discusses two major threats facing humanity: 1) The global economic crisis of capitalism that risks driving the world economy into depression. 2) The depletion of the planet's natural resources from overconsumption, pollution, and climate change. It argues sustainable development is necessary for humanity's survival to avoid an environmental and economic collapse that could lead to "barbarism." Governments, businesses, and individuals must take environmental responsibility and transition to more sustainable models of leadership, development, and resource management.
Sustainable development is necessary for humanity's survival due to two major threats: 1) The general crisis of the world's capitalist economic system which risks global depression, and 2) Environmental threats like population growth, depletion of resources, water scarcity, overcrowded cities, and climate change which can cause conflicts. To prevent these threats, a sustainable society must meet present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs, thus contributing to peace. Governments, companies, and individuals must take responsible action to enable sustainable development worldwide and build global peace.
Global sustainable society and world government requirements for world peaceFernando Alcoforado
Global threats require global cooperation and governance. Uncontrolled population growth and resource depletion threaten the environment and economy, risking conflicts. A new global sustainable society is needed, where countries work interdependently with common goals. This would require a world government elected by a UN General Assembly-chosen world parliament to regulate the economy, relations, and promote prosperity through sustainable development for all people. A world government could help end wars and build lasting world peace.
This article published in Global Education Magazine aims to demonstrate that sustainable development is a requirement for the survival of humanity because it faces two major threats. One of them is represented by the general crisis of the world capitalist system that tends to drive the world economy into depression. Another threat is represented by the depletion of natural resources of the planet, the uncontrolled growth of cities and the catastrophic global climate change.
Africa - Up in Smoke - Global Warming Vulnerability Z3P
This document discusses the vulnerability of Africa to climate change and provides recommendations. Key points:
1) Africa is highly vulnerable to climate change due to widespread poverty and dependence on natural resources for livelihoods. Small-scale farming provides most food and employment but is reliant on rainfall.
2) Climate change is already affecting Africa through increasing drought, worsening food shortages, coastal erosion, and rising sea levels. Projections include more drought in southern Africa and parts of the Horn of Africa by 2050.
3) Recommendations include dramatically increasing support for small-scale, diverse agriculture; rich countries cutting greenhouse gas emissions deeper than Kyoto targets; and ensuring initiatives are "climate-proof" and
Understanding Extreme Climatic Events for Economic Development in Kenya Julius Huho
Kenya is an agri-based economy that heavily relies on rainfall performance. Unfortunately, changes in rainfall patterns have threatened the agricultural sector since it is largely rain-fed. The frequent occurrence and increased severity of climatic extremes, particularly droughts and floods, have led to slow economic development in the affected areas. However, the impacts on the economy vary from one hydrometeorological disaster to the other depending on their characteristics. From the case studies of Laikipia and Bunyala subcounties in Kenya, the study established an increasing trend in both the frequency and magnitude of floods and droughts. Prolonged and severe flood and drought events had adverse impacts on economic development through (a) decrease in agricultural production, (b) poor prices for livestock and agricultural produce and (c) destruction of the immediate environment which in turn exacerbate the impacts. An inverse relationship between economic development and the magnitude of the disaster was established. The consequence have been increased poverty levels in the areas due to slow economic development.
5th African RCE Conference Remarks by Prof. J.C. Maviiri, Uganda Martyrs Univ...ESD UNU-IAS
This document summarizes remarks made by Prof. J.C. Maviiri, Vice Chancellor of Uganda Martyrs University, at the 5th African RCE Conference on building stronger networks for transforming communities through education for sustainable development. It discusses challenges to the environment and development cited in reports like the Brundtland Commission. It also highlights perspectives on the environment from Pope Francis' encyclical. Finally, it examines three UN Sustainable Development Goals - ending poverty, ending hunger and malnutrition, and promoting inclusive economic growth and decent work - and their targets, and suggests the RCE approach can help accelerate sustainable solutions at local levels.
Human society faces potential existential threats from climate change, overpopulation, disease, and natural disasters in the coming decades and centuries. The document outlines several predictions including the collapse of the US financial system by 2012 leading to societal chaos, as well as rising global temperatures causing severe weather events, extinction of species, changing disease vectors, and rising sea levels. Mitigating climate change through reducing greenhouse gas emissions and transitioning to renewable energy is discussed as key to ensuring human survival.
The document discusses the importance of sustainable agriculture for achieving a truly "green circular economy." It argues that no attempt to build a green economy can succeed without fully integrating sustainable primary agricultural production, which is based on nature's own circular economy. The document provides examples from China and other countries to illustrate how sustainable organic agriculture can meet food demands while reducing pollution, conserving resources, and building resilience against threats like climate change. It concludes that sustainable agriculture is essential for both ensuring food security and realizing an economically and environmentally sustainable human economy.
Sustainable development is necessary for humanity's survival due to two major threats: 1) The general crisis of the world's capitalist economic system which risks global depression, and 2) Environmental threats like population growth, depletion of resources, water scarcity, overcrowded cities, and climate change which can cause conflicts. To prevent these threats, a sustainable society must meet present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs, thus contributing to peace. Governments, companies, and individuals must take responsible action to enable sustainable development worldwide and build global peace.
Global sustainable society and world government requirements for world peaceFernando Alcoforado
Global threats require global cooperation and governance. Uncontrolled population growth and resource depletion threaten the environment and economy, risking conflicts. A new global sustainable society is needed, where countries work interdependently with common goals. This would require a world government elected by a UN General Assembly-chosen world parliament to regulate the economy, relations, and promote prosperity through sustainable development for all people. A world government could help end wars and build lasting world peace.
This article published in Global Education Magazine aims to demonstrate that sustainable development is a requirement for the survival of humanity because it faces two major threats. One of them is represented by the general crisis of the world capitalist system that tends to drive the world economy into depression. Another threat is represented by the depletion of natural resources of the planet, the uncontrolled growth of cities and the catastrophic global climate change.
Africa - Up in Smoke - Global Warming Vulnerability Z3P
This document discusses the vulnerability of Africa to climate change and provides recommendations. Key points:
1) Africa is highly vulnerable to climate change due to widespread poverty and dependence on natural resources for livelihoods. Small-scale farming provides most food and employment but is reliant on rainfall.
2) Climate change is already affecting Africa through increasing drought, worsening food shortages, coastal erosion, and rising sea levels. Projections include more drought in southern Africa and parts of the Horn of Africa by 2050.
3) Recommendations include dramatically increasing support for small-scale, diverse agriculture; rich countries cutting greenhouse gas emissions deeper than Kyoto targets; and ensuring initiatives are "climate-proof" and
Understanding Extreme Climatic Events for Economic Development in Kenya Julius Huho
Kenya is an agri-based economy that heavily relies on rainfall performance. Unfortunately, changes in rainfall patterns have threatened the agricultural sector since it is largely rain-fed. The frequent occurrence and increased severity of climatic extremes, particularly droughts and floods, have led to slow economic development in the affected areas. However, the impacts on the economy vary from one hydrometeorological disaster to the other depending on their characteristics. From the case studies of Laikipia and Bunyala subcounties in Kenya, the study established an increasing trend in both the frequency and magnitude of floods and droughts. Prolonged and severe flood and drought events had adverse impacts on economic development through (a) decrease in agricultural production, (b) poor prices for livestock and agricultural produce and (c) destruction of the immediate environment which in turn exacerbate the impacts. An inverse relationship between economic development and the magnitude of the disaster was established. The consequence have been increased poverty levels in the areas due to slow economic development.
5th African RCE Conference Remarks by Prof. J.C. Maviiri, Uganda Martyrs Univ...ESD UNU-IAS
This document summarizes remarks made by Prof. J.C. Maviiri, Vice Chancellor of Uganda Martyrs University, at the 5th African RCE Conference on building stronger networks for transforming communities through education for sustainable development. It discusses challenges to the environment and development cited in reports like the Brundtland Commission. It also highlights perspectives on the environment from Pope Francis' encyclical. Finally, it examines three UN Sustainable Development Goals - ending poverty, ending hunger and malnutrition, and promoting inclusive economic growth and decent work - and their targets, and suggests the RCE approach can help accelerate sustainable solutions at local levels.
Human society faces potential existential threats from climate change, overpopulation, disease, and natural disasters in the coming decades and centuries. The document outlines several predictions including the collapse of the US financial system by 2012 leading to societal chaos, as well as rising global temperatures causing severe weather events, extinction of species, changing disease vectors, and rising sea levels. Mitigating climate change through reducing greenhouse gas emissions and transitioning to renewable energy is discussed as key to ensuring human survival.
The document discusses the importance of sustainable agriculture for achieving a truly "green circular economy." It argues that no attempt to build a green economy can succeed without fully integrating sustainable primary agricultural production, which is based on nature's own circular economy. The document provides examples from China and other countries to illustrate how sustainable organic agriculture can meet food demands while reducing pollution, conserving resources, and building resilience against threats like climate change. It concludes that sustainable agriculture is essential for both ensuring food security and realizing an economically and environmentally sustainable human economy.
STEPS Annual Lecture 2017: Achim Steiner - Doomed to fail or bound to succeed...STEPS Centre
Achim Steiner, incoming UNDP director, gave the STEPS Annual lecture at the University of Sussex on 15 May 2017. Find out more: https://steps-centre.org/event/steps-annual-lecture-achim-steiner/
The document discusses major global challenges related to sustainability, including climate change, sustainable development, poverty, inequality, food and water scarcity, and more. It provides details on the impacts of climate change on human health and the challenges of ensuring sustainable water and food/agriculture. The speaker argues that with accelerating issues threatening the planet, there is a growing need for sustainable alternatives to address these interconnected problems facing humanity.
[Challenge:Future] HELL ON EARTH (inspiring change)Challenge:Future
The document discusses several topics related to disasters and emergency management including floods, droughts, bomb attacks, climate change, and politics surrounding climate change agreements. It provides background on each topic, examples of past disasters, and in some cases lessons learned or potential strategies for addressing the issues. The key points are that disasters can be natural or man-made, floods and droughts cause significant damage annually, understanding how terrorism has ended in the past can help address current threats, climate change poses risks of rising seas and more extreme weather, and international politics plays a role in climate change agreements and emissions reductions.
2014 afc creating a sustainable society k. furusawaKoyu Furusawa
1. The document discusses Japan's experience with rapid industrialization since the Meiji Era, which brought economic success but also environmental destruction and pollution.
2. It argues that the modern economic system prioritizes growth over sustainability, and that a sustainable society requires reconsidering traditional resource management and developing a "communal sector" focused on cooperation.
3. The author analyzes Japan's path toward modernization as a "case in miniature" that demonstrates both benefits and costs of development, and argues that Japan can help create a new civilization focused on diversity, life, and natural capital.
Table illustrating at least five (5) ecological disasters and/or controversiesPaulo Arieu
The document instructs students to create a table summarizing at least 5 ecological disasters from 1975-2010. It provides context on natural and human-caused hazards that can lead to disasters. Examples of recent disasters are given from 2000-2001, including floods, droughts, hurricanes, and earthquakes that killed thousands and affected millions across Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas. Students are asked questions about environmental challenges, alternatives, and varying levels of environmental protection across countries.
Humanity is depleting the Earth's natural resources at an unsustainable rate. The demand for resources has doubled in the last 45 years due to rising populations and standards of living. At the current rate of consumption, many important resources will be exhausted in the coming decades, including fresh water, arable land, fish, forests, and certain minerals. Without changes to reduce waste and promote sustainable development, competition and conflicts over scarce resources will likely increase, potentially leading the world toward war and social instability. International cooperation is needed to establish sustainable resource management for the benefit of all humanity.
Sustainable development aims to meet the needs of the present without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. It requires balancing social progress, environmental protection, prudent resource use, and economic growth. However, continued economic growth risks depleting natural capital like forests, fisheries, water, and causing environmental degradation like climate change. Measuring wealth in terms of inclusive capital, including natural capital, shows lower growth rates than GDP in many countries due to resource depletion and pollution. Urgent action is needed to transition to more sustainable and equitable models of development and green growth.
The document discusses the causes and solutions to famine in Somalia. It explains that famine results from a "triple failure" of food production, access to food, and response. In Somalia, a severe drought caused food production to drop by 50% and killed over 90% of livestock, reducing access. The government and international donors also responded too slowly and inadequately to the crisis. To prevent future famines, more investment is needed in African agriculture, rural development to alleviate poverty, and social protections to guarantee access to food. Long-term solutions are required to build resilience against climate shocks and ensure self-sufficiency.
The document discusses water issues in the Nile River Basin. It notes that the Nile Basin is home to over 300 million people across 10 countries, with population growth exacerbating water scarcity. The basin has a history of unilateral actions and conflicts over water usage. However, cooperation through initiatives like the Nile Basin Initiative are important for ensuring water security and equitable management of the river for all countries in the basin. The potential for hydropower and irrigation is large but has remained largely untapped, which could help boost development and food security.
Examine the view that climate change is undermining the achievement of sustai...herbert chitongo
This document discusses how climate change poses a threat to achieving sustainable development goals in Africa. It defines key terms like climate change and sustainable development. It then examines how climate change affects health, water access, agriculture, biodiversity, education, and more in Africa. However, it also notes some potential benefits of climate change for Africa. International agreements like the Kyoto Protocol provide mechanisms to help address climate change challenges in Africa. The document concludes that climate change will continue posing dangers to African development and achieving sustainable goals by 2030 if not properly addressed.
Ending poverty requires considering economic growth, social protection, and environmental stewardship together. Poverty has multiple causes including limited access to resources, climate change impacts, and ecosystem degradation. Integrated solutions are needed such as sustainable management of land and resources, payments for ecosystem services, green fiscal policies, and innovation to provide basic services while reducing environmental risks. Eradicating poverty requires a shift to view development, the environment, and people's well-being holistically.
The 20th century saw unprecedented growth in global consumption, reaching $24 trillion by 1998. However, this consumption growth has been unevenly distributed, leaving over a billion people deprived of basic needs. Consumption patterns are also straining the environment through pollution and resource depletion. If trends continue without changes to redistribute consumption more equitably and shift to more sustainable practices, human development will be undermined. Consumption must be shared more fairly to meet basic needs for all, strengthen human capabilities, be socially and environmentally responsible, and sustainable for future generations.
This document provides information on various topics related to sustainable development, including population growth, conservation of natural resources, and urban sprawl. It discusses strategies for achieving sustainable development through environmental education and conservation of resources to address over-exploitation. The document also outlines threats to sustainability such as energy depletion, climate change, and ecological collapse if population continues to rise rapidly and resources are not managed properly.
This document discusses key environmental issues and conservation efforts. It provides facts on issues like access to clean water and the impacts of deforestation and climate change. It then summarizes challenges in South Africa, including high biodiversity threatened by habitat loss, water scarcity exacerbated by population growth, and an energy system reliant on coal. Conservation efforts in the country aim to protect natural resources and transition to renewable energy, but implementation of laws and policies remains a challenge. Supporting environmental sustainability through projects that enlist leadership and develop local expertise can help address issues in a sustainable way.
Humans now use 40-50% of freshwater for irrigation, households, and industry, doubling water withdrawals in the last 40 years. More land has been converted to cropland in the past 30 years than the prior 150. One quarter of Earth's land is now cultivated systems. Since 1980, 35% of mangroves and 20% of coral reefs have been destroyed or degraded. At least one quarter of marine fish stocks are overharvested, with the global fish catch declining since the 1980s due to overfishing. To meet rising global population and demand, food production will need to double by 2030, requiring another green revolution to increase agricultural yields in half the time as the original in the mid-
From the deplorable current progress to future progress for the benefit of al...Fernando Alcoforado
The document discusses the need for a new conception of progress that benefits all humanity and avoids the harms caused by past progress. It argues that the current global economic, political, and environmental situation is unsustainable and could lead to catastrophe. A new model of sustainable development is proposed based on social democracy, a world government, and a planetary social contract to organize relations between people and with nature for the benefit of all.
This document provides an overview of the threats posed by climate change, including rising global temperatures, more extreme weather events, rising sea levels, impacts on human health and endangered species. It discusses possible causes such as increased human activity and greenhouse gas emissions since the Industrial Revolution. Solutions proposed include global cooperation on emissions reductions as well as balancing economic development and environmental protection. The document references debates around the seriousness of climate change and human contributions.
This presentation tells about how climate change is happening due to the population and its impact on the environment in terms of ecological impacts etc.
AmyCrum_201551996_Sustainability Position PaperAmy Crum
1. The document discusses developing rural communities in developing countries as potential examples of sustainable green living. It explores three key issues for achieving sustainability: population control, renewable energy generation, and community funding.
2. Population control is important for sustainability, as developing countries often have high birth rates. Contraception would need to be imported and women educated on family planning options.
3. Renewable energy like solar and wind could meet communities' energy needs if properly integrated and maintained by educating communities. Eco-tourism is proposed as a way to fund clean energy and community imports.
A sustainable energy system is required globally to avoid catastrophic environmental impacts from continued reliance on non-renewable energy sources like fossil fuels. Currently 88% of global energy comes from sources like oil, coal and gas, emitting large amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. This overdependence on fossil fuels is the main driver of climate change through global warming. A transition is needed to an energy system based on renewable sources like hydropower, biomass, solar and wind power in order to minimize global warming and avoid future environmental disasters. This will require quadrupling renewable energy production and reducing oil and coal usage by half and 90% respectively by 2030 with renewable sources making up 70% of global energy.
The document discusses the concept of patriotism in Brazil, particularly as it relates to the World Cup. It argues that the patriotism demonstrated by many Brazilians during the World Cup is "false" as it only emerges during the tournament and games, rather than through actions to improve the country. The document likens the World Cup spectacles to the "bread and circuses" used by Roman leaders to distract citizens and maintain power. Similarly in Brazil, it suggests the World Cup acts as a distraction from serious national problems while the government seeks to maintain power. True patriotism, the document concludes, requires more consistent love and support for one's country beyond just sporting events.
STEPS Annual Lecture 2017: Achim Steiner - Doomed to fail or bound to succeed...STEPS Centre
Achim Steiner, incoming UNDP director, gave the STEPS Annual lecture at the University of Sussex on 15 May 2017. Find out more: https://steps-centre.org/event/steps-annual-lecture-achim-steiner/
The document discusses major global challenges related to sustainability, including climate change, sustainable development, poverty, inequality, food and water scarcity, and more. It provides details on the impacts of climate change on human health and the challenges of ensuring sustainable water and food/agriculture. The speaker argues that with accelerating issues threatening the planet, there is a growing need for sustainable alternatives to address these interconnected problems facing humanity.
[Challenge:Future] HELL ON EARTH (inspiring change)Challenge:Future
The document discusses several topics related to disasters and emergency management including floods, droughts, bomb attacks, climate change, and politics surrounding climate change agreements. It provides background on each topic, examples of past disasters, and in some cases lessons learned or potential strategies for addressing the issues. The key points are that disasters can be natural or man-made, floods and droughts cause significant damage annually, understanding how terrorism has ended in the past can help address current threats, climate change poses risks of rising seas and more extreme weather, and international politics plays a role in climate change agreements and emissions reductions.
2014 afc creating a sustainable society k. furusawaKoyu Furusawa
1. The document discusses Japan's experience with rapid industrialization since the Meiji Era, which brought economic success but also environmental destruction and pollution.
2. It argues that the modern economic system prioritizes growth over sustainability, and that a sustainable society requires reconsidering traditional resource management and developing a "communal sector" focused on cooperation.
3. The author analyzes Japan's path toward modernization as a "case in miniature" that demonstrates both benefits and costs of development, and argues that Japan can help create a new civilization focused on diversity, life, and natural capital.
Table illustrating at least five (5) ecological disasters and/or controversiesPaulo Arieu
The document instructs students to create a table summarizing at least 5 ecological disasters from 1975-2010. It provides context on natural and human-caused hazards that can lead to disasters. Examples of recent disasters are given from 2000-2001, including floods, droughts, hurricanes, and earthquakes that killed thousands and affected millions across Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas. Students are asked questions about environmental challenges, alternatives, and varying levels of environmental protection across countries.
Humanity is depleting the Earth's natural resources at an unsustainable rate. The demand for resources has doubled in the last 45 years due to rising populations and standards of living. At the current rate of consumption, many important resources will be exhausted in the coming decades, including fresh water, arable land, fish, forests, and certain minerals. Without changes to reduce waste and promote sustainable development, competition and conflicts over scarce resources will likely increase, potentially leading the world toward war and social instability. International cooperation is needed to establish sustainable resource management for the benefit of all humanity.
Sustainable development aims to meet the needs of the present without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. It requires balancing social progress, environmental protection, prudent resource use, and economic growth. However, continued economic growth risks depleting natural capital like forests, fisheries, water, and causing environmental degradation like climate change. Measuring wealth in terms of inclusive capital, including natural capital, shows lower growth rates than GDP in many countries due to resource depletion and pollution. Urgent action is needed to transition to more sustainable and equitable models of development and green growth.
The document discusses the causes and solutions to famine in Somalia. It explains that famine results from a "triple failure" of food production, access to food, and response. In Somalia, a severe drought caused food production to drop by 50% and killed over 90% of livestock, reducing access. The government and international donors also responded too slowly and inadequately to the crisis. To prevent future famines, more investment is needed in African agriculture, rural development to alleviate poverty, and social protections to guarantee access to food. Long-term solutions are required to build resilience against climate shocks and ensure self-sufficiency.
The document discusses water issues in the Nile River Basin. It notes that the Nile Basin is home to over 300 million people across 10 countries, with population growth exacerbating water scarcity. The basin has a history of unilateral actions and conflicts over water usage. However, cooperation through initiatives like the Nile Basin Initiative are important for ensuring water security and equitable management of the river for all countries in the basin. The potential for hydropower and irrigation is large but has remained largely untapped, which could help boost development and food security.
Examine the view that climate change is undermining the achievement of sustai...herbert chitongo
This document discusses how climate change poses a threat to achieving sustainable development goals in Africa. It defines key terms like climate change and sustainable development. It then examines how climate change affects health, water access, agriculture, biodiversity, education, and more in Africa. However, it also notes some potential benefits of climate change for Africa. International agreements like the Kyoto Protocol provide mechanisms to help address climate change challenges in Africa. The document concludes that climate change will continue posing dangers to African development and achieving sustainable goals by 2030 if not properly addressed.
Ending poverty requires considering economic growth, social protection, and environmental stewardship together. Poverty has multiple causes including limited access to resources, climate change impacts, and ecosystem degradation. Integrated solutions are needed such as sustainable management of land and resources, payments for ecosystem services, green fiscal policies, and innovation to provide basic services while reducing environmental risks. Eradicating poverty requires a shift to view development, the environment, and people's well-being holistically.
The 20th century saw unprecedented growth in global consumption, reaching $24 trillion by 1998. However, this consumption growth has been unevenly distributed, leaving over a billion people deprived of basic needs. Consumption patterns are also straining the environment through pollution and resource depletion. If trends continue without changes to redistribute consumption more equitably and shift to more sustainable practices, human development will be undermined. Consumption must be shared more fairly to meet basic needs for all, strengthen human capabilities, be socially and environmentally responsible, and sustainable for future generations.
This document provides information on various topics related to sustainable development, including population growth, conservation of natural resources, and urban sprawl. It discusses strategies for achieving sustainable development through environmental education and conservation of resources to address over-exploitation. The document also outlines threats to sustainability such as energy depletion, climate change, and ecological collapse if population continues to rise rapidly and resources are not managed properly.
This document discusses key environmental issues and conservation efforts. It provides facts on issues like access to clean water and the impacts of deforestation and climate change. It then summarizes challenges in South Africa, including high biodiversity threatened by habitat loss, water scarcity exacerbated by population growth, and an energy system reliant on coal. Conservation efforts in the country aim to protect natural resources and transition to renewable energy, but implementation of laws and policies remains a challenge. Supporting environmental sustainability through projects that enlist leadership and develop local expertise can help address issues in a sustainable way.
Humans now use 40-50% of freshwater for irrigation, households, and industry, doubling water withdrawals in the last 40 years. More land has been converted to cropland in the past 30 years than the prior 150. One quarter of Earth's land is now cultivated systems. Since 1980, 35% of mangroves and 20% of coral reefs have been destroyed or degraded. At least one quarter of marine fish stocks are overharvested, with the global fish catch declining since the 1980s due to overfishing. To meet rising global population and demand, food production will need to double by 2030, requiring another green revolution to increase agricultural yields in half the time as the original in the mid-
From the deplorable current progress to future progress for the benefit of al...Fernando Alcoforado
The document discusses the need for a new conception of progress that benefits all humanity and avoids the harms caused by past progress. It argues that the current global economic, political, and environmental situation is unsustainable and could lead to catastrophe. A new model of sustainable development is proposed based on social democracy, a world government, and a planetary social contract to organize relations between people and with nature for the benefit of all.
This document provides an overview of the threats posed by climate change, including rising global temperatures, more extreme weather events, rising sea levels, impacts on human health and endangered species. It discusses possible causes such as increased human activity and greenhouse gas emissions since the Industrial Revolution. Solutions proposed include global cooperation on emissions reductions as well as balancing economic development and environmental protection. The document references debates around the seriousness of climate change and human contributions.
This presentation tells about how climate change is happening due to the population and its impact on the environment in terms of ecological impacts etc.
AmyCrum_201551996_Sustainability Position PaperAmy Crum
1. The document discusses developing rural communities in developing countries as potential examples of sustainable green living. It explores three key issues for achieving sustainability: population control, renewable energy generation, and community funding.
2. Population control is important for sustainability, as developing countries often have high birth rates. Contraception would need to be imported and women educated on family planning options.
3. Renewable energy like solar and wind could meet communities' energy needs if properly integrated and maintained by educating communities. Eco-tourism is proposed as a way to fund clean energy and community imports.
A sustainable energy system is required globally to avoid catastrophic environmental impacts from continued reliance on non-renewable energy sources like fossil fuels. Currently 88% of global energy comes from sources like oil, coal and gas, emitting large amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. This overdependence on fossil fuels is the main driver of climate change through global warming. A transition is needed to an energy system based on renewable sources like hydropower, biomass, solar and wind power in order to minimize global warming and avoid future environmental disasters. This will require quadrupling renewable energy production and reducing oil and coal usage by half and 90% respectively by 2030 with renewable sources making up 70% of global energy.
The document discusses the concept of patriotism in Brazil, particularly as it relates to the World Cup. It argues that the patriotism demonstrated by many Brazilians during the World Cup is "false" as it only emerges during the tournament and games, rather than through actions to improve the country. The document likens the World Cup spectacles to the "bread and circuses" used by Roman leaders to distract citizens and maintain power. Similarly in Brazil, it suggests the World Cup acts as a distraction from serious national problems while the government seeks to maintain power. True patriotism, the document concludes, requires more consistent love and support for one's country beyond just sporting events.
In defense of an improved model of social democracy to defeat neoliberalism i...Fernando Alcoforado
This document discusses the social democracy model implemented in Scandinavian countries, particularly Norway. It argues that social democracy was most successfully implemented in Scandinavia through large welfare states, universal healthcare and education, gender equality policies, high taxes to fund social programs, and a balance between capitalism and socialism. While social democracy flourished in the mid-20th century, neoliberal policies undermined it starting in the 1990s. However, Iceland's response to its 2008 financial crisis showed the importance of rejecting neoliberalism in favor of reinstating social democratic principles. The document concludes Brazil and other countries suffering from neoliberalism should draw lessons from Scandinavia's social democracy model.
The Chaos Theory or the Science of Complexity presents an interesting perspective from the viewpoint of their application to the economy especially in explaining phenomena that seem to have a disruptive behavior. Behind the apparent disorder in the economy, there is a dynamic that can be explained through mathematical techniques and appropriate, typical statistics of this theory. In dynamic systems such as the economy, constantly changing over time, small changes at a given time, may be the cause of great importance in the future.
The document summarizes views of articles published by Professor Fernando Alcoforado on the educational website Academia.edu over the past 30 days and since 2009, broken down by country. India had the most 30-day views with 473 and most all-time views with 2,284. The United States was second for 30-day views with 165 and all-time views with 3,303. Over 100 countries in total are represented in the view counts for Professor Alcoforado's works.
Agreements summit, coup d´état and lack of revolutions have prevented the pro...Fernando Alcoforado
Throughout Brazil's history, there have been agreements between ruling classes to maintain the status quo during political crises, preventing progress. When agreements failed, coups d'état occurred in 1889, 1930, and 1964. Revolutions that could enact deep structural change for the benefit of the population were suppressed. As a result, the Brazilian people have never been the protagonists of political, economic, and social changes in their country.
It is time for humanity to provide the urgently as possible tools needed to take control of their destiny and put in place a democratic governance of the world. This is the only means of survival of the human species and to halt the decay of humanity. Because there is no other means capable of building a world in which every woman, every man of today and tomorrow have the same rights and the same duties, and in which the interests of the planet and of all nations, of all forms of life and future generations would be finally taken into account, in which all the sources of growth would be used for environmentally and socially sustainable way.
Strategies needed to brazil facing current economic crisisFernando Alcoforado
The document outlines strategies needed for Brazil to address its current economic, social, and environmental crises. It identifies key problems such as regional inequality, slowing economic growth, high taxes, and corruption. Proposed strategies include decentralizing investment, reducing the tax burden, improving infrastructure, and adopting anti-corruption reforms. The strategies aim to strengthen Brazil's economy, overcome social issues like income inequality, and address environmental challenges through sustainable development.
In the current stage of development of capitalism in Brazil, governance is only ensured if its rulers ensure the continuity of the process of capitalist accumulation for the benefit of the bourgeoisie and if increasing income redistribution in favor of classes subaltern (petty bourgeoisie, urban and rural proletariat and lumpen proletariat). For these reasons, the ungovernability, which is the domain of disorder is inevitable in Dilma Rousseff government because she will not be able to ensure continuity of the process of capitalist accumulation and redistribution of income in favor of the lower classes. The ungovernability tends to generate political and institutional instability with unpredictable consequences in a divided country like Brazil. This is the price that the Brazilian people decided to pay electing Dilma Rousseff as president of Republic.
In defense of a new constituent assembly for overcoming the current crisis in...Fernando Alcoforado
The document argues that mass demonstrations in Brazil show deep dissatisfaction with the country's serious economic, political, and social problems under successive governments. It attributes responsibility to the PSDB and PT parties for adopting neoliberal policies that have hurt Brazil's competitiveness and led to issues like high taxes, debt, and corruption. The document calls for a new constituent assembly excluding current politicians to enact political reforms and establish a new economic and social order in Brazil.
1. The document discusses different economic systems and the role of planning within each. It outlines five key systems within a country: scientific/technological, economic, social, environmental, and political/moral.
2. Within a market economy, planning is only indicative and private companies primarily direct economic output. Deviations between goals and results can lead to crises. A planned state economy involves centralized state control and direction of production.
3. The document argues that neither a purely market-based nor planned state system allows for fully rational governance. A mixed system with state involvement in planning and oversight, but civil society participation in goals and decisions, could better achieve desired performance standards across a country's systems.
The overcoming the climb of violence and the wars in the worldFernando Alcoforado
This document discusses perspectives on the origins and nature of human violence from several philosophers and scientists. It summarizes views that violence arises from social contexts (Aron), origins of private property (Bergson), and is a political rather than natural phenomenon (Arendt). It also discusses Freud and Hobbes' view of innate human aggression versus Rogers' view that aggression only arises in coercive contexts. The document concludes that educating all humans and establishing democratic global governance could help reduce violence by addressing its social and political roots.
HOW TO SAVE THE HUMANITY OF SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL AND WARS DEVASTAT...Fernando Alcoforado
This article whose theme is “How to save humanity of social, economic, environmental and wars devastation in the 21st century” aims to propose the adoption of strategies capable of facing three devastating crises that threaten the future of humanity in the middle of the XXI century. The first crisis is related to the economic and social damage produced by capitalism that will culminate in its predictable end in the middle of the 21st century, the second crisis concerns the worsening of the environmental damage produced by capitalism in the 21st century with the depletion of natural resources, the emergence of new pandemics and catastrophic global climate change, and the third crisis may result from the worsening of conflicts in international relations produced by capitalism that may lead the world to face the multiplicity of localized wars and even a new world war in the 21st century. This article presents the necessary strategies to save humanity from social, economic, environmental devastation and wars in the 21st century, supported by in-depth research on the development of capitalism and its future, on the degradation of the environment and its harmful consequences, as well as about the wars that broke out in the history of mankind and may break out in the future.
The end of globalization with the new coronavirus pandemicFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to demonstrate that contemporary globalization is threatened due to the continuing depression in the world economy that started in 2008, the pandemic of the new Coronavirus that shook international trade, the dizzying public, family and business indebtedness further aggravated by the pandemic. and the deepening of the economic stagnation that hit the entire world economy. The world faces the prospect of profound change with a return to the national economy that would be self-sufficient. This shift is the exact opposite of globalization. The longer the pandemic lasts, it will compromise globalization and reinforce the discourse of the search for national self-sufficiency.
Coronavirus effects heighten fears of recession followed by depression in the world economy. Stock exchanges have had a difficult week around the world and, in Europe, the recession seems inevitable. The paralysis in China weighs heavily on the domestic growth of many countries because the supply chains of multinationals need components manufactured in Chinese factories to guarantee their production. Consumption in western countries will be strongly affected. Tourism, air transport, leisure are already suffering the consequences. A global recession followed by depression is approaching. In Europe, this seems inevitable. The world economy is on a tightrope and the coronavirus may be the “fatal coup” that will cause it to fall.
Jack Rasmus summarizes, in his article Global Economy: Towards the big storm?, saying to be three global significant global economic trends that began to intensify and to converge in recent months: (1) China's economy slowing along with increased financial instability in its shadow banking system; (2) a collapse of the currencies of emerging markets (India, Brazil, Turkey, South Africa, Indonesia etc.) and their respective economic downturns; (3) a continuous shift towards deflation in the economies of the euro area, driven by an increase problems in Italy and the economic stagnation that reaches to France, the second largest economy in the euro zone.
This document discusses the state of the global economy following the 2008 financial crisis. It summarizes that the recovery of the US and EU economies as well as continued growth in China were seen as key to overcoming the crisis. However, five years later the recovery remains uncertain and incomplete. The economic models in both China and Western nations face fundamental challenges as well, with China needing to rebalance its economy away from investment and towards consumption, while Western nations struggle with high private debt. Unless these issues can be addressed, the document raises the possibility of another global economic crisis on the scale of the 1930s Great Depression.
HOW TO MAKE A REALITY THE UTOPIA OF THE RATIONAL USE OF NATURE'S RESOURCES IN...Faga1939
This article aims to present how to make the sixth of the considered utopias come true, that of the rational use of nature's resources in the world to end its devastation. This article demonstrates that the depletion of natural resources and global warming with consequent global climate change are responsible for the devastation of nature which, in turn, contributes to the occurrence of pandemics which can threaten the survival of the human species. This article also shows how to avoid the depletion of the planet's natural resources, catastrophic global climate change and the multiplication of pandemics. An indisputable fact is that humanity already consumes more natural resources than the planet is capable of replenishing. Environmental damage is also characterized by the risk of the emergence of new pandemics as deforestation advances across the planet. We are now in a world where new pathogens will emerge. And this is what constitutes a gigantic threat to humanity. The environmental damage produced by capitalism is not only manifested in the depletion of natural resources on planet Earth and the emergence of new pandemics, but also stems from the fact that they are responsible for the rapid increase in global temperatures thanks to global warming and consequent climate change that tends to be catastrophic. It is for all this that it becomes imperative to implement the model of "sustainable development" that has become a key element in the global movement, crucial to finding viable solutions to solve the world's biggest problems, based on the thesis that a society sustainable is one that satisfies the needs of the present generation without diminishing the possibilities of future generations to meet theirs.
This document provides an introduction and overview of the global economic meltdown of 2008. It discusses several key causes, including unsustainable consumption and borrowing in the US fueled by surpluses from other countries like China. It also cites the greed of investment bankers and failure of regulators. The crisis has had severe impacts around the world and shown the failures of both capitalism and communism. Moving forward, there is a need for a more sustainable and balanced economic system that benefits all people equitably.
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According to the Institute of International Finance report, global debt increased by US$ 3.3 trillion last year to US$ 243 trillion. Economists warn that when this multi-trillion dollar bomb planted under the global economy explodes, the crisis will be worse than that of 2008. This is a record three times higher than world GDP. In developed countries, the extremely high indebtedness ratio reached 390% of GDP. The world economy may not be able to withstand to the debt of US$ 243 trillion dollars. Is the end of globalized capitalism?
1) Poverty is a global challenge affecting nearly all countries. The main causes are increasing population and dwindling natural resources, which will likely lead to wars driven by economic motives as competition for resources intensifies.
2) International organizations like the World Bank and IMF have failed to alleviate poverty and improve lives, instead impoverishing nations through unpayable debts. Their capitalist approaches have not worked to eliminate poverty.
3) Statistics show that over 45% of the world lives on less than $2 per day, and poverty is increasing even in developed countries due to factors like rising food and fuel prices. Globalization has not overcome poverty and has benefited few while leaving over 1 billion people with nothing.
This document provides an introduction and overview of the global economic meltdown of 2008. It discusses several key causes, including unsustainable consumption and borrowing in the US fueled by surpluses from other countries like China. It also cites the greed of investment bankers and failure of regulators. The crisis has had severe impacts around the world and shown the failures of both capitalism and communism. Moving forward will require finding a new, sustainable economic model.
A photograph of the decisive decade we are facing, the perfect storm of environmental, economic and growth crisis we are facing and some possible ways to help the transition from this old unsustainable system to a new world order sustained by a new approach of global prosperity, justice and sustainability.
Capitalism and globalization will not solve poverty according to the expert interviewed. Nearly a quarter of the world's population lacks meaningful employment, showing these systems only benefit a powerful few. The future costs of the current global financial crisis are estimated to be over $8 trillion, or 13% of global output, exacerbating poverty. A new universal system is needed that allows all humans to live without want or need, as neither communism nor unregulated capitalism have achieved prosperity and peace for all.
1. By 2030, geopolitics will be more complicated and divided between American and Chinese spheres of influence, with the US facing new challenges within its own sphere from countries like Poland, Turkey, and Brazil. However, the US will likely remain the preeminent global power despite financial problems. Rivals like Russia and China will take greater risks against US power as it declines.
2. A second major financial crisis in the UK in the 2010s will likely lead to reforms that break the country's thrall to finance since 1945 and spearhead a new industrial revolution, making the UK the richest and most populous European country by 2035.
3. Major successes will be achieved in tackling diseases
This document is a 16,469 word MSc thesis by Heather Alberro from 2015 that examines challenges posed by contemporary capitalism and explores two social movements - The Venus Project and Transition Towns Network - as responses. It provides historical context on criticisms of capitalism dating back to the 19th century and analyzes modern issues like climate change, inequality, and environmental degradation. The thesis argues that fundamental reconstruction of social organization is needed for long-term sustainability and happiness.
HOW TO PLAN CITIES TO COPE WITH EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS.pdfFaga1939
This article aims to present what and how to do to promote cities planning capable of facing extreme weather events. Floods have been recurring in cities in several countries around the world, including Brazil. There is a drastic change in the Earth's climate thanks to global warming, which is contributing to the occurrence of floods in cities that are recurring in an increasingly catastrophic way in their effects. The floods that devastated some cities in western and southern Germany, Henan in China and London in England in 2021 and, currently, in Rio Grande do Sul demonstrate the vulnerability of highly populated areas to catastrophic floods. Water-related disasters caused worldwide losses of US$306 billion between 1980 and 2016. To cope with extreme weather events in cities, flood control must be carried out, which concerns all methods used to reduce or prevent the harmful effects of water action. Structural measures must be adopted with engineering works aimed at correcting and/or preventing problems arising from floods and non-structural measures which are those that seek to prevent and/or reduce the damage and consequences of floods, not through engineering works, but through the introduction of standards, regulations and programs that aim, for example, to regulate land use and occupation, implementation of alert systems and public awareness. The municipal government plays a fundamental role in preventing flooding, floods and floods in cities. To this end, a municipal development master plan must be drawn up that includes, among other measures, the adoption of solutions to minimize or eliminate the risks faced by the population, the systematic identification of risk areas in order to establish population settlement rules. Three bodies are essential in flood prevention actions in a municipality: 1) the municipal civil defense body; 2) the body responsible for the meteorological service responsible for reporting the climate forecast for the city and/or region; and, 3) community civil defense centers, which are people who work voluntarily in civil defense activities.
Bill Rees: The Vulnerability and Resilience of CitiesJoss Winn
Bill Rees, originator of the ecological footprint, says we are already into overshoot. We can plan to reduce our use of Earth's resources, or plunge through a series of disasters.
Full keynote speech from "Resilient Cities" conference. Vancouver, October 20th 2009
hazards of industrialisation and urbanisationArvind Kumar
This document discusses the environmental hazards caused by industrialization and urbanization, including pollution of water, air, soil and biodiversity loss. Rapid urban population growth and increased resource consumption have caused issues like water scarcity, pollution from industries and vehicles, and climate change. Proper management of waste, conservation of resources, and sustainable practices are needed to balance environmental protection and development.
1) Climate change is the defining human development issue that threatens to undermine efforts to reduce poverty and limit human progress by eroding freedoms and choices.
2) The impacts of climate change are already being felt disproportionately by the world's poorest populations through increased extreme weather events and water scarcity.
3) Failure to adequately address climate change through ambitious emissions reductions and investments in adaptation could reverse generations of progress on human development goals for hundreds of millions of the world's poorest people.
Making Cities Safe and Resilient to disaster JIT KUMAR GUPTA
In the face of ongoing scenario of; globalization, liberalization of economies; rapid population growth; ever expanding urban footprints; rapid industrialization; global warming, rising temperature, climate change; depleting ozone layers and increasing carbon footprints, human settlements are fast becoming vulnerable and victim to natural and manmade disasters. Cities are now facing increasing threat posed by cyclones, storms, heavy precipitation, earthquakes, landslides, floods, and avalanches., putting them in perpetual danger of damage and destruction. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, evolved by UNO, defined targets to promote safety, including; understanding disaster risk; strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster ; investing in disaster reduction for resilience and enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response, and to "Build Back Better" in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction. For making cities safe against natural and manmade risks, disasters management and mitigation should be made integral part of urban planning and development process besides carrying out analysis of the land-use planning; zoning, environment , ecology, investment; risk and vulnerability mapping; land suitability analysis defining worst-case scenarios for emergency preparedness; promoting planned development; achieving sustainability and safety; making cities spongy and resilient; empowering and involving communities , should remain the underlying and governing principles to make cities safe. Working holistically with and supporting nature; preserving, protecting and promoting flora, fauna and bio-diversity; making optimum use of Pachbhutas (Prithvi, Agni, Vayu, Jal, Akaash), and minimizing conflict between development and nature, will remain most critical for planning, designing and construction of safe and secure built environment. Nature based solutions offer the best options for promoting sustainability and safety to human settlements against natural and manmade disasters.
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Este artigo tem por objetivo demonstrar que o povo brasileiro vive o inferno representado pelas catástrofes políticas, econômicas, sociais e ambientais que estão conduzindo o País a um desastre humanitário sem precedentes em sua história de gigantescas proporções. A catástrofe política no Brasil poderá ocorrer com o fim do processo democrático resultante da escalada do fascismo na sociedade pela ação do presidente Jair Bolsonaro que busca colocar em prática sua proposta de governo tipicamente fascista baseada no culto explícito da ordem, na violência de Estado, em práticas autoritárias de governo, no desprezo social por grupos vulneráveis e fragilizados e no anticomunismo. Soma-se à catástrofe política, a catástrofe econômica caracterizada pela estagnação da economia brasileira que amarga uma recessão em 2020 agravada pela pandemia do novo coronavirus porque o PIB caiu 4,1% em relação ao de 2019, a menor taxa da série histórica, iniciada em 1996, bem como com a taxa de desemprego em patamar recorde de 14,8 milhões de pessoas em busca de emprego no País. A catástrofe social se manifesta no fato de o governo Bolsonaro nada fazer para reduzir as taxas de desemprego reativando a economia, atuar em prejuízo dos interesses dos trabalhadores promovendo medidas contra os direitos sociais da população e contribuir para o número elevado de infectados e mortos pelo coronavirus no Brasil ao sabotar o combate ao vírus. Finalmente, a catástrofe ambiental se manifesta no fato de o governo Bolsonaro contribuir para a inação de órgãos governamentais responsáveis pela fiscalização contra as agressões ao meio ambiente, abrir caminho para atividades de mineração, agricultura, pecuária e madeireira na Floresta Amazônica e afastar o Brasil do Acordo do Clima de Paris.
Cet article vise à démontrer que le peuple brésilien vit l'enfer représenté par les catastrophes politiques, économiques, sociales et environnementales qui conduisent le pays à une catastrophe humanitaire sans précédent dans son histoire aux proportions gigantesques. La catastrophe politique au Brésil pourrait survenir avec la fin du processus démocratique résultant de l'escalade du fascisme dans la société par l'action du président Jair Bolsonaro, qui cherche à mettre en pratique sa proposition de gouvernement typiquement fasciste. fondée sur le culte explicite de l'ordre, la violence d'État, les pratiques gouvernementales autoritaires, le mépris social pour les groupes vulnérables et fragiles et l'anticommunisme. Outre la catastrophe politique, la catastrophe économique caractérisée par la stagnation de l'économie brésilienne après une récession en 2020, aggravée par la nouvelle pandémie de coronavirus, car le PIB a baissé de 4,1% par rapport à 2019, le taux le plus bas du série historique, commencée en 1996, ainsi qu'avec le taux de chômage à un niveau record de 14,8 millions de personnes à la recherche d'un emploi dans le pays.La catastrophe sociale se manifeste par le fait que le gouvernement Bolsonaro ne fait rien pour réduire les taux de chômage en réactivant la économique, agissant au détriment des intérêts des travailleurs, promouvant des mesures contre les droits sociaux de la population et contribuant au nombre élevé de personnes infectées et tuées par le coronavirus au Brésil en sabotant la lutte contre le virus. Enfin, la catastrophe environnementale se manifeste par le fait que le gouvernement Bolsonaro contribue à l'inaction des agences gouvernementales chargées de surveiller les agressions contre l'environnement, ouvrant la voie aux activités minières, agricoles, d'élevage et d'exploitation forestière dans la forêt amazonienne et retirant le Brésil de l'Accord de Paris sur le climat.
Cet article a pour objectif de présenter et d'analyser le rapport du Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat (GIEC), agence liée à l'ONU, rendu public le 9 août 2021 à travers lequel il montre l'ensemble des connaissances acquises depuis la publication de son précédent rapport en 2014 sur le climat de la planète Terre. 234 auteurs de 66 pays ont examiné plus de 14 000 études scientifiques et leur travail a été reçu avec plus de 78 000 commentaires et observations de chercheurs et d'experts qui travaillant pour les 195 gouvernements auxquels ce travail est destiné. Ce rapport révèle une connaissance approfondie du climat passé, présent et futur de la Terre. Le résumé de ce rapport est à lire dans l'article Selon le GIEC, le changement climatique est irréversible, mais peut encore être corrigé disponible sur le site <https://www.sciencesetavenir.fr/nature-environnement/climat/selon-le-giec-le-changement-climatique-s-accelere-est-irreversible-mais-peut-etre-corrige_156431>. Alors que peut-on faire pour éviter cette catastrophe climatique ? La solution est de réduire de moitié les émissions mondiales de gaz à effet de serre d'ici 2030 et de zéro émission nette d'ici le milieu de ce siècle pour arrêter et éventuellement inverser la hausse des températures. La réduction à zéro des émissions nettes consiste à réduire autant que possible les émissions de gaz à effet de serre en utilisant les technologies propres et les énergies renouvelables, ainsi que comme capter et stocker le carbone, ou l'absorber en plantant des arbres. Très probablement, le monde ne réussira pas à empêcher d'autres changements climatiques en raison de l'absence d'un système de gouvernance mondiale capable d'empêcher l'augmentation du réchauffement climatique et le changement climatique catastrophique résultant de l'impuissance de l'ONU.
AQUECIMENTO GLOBAL, MUDANÇA CLIMÁTICA GLOBAL E SEUS IMPACTOS SOBRE A SAÚDE HU...Fernando Alcoforado
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar os impactos do aquecimento global e da consequente mudança climática sobre a saúde humana e as soluções que permitam evitar suas maléficas consequências contra a humanidade. Para alcançar este objetivo, é necessário promover uma transformação profunda da sociedade atual que tem sido extremamente destruidora das condições de vida do planeta. Diante disso, é imprescindível que seja edificada uma sociedade sustentável substituindo o atual modelo econômico dominante em todo o mundo por outro que leve em conta o homem integrado com o meio ambiente, com a natureza, ou seja, o modelo de desenvolvimento sustentável. Foi analisado o Acordo de Paris com base na COP 21 organizada pela ONU através do qual 195 países e a União Europeia definiram como a humanidade lutará contra o aquecimento global nas próximas décadas, bem como foi analisada literatura relacionada com o aquecimento global e a mudança climática para extrair as conclusões que apontam como substituir o modelo de desenvolvimento atual pelo modelo de desenvolvimento sustentável.
GLOBAL WARMING, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTHFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to present the impacts of global warming and the consequent global climate change on human health and the solutions to avoid its harmful consequences against humanity. In order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to promote a profound transformation of current society, which has been extremely destructive of the planet's living conditions. Therefore, it is essential to build a sustainable society, replacing the current dominant economic model throughout the world with one that takes into account man integrated with the environment, with nature, that is, the model of sustainable development. The Paris Agreement was analyzed based on the COP 21 organized by the UN through which 195 countries and the European Union defined how humanity will fight global warming in the coming decades, as well as was analyzed literature related to global warming and climate change to extract the conclusions that point out how to replace the current development model with the sustainable development model.
LE RÉCHAUFFEMENT CLIMATIQUE, LE CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE MONDIAL ET SES IMPACTS ...Fernando Alcoforado
Cet article a pour objectif de présenter les impacts du réchauffement climatique et du changement climatique qui en découle sur la santé humaine et les solutions pour éviter ses conséquences néfastes contre l'humanité. Pour atteindre cet objectif, il est nécessaire de promouvoir une transformation profonde de la société d'aujourd'hui qui a été extrêmement destructrice des conditions de vie sur la planète. Il est donc essentiel de construire une société durable, en remplaçant le modèle économique actuel dominant à travers le monde par un autre qui prenne en compte l'homme intégré à l'environnement, à la nature, c'est-à-dire le modèle de développement durable. L'Accord de Paris a été analysé sur la base de la COP 21 organisée par l'ONU à travers laquelle 195 pays et l'Union européenne ont défini comment l'humanité luttera contre le réchauffement climatique dans les prochaines décennies, ainsi que a été analysée la littérature liée au réchauffement climatique et au changement climatique pour extraire les conclusions qui indiquent comment remplacer le modèle de développement actuel par le modèle de développement durable.
Cet article a trois objectifs : 1) démontrer qu'il y a un changement drastique du climat de la Terre grâce au réchauffement climatique, qui contribue à la survenue d'inondations dans les villes aux effets de plus en plus catastrophiques ; 2) proposer des mesures pour lutter contre le changement climatique mondial ; et 3) proposer des mesures pour préparer les villes à faire face à des événements météorologiques extrêmes. Récemment, des inondations se sont produites qui exposent la vulnérabilité des villes d'Europe et de Chine aux conditions météorologiques les plus extrêmes. Après les inondations qui ont fait des morts en Allemagne, en Belgique et en Chine, le message a été renforcé que des changements importants sont nécessaires pour préparer les villes à faire face à des événements similaires à l'avenir. Les gouvernements doivent admettre que les infrastructures qu'ils ont construites dans le passé pour les villes, même à une époque plus récente, sont vulnérables à ces phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes. Pour faire face aux inondations qui deviendront de plus en plus fréquentes, les gouvernements doivent agir simultanément dans trois directions : la première est de lutter contre le changement climatique mondial ; le second est de préparer les villes à faire face à des événements météorologiques extrêmes et le troisième est de mettre en œuvre une société durable aux niveaux national et mondial.
This article has three objectives: 1) to demonstrate that there is a drastic change in the Earth's climate thanks to global warming, which is contributing to the occurrence of floods in cities that are increasingly catastrophic in their effects; 2) propose measures to combat global climate change; and 3) propose measures to prepare cities to face extreme weather events. Recently, floods have occurred that expose the vulnerability of cities in Europe and China to the most extreme weather. After the floods that killed people in Germany, Belgium and China, the message was reinforced that significant changes are needed to prepare cities to face similar events in the future. Governments need to admit that the infrastructure they built in the past for cities, even in more recent times, is vulnerable to these extreme weather events. To deal with the floods that will become more and more frequent, governments need to act simultaneously in three directions: the first is to combat global climate change; the second is to prepare cities to face extreme weather events and the third is to implement a sustainable society at the national and global levels.
Este artigo tem três objetivos: 1) demonstrar que está havendo uma mudança drástica no clima da Terra graças ao aquecimento global que está contribuindo para a ocorrência de inundações nas cidades que se repetem de forma cada vez mais catastrófica em seus efeitos; 2) propor medidas para combater a mudança climática global; e, 3) propor medidas visando preparar as cidades para enfrentar eventos climáticos extremos. Recentemente, ocorreram enchentes que expõem a vulnerabilidade das cidades da Europa e da China ao clima mais extremo. Depois das enchentes que mataram pessoas na Alemanha, Bélgica e China foi reforçada a mensagem de que são necessárias mudanças significativas para preparar as cidades para enfrentar eventos similares no futuro. Os governos precisam admitir que a infraestrutura que construíram no passado para as cidades, mesmo em tempos mais recentes, é vulnerável a esses eventos de clima extremo. Para lidar com as inundações que serão cada vez mais frequentes, os governos precisam agir simultaneamente em três direções: a primeira consiste em combater a mudança climática global; a segunda consiste em preparar as cidades para enfrentar eventos extremos no clima e a terceira consiste em implantar uma sociedade sustentável nas esferas nacional e global.
CIVILIZAÇÃO OU BARBÁRIE SÃO AS ESCOLHAS DO POVO BRASILEIRO NAS ELEIÇÕES DE 2022 Fernando Alcoforado
Este artigo tem por objetivo demonstrar que as eleições de 2022 são decisivas para o futuro do Brasil porque que o povo brasileiro terá que decidir entre os valores da civilização e da democracia ou os da barbárie e do fascismo defendidos pelos candidatos à Presidência da República. É preciso observar que a Civilização é considerada o estágio mais avançado que uma sociedade humana pode alcançar do ponto de vista político, econômico, social, cultural, científico e tecnológico. O contrário de civilização é a Barbárie que é a condição daquilo que é selvagem, cruel, desumano e grosseiro, ou seja, quem ou o que é tido como bárbaro que atenta contra o progresso político, econômico, social, cultural, científico e tecnológico. A barbárie sempre se caracterizou ao longo da história da humanidade por grupos que usam a força e a crueldade para alcançar seus objetivos.
CIVILISATION OU BARBARIE SONT LES CHOIX DU PEUPLE BRÉSILIEN AUX ÉLECTIONS DE ...Fernando Alcoforado
Cet article vise à démontrer que les élections de 2022 sont décisives pour l'avenir du Brésil car le peuple brésilien devra trancher entre les valeurs de civilisation et de démocratie ou celles de barbarie et de fascisme défendues par les candidats à la Présidence de la République. Il convient de noter que la civilisation est considérée comme le stade le plus avancé qu'une société humaine puisse atteindre d'un point de vue politique, économique, social, culturel, scientifique et technologique. Le contraire de la civilisation est la barbarie, qui est la condition de ce qui est sauvage, cruel, inhumain et grossier, c'est-à-dire qui ou ce qui est considéré comme barbare qui attaque le progrès politique, économique, social, culturel, scientifique et technologique. La barbarie a toujours été caractérisée tout au long de l'histoire de l'humanité par des groupes qui utilisent la force et la cruauté pour atteindre leurs objectifs.
CIVILIZATION OR BARBARISM ARE THE CHOICES OF THE BRAZILIAN PEOPLE IN THE 2022...Fernando Alcoforado
This article aims to demonstrate that the 2022 elections are decisive for the future of Brazil because the Brazilian people will have to decide between the values of civilization and democracy or those of barbarism and fascism defended by candidates for the Presidency of the Republic. It should be noted that Civilization is considered the most advanced stage that a human society can reach from a political, economic, social, cultural, scientific and technological point of view. The opposite of civilization is Barbarism, which is the condition of what is savage, cruel, inhuman and coarse, that is, who or what is considered barbaric that attacks political, economic, social, cultural, scientific and technological progress. Barbarism has always been characterized throughout human history by groups that use force and cruelty to achieve their goals.
COMO EVITAR A PREVISÃO DE STEPHEN HAWKING DE QUE A HUMANIDADE SÓ TEM MAIS 100...Fernando Alcoforado
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar o que foi dito pelo falecido cientista Stephen Hawking que afirmou em 2018 que a espécie humana poderia ser levada à extinção em 100 anos e que, devido a isto, forçaria os seres humanos a saírem da Terra, bem como demonstrar que as ameaças de extinção da espécie humana citadas por Hawking podem ser enfrentadas sem que haja a necessidade de fuga de seres humanos da Terra.
COMMENT ÉVITER LA PRÉVISION DE STEPHEN HAWKING QUE L'HUMANITÉ N'A QUE 100 ANS...Fernando Alcoforado
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Sustainable development or barbarism
1. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OR BARBARISM
Fernando Alcoforado *
ABSTRACT
This article aims to demonstrate that sustainable development is a requirement for the
survival of humanity because it faces two major threats. One of them, of an economic
nature, is represented by the general crisis of the world capitalist system that tends to
drive the world economy into depression. Another threat, environmental, is represented
by the depletion of natural resources of the planet, the uncontrolled growth of cities and
the catastrophic global climate change. The environmental responsibility of
governments, businesses and individuals is crucial for sustainable development is
imposed globally, as well as the performance of sustainable leadership The
environmental responsibility of governments, businesses and individuals is crucial for
sustainable development to exist globally, as well as the performance of sustainable
leadership to avoid barbarism that would result in the maintenance of the current
economic model.
Keywords: Sustainable development. Threats to the survival of humanity. The threat of
global economic crisis. The threat of depletion of natural resources. The threat of
uncontrolled growth of cities. The threat of global climate change. The environmental
responsibility of governments, companies and individuals. Sustainable leadership.
1. Introduction
Sustainable development is a requirement for the survival of humanity because the era,
in which we live, mankind is facing two major threats. One of them, of an economic
nature, is represented by the general crisis of the world capitalist system that tends to
drive the world economy to depression with the failure of governments, business
bankruptcies, mass unemployment and even the outbreak of civil wars and new world
conflagration as has occurred in the twentieth century with the 1st and 2nd World War.
Another threat, environmental, is represented by the depletion of natural resources of
the planet, the uncontrolled growth of cities and the catastrophic global climate change
that tends to produce a serious impact on economic activities and increased social
problems of mankind.
To avoid the catastrophic future that portends for humanity resulting from economic
and environmental threats, it is essential to have the commitment of governments, the
public and private productive sector and individuals with sustainable development
model. This means that environmental responsibility must be assumed by governments,
businesses and individuals. To succeed, sustainable development requires the existence
of sustainable leadership who must act at the level of governments, business and civil
society, in the sense that economic progress and social carried out without
compromising the environment.
2. The threat of global economic crisis
1
2. Eric Hobsbawm says that again, we face a fundamental crisis of capitalism as occurred
in 1873 and 1929. Most economists believed that the free market would have a
maximum economic growth, but also would provide a maximum welfare for the whole
population and that always rationally solve the problems it creates. It seems
unbelievable today, but the fact is that most economists believed about that over 30
years (HOBSBAWM, Eric. En la tercera crisis. Interview Eric J. Hobsbawm. Magazine
"El Viejo Topo" available on the website <www.elviejotopo . to>, 2009).
With the outbreak of the crisis in 2008, the governments of capitalist countries had to
intervene as the 1930s of the twentieth century, which at the time did not have
immediate success, but do not know how to save the system of generalized economic
debacle is ongoing. According to Hobsbawm, to be a shift towards a new global
economy will take a long time. Macabre, in the 1930s of the twentieth century, there
was already a program for the solution of the crisis: the preparation of war. The global
economic crisis that was installed in 1929 only ended with the outbreak of World War
2. Today, humanity will have to face a new world conflagration to save the world
capitalist system? This conflagration could begin in the Middle East with the military
intervention of the Western powers in Iran or Syria?
Nouriel Roubini says that global growth is at risk after 2013. A "perfect storm" of
budget woes in the U.S., economic slowdown in China, European debt restructuring and
stagnation in Japan may combine to affect the global economy in 2013. As for China,
Roubini believes that the country could face a economic "hard landing" in two years
because the Chinese investment now represents nearly 50 percent of gross domestic
product and sixty years of data show that overinvestment panoramas have always led
the “landings” sudden the economy, as happened in the former Soviet Union in the
1960s and 1970s and in East Asia in the 1990s [BLOG PEDLOWSKI. Mundo poderá
viver em 2013 “tempestade global” pior que 2008 (World could live in 2013 "global
storm" worse than 2008, says Roubini). Posted on the website <http :/ /
pedlowski.blogspot.com.br/2012/07/nouriel-roubini-o-unico-que-previu.html>].
The current crisis is worse than that of 1929-1933, because it is absolutely global. The
international financial system no longer works. One indisputable fact is that the
Washington Consensus is dead and depression that will last for many years. There is no
going back to the absolute market that ruled the last 40 years, since the 1970s, according
to Hobsbawm. The global crisis that began in 2008 is, to a market economy, which was
equivalent to the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. Moreover, this depression can lead,
according to Hobsbawm, a new world system. We have to redesign everything toward
the future.
The world economy goes to depression swiftly because the United States, European
Union and China have nowadays economic performance that calls into question the
global economic recovery. Besides the deep crisis affecting the European Union, the
United States did not show signs of recovery with high unemployment that is occurring
there and China shows signs of slowdown. Hangs in the air a syndrome economic
2
3. disintegration. This is the current unbearable debt of sovereign states in Europe and the
United States. The Brazil that was immune to the effects of the global crisis of 2008
shows at present signs of economic deterioration characterized by low GDP growth and
the return of inflation, which could mean the existence of a process of economic
stagnation with inflation (stagflation).
Figure 1 below shows that the global economy is in decline in GDP from 1980 to 2010,
despite the growth recorded from 1995 to 2000. With the exception of China, the GDP
of other countries have economic stagnation or decline.
Figure 1 - Evolution of world GDP
Source: IMF
3. The threat of depletion of the planet's natural resources
One indisputable fact is that humanity now consumes more natural resources than the
planet can replenish. The current rate of consumption is a threat to the future prosperity
of humankind. In the last 45 years, the demand for earth's natural resources has doubled,
due to rising living standards in rich and emerging countries and increasing world
population. Today humanity uses 50% of the planet's fresh water. In 40 years will use
3
4. 80%. The geographical distribution of freshwater is uneven. Currently 1/3 of the world
population lives in regions where water is scarce. The use of water unfit for
consumption is responsible for 60% of patients on the planet. Half the world's rivers are
contaminated by sewage, pesticides and industrial waste [VEJA.COM. Cai do Céu, mas
pode faltar (Dropped from Heaven, but may be lacking). Available on website
<http://veja.abril.com.br/300108/p_086.shtml>].
Only 12% of Earth's land is arable. Over the past 30 years has doubled the total
cultivable land affected by severe droughts due to global warming. In China every two
years an area equivalent to the state of Sergipe in Brazil turns into desert. Of the 200
fish species with greater commercial interest, 120 are exploited beyond sustainable
level. At this rate, the amount of available fish has declined by over 90% by 2050. It is
estimated that 40% of the area of the oceans is severely degraded by human activities.
Over the past 50 years the number of dead zones has grown 10 times [ABREU LIMA,
Roberta and VIEIRA, Vanessa. O WWF alerta para o esgotamento dos recursos
naturais (WWF warns of depletion of natural resources). Available on website
<http://arquivoetc.blogspot.com.br/2008 / 11/o-wwf-alerta-para-o-esgotamento-
dos.html>].
Since 1961, the amount of greenhouse gases discharged into the atmosphere by man
grew 10 times. This discharge accelerates global warming causing droughts, floods,
extinction of species and the possibility of rising sea levels of up to 7 meters if occur the
melting of the poles, Greenland and the mountain ranges of the Himalayas, the Alps and
the Andes which result the disappearance of many islands and coastal cities. The
reduction since 1970 of specimens is 33% terrestrial, marine specimens corresponding
to 14%, and specimens of freshwater is 35%. The world population is growing about 80
million per year compounding the demand for water and its services [WWF BRAZIL.
Planeta Vivo 2008 (Living Planet 2008). Available on the website
<http://assets.wwf.org.br/downloads/sumario_imprensa_relatorio_planeta_vivo_2008_2
8_10_08.pdf>].
UN report on water usage confirms that without measures against waste and for
sustainable consumption, access to drinking water and sanitation will be further reduced
(SOS RIVERS OF BRAZIL. Bilhões sofrerão com falta de água e saneamento, diz
relatório da ONU (Billions will suffer from lack of water and sanitation, says UN
report). Available on website <http://sosriosdobrasil.blogspot.com.br/2009/03/bilhoes-
sofrerao-com-falta-de-agua-e.html>]. The UN report estimates that 5 billion people will
suffer from a lack of basic sanitation in 2030. In the world there is 1.197 billion people
without access to safe water and 2.742 billion without sanitation (data from Human
Development Report 2004) and, in Brazil, there are over 45 million people without
access to safe drinking water and more than 90 million without access to sewage (IBGE
data in 2004). According to the UN, 41% of the current surface of the planet is formed
by dry areas, such as the Brazilian semiarid region, and 2 billion people live in these
areas. All these people, in dry or wet areas, have no access to drinking water
4
5. [TAGUCHI, Clarissa. Ver para crer: uma guerra pela água pode estar prestes a ser
travada (Seeing is believing: a water war may be about to be waged). Available on
website <http://panoramaecologia.blogspot.com .br/2006/03/ver-para-crer-uma-guerra-
pela-gua-pode.html>].
Water is becoming a source of wars due to international competition for water
resources. Many countries build large dams diverting water from natural drainage
systems of rivers to the detriment of others. The main water conflicts in the world today
involve Israel, Jordan and Palestine by the Jordan, Turkey and Syria by the Euphrates
River, China and India by the Brahmaputra River, Botswana, Namibia and Angola by
the Okavango River, Ethiopia, Uganda, Sudan and Egypt by Rio Bangladesh and India
Nile and the Ganges River. In the Americas, the conflict between the United States and
Mexico for Colorado River water has intensified in recent years [SHIVA, Vandana. As
guerras pelos recursos naturais (Wars for natural resources). Available on website
<http://www.tierramerica.net/portugues/2006/ 0617/pgrandesplumas.shtml>].
If the peripheral capitalist countries copy the patterns of the developed capitalist
countries, the amount of fossil fuels consumed today would increase 10 times and
mineral resources, 200 times [WWF BRAZIL. O que é desenvolvimento sustentável?
(What is sustainable development?). Available on website <http:// .wwf.org.br /
natureza_brasileira / questoes_ambientais / desenvolvimento_sustentavel />]. As for
mineral resources, iron, aluminum and titanium are possibly abundant in Earth's crust
whose reserves can be considered unlimited. However, other non-renewable mineral
formed by geological processes over millions of years show that reserves are reduced
continuously being as scarce and valuable as fossil fuels (MEADOWS, Donella et alli.
Beyond the limits. Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing Company, 1992 ).
For two centuries the extraction of mineral resources became more intense, removing
increasing amounts of nature. The concern is that most of these resources are not
renewable, or not replenished by nature. If the pace of extraction continues as is,
mankind will certainly see some minerals become extinct. Based on existing reserves
today, certain mineral resources already have a possible date for run out, among them
we can mention gold, tin and nickel. Gold reserves must be ended by the year 2020. The
tin should be exhausted by the year 2020. The expected date for the end of the nickel
reserves on the planet is around 2050. Many scientists say that oil will run out around
2070 [BRASIL ESCOLA. O esgotamento de alguns minérios (Depletion of some ores).
Available on website <http://www.brasilescola.com/geografia/o-esgotamento-alguns-
minerios.htm>].
Competition for resources like oil is currently the largest potential source of global
conflicts. The growth in demand for oil will outstrip supply in 2020 or 2025 overall,
noting that the world is experiencing "the twilight of oil" that is, a time of transition
between abundance and scarcity. The dispute over the oil that remains will lead to a
permanent state of war, characterized by the presence of great powers in their regions.
In the past, large companies in the industry discovered more oil per year than they were
5
6. able to extract, which is no longer true today. There is currently more oil extraction than
capacity to replenish with new discoveries [BRAFMAN, Luciana. Disputa por petróleo
leva a estado de guerra permanente (Struggle for oil leads to a state of permanent war).
Available at web site <http://www1.folha.uol.com.br / fsp/brasil/fc1710200520.htm>].
It seems that the wars of the twenty-first century will be the fulcrum as the battle for
natural resources that tend not to meet human needs. Our development model is
reaching its limits. With the lack of natural resources necessary for their survival and
the absence of a world government that is capable of mediating conflicts, humanity
tends to a regression to barbarism and cruel behavior. To avoid this catastrophic
scenario, it is necessary that all the governments of all countries of the world seek to
conclude a global social contract that enables the sustainable economic and social
development and rational use of nature's resources for the benefit of all mankind.
4. The threat of uncontrolled growth of cities
Most cities around the world grow disorderly, chaotically. The city became the main
habitat of mankind. For the first time in human history, more than half of the population
is living in cities. This number, 3.3 billion people, should surpass the 5 billion in 2030.
In the early twentieth century the urban population did not exceed 220 million people.
Access to employment, services, public facilities and greater economic and social
welfare is its greatest attraction for all who were attending to the cities. Much of the
global environmental problems originate in the cities which makes hardly can achieve
sustainability at the global level without making them sustainable (BEAUJEU-
GARNIER. J. Geografia Urbana (Urban Geography). Lisboa: Fundação Calouste
Gulbenkian, 1980).
It is in cities that the social, economic and environmental sustainable development
converge more intensely, making it become necessary to be thought out, planned and
managed in accordance with sustainable development model that aims to meet the
current needs of the population Earth without compromising its natural resources,
bequeathing them to future generations. This means that the model of sustainable
development in cities should be adopted aimed at aligning the economic and social
factors with the environment. What makes a sustainable city? Is the right to urban land,
housing, environmental sanitation, the urban infrastructure, transport and public
services, work and leisure, for current and future generations.
Sustainable cities are cities that have a policy of economic and social development
harmonized with the natural and built environment. Sustainable cities have as a
guideline the planning and control of land use in order to prevent degradation of natural
resources. A sustainable city should have clear policies and comprehensive sanitation,
waste collection and treatment, water management, with the collection, treatment, reuse
and economy; transportation systems that favor mass transit quality and safety; actions
that preserve and expand green areas and use of clean and renewable energy, and
finally, public administration transparent and shared with civil society organizations.
6
7. In the current era in which the problems of global warming can lead to planetary
catastrophe, every city has to have a plan for adapting to climate change, especially
those subject to extreme events. Coastal cities, for example, must have predictable
planning against rising sea levels, should worry about landslides on slopes, flooding,
etc. resulting from inclement rains. Anyway, should have flexibility and adaptability to
new climatic requirements. It´s necessary to redesign the urban growth of cities in order
to integrate it with the natural environment, recover its beaches and its rivers now quite
committed to the discharge of sewage, so that the city does not receive a hostile
response of the natural environment.
The master plans for urban development of cities should revitalize your old center with
the recovery of the building in a state of ruination and their playgrounds to become
peaceful living spaces and comfortable for its inhabitants, providing all local good
urban infrastructure compatible the needs of its population and promote the formation
and maintenance of self-contained neighborhoods to avoid disorderly urban expansion
of its territory.
The master plans for urban development should give priority to urban development and
intensification within the built environment and the recovery of degraded environments.
Risk areas unduly occupied by low-income populations should be subject to
urbanization projects or, if not possible, to promote the relocation of its inhabitants with
the construction of new housing units. They are all large projects that require substantial
resources generating activities that create jobs, income and well-being for the
population.
The development planning of cities, the spatial distribution of population and economic
activities of the municipality and the territory under its influence should avoid and
correct the distortions of urban growth and its negative effects on the environment. In
every city should be adopted a long-term strategic planning based on sustainable
development.
5. The threat of global climate change
Global climate change will occur as a result of global warming resulting from the
greenhouse effect caused by the retention of heat in the lower atmosphere of the Earth
caused by the concentration of gases of various kinds. The Earth receives radiation
emitted by the sun that is absorbed by the land surface warming. Much of this radiation
is returned to the space and the other part is absorbed by the layer of gas surrounding
atmosphere causing the greenhouse effect. It is due to this natural phenomenon, the
greenhouse effect, that we have an average temperature of the Earth in the range of 15 º
C. Without this phenomenon, the planet's average temperature would be -18 º C
(ALCOFORADO, Fernando. Aquecimento global e catastrophe planetária (Global
warming and planetary catastrophe). Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo: Viena Gráfica e
Editora, 2010).
7
8. Greenhouse gases (which prevent dispersal of heat generated by the planet's surface,
after this receiving solar radiation) of higher concentration on Earth are carbon dioxide
(CO2), methane (CH 4), nitrous oxide (N2O), Compounds of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)
and water vapor (H2O). Most of them are from the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil and
derivatives), forests and agriculture. The greenhouse gases absorb some infrared
radiation emitted by the surface of the Earth and in turn radiate the absorbed energy
back to the surface. As a result, the surface of the Earth receives almost twice as much
energy from the atmosphere than it receives from the Sun and the surface is about 30 °
C warmer than it would be without the presence of greenhouse gases.
To keep climate balance, planet Earth needs to receive the same amount of energy that
sends back into space. If an imbalance occurs for some reason, the globe heats or cools
until the temperature reached again, the exact measure for correct exchange of heat. The
natural climate balance was disrupted by the Industrial Revolution. Since the nineteenth
century, the concentrations of carbon dioxide in the air increased by 30%, doubled the
methane and nitrous oxide have risen 15%. Global warming is produced by human
activity (anthropogenic) on the planet and also by natural processes such as
decomposition of organic matter and volcanic eruptions, which produce ten times more
gas than man. For ages, the natural processes alone ensured the maintenance of the
greenhouse effect, without which life would not be possible on Earth. The global
warming gases derived from human activity are produced by fossil fuels used in cars, in
industry and in power plants, the agricultural production and the burning forests.
If nothing is done to reverse global warming, the average temperature of the Earth
should evolve from 15 º C to 19 º C as is indicated in Figure 2 below:
Figure 2 - Average temperature and global projections
Source:. Veja Magazine Online, Aquecimento global.
8
9. Taking into account the findings of numerous studies related to global warming, if
nothing is done to reverse current trends, their consequences are as follows:
• 2 to 4.5 ° C is lifting range that must suffer the global average temperature by the end
of this century according to estimates made by the IPCC-Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change UN.
• The polar ice cap will completely disappear within 100 years. This will cause the end
of ocean currents in the Atlantic Ocean, which will cause the climate becomes colder
generating the great contradiction that warming also cools.
• By 2100, sea levels could rise from 1 to 7 meters if there is the melting of the poles,
the ridges and Greenland.
• 40% of the trees in the Amazon may disappear before the end of the century if
temperatures rise 2-3 degrees.
• Tropical forests will be replaced by savannas in regions where there is a reduction of
groundwater.
• The weather will be colder in the northern hemisphere only. For the rest of the world
average temperature will rise and droughts and rainfall will change across the planet.
• From 9 to 58% of species on land and at sea will be extinct in the coming decades,
according to different assumptions.
• About 20% to 30% of all species face a "high risk of extinction" if average global
temperatures rise another 1.5 to 2.5 degrees Celsius compared to 1990 levels. This
could happen by 2050.
• The greenhouse will help to reduce rainfall in some areas of the planet causing them to
occur at higher temperatures and higher evaporation.
• Rainfall should increase by about 20% in the higher latitudes.
• Several areas of the globe may be flooded because of the overabundance of rainfall,
resulting in extensive flooding.
• 2,000 square kilometers will turn into desert due to lack of rains.
• The river flows may decrease by 50% or more may some of them dry completely.
• Important groundwater could be severely reduced, making the irrigation wells dry.
• Excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is making the oceans more acidic. This
weakens corals, sea nurseries, and plankton, the base of the underwater food chain.
• Coral reefs are likely to suffer strong declines.
• Mangroves salty marshland and forests may disappear with increasing sea levels.
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10. • The Arctic due to higher heating, the small island states in the Pacific with the increase
in sea level, the area south of the Sahara in Africa due to drought and densely populated
river deltas in Asia because of flooding, will suffer enough with climate change.
6. The imperative of sustainable development
The two threats, economic and environmental, tend to produce a real crisis of humanity
that makes becomes an imperative the construction around the world of a new society
different from the current that act interdependently with common goals and rational in
every country and on a global scale without which it may be put into question the
survival of humans and life on Earth. With the current model of development will be
inevitable the degradation of the environment of the planet with the depletion of its
natural resources, the uncontrolled growth of cities and the catastrophic global climate
change. To overcome this problem, we have no choice but to adopt a new model that
reconciles the demands of development with the environment.
For all these reasons it becomes imperative to establish a new economic model called
"sustainable development" which is based on forms and processes which, when used,
does not undermine the integrity of the environment on which they depend. The new
company would have to be built to be sustainable economically, socially and
environmentally. The concept of sustainability has become a key element in the global
movement, crucial to find viable solutions to solve major world problems, relying on
the theory that a sustainable society is one that meets the needs of the present generation
without diminishing the possibilities of future generations to meet them.
How to build a sustainable society? This is a task that concerns governments,
entrepreneurs and individuals from all countries. Governments compete to adopt
development policies that reconcile the economic, social and environmental concerns in
national territory and seek to conclude a global social contract focused on sustainable
development on a global scale. Entrepreneurs compete to adopt corporate policy of
environmental responsibility in productive activities. Individuals compete consciously
act in defense of the environment by requiring governments and companies
implementing sustainable development policies and collaborate with employers in
workplaces in implementing policies of corporate social and environmental
responsibility.
Governments, businesses and individuals must work towards achieving the goals of
sustainable development described below:
i. Reducing global carbon emissions by promoting changes in the current world
energy matrix based mainly on fossil fuels (coal and oil), on the other structured
around renewable energy resources (hydropower, biomass and sources of solar
and wind) for preventing or minimizing the global warming, and therefore the
occurrence of catastrophic changes in the Earth's climate.
ii. Improve energy efficiency by developing interventions to achieve energy
savings in the city and in the countryside, in buildings, in agriculture, in industry
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11. and in transportation in general and thereby contributes to the reduction of
global carbon emissions, and hence the greenhouse effect.
iii. Getting the vehicles and equipment of domestic, agricultural and industrial
yields have increased, the buildings are designed aiming at the maximum
savings for lighting, heating and refrigeration, agriculture and industry are
modeled in the sense of requiring the least energy resources and raw materials,
including for self-generation using waste from their production processes based
on reverse logistics and the use of new transportation alternatives from the bike
to those based on high capacity railways, among other initiatives.
iv. Combat pollution of land, air and water, reducing waste from recycled materials
currently used and discarded. From this perspective, the essential materials
should only be used in production processes and in other applications only in the
latter case. When used in many applications, must firstly be reused numerous
times, secondly, must be recycled to form a new product, thirdly, must be burned
in order to extract all energy containing and only in ultimately, should be
removed to a landfill.
v. Adjusting the growth of population to available resources on the planet, reducing
their birth rates, particularly in countries and regions with high rates of
population growth.
vi. Reducing social inequalities, contemplating the adoption of measures to help
meet the basic needs of the world population, such as food, clothing, housing,
health services, employment and a better quality of life. In order to have
sustainable development, it is therefore necessary that all human beings have
their basic needs met and they are given opportunities to realize their aspirations
for a better life.
vii. Making economic growth and wealth resulting from it are shared by all,
education services enable extend skill levels to work and culture of the
population, health services are effective in combating infant mortality and
contribute to increased life expectancy of the population, all men and women
have decent housing and that there is public and private investments at the level
necessary to contribute to the reduction of mass unemployment due to the
general crisis of the world capitalist system that registers nowadays and that
tends to worsen in the future.
7. The environmental responsibility of governments, companies and individuals
To avoid the catastrophic future that portends for humanity resulting from the global
economic crisis that points to depression, exhaustion of the planet's natural resources,
the sprawl of cities and catastrophic climate change, it is essential to have the
commitment of governments, the public and private productive sector and individuals
with sustainable development model. This means that environmental responsibility must
be assumed by governments, businesses and individuals. The Social Responsibility to
be assumed by governments and companies should be adopted in order to combine
social inclusion and environmental conservation. The Social Responsibility represents a
11
12. commitment by governments and companies meet society demands. Regarding the need
to adopt, respectively, public and corporate policies that contribute to review the modes
of production and consumption patterns existing in such a way that the economic and
social development is not achieved at any price, but weighing up the social and the
consequent environmental performance of governments and businesses.
The Social Responsibility of governments commitment to match society demands
combining social inclusion and environmental conservation. The Social Responsibility
of governments should be reflected in the adoption of public policies that contribute to
reconcile the modes of production and consumption patterns with the existing
environment. Among the main actions of governments can be cited recycling projects
by adopting reverse logistics, sanitation (including sewage treatment), reforestation,
environmental education, collection, treatment and disposal of garbage and
infrastructure general economic and social. Produce and distribute their products
without generating damage and risks to the environment and its market strategy is one
of the missions of the Social Responsibility of companies, which raises awareness of
everyone involved in organizations and their responsibility to society in common usage
environment. Among the main actions of the companies can be cited recycling projects,
sanitation (including treatment of industrial wastewater), reforestation, environmental
education and garbage collection.
The Environmental Responsibility and / or corporate social sustainability is the
voluntary commitment of public and private organizations of production with the
development of society and the preservation of the environment, knowing that it will
contribute to building a more just society. This is not welfare, philanthropy or
compliance with pre-established rules, but a model of business management where its
performance is related to social, economic and environmental.
So we start from the premise that organizations generate revenue and develop, but also
contribute to that society develops aware that all natural resources are finite and must be
used responsibly. This mission requires that corporations must manage their results,
focusing on economic data, social and environmental commitment to put sustainability
practices and social and environmental responsibility in their daily activities.
The Social Responsibility of individuals materializes in practice with their effective
participation in civil society organizations to establish requirements for governments at
all levels and public and private companies have sustainable development goals and
monitor compliance. Furthermore, should engage in their homes, in their
neighborhoods, in their cities and their country towards sustainable development is put
into practice.
To succeed, sustainable development requires the existence of sustainable leadership
that is a kind of leadership to be employed in the management of different organizations
as a school, a business, a city or even a country. It is based on measures to establish the
use of environmental resources to satisfy the needs of the present generation without
compromising the satisfaction of the needs of future generations. In this sense, the
12
13. sustainable leader must act at the level of governments, business and civil society, in the
sense that economic progress and social carried out without compromising the
environment.
In a corporation, the leadership must provide sustainable economic results with a better
use of the resources available to the company generating more profits with less
environmental impact. Already in a country, a sustainable leadership must be able to
adapt the use of natural resources like water, forests and farmland for long-term use. It
should also improve the distribution of income, health and education of the people.
8. Final Message
For these reasons, we are facing a critical moment in Earth's history and humanity, at a
time when it must choose the direction to be given to its future. As the world becomes
increasingly interdependent and fragile, humanity faces, while great peril and great
promise with regard to their future. We must recognize that in the midst of the
magnificent diversity of cultures and life forms we are one human family and one Earth
community with a common destiny. We must join together to bring forth a sustainable
global society founded on respect for nature, universal human rights, economic justice
and a culture of peace to avoid barbarism that would result in the maintenance of the
current economic model. To reach this purpose, it is imperative that we, the peoples of
Earth, declare our responsibility to each other, with the continuity of life on the planet
and to future generations.
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* Alcoforado, Fernando, engineer and doctor of Territorial Planning and Regional Development from the
University of Barcelona, a university professor and consultant in strategic planning, business planning,
regional planning and planning of energy systems, is the author of Globalização (Editora Nobel, São
Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC- O Brasil e a Nova (Des)ordem Mundial (Editora Nobel, São Paulo,
1998), Um Projeto para o Brasil (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2000), Os condicionantes do
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São Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século XX e Objetivos Estratégicos na Era
Contemporânea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions of the Economic and Social
Development-The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Muller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG,
Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe Planetária (P&A Gráfica e Editora,
Salvador, 2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o progresso do Brasil e combate ao aquecimento global
(Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2011) and Os Fatores Condicionantes do
Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2012), among others.
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