This article whose theme is “How to save humanity of social, economic, environmental and wars devastation in the 21st century” aims to propose the adoption of strategies capable of facing three devastating crises that threaten the future of humanity in the middle of the XXI century. The first crisis is related to the economic and social damage produced by capitalism that will culminate in its predictable end in the middle of the 21st century, the second crisis concerns the worsening of the environmental damage produced by capitalism in the 21st century with the depletion of natural resources, the emergence of new pandemics and catastrophic global climate change, and the third crisis may result from the worsening of conflicts in international relations produced by capitalism that may lead the world to face the multiplicity of localized wars and even a new world war in the 21st century. This article presents the necessary strategies to save humanity from social, economic, environmental devastation and wars in the 21st century, supported by in-depth research on the development of capitalism and its future, on the degradation of the environment and its harmful consequences, as well as about the wars that broke out in the history of mankind and may break out in the future.

1. 1
HOW TO SAVE THE HUMANITY OF SOCIAL, ECONOMIC,
ENVIRONMENTAL AND WARS DEVASTATION IN THE 21ST CENTURY
Fernando Alcoforado*
This article is the first of seven articles that will have as their central theme the salvation
of humanity from the threats that exist on planet Earth and, also, those from outer space.
In addition to this article, the following articles will be presented, in order:
• How to save the humanity of natural disasters caused by earthquakes, tsunamis and
volcano eruption
• How to save humanity from the collision on planet Earth of bodies from outer space
• How to save humanity from the cosmic rays that can devastate life on planet Earth and
threaten human beings in space travel
• How to save humanity from the catastrophic consequences of the continual increase in
the distance from the Moon to Earth
• How to save humanity with the death of the Sun and the collision of the Andromeda and
Via Lactea galaxies
• How to save humanity with the end of the Universe
This article whose theme is “How to save humanity of social, economic, environmental
and wars devastation in the 21st century” aims to propose the adoption of strategies
capable of facing three devastating crises that threaten the future of humanity in the
middle of the XXI century. The first crisis is related to the economic and social damage
produced by capitalism that will culminate in its predictable end in the middle of the 21st
century, the second crisis concerns the worsening of the environmental damage produced
by capitalism in the 21st century with the depletion of natural resources, the emergence
of new pandemics and catastrophic global climate change, and the third crisis may result
from the worsening of conflicts in international relations produced by capitalism that may
lead the world to face the multiplicity of localized wars and even a new world war in the
21st century. This article presents the necessary strategies to save humanity from social,
economic, environmental devastation and wars in the 21st century, supported by in-depth
research on the development of capitalism and its future, on the degradation of the
environment and its harmful consequences, as well as about the wars that broke out in the
history of mankind and may break out in the future.
1. The economic and social damage produced by capitalism and its foreseeable end
in the middle of the 21st century
Despite having contributed to the progress of humanity since its emergence in the 15th
century, capitalism has also been producing economic chaos at the national and global
levels, generators of endless recessions and economic depressions like those of 1873 and
2029, it is causing serious social damages in all countries represented by the excessive
concentration of income, by increasing social inequality and by endemic hunger and
misery [1]. One of the main consequences of the recent globalization process of
capitalism is the increase in economic inequalities between all countries, social
inequalities, unemployment, hunger and poverty.
In the last 40 years, the concentration of income has only grown with globalization. The
pandemic of the new Coronavirus also increased the diseases of social inequality, a social

2. 2
disease with which humanity has lived for centuries. Income disparity is not just a
problem for the poor. The crisis of capitalism also impoverishes the middle class that
stands between billionaires, on the one hand, and miserable, on the other, and prevents
millions of people from accessing the goods and services that drive progress. Present in
societies since the dawn of civilization, social inequality, so ingrained, gained in
capitalism the situation of evil without cure. Thomas Piketty shows statistically that
capital has, throughout history, tended to produce ever greater levels of social inequality
[7]. This is exactly the theoretical conclusion of Karl Marx, in the first volume of his
version of Capital [11]. The growing inequality is the biggest challenge facing humanity
in terms of progress against poverty. Another problem caused by the globalization of
capitalism is the accelerated increase in the unemployment rate worldwide, the result of
exploitation on workers and technological advances that eliminate countless jobs.
Up to 12,000 people died of hunger daily, until the end of 2020, aggravated by the covid-
19 pandemic. This is equivalent to the total daily deaths caused by pandemic. 122 million
people were brought to the brink of starvation in 2020 as a result of the social and
economic impacts of capitalism exacerbated by the new Coronavirus pandemic. Hunger
is present in people who continually do not have access to enough calories to meet their
daily energy needs. Currently, about 795 million individuals are in this situation. In other
words: 1 in 9 people in the world are malnourished. Of this total, the vast majority, 780
million, is geographically located in the peripheral and semi-peripheral capitalist
countries. The globalization process has contributed to the massive increase in poverty,
excluding an increasing number of people. It is estimated that, today, about 1.5 billion
people in the world survive on a daily income that does not exceed 1 dollar [12].
In addition to producing immense social damage, capitalism is a system that operates
according to the entropy principle by presenting the universal tendency to evolve into an
increasing economic disorder and self-destruction [4]. Capitalism's tendency towards
self-destruction is evidenced by the growing world debt that is a bomb that threatens to
explode at any moment. A level of indebtedness never seen since World War II threatens
to inoculate the poison of the next crisis in the world capitalist system. The crisis of the
new Coronavirus found the world economy in a bad state because, in addition to being
extremely indebted, it was stagnating in its growth. The crisis of the new Coronavirus
further aggravated the global economic crisis that may be greater than the Great
Depression of the 1930s. The current crisis is comparable to the economic depression that
occurred in the 1930s and which recovered only ten years later thanks public investments
in public works and military expenditures for World War II. Today, the world is faced
with the weakening of governments to intervene in national economies by carrying out
public works. In view of this, it would only be left to countries to unleash a new world
conflict to reactivate the economy. Furthermore, the world is governed by the forces of a
totally unregulated, that is, out of control, market. Instead of stability, what we have today
is a system in ruins, widely deregulated known as “globalization”.
The world capitalist system is evolving towards self-destruction towards its end, which
should happen in the middle of the 21st century when the global profit rate and the growth
rate of the World Gross Product will reach zero value [1]. The world capitalist system
will come to an end in the middle of the 21st century because there is a downward trend
in the world profit rate from 1869 to 2007 [3], in the profit rate of large corporations in
the United States from 1947 to 2007 [6] and in growth rate of the World Gross Product
from 1961 to 2007 [2]. To determine when these rates will reach zero in the future,

3. 3
maintaining the downward trend, and performing the calculation using the least squares
method of Statistics, it can be concluded that they will occur between 2057 and 2059 [1].
2. The worsening of environmental damage and of conflicts in international relations
produced by capitalism in the 21st century
The environmental damage produced by capitalism is manifested in the depletion of the
planet Earth's natural resources, in the emergence of new pandemics and in the
catastrophic global climate change. The depletion of the planet's natural resources is
verified based on the analysis of the available data that point out that the planet Earth is
already reaching its limits in the use of its natural resources. The available data on the
reserves of mineral resources point out that the planet Earth is already reaching its limits
according to information from the US Geological Survey, the United States government
agency responsible for geological surveys. The depletion of mineral resources such as oil
is currently the greatest potential source of world conflicts. The dispute over water
between several countries is becoming a source of wars over water resources. The planet's
food production capacity is also reaching its limits [1].
Today, more than 80% of the world's population live in countries that use more resources
than their own ecosystems can renew. The central capitalist countries (European Union,
United States and Japan), ecological debtors, have already exhausted their own resources
and have to import them. In the Global Footprint Network survey, the Japanese consume
7.1 times more than they have and it would take four Italy to supply the Italians. An
indisputable fact is that humanity already consumes more natural resources than the
planet is capable of replacing. The available data on the reserves of mineral resources
point out that the planet Earth is already reaching its limits. Humanity currently uses 50%
of the planet's fresh water. In 40 years it will use 80%. The use of water that is not suitable
for consumption is responsible for 60% of the planet's patients. Half of the world's rivers
are contaminated by sewage, pesticides and industrial waste. 748 million people on the
planet do not have access to drinking water sources. Only 12% of the planet's land is
arable. In the last 30 years, the total of arable land affected by severe droughts has doubled
due to global warming. Of the 200 species of fish with the greatest commercial interest,
120 are exploited beyond the sustainable level. At this rate, the volume of fish available
will have decreased by more than 90% by 2050. It is estimated that 40% of the area of
the oceans is severely degraded by human action. In the last 50 years, the number of dead
zones has grown 10-fold. As of 2050, the world population may exceed 10 billion
inhabitants. With a population of more than 10 billion inhabitants, planet Earth may not
be able to withstand such a demand for natural resources [1].
An indisputable fact is that humanity already consumes more natural resources than the
planet is capable of replacing. The current pace of consumption is a threat to humanity's
future prosperity. In the last 45 years, the demand for the planet's natural resources has
doubled, due to the rise in the standard of living in rich and emerging countries and the
increase in the world population. An indisputable fact is that humanity already consumes
more natural resources than the planet Earth is capable of replacing. Today, due to the
current pace of consumption, the demand for natural resources exceeds the Earth's
replacement capacity by 41%. If the escalation of this demand continues at the current
rate, in 2030, with a planetary population estimated at 10 billion people, two Earths will
be needed to satisfy it [1]. These facts demonstrate the depletion of the planet Earth's
natural resources.

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Environmental damage is also characterized by the risk of new pandemics arising as
deforestation advances across the planet. There is the prospect that an eventual next
pandemic could be so contagious and far more lethal than that of Covid-19, which has
already claimed the lives of more than 2 million people on the planet. The appearance of
a new disease is called by scientists "disease X", which is a concept of the World Health
Organization (WHO) for something unexpected or unknown that may still appear. We
are now in a world where new pathogens will emerge. And that is what constitutes a huge
threat to humanity. A new pathogen will follow the same pattern of transmission as others
already found, moving from a wild animal to humans. And, if the destruction of nature
does not end, it is likely that even more deadly and destructive diseases will hit humanity
in the future, more quickly and more frequently. The warning comes from the world's
leading biodiversity experts [10].
The environmental damage produced by capitalism is not only manifested in the depletion
of the planet Earth's natural resources and in the emergence of new pandemics, but also
stems from the fact that they are responsible for the rapid rise in global temperatures
thanks to global warming, which can contribute to the catastrophic global climate change
that will occur if the rise in the average temperature of the Earth exceeds 2 ºC when
humanity will face droughts in some areas of the planet and intense rains in other
compromising food production, the submerging of islands and coastal cities due to the
sea level rise resulting from the melting of the poles, Greenland and mountain ranges and
the multiplicity of typhoons and hurricanes with devastating floods, among other
problems [8]. The Paris Agreement seeks to contain the rise in global average temperature
well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and make efforts to limit the rise in
temperature to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels to reduce the risks and impacts of
climate change. An issue not addressed in the Paris Agreement (COP 21) concerns wars
that are proliferating worldwide and is largely responsible for the planet's environmental
degradation due to its devastating effects on the environment [9].
In addition to producing and continuing to produce the environmental degradation of the
planet, which tends to lead to the depletion of its natural resources, the emergence of new
pandemics and catastrophic climate change, capitalism has also produced serious
problems in international relations represented by the two great world wars and constant
international conflicts across the planet [1]. The twentieth century was the scene (until
now) of three major wars (1st World War from 1914 to 1918, 2nd World War from 1939
to 1945 and the Cold War from 1945 to 1989). In the First World War (1914-1918), about
9 million people died. Only twenty years later, World War II (1939-1945) broke out,
which killed 40 to 52 million people. Since the end of World War II until 1992, 149 wars
had occurred, in which more than 23 million people died. The estimate covering all
"megamorts" that occurred since 1914 to the present moment reached 187 million deaths.
The violence of conflicts in our time is unparalleled in history. Since the 20th century,
wars have been "total wars" against combatants and civilians without discrimination [1].
There are several countries that can become hotbeds of wars in the world, including the
United States, Russia, China, Syria, Palestine, Israel, Iran, North Korea, India and
Pakistan. In the contemporary era, international geopolitical chess points to the existence
of 3 major players: the United States, China and Russia. Currently, in addition to the
United States, Russia, China, the United Kingdom and France, nuclear weapons hold
India, North Korea, Pakistan and Israel. Expert reports accuse Israel of having a large

5. 5
nuclear arsenal estimated at more than 100 warheads, making it the only one with such
weaponry in the Middle East. In turn, Iran and Syria are accused of having secret nuclear
weapons programs [1].
3. The strategies needed to save humanity from social, economic, environmental and
wars devastation in the 21st century
Until the end of the capitalist system in the mid-21st century, the holders of economic
power will try to prevent the fall in the rate of profit by increasing the exploitation of
workers and using the automation of productive activity, which generates mass
unemployment, and political power will raise levels of political repression across the
globe with worsening political and social tensions around the world resulting from the
worsening economic situation. In the middle of the 21st century, economic and
environmental crises will feed each other, causing the masses of all countries in the world
to organize themselves to carry out the social and environmental revolution necessary to
change the world in which we live. It is important to note that in an environment of chaos
that is currently observed aggravated by the pandemic of the new Coronavirus,
revolutionary solutions may be born to try to change the world for the better, but
counterrevolutionary solutions may also be born to maintain the status quo. It is important
to note that in an environment of chaos, totalitarian solutions can arise either with social
revolutions or with counter-revolutions, as opposed to a managed change that could lead
to democratic solutions. Therefore, social revolutions and counter-revolutions will
dominate the world stage. To avoid this scenario, governments around the world should
structure solutions that contemplate the managed and rational transition from capitalism
to a new political, economic, social and environmental order worldwide.
A new political, economic, social and environmental order to be implemented worldwide
that would be beneficial to humanity would mean building a new model of society
radically different from the current model of society driven by capitalist dynamics since
the 12th century. This new model of society should seek to achieve progress on 3 new
bases described below: 1) economic and social progress in each country to eliminate or
reduce social inequalities; 2) progress in international relations to eliminate chaos in the
world economy and guarantee world peace; and, 3) environmental progress in each
country and globally with the organization of the planet's environment based on
sustainable development [1].
To achieve economic and social progress in each country in order to eliminate or reduce
social inequalities, it is necessary that a model of society along the lines of the social
democracy existing in Scandinavian countries (Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland and
Iceland) where the most evolved social welfare state in the world was built. To achieve
progress in international relations aimed at eliminating chaos in the world economy and
guaranteeing world peace, there must be a democratic world government and a world
parliament in which all countries of the world would be represented. To achieve
environmental progress in each country and globally, there needs to be a world
democratic government, a global parliament to order the environment of the planet based
on the sustainable development model to be adopted in all countries of the world.
The defense of Scandinavian social democracy as a model of society to be adopted by all
countries in the world with the necessary adaptations is justified because, according to
the UN, Scandinavian countries are the best governed in the world, they are the ones that

6. 6
present the greatest economic progress and social among all countries in the world whose
people are considered the happiest in the world according to the World Happiness Report
2020 [5]. It is an extremely successful model of society that brings together the positive
aspects of capitalism and socialism, thus constituting a hybrid system. This means that
the model of capitalist society existing in the vast majority of countries in the world
should be replaced by the model of society along the lines of Scandinavian social
democracy with the necessary adaptations in each country in the world. Many may ask
why not implement socialism along the Soviet lines with the socialization of the means
of production? The end of socialism in the Soviet Union and the countries of Eastern
Europe, the failure of economic development in Cuba and North Korea and China's
abandonment of socialism based on the Soviet model with the adoption of a state capitalist
economy, demonstrate the infeasibility of the socialist model along the Soviet lines.
Progress in international relations to eliminate chaos in the world economy and guarantee
world peace can only be achieved with the constitution of a democratic world government
that would be elected by the world parliament to be constituted with the participation of
countries around the world because no major power, however powerful it may be, nor the
current international organizations, such as the UN, IMF, World Bank, World Trade
Organization, among others, have demonstrated throughout history that they do not have
the capacity and the power to promote progress in the international relations of the planet.
The time has come for humanity to equip itself as urgently as possible with the
instruments necessary for building world peace and controlling its destiny. No country,
however powerful, can do this task. It is necessary to understand that there will be no
world peace and that the world market will not function properly without the rule of
international law that can only be applied and respected with the presence of a world
government that is accepted by all countries. A world government will only be sustainable
if it is truly democratic. Humanity must understand that it has everything to gain by
uniting around a global democratic government [1]. The new world order must be built
not only to organize relations between men on the face of the Earth, but also their relations
with nature. It is necessary, therefore, that a planetary social contract be drawn up that
enables the achievement of world peace, economic and social progress and the rational
use of nature's resources for the benefit of all humanity.
Democratic world government would translate humanity's most advanced stage of
political evolution because, throughout history, humanity has evolved from the village to
form city-states, from city-states to constitute nation-states, from nation-states to
constitute economic blocs like NAFTA and Mercosur or the economic and political union
of states like the European Union. Humanity's next step, therefore, will be the
establishment of global governance to reach its highest stage of development with true
economic, political, social and environmental integration at the planetary level based on
a planetary social contract approved by all the peoples of the world. Success in bringing
about political, economic, social and environmental changes at the national and global
levels depends on the existence of a global democratic government. Furthermore, the
existence of a democratic world government is absolutely necessary to coordinate the
action of all countries in the world in terms of the global economy and to ensure world
peace on our planet.
A democratic world government would not transform the governments of each nation into
its vassals. National governments would maintain their autonomy by being governed

7. 7
according to the interests of their people while the democratic world government would
aim to defend the general interests of the planet. What would not be admissible would be
for any national government to adopt measures that are inconsistent with decisions of
general interest taken by the world parliament that would translate the will of the majority
of the peoples of the entire world. The democratic world government would avoid the
empire of one country and the anarchy of all countries. The construction of a democratic
world government is necessary to face major systemic disasters such as, extreme
ecological crisis resulting from global warming, economic crisis of great magnitude such
as that which is registered at the moment and tends to worsen in the future, the
globalization of the organized crime, threats to life on planet Earth from outer space and
the spread of terrorism. The preservation of international peace would be the first mission
of any new form of democratic world government.
Just as there is an urgent need for economic and social progress in each country and
progress in international relations, so too is environmental progress in each country and
globally based on the sustainable development model that must ensure that the needs of
current generations occur without compromising. the needs of future generations that can
only be achieved with the existence of a global democratic government and the signing
of a Planetary Social Contract that would lay the foundations for relations between
countries in terms of economics, international relations and the environment and relations
between human beings and nature.
Just as there is an urgent need for economic and social progress in each country and
progress in international relations, so too is environmental progress in each country and
globally based on the sustainable development model that must ensure that the needs of
current generations occur without compromising. the needs of future generations putting
an end to the constant environmental degradation that is characterized by the depletion of
the planet's natural resources, the emergence of new pandemics and the climate change
that threatens the future of humanity. The unsustainability of the current model of
capitalist development is evident, since it has been extremely destructive of living
conditions on the planet. In view of this, it is imperative to replace the current dominant
capitalist economic model worldwide with one that takes into account man integrated
with the environment, with nature, that is, the model of sustainable development that can
only be achieved with the existence of a democratic world government and the signing of
a Planetary Social Contract that would lay the foundations for relations between countries
in terms of economics, international relations and the environment and relations between
human beings and nature.
4. Conclusions
Given the above, the serious economic, social and environmental damage and conflicts
in international relations produced by capitalism throughout history that will continue
until its foreseeable end from the middle of the 21st century point to the need: 1) to build
a new model of society that will replace it in each country focused on economic stability,
social well-being and environmental sustainability; and, 2) the implantation of a
democratic world government to order the global economy and the environment and
ensure world peace. The incessant degradation of the environment and the catastrophic
global climate change point to the need: 1) the adoption of the sustainable development
model in each country and globally; and, 2) the implantation of a democratic world

8. 8
government to order the environment. In turn, the escalation of international conflicts
produced by capitalism throughout history, which tend to multiply in the future, indicates
the need for the constitution of a global democratic government and a world parliament
to eliminate global economic chaos and ensure world peace. These are the main
conclusions to avoid that an unprecedented crisis of humanity endangers the human
species and life on the planet in the 21st century.
To save humanity from the social devastation caused by the economic and environmental
crises and wars in the 21st century, it is necessary, therefore, to make the construction of
social democracy in Scandinavian molds possible in each country of the world with the
necessary adaptation and the implantation of a world government adopting the strategy
set out in our book Como inventar o futuro para mudar o mundo (How to invent the future
to change the world), published by Editora CRV de Curitiba in 2019 [1], which considers
it necessary, at first, to create a World Forum for Peace and the Progress of Humanity by
organizations of the Civil Society of all countries in the world. In this Forum, the
objectives and strategies of a world movement for the construction of social democracy
in Scandinavian molds in each country of the world should be discussed and established
with the necessary adaptation and for the constitution of a democratic government and a
world parliament in order to sensitize the world population and the national governments
to make a world in which freedom, equality and fraternity prevail in every country in the
world and international peace and progress for all humanity. This would be the path that
would make it possible to transform the utopia of universal confraternization into reality
and end humanity's calvary.
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8. ALCOFORADO, Fernando. Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe Planetária. Santa Cruz
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* Fernando Alcoforado, 81, awarded the medal of Engineering Merit of the CONFEA / CREA System,
member of the Bahia Academy of Education, engineer and doctor in Territorial Planning and Regional
Development by the University of Barcelona, university professor and consultant in the areas of
strategic planning, business planning, regional planning and planning of energy systems, is author of the
books Globalização (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC- O Brasil e a Nova (Des)ordem
Mundial (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1998), Um Projeto para o Brasil (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2000), Os
condicionantes do desenvolvimento do Estado da Bahia (Tese de doutorado. Universidade de
Barcelona,http://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003), Globalização e Desenvolvimento (Editora
Nobel, São Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século XX e Objetivos Estratégicos
na Era Contemporânea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions of the Economic and Social
Development- The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Müller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG,
Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe Planetária (Viena- Editora e Gráfica,
Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o progresso do Brasil e combate
ao aquecimento global (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2011), Os Fatores
Condicionantes do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2012), Energia no
Mundo e no Brasil- Energia e Mudança Climática Catastrófica no Século XXI (Editora CRV, Curitiba,
2015), As Grandes Revoluções Científicas, Econômicas e Sociais que Mudaram o Mundo (Editora CRV,
Curitiba, 2016), A Invenção de um novo Brasil (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2017), Esquerda x Direita e a sua
convergência (Associação Baiana de Imprensa, Salvador, 2018, em co-autoria) and Como inventar o futuro
para mudar o mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2019).