The document discusses the potential for a sustainable biofuels industry to contribute to economic development in Nigeria. It notes that agriculture previously provided the foundation for oil and gas development, but its GDP contribution has declined. A biofuels industry could engage smallholder farmers, with feasibility studies finding sugarcane, cassava, and oil palm to be promising feedstocks. Developing biofuels in a sustainable way would employ productive local crop varieties, suitable for different regions, and modern conversion technology. This could generate jobs and wealth while creating a high-impact renewable energy industry for Nigeria.
There are two types of resources: non-renewable and renewable. Non-renewable resources like coal, petroleum, natural gas and uranium are fossil fuels and minerals that were formed over millions of years and cannot be replenished on a human timescale. Renewable resources like solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal and biomass can be replenished naturally or through human efforts within a short period of time and do not get depleted. While non-renewable resources are finite, renewable resources are generally more sustainable as they are constantly replenished.
This document discusses biodiesel as an alternative fuel source for India. It notes that India imports over 68% of its primary energy and is a net importer. Biodiesel is produced through a transesterification process which converts vegetable oils and animal fats into fuel. Jatropha is identified as a promising feedstock due to its high yield. The document outlines the benefits of biodiesel including reduced emissions and increased energy security and rural employment. It acknowledges barriers like higher costs but suggests policy and technological solutions. Overall biodiesel is presented as a renewable fuel that can help meet India's energy and sustainability goals.
This document provides an overview of biomass energy. It discusses that biomass is a renewable source of energy derived from organic material like wood, waste, and crops. Biomass can be converted into useful energy through combustion, gasification, anaerobic digestion, and liquid biofuels. In India, biomass potential is estimated at 95,000 MW and technologies like biogas from waste and co-generation in sugar mills are being utilized. While biomass energy has advantages like being indigenous and reducing emissions, it also has disadvantages like being dispersed and of low energy density.
The field of "green technology" encompasses a continuously evolving group of methods and materials, from techniques for generating energy to non-toxic cleaning products.
all process involve in petroleum to get final products from crude oil like LPG, petrol, diesel, jet fuel, kerosene,neptha, heavy neptha, coke and petroleum products
The document discusses renewable energy prospects in India. It notes that India has significant potential for renewable energy from sources like wind, solar, biomass and small hydro due to its natural resources and climate. However, renewable energy currently accounts for a small portion of total energy consumption. The government has set targets to increase renewable capacity and is providing subsidies to boost renewable development. Rapid economic growth in India is increasing energy demand, making it important to develop domestic renewable sources to meet demand and reduce reliance on imported fossil fuels.
World Bank estimated, in 2025 the production of municipal solid waste will be 2.2 billion tones worldwide. With this amount, we are more and more polluting our own environment. Seven to eight percent of the total greenhouse gas emissions arise from continued landfilling. EfW (WtE) does not only decrease the volume of waste, it also protects natural resources like land and water. There is no additional need for landfills, where leakage can occur and pollute our tap water. It also protects air and climate because the regulations by law for EfW are more stringent than for coal fired power plants or any other industry. EfW plants decrease the greenhouse gases which come from landfill.
There are two types of resources: non-renewable and renewable. Non-renewable resources like coal, petroleum, natural gas and uranium are fossil fuels and minerals that were formed over millions of years and cannot be replenished on a human timescale. Renewable resources like solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal and biomass can be replenished naturally or through human efforts within a short period of time and do not get depleted. While non-renewable resources are finite, renewable resources are generally more sustainable as they are constantly replenished.
This document discusses biodiesel as an alternative fuel source for India. It notes that India imports over 68% of its primary energy and is a net importer. Biodiesel is produced through a transesterification process which converts vegetable oils and animal fats into fuel. Jatropha is identified as a promising feedstock due to its high yield. The document outlines the benefits of biodiesel including reduced emissions and increased energy security and rural employment. It acknowledges barriers like higher costs but suggests policy and technological solutions. Overall biodiesel is presented as a renewable fuel that can help meet India's energy and sustainability goals.
This document provides an overview of biomass energy. It discusses that biomass is a renewable source of energy derived from organic material like wood, waste, and crops. Biomass can be converted into useful energy through combustion, gasification, anaerobic digestion, and liquid biofuels. In India, biomass potential is estimated at 95,000 MW and technologies like biogas from waste and co-generation in sugar mills are being utilized. While biomass energy has advantages like being indigenous and reducing emissions, it also has disadvantages like being dispersed and of low energy density.
The field of "green technology" encompasses a continuously evolving group of methods and materials, from techniques for generating energy to non-toxic cleaning products.
all process involve in petroleum to get final products from crude oil like LPG, petrol, diesel, jet fuel, kerosene,neptha, heavy neptha, coke and petroleum products
The document discusses renewable energy prospects in India. It notes that India has significant potential for renewable energy from sources like wind, solar, biomass and small hydro due to its natural resources and climate. However, renewable energy currently accounts for a small portion of total energy consumption. The government has set targets to increase renewable capacity and is providing subsidies to boost renewable development. Rapid economic growth in India is increasing energy demand, making it important to develop domestic renewable sources to meet demand and reduce reliance on imported fossil fuels.
World Bank estimated, in 2025 the production of municipal solid waste will be 2.2 billion tones worldwide. With this amount, we are more and more polluting our own environment. Seven to eight percent of the total greenhouse gas emissions arise from continued landfilling. EfW (WtE) does not only decrease the volume of waste, it also protects natural resources like land and water. There is no additional need for landfills, where leakage can occur and pollute our tap water. It also protects air and climate because the regulations by law for EfW are more stringent than for coal fired power plants or any other industry. EfW plants decrease the greenhouse gases which come from landfill.
Energy economics analyzes how humans use energy resources and commodities. It considers factors that influence supply, demand, costs and market structures. The document discusses financing schemes for wind power projects including grants, loans, and economic analyses. Production costs are estimated based on technical specifications and financial assumptions in a spreadsheet. Economic indicators like internal rate of return and net present value are calculated. Sensitivity analysis evaluates how changes affect the project's viability.
Introduction to Oil and Gas Industry from Upstream (Exploration & Production), Midstream (Transportation & Storage), to Downstream (Refining, Petrochemical, & Marketing)
The document presents information about ocean energy resources. It discusses different forms of ocean energy including wave, tidal, and ocean temperature difference energy. It describes techniques for capturing energy from ocean waves and tides, such as tidal barrages and wave capture devices. The document notes that oceans contain vast amounts of theoretical energy resources and discusses some applications and advantages of ocean energy including reduced greenhouse gas emissions. However, it also mentions disadvantages such as potential effects on marine ecosystems.
This document presents information on Pongamia oil as an alternative fuel. It discusses how Pongamia oil is extracted from seeds of the Pongamia tree and has properties similar to diesel. Experimental testing of Pongamia oil blends in diesel engines showed satisfactory performance with minor issues. Using Pongamia oil could help address the problems of limited petroleum resources and reduce dependence on imports while providing economic benefits to local communities.
The document discusses various waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies. It notes that population growth and increasing waste and energy demands have created environmental and economic challenges. WTE provides a solution by enabling renewable energy generation from waste through processes like combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, and anaerobic digestion. Common WTE technologies include combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion, and landfill gas. Selection criteria for WTE technologies include considering economy, environment, energy recovery potential, emissions control, and waste characteristics.
The document discusses biodiesel, including what it is, how it is made through transesterification, its properties, benefits over petroleum diesel such as lower emissions and biodegradability, common blend ratios, applications in vehicles such as buses and trains as well as potential in aircraft, and examples of biodiesel use in Pakistan including plans to blend it with diesel. Historical background of biodiesel and research opportunities are also mentioned.
This document summarizes a lecture about renewable energy resources, focusing on bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass. It discusses the classification of biofuels as first or second generation. The process of producing cellulosic bioethanol involves pretreating lignocellulosic biomass, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis to break it down into sugars and fermentation to convert the sugars to ethanol. Advantages of bioethanol include cleaner exhaust, reduced greenhouse gases, and energy security. Challenges include the amount of land required and potential impacts on food production. Biodiesel production via transesterification of vegetable oils is also summarized.
This document discusses the production of biodiesel through a base-catalyzed transesterification process. It begins with an introduction about the need for alternative fuels and defines biodiesel as a monoalkyl ester produced from vegetable or animal fats. It then covers the advantages of biodiesel such as reduced emissions. The document proceeds to explain the transesterification chemical process and raw materials used like non-edible oils. It provides details of the base-catalyzed production procedure involving reaction, separation of biodiesel and glycerin, and washing. Applications of biodiesel include use as a fuel in locomotives, aircraft, generators and cleaning of oil spills. The conclusion emphasizes base-cat
The document discusses alternative sources of green energy. It describes green energy as coming from solar, wind, geothermal, biogas, biomass and small hydroelectric sources. It then examines various forms of green energy in more detail, including biofuels produced from biomass, as well as other common sources like solar, wind and hydroelectric power. The document outlines new developments in areas like microbial fuel cells that use microorganisms to generate bioelectricity, and the potential of macro algae as a renewable source. It concludes by emphasizing the need to explore more alternative energy resources to address climate change.
Introduction and Guidance
Biofuels – providing environmental benefits
Lifecycle emissions from fossil fuels
Lifecycle emissions from biofuels
Global Biofuels Mandates
Public Policy-Driven Demand for Biofuels by 2020
Second-generation biofuels for aviation
Key advantages of second-generation biofuels for aviation
Overall Next-Generation Facilities Capacities: Evolution between 2010 and 2011 (millions of gallons)
Technical Challenges
FT synthetic fuels (S-8 and S-5, synthetic replacements
of JP-8 and JP-5) also have very good freezing qualities
Production Challenges
Hydrogen Balance: One Problem
The Imbalance of Hydrogen
The document describes plans for an oil refinery project with a capacity of 500 thousand tons per year. It will use modern technologies and have highly qualified specialists. The refinery will include various processing units like atmospheric distillation, hydrotreating, thermal cracking, and bitumen production. It will be able to process different types of oil to produce gasoline, diesel, and other products meeting European standards. The refinery will have automated control systems and a certified laboratory to ensure quality. It will require about 30 hectares of land, 100 cubic meters of water per day, and 800 kV of electricity to operate.
The document presents a produced water treatment system with the main objective of removing oil from water. It includes produced water skim tanks to reduce oil content from 1000 ppm to 100 ppm, a skimmed oil vessel to collect removed oil, water injection tanks and pumps to inject treated water, and waste water ponds and equipment to handle excess produced water. Challenges mentioned include effective oil-water separation performance, operating within design limits, and preventing environmental pollution.
Biofuel is a type of fuel derived from biological carbon fixation. Common biofuels include ethanol, vegetable oil, and animal fats. Biofuels are classified into first and second generation types. First generation biofuels are derived from sources like starch, sugar, and vegetable oil using conventional techniques. Examples include biodiesel, green diesel, bioethers, biogas, and syn-gas. Second generation biofuels use more sustainable feedstocks and are still under development, such as cellulosic ethanol. India's biofuel production focuses on cultivating and processing Jatropha plant seeds for biodiesel. While biofuels reduce emissions, their production has disadvantages like requiring considerable land use and having poorer performance
biomas pyrolysis,its features properties methods and current context in India and world with life cycle analysis.Biomass as renewable energy source for pollution free environment and sustainable development of society.Biochar for farming and Bagesse for cogeneration in industries
The document discusses energy audits and provides details about conducting an energy audit at a milk plant. It describes the goals of energy audits as minimizing costs for energy, operations, repairs, and increasing environmental quality. The document outlines the methodology for preliminary and detailed energy audits, including data collection, measurements, analysis, and post-audit presentations. It also provides a case study of an energy audit conducted at a milk plant, identifying areas for savings through improvements to boilers, air compressors, and illumination systems.
Waste-to-energy technologies convert waste matter into various forms of fuel that can be used to supply energy. Waste feed stocks can include municipal solid waste (MSW); construction and demolition (C&D) debris; agricultural waste, such as crop silage and livestock manure; industrial waste from coal mining, lumber mills, or other facilities; and even the gases that are naturally produced within landfills.
Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe and can be used as a renewable energy. It rarely occurs naturally on Earth as H2. There are three main production methods - chemical reforming, electrolysis, and thermochemical processes. Chemical reforming, also called steam reforming, uses high temperatures to produce hydrogen. Electrolysis uses electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. Thermochemical processes employ chemical reactions and heat to produce hydrogen at lower temperatures than steam reforming. Fuel cells that use hydrogen have higher efficiencies than gasoline engines and can power vehicles. Further improvements to hydrogen production and fuel cells are needed to enable widespread use.
This document provides information on producing biodiesel from waste cooking oil. It discusses how petroleum fuels have been the major energy source but are being depleted. Alternative energy sources like biodiesel from biomass and waste are increasingly important. The document outlines objectives to design a small-scale biodiesel production plant using waste cooking oil and an ultrasonic reactor. It describes the transesterification process used to produce biodiesel from oils using alkali catalysts. A local survey finds restaurants use an average of 11 liters of oil per day but leave 7 liters after use. Based on this, the document estimates that from one city per year, over 52,000 liters of used cooking oil could be converted to
BioEnergy is an Egyptian pioneer in waste refining established in 2012. It operates facilities producing alternative fuels from waste for cement companies. The company was founded by Eng. Mahmoud Galal and Miss. Alaa’ El Sherbiny and has expanded operations to Morocco and the Gulf. BioEnergy produces biomass fuel from agricultural waste, refuse-derived fuel from municipal solid waste rejects, and tire-derived fuel from shredded tires. It aims to increase commercial value from waste through innovative fuel solutions and consulting services.
This document provides an overview of biofuels, including their classifications, sources, and production processes. It discusses various food crops that can be used for biofuel production, such as sugarcane, maize, rice, and mustard. It also covers non-food biofuel crops like jatropha. The document outlines the transesterification process used to produce biodiesel from oils. It discusses the benefits of biofuels but also notes concerns about their impact on food security and competition for land and water resources.
Energy economics analyzes how humans use energy resources and commodities. It considers factors that influence supply, demand, costs and market structures. The document discusses financing schemes for wind power projects including grants, loans, and economic analyses. Production costs are estimated based on technical specifications and financial assumptions in a spreadsheet. Economic indicators like internal rate of return and net present value are calculated. Sensitivity analysis evaluates how changes affect the project's viability.
Introduction to Oil and Gas Industry from Upstream (Exploration & Production), Midstream (Transportation & Storage), to Downstream (Refining, Petrochemical, & Marketing)
The document presents information about ocean energy resources. It discusses different forms of ocean energy including wave, tidal, and ocean temperature difference energy. It describes techniques for capturing energy from ocean waves and tides, such as tidal barrages and wave capture devices. The document notes that oceans contain vast amounts of theoretical energy resources and discusses some applications and advantages of ocean energy including reduced greenhouse gas emissions. However, it also mentions disadvantages such as potential effects on marine ecosystems.
This document presents information on Pongamia oil as an alternative fuel. It discusses how Pongamia oil is extracted from seeds of the Pongamia tree and has properties similar to diesel. Experimental testing of Pongamia oil blends in diesel engines showed satisfactory performance with minor issues. Using Pongamia oil could help address the problems of limited petroleum resources and reduce dependence on imports while providing economic benefits to local communities.
The document discusses various waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies. It notes that population growth and increasing waste and energy demands have created environmental and economic challenges. WTE provides a solution by enabling renewable energy generation from waste through processes like combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, and anaerobic digestion. Common WTE technologies include combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion, and landfill gas. Selection criteria for WTE technologies include considering economy, environment, energy recovery potential, emissions control, and waste characteristics.
The document discusses biodiesel, including what it is, how it is made through transesterification, its properties, benefits over petroleum diesel such as lower emissions and biodegradability, common blend ratios, applications in vehicles such as buses and trains as well as potential in aircraft, and examples of biodiesel use in Pakistan including plans to blend it with diesel. Historical background of biodiesel and research opportunities are also mentioned.
This document summarizes a lecture about renewable energy resources, focusing on bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass. It discusses the classification of biofuels as first or second generation. The process of producing cellulosic bioethanol involves pretreating lignocellulosic biomass, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis to break it down into sugars and fermentation to convert the sugars to ethanol. Advantages of bioethanol include cleaner exhaust, reduced greenhouse gases, and energy security. Challenges include the amount of land required and potential impacts on food production. Biodiesel production via transesterification of vegetable oils is also summarized.
This document discusses the production of biodiesel through a base-catalyzed transesterification process. It begins with an introduction about the need for alternative fuels and defines biodiesel as a monoalkyl ester produced from vegetable or animal fats. It then covers the advantages of biodiesel such as reduced emissions. The document proceeds to explain the transesterification chemical process and raw materials used like non-edible oils. It provides details of the base-catalyzed production procedure involving reaction, separation of biodiesel and glycerin, and washing. Applications of biodiesel include use as a fuel in locomotives, aircraft, generators and cleaning of oil spills. The conclusion emphasizes base-cat
The document discusses alternative sources of green energy. It describes green energy as coming from solar, wind, geothermal, biogas, biomass and small hydroelectric sources. It then examines various forms of green energy in more detail, including biofuels produced from biomass, as well as other common sources like solar, wind and hydroelectric power. The document outlines new developments in areas like microbial fuel cells that use microorganisms to generate bioelectricity, and the potential of macro algae as a renewable source. It concludes by emphasizing the need to explore more alternative energy resources to address climate change.
Introduction and Guidance
Biofuels – providing environmental benefits
Lifecycle emissions from fossil fuels
Lifecycle emissions from biofuels
Global Biofuels Mandates
Public Policy-Driven Demand for Biofuels by 2020
Second-generation biofuels for aviation
Key advantages of second-generation biofuels for aviation
Overall Next-Generation Facilities Capacities: Evolution between 2010 and 2011 (millions of gallons)
Technical Challenges
FT synthetic fuels (S-8 and S-5, synthetic replacements
of JP-8 and JP-5) also have very good freezing qualities
Production Challenges
Hydrogen Balance: One Problem
The Imbalance of Hydrogen
The document describes plans for an oil refinery project with a capacity of 500 thousand tons per year. It will use modern technologies and have highly qualified specialists. The refinery will include various processing units like atmospheric distillation, hydrotreating, thermal cracking, and bitumen production. It will be able to process different types of oil to produce gasoline, diesel, and other products meeting European standards. The refinery will have automated control systems and a certified laboratory to ensure quality. It will require about 30 hectares of land, 100 cubic meters of water per day, and 800 kV of electricity to operate.
The document presents a produced water treatment system with the main objective of removing oil from water. It includes produced water skim tanks to reduce oil content from 1000 ppm to 100 ppm, a skimmed oil vessel to collect removed oil, water injection tanks and pumps to inject treated water, and waste water ponds and equipment to handle excess produced water. Challenges mentioned include effective oil-water separation performance, operating within design limits, and preventing environmental pollution.
Biofuel is a type of fuel derived from biological carbon fixation. Common biofuels include ethanol, vegetable oil, and animal fats. Biofuels are classified into first and second generation types. First generation biofuels are derived from sources like starch, sugar, and vegetable oil using conventional techniques. Examples include biodiesel, green diesel, bioethers, biogas, and syn-gas. Second generation biofuels use more sustainable feedstocks and are still under development, such as cellulosic ethanol. India's biofuel production focuses on cultivating and processing Jatropha plant seeds for biodiesel. While biofuels reduce emissions, their production has disadvantages like requiring considerable land use and having poorer performance
biomas pyrolysis,its features properties methods and current context in India and world with life cycle analysis.Biomass as renewable energy source for pollution free environment and sustainable development of society.Biochar for farming and Bagesse for cogeneration in industries
The document discusses energy audits and provides details about conducting an energy audit at a milk plant. It describes the goals of energy audits as minimizing costs for energy, operations, repairs, and increasing environmental quality. The document outlines the methodology for preliminary and detailed energy audits, including data collection, measurements, analysis, and post-audit presentations. It also provides a case study of an energy audit conducted at a milk plant, identifying areas for savings through improvements to boilers, air compressors, and illumination systems.
Waste-to-energy technologies convert waste matter into various forms of fuel that can be used to supply energy. Waste feed stocks can include municipal solid waste (MSW); construction and demolition (C&D) debris; agricultural waste, such as crop silage and livestock manure; industrial waste from coal mining, lumber mills, or other facilities; and even the gases that are naturally produced within landfills.
Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe and can be used as a renewable energy. It rarely occurs naturally on Earth as H2. There are three main production methods - chemical reforming, electrolysis, and thermochemical processes. Chemical reforming, also called steam reforming, uses high temperatures to produce hydrogen. Electrolysis uses electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. Thermochemical processes employ chemical reactions and heat to produce hydrogen at lower temperatures than steam reforming. Fuel cells that use hydrogen have higher efficiencies than gasoline engines and can power vehicles. Further improvements to hydrogen production and fuel cells are needed to enable widespread use.
This document provides information on producing biodiesel from waste cooking oil. It discusses how petroleum fuels have been the major energy source but are being depleted. Alternative energy sources like biodiesel from biomass and waste are increasingly important. The document outlines objectives to design a small-scale biodiesel production plant using waste cooking oil and an ultrasonic reactor. It describes the transesterification process used to produce biodiesel from oils using alkali catalysts. A local survey finds restaurants use an average of 11 liters of oil per day but leave 7 liters after use. Based on this, the document estimates that from one city per year, over 52,000 liters of used cooking oil could be converted to
BioEnergy is an Egyptian pioneer in waste refining established in 2012. It operates facilities producing alternative fuels from waste for cement companies. The company was founded by Eng. Mahmoud Galal and Miss. Alaa’ El Sherbiny and has expanded operations to Morocco and the Gulf. BioEnergy produces biomass fuel from agricultural waste, refuse-derived fuel from municipal solid waste rejects, and tire-derived fuel from shredded tires. It aims to increase commercial value from waste through innovative fuel solutions and consulting services.
This document provides an overview of biofuels, including their classifications, sources, and production processes. It discusses various food crops that can be used for biofuel production, such as sugarcane, maize, rice, and mustard. It also covers non-food biofuel crops like jatropha. The document outlines the transesterification process used to produce biodiesel from oils. It discusses the benefits of biofuels but also notes concerns about their impact on food security and competition for land and water resources.
This document discusses various types of fuels and focuses on biofuels as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels. It provides information on:
- Biofuels, which are made from organic matter, as a renewable option compared to finite fossil fuels. Common types include biodiesel, bioethanol, and biogas.
- Jatropha and algae as feedstocks for biodiesel production, with details on jatropha cultivation and a biodiesel plant.
- Benefits of biodiesel such as reduced emissions, biodegradability, and energy security. India's initiatives to promote the use of biofuels are also mentioned.
- Biogas production through anaerobic digestion
This document discusses the rationale for using ethanol for cooking in African countries. It notes that fossil fuel costs are rising and consuming large portions of national budgets. Ethanol production from cassava could provide a lower-cost alternative fuel and substitute for imports. The project aims to establish small-scale ethanol refineries across Africa to provide fuel for 4 million families and reduce dependence on expensive imported fuels. Ethanol could also power generators, vehicles, lamps and provide rural employment opportunities while reducing energy poverty and indoor air pollution from traditional cooking fuels.
The document summarizes Nigeria's railway development plans and opportunities for private sector participation. It outlines Nigeria's vision to expand rail infrastructure to stimulate economic growth. The National Integrated Infrastructure Master Plan aims to invest $75 billion over 30 years to construct over 6,000 km of new standard gauge rail lines. Existing narrow gauge tracks totaling 3,500 km are being rehabilitated. Opportunities for private partnerships include financing and operating rolling stock, developing railway lands, and concessioning various rail lines and projects.
Tracxn Report: Bioenergy Startup Landscape, June 2016Tracxn
The United States has the most number of bioenergy companies in all the sub categories - production, technology developer, feedstock, and energy generation, with India, UK and Canada in second or third place.
K V Subramaniam Clean Transport Energy Efficient BiofuelsEmTech
The document discusses energy efficiency in biofuels production. It finds that sugarcane under drip irrigation has the highest energy ratio of 8.5 for bioethanol production, while jatropha under drip irrigation has the highest ratio of 7.34 for biodiesel. Overall, biodiesel crops generally have better energy ratios than bioethanol crops. The document also examines productivity assumptions and inputs/outputs of energy for different feedstocks and production methods.
Climate mitigation and energy challengeHenry Sichel
1. The document discusses the need for massive investments in innovative technologies and renewable energy sources to achieve climate change mitigation goals while still allowing for economic growth and development.
2. Delaying action risks locking in high-emission technologies and making emission reductions more difficult and costly to achieve in the future.
3. Investing early in developing countries provides opportunities for low-cost emissions reductions and allows those countries to leapfrog to more advanced technologies.
The document discusses investing in the Polish biofuels sector. It notes that bioethanol and biodiesel are the front-runners as substitutes for gasoline and diesel. While Poland has agricultural refineries and large agricultural areas suitable for energy crops, the biofuels sector faces competition from fossil fuels and a lack of consistent government policies. However, factors like the Kyoto Protocol, EU targets for biofuel use, and subsidies provide incentives for further investment and development in the Polish biofuels market.
Feedstock for biofuels status and market trends asiaHIMADRI BANERJI
The document summarizes a presentation given on feedstock for biofuels. It discusses the status and trends of various feedstocks in Asia, including corn, cassava, jatropha, soy, and palm. It also covers developments with these feedstocks in specific countries like China, India, Indonesia and trends in Asia. The presentation examines factors influencing the supply and demand dynamics of feedstocks and evaluates microalgae as a promising new frontier for sustainable feedstock.
Sustainability and climate protection, the role of bio fuels and biorefinerie...BioMotion Tour
Presentation by Johan Sanders, Professor Valorisation of Plant Production Chains, Wageningen University and Research center.
BioMotion Tour congress at Agritechnica, Hannover - 13 november 2009
Incorporating Bioenergy Production and Landscape Restoration: Lessons from Ce...CIFOR-ICRAF
This document summarizes a project investigating sustainable bioenergy production on degraded land in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. The project aims to identify potential for sustainable biomass on degraded land, restore degraded areas, and support rural livelihoods. It involves reviewing land availability and species suitability, establishing research trials of key species on degraded peatland, analyzing fuel productivity and business models, and engaging stakeholders. Preliminary results identified 19 tree species suitable for degraded terrestrial soils and 13 pioneer species for peat soils. The project provides opportunities to restore land while producing sustainable bioenergy and supporting rural communities, but further work is needed to fully understand environmental trade-offs, governance, and markets.
The biofuels and biochemicals industry produces fuels and chemicals from biomass rather than fossil fuels. In 2010, approximately 700 million barrels of biofuels were produced globally, over 45% of which was corn-based ethanol in the US. Biofuels are distinguished as first, second, or third generation depending on the feedstock and conversion process used. Key challenges include developing cost-competitive cellulosic technologies and scaling algae-based fuels. The US and Brazil currently dominate global biofuel production due to their large ethanol industries.
The document discusses various types of biofuels as alternatives to fossil fuels. It defines biofuels as fuels produced from organic materials and waste. Common biofuels include bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas. Bioethanol can be produced from sources like sugar, wheat, sugar beet, and bamboo waste. The document outlines the history of biofuels and discusses reverse photosynthesis as a method to produce fuel from biomass using sunlight and enzymes. It also discusses using bamboo's chlorophyll and the lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase enzyme in reverse photosynthesis. The goals of a biofuel policy are outlined as well as research areas like advanced conversion technologies and international cooperation.
1 Corinthians 7;15-40, Sanctified By A Christian, Unbelieving Spouse; Slaves ...Valley Bible Fellowship
1 Corinthians Chapter 7;15-40, Spouse And Kids Sanctified Through A Christian?; A Departing Unbelieving Spouse; Unbound From Marriage; God’s Timing Is Perfect; Slaves Of Sin; Time Is Short
The document discusses the opportunities and challenges for developing biofuels and bioenergy in India, including the need to identify suitable feedstock crops beyond cereals, develop their full value chains through research and demonstration projects, and establish centers of excellence to commercialize bioenergy production meeting social, economic, and environmental goals on at least 2000 hectares by 2017.
This document provides an overview of biofuels, including what they are, their advantages over fossil fuels, examples of biofuel feedstocks and production processes, and the current state of the biofuel industry regionally. It discusses that biofuels are fuels produced from plant or animal matter rather than fossil fuels, and are seen as alternatives that are renewable. Examples mentioned include biodiesel, ethanol, and biogas.
2014 fallsemester introduction-to_biofuels-ust(dj_suh)Hiền Mira
This document provides an introduction to biofuels, including definitions of biomass and bioenergy. It discusses various biomass sources and conversion pathways to produce biofuels like bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas. The strengths and challenges of different biofuel types are outlined. Key aspects of producing cellulosic bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass are summarized, such as pretreatment methods, hydrolysis, fermentation, and purification processes.
Bio Fuels
Classification of Bio Fuels
1st Generation Bio Fuels ,2nd Generation Bio Fuels , 3rd Generation Bio Fuels..............
All the generetions are Explained Widely........
Helpful content for Botany students , and new for them.
Prepared by : AFC Shah Zeb Khan
Student of CAF-I at ICAP's RAET PAC Lahore.
Also Student of BS Botany at University of Sargodha.
email : szkbkhan@gmail.com
The chairman welcomed attendees to the 8th edition of the Nigeria Alternative Energy Expo (NAEE), which brings together policymakers, researchers, investors, exhibitors, and consumers to discuss issues related to green growth and renewable energy in Nigeria. Previous NAEE events raised concerns about climate change, energy infrastructure deficiencies, importation of substandard renewable products, and lack of local skills and capacity in the renewable energy sector. However, the chairman commended recent government policies and initiatives supporting renewable energy and the green growth agenda, such as the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Policy and ratification of the Paris Agreement. He also praised genuine private sector investors who have supported the sector without government assistance. The chairman urged the government to support these
1) The document discusses waste management in Nigeria and opportunities to generate wealth from waste. It notes that waste is increasing due to population growth, urbanization, and economic development.
2) Solid waste management practices and challenges in Nigeria are described, including a lack of sewage treatment and mixing of human waste with solid waste. Integrated solid waste management and various processing techniques like composting and recycling are recommended.
3) Success stories of cleaner production technologies in Nigeria are provided, like organo-mineral fertilizer plants and plastic recycling facilities. Recommendations include learning from other countries' recycling rates and implementing sustainable waste management practices.
Climate Smart Nigeria advocates for alternative energy and climate change awareness in Nigeria. The document discusses the challenges of climate change and Nigeria's reliance on fossil fuels. It outlines Climate Smart Nigeria's programs to promote renewable energy education and adoption. These include training institutes, community centers, school initiatives, and ambassador networks. The organization aims to address climate change impacts, energy access issues, and transition Nigeria to a more sustainable economy.
ISNAD-Africa is a network that aims to build human capacity in Africa for sustainable energy, environmental sustainability, and climate resilience. It launched a mentoring program that matched over 300 African researchers with mentors from over 30 countries. The program received over 17,000 views from 120 countries in its first 3 weeks. ISNAD-Africa seeks collaborations to further support training, research, and outreach on clean energy and climate issues in Africa.
The document discusses how adopting blockchain technology could help finance alternative energy access in Africa. It notes that over 1 billion people globally lack electricity, most in sub-Saharan Africa. Blockchain could decentralize renewable energy financing by enabling crowdfunding of projects, increasing investor transparency and confidence, and growing peer-to-peer energy markets. However, challenges include knowledge gaps, a lack of blockchain developers focused on energy, unclear regulations, and few proven use cases outside cryptocurrencies. Adopting blockchain early could help renewable companies gain a competitive advantage.
60-70% of communities in northern Nigeria lack access to energy. Providing affordable off-grid energy solutions that meet basic needs like lighting and cooking as well as enable productive uses at households and rural businesses is a major challenge. PIND's approach focuses on developing energy solutions that are locally sourced, technologically appropriate, adaptable to common designs, and easily produced and scaled. The goal is cost-effective, sustainable solutions that empower local communities and spur economic development while improving social welfare.
Bridging the relationship gap between solar manufacturers, technicians, and dealers to ensure quality distribution of solar energy products. There is currently poor regulation and support for solar contractors who control 70% of the market. The Solatrify platform aims to connect verified solar contractors with vetted solar product manufacturers and suppliers to provide wholesale pricing, customer leads, financing, and business support in order to grow the sustainable solar energy sector in sub-Saharan Africa.
The document provides information about the Nigeria Alternative Energy Expo (NAEE) which is Nigeria's largest sustainable energy event. Some key details:
- NAEE is an annual conference that brings together local and international stakeholders in the sustainable energy industry to discuss strategies for promoting renewable energy. The 7th edition will take place from October 18-20, 2017 in Abuja.
- The event is organized by the Sustainable Energy Practitioner Association Nigeria and supported by government ministries, organizations, and international partners. It aims to raise awareness of opportunities and barriers to sustainable energy development in Nigeria.
- The 2017 conference will address topics like renewable energy potentials, private sector investment, greenhouse gas emissions data, and the role
Why access to modern Energy is a necessary condition for Human Development?
MATIKE NGONG ROLLIN
Chairman of Global actions for local development Organizations,
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT –
CLIMATE CHANGES AND NEW
TECHNOLOGIES
THE DUTY TO NURSE OUR PLANET IN
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT –
CLIMATE CHANGES AND NEW
TECHNOLOGIES
THE DUTY TO NURSE OUR PLANET IN
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT –
CLIMATE CHANGES AND NEW
TECHNOLOGIES
THE DUTY TO NURSE OUR PLANET IN
Georges ILUNGA KAPONSOLA
Promoting Massive Renewable Energy (RE) Projects
towards achieving Sustainable Development in Nigeria
Taiwo Benjamin
Carleton University, Canada
Presented at #naee2015
1. The study investigated producing bioethanol from neem tree leaves through enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation.
2. Dried and powdered neem leaves were hydrolyzed using varying amounts of Bacillus suspension to break down the leaves into simple sugars. The hydrolyzed leaves were then fermented using Bacillus firmus to produce bioethanol.
3. The highest bioethanol yield of 1.85% was obtained using 1.5cm3 of Bacillus suspension for hydrolysis. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of alcohol in the bioethanol samples.
This document summarizes the constraints facing Nigeria's renewable energy sector and potential solutions. The key constraints identified are limited access to markets, finance, supportive policy/regulation, technical capacity, and awareness. Nigeria's electricity consumption and unmet demand are high while access to markets is constrained by a lack of incentives, high upfront costs, and low awareness. Overcoming these barriers will require coordinated efforts from developers, government, and other stakeholders to improve access to finance, develop standards and incentives, boost technical skills, and increase public awareness of renewable energy benefits. Cooperation across all sectors is needed to strengthen Nigeria's renewable energy market.
This document discusses barriers and pathways to a clean energy transition in Africa. It notes that while renewable energy generation is rising globally, Africa has tapped only 7% of its renewable potential. Barriers to clean energy in Africa include energy poverty, reliance on biomass, high costs of renewables, and lack of infrastructure. The document recommends pathways like climate-smart agriculture, clean cities and industries, public-private partnerships, and developing policies based on food sufficiency and sovereignty. It emphasizes the need for inclusive green growth, skills training, and national strategies tailored to each country's challenges.
France is committed to renewable energy development in Africa and is taking several actions to promote this. France will host the COP21 climate conference in Paris and is working towards an agreement to limit global warming. In Africa, 650 million people lack electricity access and electrification is an economic and social priority. France supports the SE4ALL Africa Hub initiative to increase renewable energy capacity in Africa and the Jean-Louis Borloo Endowment Fund to invest in African energy infrastructure. In Nigeria, France has supported renewable energy projects through companies like Vergnet and is working with the AFD to improve electricity transmission, distribution, training, and support private sector renewable energy initiatives.
KEYNOTE ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT AND COMMANDER IN CHIEF OF THE ARMED FORCES, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA, PRESIDENT MUHAMMADU BUHARI, GCFR, REPRESENTED BY PERMANENT SECRETARY, FEDERAL MINISTRY OF POWER, AMB GODKNOWS IGALI, OON, FNAH, AT THE OPENING CEREMONY OF THE 5TH NIGERIA ALTERNATIVE ENERGY EXPO (NAEE 2015) 14TH - 16TH OCTOBER, 2015 AT SHEHU MUSA YAR'ADUA CENTRE, ABUJA
The document is an event program for the Nigeria Alternative Energy Expo 2015, held from October 14-16 in Abuja, Nigeria. The three day conference and exhibition featured presentations, panels, and discussions on consolidating energy gains in Nigeria through renewable energy and achieving a sustainable clean energy future. Day 1 focused on investment and policy support for renewable energy. Day 2 looked at sustaining profitability with renewable energy. Day 3 emphasized empowering communities with programs like solar powered schools. The event was endorsed by Nigerian government ministries and international partners and aimed to facilitate investment and innovation in renewable energy.
The document describes the position of Director for the Luc Hoffmann Institute. The Institute was established in 2012 by WWF International to bring fresh analysis and solutions to conservation challenges. The new Director will provide strategic vision and leadership to further the Institute's impact. Key responsibilities include strengthening collaborations, diversifying funding, building the Institute's reputation, and overseeing research programs in natural capital, place-based conservation and sustainable consumption. The successful candidate must have a PhD, scientific expertise, and experience managing teams and organizations.
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY
EFFICIENCY POLICY (NREEEP)
FOR THE ELECTRICITY SECTOR
Energy supply in Nigeria can be classified into two main categories, (a) urban and (b) rural.
Urban areas are essentially on the grid while rural areas are largely off the grid. Improved
energy supply to urban residents is being addressed mainly by the Roadmap for Power
Sector Reforms, which was launched by President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan, GCFR, in
August 2012. The roadmap essentially focuses on the development of grid-based
electricity. However, the on-going power sector reforms will only enable the extension of
the national grid to large rural areas which are close to main urban areas.
Rural areas that are remote and have a low demand density will have to depend on off-grid
energy solutions as the economies of on-grid deployment do not favour rural
electrification. Off-grid areas will have to depend on alternative solutions. The implication
of this strategy for improved energy supply across Nigeria will entail the utilization of
renewable energy sources at our disposal, both on-grid and off-grid. Consequently, it is
essential that a coordinated, coherent and comprehensive renewable energy policy (REP)
be put in place to drive hydropower, biomass, solar and wind as energy sources. In this
respect, like existing sources of electricity, renewable energy can become a source of
energy that may be traded and procured by the power industry as they would procure
fossil or non-renewable energy sources. It is intended that the renewable energy policy
advanced in this document will serve as a blue print for the sustainable development,
supply and utilization of renewable energy resources within the economy for both on-grid
and off-grid energy solutions.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptxoperationspcvita
This presentation will help you understand the power of Microsoft 365. However, we have mentioned every productivity app included in Office 365. Additionally, we have suggested the migration situation related to Office 365 and how we can help you.
You can also read: https://www.systoolsgroup.com/updates/office-365-tenant-to-tenant-migration-step-by-step-complete-guide/
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
"Choosing proper type of scaling", Olena SyrotaFwdays
Imagine an IoT processing system that is already quite mature and production-ready and for which client coverage is growing and scaling and performance aspects are life and death questions. The system has Redis, MongoDB, and stream processing based on ksqldb. In this talk, firstly, we will analyze scaling approaches and then select the proper ones for our system.
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectorsDianaGray10
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
seamless data management.
Speakers:
Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA at qBotic and UiPath MVP
Charlie Greenberg, host
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation ParametersSafe Software
Building automations in FME Flow can save time, money, and help businesses scale by eliminating data silos and providing data to stakeholders in real-time. One essential component to orchestrating complex automations is the use of attributes & automation parameters (both formerly known as “keys”). In fact, it’s unlikely you’ll ever build an Automation without using these components, but what exactly are they?
Attributes & automation parameters enable the automation author to pass data values from one automation component to the next. During this webinar, our FME Flow Specialists will cover leveraging the three types of these output attributes & parameters in FME Flow: Event, Custom, and Automation. As a bonus, they’ll also be making use of the Split-Merge Block functionality.
You’ll leave this webinar with a better understanding of how to maximize the potential of automations by making use of attributes & automation parameters, with the ultimate goal of setting your enterprise integration workflows up on autopilot.
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their MainframePrecisely
Inconsistent user experience and siloed data, high costs, and changing customer expectations – Citizens Bank was experiencing these challenges while it was attempting to deliver a superior digital banking experience for its clients. Its core banking applications run on the mainframe and Citizens was using legacy utilities to get the critical mainframe data to feed customer-facing channels, like call centers, web, and mobile. Ultimately, this led to higher operating costs (MIPS), delayed response times, and longer time to market.
Ever-changing customer expectations demand more modern digital experiences, and the bank needed to find a solution that could provide real-time data to its customer channels with low latency and operating costs. Join this session to learn how Citizens is leveraging Precisely to replicate mainframe data to its customer channels and deliver on their “modern digital bank” experiences.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
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Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
To fill this gap, we propose adapting mutation testing (MuT) for task-oriented chatbots. To this end, we introduce a set of mutation operators that emulate faults in chatbot designs, an architecture that enables MuT on chatbots built using heterogeneous technologies, and a practical realisation as an Eclipse plugin. Moreover, we evaluate the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of our approach on open-source chatbots, with promising results.
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Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
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Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup Slides
SUSTAINABLE Biofuels INDUSTRY in Nigeria
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SUSTAINABLE BIofUELS INDUSTRY IN NIgERIA –
A gATEWAY To ECoNoMIC DEVELoPMENT
BY
gRoUP gENERAL MANAgER,
RENEWABLE ENERgY DIVISIoN of NNPC
AT THE SECoND NIgERIAN ALTERNATIVE ENERgY
2. T IO NAL
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OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION
ENERGY SITUATION
SUSTAINABLE BIOFUELS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA
BENEFITS OF BIOFUELS PROGRAMME
JOURNEY SO FAR
CONCLUSION
2
3. INTRODUCTION: NA
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What is Biofuels?
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Biofuels are fuels derived from recently living organisms (biomass).
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P O R A T IO
They can be divided into three categories:
a) First-generation Biofuels: produced from energy crops e.g.
Sugarcane, Cassava, Corn, Oil Palm, etc
b) Second-generation Biofuels: produced from ligno-cellulosic plant
materials from organic wastes, food crop wastes and specific
biomass crops
c) Third-generation Biofuels: produced from genetically modified
energy crops such as algae and microbes
Examples of Biofuels include:-
Liquid: Fuel-Ethanol and Biodiesel;
Solid: wood, sawdust, grass cuttings, domestic refuse, charcoal,
agricultural waste, non-food energy crops, dried manure;
Gaseous: —Biogas from anaerobic digestion or gasification of
biomass 3
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Historical Sectoral Contributions to GDP Growth:
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• From pre-independence to mid-70s, Agriculture provided the seed capital
for the development of the oil and gas industry in Nigeria
• By 2006, Oil and Gas contributed about 37% of GDP, while Agriculture
contribution to GDP declined from 54.99% in 1966 to 32%
• The major end-product of the Agric re-launch is Biofuels
Agric sector
Agric sector
contribution
contribution
Oil Industry and GDP Growth to GDP has
to GDP has
declined
declined
over the
over the
years
years
60
54.96 54.96 54.96 54.96 54.96
50
42.93
40 40.33 37.82
31.13 32.97
30
24.83
20 18.66
13.8
%
G
D
10
P
u
b
n
o
c
r
)
(
t
i
3.8
0
1966 1976 1986 1996 2006
years
Agriculture GDP held constant (%) Agriculture Contribution to GDP (%)
Oil sector contribution to GDP(%)
4
Source: National Bureau of Statistics
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OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION
ENERGY SITUATION
SUSTAINABLE BIOFUELS DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA
BENEFITS OF BIOFUELS PROGRAMME
JOURNEY SO FAR
CONCLUSION
5
6. ENERGY SITUATION: GLOBAL T IO NAL
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Non-Renewable Energy account for about 75% of
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Energy Supplies (Oil, Gas & Coal) in the world OR N
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P O R A T IO
Nuclear
Gas 6% Large Hydro
21% 6%
Traditional
Biomass
11% Coal
Oil
Other
Gas
Renewables
2% Nuclear
Large Hydro
Traditional Biomass
Other Renewables
Oil Coal
32% 22%
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The Energy Resources in Nigeria include: Crude Oil, Natural Gas, Coal,
Tar Sand and Renewables (Biomass, Hydro, Solar, Wind, etc.)
Current Estimated Oil Reserve in Nigeria is 35.9 billion barrels with daily
production capacity of 2.7 million barrels of Crude Oil
Natural Gas is estimated at 185 trillion cubic feet of proven reserve as at (-
OGJ).
Coal and Lignite Reserves are estimated at 2.75 billion tons.
The 35.9 billion barrels of oil in reserve will be depleted by 30 – 36
years period.
Renewable Energy (Biofuels) will increase fuel pool and address
the adverse environmental impact of fossil fuels
Source: Oil and Gas Journal
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Non-Renewable Energy sources are depleting at a
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fast rate
OR N
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1000
1 EJ = 10 18 J C
A
100 D
FLUID FOSSIL FUEL PRODUCTION / DEMAND IN EJ/yr
10
E
B F
1
LEGEND A : World Fluid Fossil Fuel Production
B : Nigerian Fluid Fossil Fuel Production
0.1 C : World Fluid Fossil Fuel Demand Projection
D : World Fluid Fossil Fuel Production Projection
E : Nigerian Fluid Fossil Fuel Demand Projection
F : Nigeria Fluid Fossil Fuel Production Projection
Note: 1E = One Exa-juole = 1018 J
0.01
8
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100
YEAR
9. ENERGY SITUATION: NA
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Non-Renewables cause Global Warming due to CO2
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Years
9
Years
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OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION
ENERGY SITUATION
SUSTAINABLE BIOFUELS DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA
BENEFITS OF BIOFUELS PROGRAMME
JOURNEY SO FAR
CONCLUSION
10
11. Sustainable Biofuels and Economic Development T IO NAL
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Biofuels provide a new opportunity to enhance economic OR N
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development in Nigeria.
Maximizing the poverty-reducing effects of a Biofuels
industry in Nigeria requires engaging and improving the
productivity of small-holder farmers.
Our Feasibility Study shows that Sugarcane/Cassava/Oil
Palm-based Biofuels production is more profitable than
other feedstock options.
Our findings also indicate that a combination of Out-grower
Scheme approach and yield improvements rather than
expanded cultivation will address both poverty alleviation
and land-use issues
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Sustainable Biofuels and Economic Development OR N
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Incorporation of the Biofuels industry into National
Development Plans, will contribute to achieving the
Country’s overall development objectives.
Biofuels industry allows Community participations, including
local farmer
Biofuels offer Sustainable development option that is full of
promise and are developed in ways that protect our planet
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SUSTAINABLE BIOFUELS INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT
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To ensure sustainability the Biofuels programme will employ
the use of:
Suitable and more productive crops as feedstock
Local/Indigenous varieties of selected feedstock
Suitable feedstock for different ecological zones
Modern and efficient conversion technology
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Use of suitable and more productive feedstock:
Typical Yields of Raw Materials Used in Biofuels Production
Crop Yield Ethanol/Biodiesel Ethanol/Biodiesel
(ton/ha/yr) yield yield
(litres/ton) (litres/ha/yr)
Sugarcane 50-90 70-90 3,500-8,000
Sweet sorghum 45-80 60-80 1,750-5,300
Sugar beet 15-50 90 1,350-5,500
Wheat 1.5-2.1 340 510-714
Rice 2.5-5.0 430 1,075-2,150
Maize 1.7-5.4 360 600-1,944
Sorghum 1.0-3.7 350 350-1,295
Cassava 10-65 170 1,700-11,050
Sweet potatoes 8-50 167 1,336-8,350
Oil Palm 16 – 35 136 4760
Jatropha 6 – 10 151.36 1513.6
Castor bean 0.75 – 1.5 753.6 1130.4 14
Suitable feedstock Alternative feedstock Low yield feedstock
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Use local/indigenous varieties as feedstock:
To ensure the use of the best local crop varieties of the
Preferred feedstocks, National Research Institutes have
been engaged for selection and breeding of local varieties
that are:
High yielding;
Disease resistant, and
Pest resistant
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16. SUSTAINABLE BIOFUELS INDUSTRY DEVT. CONT. NA
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Use of suitable feedstock for different ecological zone:
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NATIONAL BIOFUELS FEEDSTOCK MAP
S ot
ok o
Katsina
Jigawa
Zamf
ara Yobe Bor
no
Kebbi
Kano
i
Kaduna Bauchi Gombe
Niger
Adamawa
FCT Plat
eau
Kwara
Oyo N awa
asar
Taraba
Ekiti Kogi Benue
OsunOndo
Ogun
Potential Sugarcane
Lagos Edo Enugu
Anambra
Ebonyi
Potential Cassava
Abia
Delta I
mo Cross River Potential Oil Palm
Balyesa Rivers A I
kwa bom Potential Jathropha
• Some States have potentials for more than one crop
• By 2020, the projected peak of Biofuels production would require about
500,000ha ~ 2% of the arable land (33million ha) in Nigeria. 16
17. SUSTAINABLE BIOFUELS IN TRANSFORMATION AGENDA NA
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RO
LEUM
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OR N
C
,A ,S P O R A T IO
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n
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t
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ti o
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rt a
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un cr u rb e
Co an nv ells
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Research Findings
18. T IO NAL
NA P
SUSTAINABLE BIOFUELS INDUSTRY DEVT. CONT.
ET
N IG E R IA N
RO
LEUM
The Biofuels Programme Modality is
OR N
C
P O R A T IO
Food & Fuel NOT Food Vs Fuel
The National Biofuels Programme excludes staple crops such as:
millet, corn, rice, yam and grain sorghum, but plans to use Sugarcane, Cassava,
Sweet Sorghum, Palm Oil and Jatropha as feedstock for Biofuels production
Proposed Biofuels Projects are all integrated (Plant & Plantation) and as such will
not distort current food supply
Currently no commercial scale Biofuels production in Nigeria, hence the rising costs
of food in Nigeria is due to causes other than Biofuels production
The Programme is intended to boost Agriculture and add to food production through
improved farming techniques and high-yielding varieties
By 2020, the projected peak of Biofuels production would require about 500,000 ha
– using less than 2% of the arable land (33million ha) in Nigeria for JV Plantations
and Out-growers scheme
The Programme is modelled to integrate the Agric sector with the Oil and Gas
18
Industry
19. T IO NAL
NA P
Sustainable Biofuels and Economic Development
ET
N IG E R IA N
RO
LEUM
OR N
C
P O R A T IO
The proposed Biofuels Projects are integrated and
meet three design principles:
Integrated Business Model Design Principles:
Sustainability of the industry dictates
large-scale mechanized Plantation
operations integrated with processing
Plants
Out-grower schemes are planned
around the core Plantation, using a
Service Company Model managed by
the Plantation governance structure
Plantation and Plant operations must
meet international sustainability
standards:
Profitable
Environment-friendly
Socially responsible 19
20. T IO NAL
NA P
SUSTAINABLE BIOFUELS INDUSTRY DEVT. CONT.
ET
N IG E R IA N
RO
LEUM
OR N
C
Modern and efficient conversion technology: P O R A T IO
20
21. T IO NAL
NA P
ET
N IG E R IA N
RO
LEUM
Modern and efficient conversion technology OR N
C
P O R A T IO
cont.
BIODIESEL PRODUCTION PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
21
22. T IO NAL
NA P
ET
SUSTAINABLE BIOFUELS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
N IG E R IA N
RO
LEUM
Resource Availability: OR N
C
P O R A T IO
Nigeria has about 33 million Hectares of arable land and only
about 10% is under cultivation
Favourable agro-climatic and ecological conditions across the
country
Strong capital base: Financial institutions are willing to
participate
Enormous skilled and unskilled labour
NNPC infrastructural facilities nationwide
Research institutions: NCRI, IITA, NRCRI, NIFOR, Universities,
etc
22
23. T IO NAL
NA P
SUSTAINABLE BIOFUELS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
ET
N IG E R IA N
RO
LEUM
Nigeria’s Biofuels Demand OR N
C
P O R A T IO
Biofuels Type Time Frame
Short Medium Long
Fuel-Ethanol (demand in 1.3 3.4 52.5
billion liters/yr) (at 15% blend) (at 50% blend)
(at 10% blend)
Biodiesel (demand in 0.233 1.951 12.7
billion liters/yr) (at 20% blend) (at 50% blend)
(at 10% blend)
Source: National Energy Master plan 23
24. T IO NAL
NA P
ET
N IG E R IA N
RO
LEUM
OR N
C
P O R A T IO
OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION
ENERGY SITUATION IN NIGERIA
NIGERIA’S BIOFUELS DEMAND POTENTIALS
RESOURCE AVAILABILITY IN NIGERIA FOR BIOFUELS
BIOFUELS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
BENEFITS OF BIOFUEL PROGRAMME
JOURNEY SO FAR
CONCLUSION 24
25. T IO NAL
NA P
The Biofuels industry presents vast social, economic
ET
N IG E R IA N
RO
LEUM
and environmental benefits for Nigeria. OR N
C
P O R A T IO
• Good returns on invested capital (high IRRs ~30%)
• Revitalization of the agricultural sector
• Increased local production of sugar and power complement
efforts at filling existing supply gaps in Nigeria (for
Economic Benefits sugarcane to ethanol)
• Diversification of the country’s energy usage and hence
increased ability to hedge supply risk
• Carbon credit earnings
• Reduction of gasoline imports and foreign currency use
Environmental • Environmentally friendly fuels / less pollution
Benefits
• CO2 emission reduction
• Rural wealth and job creation
Social Benefits
• Sustainable development 25
26. THE ENERGY – ECONOMY RELATIONSHIP: T IO NAL
NA P
ET
N IG E R IA N
RO
Energy touches various aspects of our economy
LEUM
OR N
C
P O R A T IO
AGRICULTURE
INFORMATION & COMMERCE
COMMUNICATION & INDUSTRY
TRANSPORTATION FINANCE
ENERGY
DEFENCE & HOUSE HOLD
SECURITY & HEALTH
EDUCATION,
SCIENCE & MINES & POWER
TECHNOLOGY
THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY 26
27. T IO NAL
NA P
ET
N IG E R IA N
RO
BENEFITS OF BIOFUELS PROGRAMME CONT.
LEUM
OR N
C
P O R A T IO
Diversification
Rural Economic Of Energy
empowerment Matrix
Petroleum &
Environment Agric industry
Friendly integration
Efficient
Maximize supplier Chain
carbon credit Road/Transport
Opportunities
Home grown industry
Research & Learning
Lower cost of production
Sustainable Development
Rural wealth creation
Energy sufficiency &
Potential for export
28. T IO NAL
NA P
ET
N IG E R IA N
RO
LEUM
OR N
C
P O R A T IO
OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION
ENERGY SITUATION IN NIGERIA
NIGERIA’S BIOFUELS DEMAND POTENTIALS
RESOURCE AVAILABILITY IN NIGERIA FOR BIOFUELS
SUSTAINABLE BIOFUELS INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT
ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF BIOFUEL PROGRAMME
JOURNEY SO FAR
CONCLUSION
28
29. T IO NAL
NA P
JOURNEY SO FAR CONT.
ET
N IG E R IA N
RO
LEUM
OR N
C
P O R A T IO
NNPC has invested significant resources in the promotion
of the Biofuels programme with positive results:
POLICY
Policy & Incentives
• Biofuels Policy approved by the Federal Executive Council and gazetted
Development
(Gazette No. 72, June 20th 2007) but is presently being reviewed by
Energy Commission of Nigeria
OFFTAKE AGREEMENT
The off-take agreement contract design concluded to provides guaranteed
market to local producers of Biofuels.
ETHANOL
• Developed 5 bankable feasibility studies for sugarcane & cassava ethanol
BIODIESEL
Domestic Biofuel • Completed 2 feasibility studies for oil palm to biodiesel projects
Programme
IJV FORMATION
• Credible potential investor groups have shown interest to partner with
NNPC for joint development projects (IJV formation) 29
30. T IO NAL
NA P
Seven bankable feasibility studies have been completed
ET
N IG E R IA N
RO
LEUM
in five different states, while engaging various State OR N
C
P O R A T IO
Governments in discussion for Land Sites.
S o
okot
Katsina
Jigawa
Zamf
ara Yobe • Bor
Sugarcane 16,000 ha
no
Kebbi • 3 projects
Kano
• EtOH: 75 million liters/yr
• Sugar:116,000 tonnes / year
• Electricity: 64 MW
• Cassava:13,500 ha Kaduna Bauchi Gombe • Investment: $322 million
• 2 projects Niger
• EtOH: 38 million liters/yr Adamawa
• Starch:36,000 tonnes / year
• Investment: $115 million Kwara Plat
eau
FCT
Oyo N awa
asar
• Oil Palm 14,000 ha & 8,500 ha
Taraba • 2 projects
Ekiti Kogi Benue • Palm Oil: 60,000 / 32,000 t/yr
Osun
Ondo • Biodiesel: 38 / 21 million liters/ year
Ogun
• Investment: $75 / 44.5 million
Lagos Edo Enugu
Ebonyi
Anambra Sugar cane
Abia
Delta I
mo Cross River Cassava
Balyesa Rivers A I
kwa bom
Oil Palm
There is potential for many more projects in other states. 30
31. Roadmap for a 500,000 ha Integrated Food, NA
T IO NAL
P
ET
N IG E R IA N
RO
Biofuels and Energy Industry
LEUM
OR N
C
P O R A T IO
Sustain Growth
• Seek increasing
use of biofuels
beyond E10 and
B5
• 500,000 ha
developed
• 250,000 ha
(285,000+ ha in
developed
biofuel
(70,000 ha in
• >65,000 ha production*)
biofuel • 1.2 billion liters of
developed (incl. production*)
biofuels / year
•
cassava, • 360 million liters •
• Create first JVs >33,000 ha 600+ MW co-
developed sugarcane and ethanol/ year)
• Obtain bill generation
• > 100,000 t palm oil) • 120+ MW co-
approval • $6+ billion
cassava • 10+ million liters generation
COMMENCEMENT • Upgrade invested
• Implement policy harvested ethanol/ year • Begin
distribution
• >3,500 jobs • Begin production production of
(off-takes, etc.)_ infrastructure
• Launch E10
created of sugarcane palm biodiesel
• Sanction 2 or more • Launch B5
• Develop shared private projects (15 million
seeding liters/year)
ownership with • Expand financing programme
relevant MDAs facilities
• kick-off bill
Note:
1. There is a lag of 3 to 6 years between land development and Biofuels production depending on the crop used as feedstock
2.Project commencement will be determined by provision of equity by the government for IJV formation. 31
32. T IO NAL
NA P
ET
N IG E R IA N
RO
LEUM
OR N
C
P O R A T IO
OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION
ENERGY SITUATION IN NIGERIA
NIGERIA’S BIOFUELS DEMAND POTENTIALS
RESOURCE AVAILABILITY IN NIGERIA FOR BIOFUELS
SUSTAINABLE BIOFUELS INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT
ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF BIOFUEL PROGRAMME
JOURNEY SO FAR
CONCLUSION 32
33. T IO NAL
NA P
ET
N IG E R IA N
RO
CONCLUSION
LEUM
OR N
C
P O R A T IO
The Biofuels industry has potential to make a significant impact on
the Nigerian economy
Growing oil/energy demand and limited oil resources calls for a
complementary sustainable energy source –BIOFUELS
–
Awareness creation on the benefits of Biofuels industry and
advocacy for the implementation of Biofuels Projects is paramount
to the success of the industry
Standardization of policies and incentives will facilitate the
realization of a thriving domestic Biofuels industry
33
34. T IO NAL
NA P
ET
N IG E R IA N
RO
LEUM
OR N
C
P O R A T IO
34