This document discusses surveying basics applied to road projects. It explains that control points are used to locate other points and their accuracy directly impacts the quality of the finished pavement. It also discusses reestablishing control points, clearing lines by offsetting from string lines, leveling which road bases depend on, marking points for priming edge and kerbing with nails and flags, and establishing lane markings before paving so the joins coincide with the lines.

1. SURVEYING
BASICS APPLIED TO ROAD PROJECTS

2. CONTROL POINT
• Controller/locator of other points whose position is known from the
datum.
• The accuracy of it directly affect the quality of the finished
product/pavement.
• The marks are placed away from the centerline (25-30m) whatever
the practice should adhere safety.

3. REESTABLISHMENT OF THE CONTROL POINT
• Computations of coordinates for these new control points shall be
ancillary to the main traverse adjustment so that minor adjustments
to previously fixed points are avoided.
• In bridge construction two control points are needed to line, level and
startup for bridge construction.

4. CLEARING LINE
• The clearing line is pegged to enable removal of topsoil and
vegetation.
• Pegging is done by offsetting from previously set out string lines,
scaling and measuring from the plan using established features such
as fences, edge of road, cadastral boundary etc.
• Accuracy required for this work is generally 0.5m or as specified by
the contract documents or the project engineer.

6. LEVELLING
• Levelling is critical part of surveying as the cut and fill of the cross
section for bases is dependent on this part.
• Points elevation are measured as Reduced level with the help of total
station and each point is a rise or fall adjacent to its previous point.
• Generally white tapes are used to notify levels at each point.

7. MARKINGS
• Spring head nails with colored flags under it are nailed to align for
priming edge and kerbing purposes.
• In case of priming edge seal the alignment should be nailed every
10m with spring head nails and flagging under the nail to ensure that
spray run is on correct alignment and uniform.
• In case of kerbing the intervals between nails should not exceed 15m
on straights and 5m on large radius curves.

8. LANES MARKING
• Before asphalt paving can proceed, the proposed lane marking has to
be established in order for the asphalt joins to coincide with the line
markings.
• Spotting is done in different manners depending upon the
specification manual and machinery used.
• Use this link to understand how machines use width of the lane for
lane markings. “https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BeEUb--w1jY”