The document discusses different types of surrogacy. In traditional surrogacy, the surrogate is biologically related to the child but intends to relinquish the child to others. Compensated surrogacy involves paying the surrogate to carry the child, which is legal in some countries. Gestational surrogacy uses in vitro fertilization so the surrogate is not biologically related to the child. The document also discusses legal, ethical, and moral considerations around surrogacy.
A Surrogate is a process of arrangement for women to carry and give birth to a child who will be raised by others. For more info visit http://www.growinggenerations.com
Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART)
First Successful IVF: Birth of Louise Brown in 1978
Rapid developments in the field of ART
Moral panic
Ethics
Ethical issues
Ethical concerns
Moral issues
Social issues
Religion
Case study
A Surrogate is a process of arrangement for women to carry and give birth to a child who will be raised by others. For more info visit http://www.growinggenerations.com
Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART)
First Successful IVF: Birth of Louise Brown in 1978
Rapid developments in the field of ART
Moral panic
Ethics
Ethical issues
Ethical concerns
Moral issues
Social issues
Religion
Case study
In this ppt, surrogacy is defiend and its types on the basis of method and another types on the basis of money and their differences as well. Regulation bill 2016 and its features has been also discussed.
Ethical and Legal Issues Related to Medical Genetics Rayhan Shahrear
Define ethics and bioethics.
State the major ethical issues related to medical genetics.
Outline the uniqueness of medical genetics.
Outline the relevant ethical principles in medicine.
Discuss some ethical dilemmas that arise in the genetic clinic.
Explain the ethical dilemmas and public interest.
Dr. Najnin Akhter
Phase-A, Year-2, Block-6
Guided by Prof. K M Shamim
PGD is a state-of-the-art procedure used in conjunction with In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) in which the embryo is tested for certain conditions prior to being placed in the womb of the woman.
ART ( ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES).THIS THE ARTIFICIAL REPRODUCTION TE...Anand P P
Artificial reproductive technology helps to produce the offspring without direct biological mating.several methods are used to artificial reproduction like zift , gift ,INTRA CYTOPLASMIC SPERM INGECTION
The HFEA is the independent regulator for IVF treatment and human embryo research and came into effect on 1 August 1991. The 1990 Act ensured the regulation, through licensing, of:
the creation of human embryos outside the body and their use in treatment and research
the use of donated gametes and embryos
the storage of gametes and embryos.
In this ppt, surrogacy is defiend and its types on the basis of method and another types on the basis of money and their differences as well. Regulation bill 2016 and its features has been also discussed.
Ethical and Legal Issues Related to Medical Genetics Rayhan Shahrear
Define ethics and bioethics.
State the major ethical issues related to medical genetics.
Outline the uniqueness of medical genetics.
Outline the relevant ethical principles in medicine.
Discuss some ethical dilemmas that arise in the genetic clinic.
Explain the ethical dilemmas and public interest.
Dr. Najnin Akhter
Phase-A, Year-2, Block-6
Guided by Prof. K M Shamim
PGD is a state-of-the-art procedure used in conjunction with In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) in which the embryo is tested for certain conditions prior to being placed in the womb of the woman.
ART ( ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES).THIS THE ARTIFICIAL REPRODUCTION TE...Anand P P
Artificial reproductive technology helps to produce the offspring without direct biological mating.several methods are used to artificial reproduction like zift , gift ,INTRA CYTOPLASMIC SPERM INGECTION
The HFEA is the independent regulator for IVF treatment and human embryo research and came into effect on 1 August 1991. The 1990 Act ensured the regulation, through licensing, of:
the creation of human embryos outside the body and their use in treatment and research
the use of donated gametes and embryos
the storage of gametes and embryos.
Raipur IVF Centre offer all range of surrogacy treatment, surrogate mother in India, Raipur because of our high success rates,Become a Surrogate in India
This research is based on the secondary data which tries to provide the clear analysis done over the debate between use of this scientific progress on pure humanitarian grounds to misuse of the same for commercialization across the globe by including the judicial responses of various nations like USA, UK, Australian and India and the legal as well as the contractual problems arising in India according to ICA 1872. This paper includes the ethical and and moral issues arising in India against and for the surrogacy with a cast study of Jan balaz v. anand municipality. This empirical research tries to open a window for the effective legislation, applications and proper guidelines to handle the concept of surrogacy in a prudent way so that it would further continue to fertile the infertile wombs.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
2. Surrogacy or Surrogate mea
ns substitute. In medical
parlance, the term surrogacy
means using of a substitute
mother in the place of the
natural mother.
In traditional surrogacy (also known as the Straight method) the surrogate is
pregnant with her own biological child, but this child was conceived with the
intention of relinquishing the child to be raised by others such as the biological
father and possibly his spouse or partner. The child may be conceived via sexual
intercourse (NI), home artiificial insemination using fresh or frozen sperm or
impregnated via IUI (intrauterine insemination), or ICI ( intracervical insemination)
which is performed at a fertility clinic. Sperm from the male partner of the
'commissioning couple' may be used, or alternatively, sperm from a sperm donor
can be used. Donor sperm will, for example, be used if the 'commissioning couple'
are both female or where the child is commissioned by a single woman.
3.
4. Compensated surrogacy
Also variously called "Commercial surrogacy", "paid
surrogacy", "wombs for rent", "outsourced
pregnancies" or "baby farms", compensated surrogacy
refer to a form of surrogate pregnancy in which a gestational
carrier is paid to carry a child to maturity in her womb and is
usually resorted to by well off infertile couples who can afford
the cost involved. This procedure is legal in several countries
including in India where due to excellent medical infrastructure,
high international demand and ready availability of poor
surrogates it is reaching industry proportions.
5. Through the use of fertility drugs and careful
monitoring, these embryos can grow to full
term babies, which are then given back to
the persons who commissioned the process,
which are not necessarily those who
originally donated the eggs and sperm for
the event. So, is surrogacy right?
We have entered a new age.
Now it is scientifically
possible for a baby to be
created in a petri dish from
the sperm of a man and the
eggs of a woman, and the
resulting embryos can be
transferred into a second
woman to gestate.
6. Considerations in Surrogacy
Legal Issues
There is no legal standard for
surrogacy from state to state, or from
country to country. However, it is
almost always certain that any dispute
will be heard in the jurisdiction where
birth occurs.
Moral and Ethical Issues
Some of the reasons all states haven't found it easy to pass
surrogacy legislation are related to moral and ethical
issues of embryo creation, fees that some see as baby-buying
(or baby-selling), and others.
7. Mother-child relationship
A study by the Family and Child Psychology Research Centre at City
University, London, UK in 2002 concluded that surrogate mothers rarely
had difficulty relinquishing rights to a surrogate child and that the
intended mothers showed greater warmth to the child than mothers
conceiving naturally. Anthropological studies of surrogates have shown
that surrogates engage in various distancing techniques throughout the
surrogate pregnancy so as to ensure that they do not become
emotionally attached to the baby. Many surrogates intentionally try to
foster the development of emotional attachment between the intended
mother and the surrogate child. Assessing such studies from a social
constructionist perspective reveals that the expectation that surrogates
are somehow "different" from the majority of women and that they
necessarily suffer as a consequence of relinquishing the child have little
basis in reality and are instead based on cultural conventions and
gendered assumptions. Many surrogates form close and intimate
relationships with the intended parents. When the greatness of their
efforts is acknowledged, they recall their surrogacy experience in the
years to come as the most meaningful experience of their lives.
8.
9.
10. The Price Tag
Surrogacy isn't inexpensive. Except in the case where a
sister or friend agrees to act as a surrogate without a
fee, total costs and expenses may include the
surrogate's fee and possible expenses, lawyers' fees,
fertility specialists' fees, and fees connected with an
adoption, if that is required. Cost estimatesfor
traditional surrogacy range between $40,000 and
$65,000 and for gestational surrogacy, between
$75,000 and $100,000.
Change of Mind
As in traditional adoption, surrogates
can have a change of mind and decide
they do not want to relinquish the baby.
Depending on state law, whether there's
an agreement, and how it's interpreted
by the court, the outcome isn't
necessarily certain.
11. The entire idea of a child created in a test
tube and carried by an unrelated woman is
enough to drive fear into the hearts of
many while questioning the ethics of
surrogacy. The very thought conjures up
visions of science fiction movies gone bad,
or thoughts of the privileged few genetically
creating the perfect child. Is surrogacy
right?
Ethical Issues of
Surrogacy:
Science Babies
12. ETHICAL QUESTIONS,
What are the pros and cons of using unused embryos for medical
research?
Is there anything wrong with disposal of unused embryos …leaving
them on the counter to unthaw and degenerate?
What if the surrogate decides to maintain her privacy?
What if the surrogate and the spouse violate the abstention clause?
What if the surrogate decides to keep the baby?
What if the surrogate with genetic ties demands to visit her child?
Is there anything wrong with a surrogate giving her unused
embryos to someone else?
Who should make a decision to unthaw frozen embryos?
Is handing over a child after delivery for a fee “baby-selling”?
Do women participate in surrogacy to save their marriage?
Is it wrong for a surrogate to abort?