The legal aspects surrounding surrogacy are complex, diverse and mostly unsettled. In most of the countries world over , the woman giving birth to a child is considered as the Child's legal mother. However, in very few countries, the Intended Parents are be recognized as the legal parents from birth by the virtue of the fact that the Surrogate has contracted to give the birth of the Child for the commissioned Parents. India is one country amongst the few, which recognize the Intended/ Commissioning Parent/s as the legal parents. Many states now issue pre-birth orders through the courts placing the name(s) of the intended parent(s) on the birth certificate from the start. In others the possibility of surrogacy is either not recognized (all contracts specifying different legal parents are void), or is prohibited.
Email: info@ivfsurrogacy.com.au
www.ivfsurrogacy.com.au
The legal aspects surrounding surrogacy are complex, diverse and mostly unsettled. In most of the countries world over , the woman giving birth to a child is considered as the Child's legal mother. However, in very few countries, the Intended Parents are be recognized as the legal parents from birth by the virtue of the fact that the Surrogate has contracted to give the birth of the Child for the commissioned Parents. India is one country amongst the few, which recognize the Intended/ Commissioning Parent/s as the legal parents. Many states now issue pre-birth orders through the courts placing the name(s) of the intended parent(s) on the birth certificate from the start. In others the possibility of surrogacy is either not recognized (all contracts specifying different legal parents are void), or is prohibited.
Email: info@ivfsurrogacy.com.au
www.ivfsurrogacy.com.au
The Government of India has proposed a Bill for the Regulation of Surrogacy in India. It is a stark contrast to the ICMR Guidelines which were one of the best in the world to look after the interest of the Surrogate mothers, Intended parents, the baby to be born. The present Bill is a huge deterrent and will make surrogacy impossible in India for any intended parent. There has been no consultation with the surrogate mothers the primary stake holders not the Surrogacy clinics, Surrogacy Lawyers or the ART Banks.
Surrogacy is defined as when another woman carries and gives birth to a baby for the couple who want to have a child. There are two main types of surrogacy, traditional and gestational surrogacy. Here we will let you know the facts about the laws on surrogacy in various countries.
The legal situation surrounding surrogacy varies from state to state. There are states where surrogacy is banned outright. Other states allow both commercial and altruistic surrogacy.
In this ppt, surrogacy is defiend and its types on the basis of method and another types on the basis of money and their differences as well. Regulation bill 2016 and its features has been also discussed.
A Surrogate is a process of arrangement for women to carry and give birth to a child who will be raised by others. For more info visit http://www.growinggenerations.com
Surrogacy Regulation Act 2021 has been notified in the Gazette on 25th December 2021 and there are important implications for all who practice surrogacy in India both for patients and clinics and ART Banks.
The definition of a surrogate is someone who takes the place of another, particularly in a family role. An example of a surrogate is a woman who gives birth to a baby, but gives the baby to another family.
Our deep admiration for the girls in difficult circumstances and in conflict with the law, living within the confines of the statutory home. For trying to go past their psycho-social challenges and adapt to a ‘new idea of self’. And, for boldly tapping into the dormant and invisible power within to find strength to rebuild their lives and selfhood.
HAQ: Center for Child Rights
B1/2, Ground Floor,
Malviya Nagar
New Delhi - 110017
Tel: +91-26677412,26673599
Fax: +91-26674688
Website: www.haqcrc.org
FaceBook Page: https://www.facebook.com/HaqCentreForChildRights
The presentation describes the situation of female foeticide in Indian society. Its causes ,effects and remedies are also described in this presentation.
Response to Questions for OHCHR Report on Preventing Child, Early and Forced Marriages for Twenty-sixth Session of the Human Rights Council
HAQ: Center for Child Rights
B1/2, Ground Floor,
Malviya Nagar
New Delhi - 110017
Tel: +91-26677412,26673599
Fax: +91-26674688
Website: www.haqcrc.org
FaceBook Page: https://www.facebook.com/HaqCentreForChildRights
Raipur IVF Centre offer all range of treatment options and have all necessary facility for the same. We offer surrogate mothers and have various options in Chhattisgarh, india.
Planned surrogacy in India is on the rise, with more and more western couples choosing Indian surrogates to have their babies. With surrogacy, infertile couples can finally have their own baby – something which could not even be dreamt of about two decades earlier.
The Government of India has proposed a Bill for the Regulation of Surrogacy in India. It is a stark contrast to the ICMR Guidelines which were one of the best in the world to look after the interest of the Surrogate mothers, Intended parents, the baby to be born. The present Bill is a huge deterrent and will make surrogacy impossible in India for any intended parent. There has been no consultation with the surrogate mothers the primary stake holders not the Surrogacy clinics, Surrogacy Lawyers or the ART Banks.
Surrogacy is defined as when another woman carries and gives birth to a baby for the couple who want to have a child. There are two main types of surrogacy, traditional and gestational surrogacy. Here we will let you know the facts about the laws on surrogacy in various countries.
The legal situation surrounding surrogacy varies from state to state. There are states where surrogacy is banned outright. Other states allow both commercial and altruistic surrogacy.
In this ppt, surrogacy is defiend and its types on the basis of method and another types on the basis of money and their differences as well. Regulation bill 2016 and its features has been also discussed.
A Surrogate is a process of arrangement for women to carry and give birth to a child who will be raised by others. For more info visit http://www.growinggenerations.com
Surrogacy Regulation Act 2021 has been notified in the Gazette on 25th December 2021 and there are important implications for all who practice surrogacy in India both for patients and clinics and ART Banks.
The definition of a surrogate is someone who takes the place of another, particularly in a family role. An example of a surrogate is a woman who gives birth to a baby, but gives the baby to another family.
Our deep admiration for the girls in difficult circumstances and in conflict with the law, living within the confines of the statutory home. For trying to go past their psycho-social challenges and adapt to a ‘new idea of self’. And, for boldly tapping into the dormant and invisible power within to find strength to rebuild their lives and selfhood.
HAQ: Center for Child Rights
B1/2, Ground Floor,
Malviya Nagar
New Delhi - 110017
Tel: +91-26677412,26673599
Fax: +91-26674688
Website: www.haqcrc.org
FaceBook Page: https://www.facebook.com/HaqCentreForChildRights
The presentation describes the situation of female foeticide in Indian society. Its causes ,effects and remedies are also described in this presentation.
Response to Questions for OHCHR Report on Preventing Child, Early and Forced Marriages for Twenty-sixth Session of the Human Rights Council
HAQ: Center for Child Rights
B1/2, Ground Floor,
Malviya Nagar
New Delhi - 110017
Tel: +91-26677412,26673599
Fax: +91-26674688
Website: www.haqcrc.org
FaceBook Page: https://www.facebook.com/HaqCentreForChildRights
Raipur IVF Centre offer all range of treatment options and have all necessary facility for the same. We offer surrogate mothers and have various options in Chhattisgarh, india.
Planned surrogacy in India is on the rise, with more and more western couples choosing Indian surrogates to have their babies. With surrogacy, infertile couples can finally have their own baby – something which could not even be dreamt of about two decades earlier.
surrogacy Cost in Delhi, best surrogacy Cost in Delhivinsfertility
Surrogacy and In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) are two fertility treatments that assist couples and individuals in conceiving a child. Surrogacy involves a surrogate mother carrying and delivering a baby for the intended parents, while IVF is a process where an egg is fertilised by sperm outside the body.
IVF Cost in Chandigarh, Best IVF Cost in Chandigarhvinsfertility
In India, the cost of in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) can vary significantly due to several factors that influence the overall expenses. Understanding these factors is essential for couples and individuals considering IVF Cost in Chandigarh treatment to make informed decisions.
India has emerged as a popular destination for surrogacy and In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) treatments, thanks to its advanced medical facilities and cost-effective options. As prospective parents explore these fertility solutions, understanding the associated costs becomes crucial for informed decision-making and financial planning.
The Law Commission of India also submitted the 228th report on this subject to discuss and underline the importance and need for a process for childless couples and to suggest a regulatory mechanism for surrogacy. Commercial surrogacy has been declared legal in India.
Surrogacy in Aiims Delhi | Surrogacy New Delhi | ElaWomanpria magar
Surrogacy in Aiims Delhi, is the point at which the surrogate has a hereditary attach to the kid she conveys. She is falsely inseminated with the sperm the male expected parent.
Surrogacy in Aiims Delhi | Surrogacy New Delhi | ElaWomanpria magar
Surrogacy in Aiims Delhi, is the point at which the surrogate has a hereditary attach to the kid she conveys. She is falsely inseminated with the sperm the male expected parent.
Surrogacy is one of the most viable options for people who cannot conceive naturally. Although it is a complex process but considered to be most promising for infertile couples who need to have their own genetic baby. Surrogacy is a process in which a woman carries a child in his womb on behalf of another couple.
At Our Ivf Fertility Clinic, We Provide Expert Advice and the Latest Treatment Options for Infertility Our Experienced Team of Specialists Is Dedicated to Finding the Right Solution for You
Everything You Need To Know About Surrogacy - Physician's Surrogacy physicianssurrogacy
Here we are consider the essential tips of Physician's Surrogacy with the help you can boost your confidence, Our surrogacy and donor center is a unique, all inclusive model in the world of surrogacy. Have you want any questions about surrogacy. Please contact us.
Experience the gift of parenthood through Select IVF's surrogacy treatment in Guwahati. Combining cutting-edge IVF technology with the dedication of surrogate mothers, this compassionate journey offers a chance for aspiring parents to welcome their little miracles into the world. With Select IVF's expertise and the warmth of Guwahati's embrace, the dream of a complete family becomes a beautiful reality.
Here's a collection of some of my LinkedIn Posts on the Coronavirus Pandemic.
I don't claim to be an expert - but do try to think logically as a doctor, and use my common sense to reason !
How MICE ( Medical Innovation, Creativity , Innovation and Entrepreneurship) labs is helping medical students to think out of the box at JJ Hospital by allowing them to tinker
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
Surrogacy treatment in India
1. Roundtable
Surrogacy in India
A healthy controversy?
The incidence of surrogacy is increasing in India, contributing to fertility
tourism in the country. However, this still remains a contentious subject.
Here are some expert opinions that clarify many of the questions about
surrogacy in India.
Dr Asma Mohd Yousuf
T
he term ‘surrogate’ was quite uncommon in the last decade, but this is not
the case anymore. As a matter of fact, surrogacy was not uncommon in the
past either, but was not much spoken about then. In India, commercial
surrogacy was legalised in 2002 by the Supreme Court of India. Since then,
India, besides tourism, has become a preferred destination for many to fulfill their
parenthood dreams. However, the legal aspects surrounding surrogacy are complex.
In some jurisdictions, the possibility of surrogacy has been allowed and intended
parents are recognised as legal parents of the child since its birth. Yet, in many other
countries, commercial surrogacy outside the country is considered illegal. Thus,
children born through surrogacy to people belonging to these countries may land up
‘stateless’ due to divergent laws that may not grant them citizenship.
Dr Alka Kumar
Consultant Gynecologist, S L Raheja Hospital (A Fortis Associate), Mumbai
Surrogacy is an arrangement in which a woman The birth certificate of the child would bear the
carries and delivers a child for another couple names of the intended parents. In case of heterosexual
or individual. Intended parents may arrange for couples with genetic contribution from both
surrogacy in case of infertility or medical issues parents, their names go on the birth certificate.
that make pregnancy risky in the female partner. In case of same sex couple (or single father), the genetic
Other clients could be single parents or gay father’s name alone goes on the birth certificate. If
couples. The parties that are usually involved donor egg In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) is performed, the
in the entire surrogacy process include the biological names of both partners in the heterosexual
parents, surrogates, infertility specialists, lawyers and couple go on the birth certificate. There is no
surrogacy agencies. mention of the egg donor or surrogate mother on
A meticulous and stringent criterion is followed birth certificate.
while screening for a surrogate. Once finalised, the Commercial surrogacy is legal in India and is
financial & legal agreement is then made between the recognised by the Supreme Court of India. The
surrogate and the commissioning couple. guidelines for surrogacy in India were laid down
India is presently emerging as a leader in international by the Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR)
surrogacy and fertility tourism. Clinics charge anywhere in 2005. The success rate of surrogacy in India
between ` 9 and 14 lakh ($ 22,00-35,000) for a complete can be expressed at about 45 per cent of carry-
package, which includes fertilisation, surrogate’s fee, home baby in procedures using fresh embryos and
delivery of infant at the hospital, medications, doctor’s 25 per cent in those using frozen embryos.
fees and lawyer’s fees. Even after including the ticket Hong Kong and Taiwan are the other countries
fares, cost of the medical procedures and hotel tariffs, the known for fertility tourism and where surrogacy is
surrogacy expenditure to the intended parents comes to popular. In fact, many Indian women go to these
a third of the amount that would have been spent on the countries for sex selection (especially for male child),
same procedure in the UK. as gender determination is prohibited in India.
30 I February 2011
2. Roundtable
Dr Aniruddha Malpani
Medical Director, Malpani Infertility Clinic, Mumbai
Surrogacy is an expensive and complex treatment still not been enacted but is expected to happen soon.
option, which is best reserved for women without This will give a major fillip to medical tourism, and
a uterus. India has now become the preferred will also provide more clarity on appointment of
destination for surrogacy, as several high-quality accredited authorities.
IVF clinics are available here that provide excellent It is important that a legal contract be signed by an
medical care with high success rates at economical expert legal consultant before the medical treatment
prices. Besides, there is a well-defined legal framework in starts. This ensures that everything is aboveboard, and
India, with legal specialists to guide the intended parents that there are no legal hiccups later on. Taking shortcuts
throughout the process. can give rise to the tragedy of the birth of ‘stateless babies’,
At present, each IVF clinic is governed by the local who do not have the citizenship of any nation. This can
medical authority (eg, local Municipal Corporation). cause irreparable harm to the surrogacy service industry
The Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) Bill has in our country.
Dr Duru Shah
Chairman – Gynaecworld - The Center for Women’s Reproductive Health, Mumbai
Couples with health problems or general Moreover, the success rate of surrogacy in India is
inability to conceive still have the option about 60-80 per cent. Besides, there are fewer legal
of experiencing parenthood with the help hassles involved because surrogacy agreement is legal
of surrogacy. It also gives a chance to single in India. Indian clinics have also become competitive
parents or couples with an alternate lifestyle not only in pricing but also in hiring and retention of
to have a child of their own without going Indian females as surrogates. Also, in India, poverty
through the adoption process. is the biggest and most important factor for women
In India, the costs involved in the surrogacy choosing to be surrogates.
process are approximately five times less as compared However, according to ICMR guidelines of ART Bill
those in some other countries. The approximate and Rules 2008; 34(5), no woman shall act as a surrogate
cost to the intended parent(s) is about ` 10-12 for more than three successful live births in her life. The
lakh, which includes screening of surrogate, IVF governing bodies in India for surrogacy and surrogacy-
procedure, followed by antenatal check-up, related procedures are the ICMR, Ministry of Health
monitoring and medications, hospitalisation & and Family Welfare and the guidelines issued according
delivery of surrogate. to ART (regulation) Bill & Rules – 2008.
Dr Hrishikesh Pai
Gynecologist & Infertility Specialist, Lilavati Hospital, Mumbai, and Fortis La Femme, New Delhi
Indications for surrogacy include conditions the UK, Canada, Australia, the US and Israel.
when a patient is unable to become pregnant There are about 40,000 IVF cycles done per year
due to uterine problems like fibroids, in India, of which surrogacy constitutes 5 per cent.
adenoids, repeated surgeries, cancer therapies, Foreign patients form only 5-10 per cent of the
hysterectomy or conditions of poor general infertility treatment, whereas the Indian population
health like in congenital heart, kidney and lung forms the bulk of patients with infertility problems.
diseases. Surrogacy is also considered in dwarf As per the ICMR draft, the surrogate is paid
patients or single parents. 25 per cent of the money before pregnancy,
There are two types of surrogacy – natural and 50 per cent during pregnancy and 25 per cent after
gestational. In India, natural surrogacy is not allowed, the child is born. However, arrangements can differ
where the surrogate is also the biological mother of as per individual settlements. The compensation
the child. provided to the surrogates is in terms of
In India, there are 450 IVF units, third in the manpower involved and comes to about
the world after Japan and the US with 600 and ` 2-2.5 lakh. This compensation is offered in the form
500 units, respectively. The nationalities that of a token of gratitude, as one cannot commodify
usually travel to India for surrogacy are from bearing a child.
February 2011 I 31
3. Roundtable
Dr Indira Hinduja
Obstetrician, Gynaecologist & IVF Specialist, Jaslok Hospital, Mumbai, and Breach Candy Hospital, Mumbai
In the past, traditional surrogacy was carried names of the genetic parents. The person(s) availing the
out where, like a wife, a woman had intercourse services of a surrogate mother shall be legally bound to
with the man to bear a child biologically accept the custody of the child and a refusal to do so shall
related to her. Later, the artificial insemination constitute an offence.
technique substituted the intercourse act. All information about the surrogate shall be kept
In recent years, gestation surrogacy has confidential and information about the surrogate
become more popular, wherein the surrogate shall not be disclosed anywhere other than the
mother practically only lends her womb for carrying central database.
the pregnancy to term. Here, conception takes place ICMR and National Academy of Medical Science
in the clinic through IVF and embryo is transferred to (NAMS) guidelines have suggested formation of a State
the surrogate mother. In this case, the commissioning Board and a National Board for regulating ART clinics.
couple is the genetic parents of the child. The State Board shall have the responsibility of laying
There are different kinds of surrogate depending down the policies and plans for assisted reproductive
on the system of recruitment, eg, in non-commercial clinic in the state, taking into account the policies,
surrogacy, the surrogate will usually be a family member recommendation and regulations of the National board.
or friend, whereas in a commercial system, the surrogate The Director General of ICMR will chair the National
is unrelated and has to be paid compensation. Board. These two authorities will monitor the functioning
In countries like Japan, Hong Kong, Hungary and Italy, of the clinics, regularly inspect the premises and grant
commercial surrogacy is banned and condemned, which is the licence. The licence will be renewed only after the
also the case in Saudi Arabia. In India, the Supreme Court authorities are satisfied with the working of clinics.
of India legalised the practice of surrogacy in 2002. As per Surrogacy stands as the pillar of hope for many
the laws in India, a surrogate mother shall, in respect of infertile parents with the desire for a child. Taking up
all medical treatments or procedures in relation to the surrogacy as an option is quite a dilemma and, if not
concerned child, register at the hospital or such medical counselled properly, can come as an unexpected blow
facility in her own name and shall clearly declare herself to the infertile couple. Other options like continuing
to be a surrogate mother. The birth certificate issued in treatment or adoption should also be put forward to
respect of a child born through surrogacy shall bear the the patient.
Dr Shivani Sachdeva Gour
Gynecologist & Infertility Expert, Phoenix Hospital, New Delhi
A major advantage of surrogacy is that it the guidelines in India, surrogates have no legal
allows one or both parents to be genetically rights on the child. Moreover, everybody wants
related to the child. As against adoption, a healthy surrogate for their child. Women in
surrogacy involves the intended parents at India are generally preferred as surrogates
the time of conception as well as throughout because they are healthy and do not drink, smoke or
the pregnancy. With a decline in the number do drugs.
of newborn infants available for adoption, A surrogate can be selected by contacting an agency
surrogacy offers childless couples another alternative that screens surrogates or an independent surrogate,
to have a child of their own. who can provide her complete medical records.
Individuals from foreign countries travel to India Tests results that rule out diseases like AIDS, hepatitis
for medical care due to a number of reasons like lower B & C, STDs and rubella are very important.
prices, less wait times and infrastructure equipped According to Indian guidelines, a surrogate can
with advanced technological facilities. Besides, there deliver only three times in her lifetime. The governing
are plans that offer complete travel packages in India, body that rules the clinics and hospitals carrying out
including airfare, transfers and surgery costs, which these processes is based on certain guidelines in ICMR
are less than the costs in the US. All these make in chapters 1-6.
medical tourism more realistic for everyone, and not Another country that is attracting attention in
just for celebrities. fertility tourism is Thailand. But the facilities there are
In India, the approximate cost for a surrogacy more expensive as compared to in India. Besides, in
procedure comes to $ 25,000 as compared to Thailand, people face language problems as English is
$ 1,25,000-$ 1,50,000 in the US. Also, as per not widely spoken there.
32 I February 2011