The document discusses the history of civil rights and civil liberties in the United States from the Dred Scott decision through modern issues. It covers key court cases and legislation related to the abolition of slavery, citizenship, voting rights, segregation, discrimination, and expanded rights for groups including women, people with disabilities, immigrants, and the LGBT community. Major events and figures discussed include the Civil Rights Acts, Voting Rights Act, Brown v. Board of Education, Martin Luther King Jr., and the women's suffrage movement.
The slides relate to ISLAMIC CONCEPT OF ACKNOWLEDGMENT. It elaborates on ACKNOWLEDGMENT BY A MUSLIM FATHER OF HIS LEGITIMATE CHILD. Useful for Law students and Professionals.
jurisprudence topic possession detailed ppt which help to learn this topic easily by a minimum time by any person who study law. person easily download this ppt to read and to teach also.
The slides relate to Part - III of the Indian Constitution i.e. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS. It elaborates on the concept and meaning of State under the constitution. Useful for Law students and Professionals.
This PowerPoint presentation is a brief about the Writ of Mandamus. The PPt covers the crux of the writ of Mandamus, its types, its advantages, who and against whom it can be filed, and more. This presentation on writ of Mandamus is covered under Administrative Law
The slides relate to ISLAMIC CONCEPT OF ACKNOWLEDGMENT. It elaborates on ACKNOWLEDGMENT BY A MUSLIM FATHER OF HIS LEGITIMATE CHILD. Useful for Law students and Professionals.
jurisprudence topic possession detailed ppt which help to learn this topic easily by a minimum time by any person who study law. person easily download this ppt to read and to teach also.
The slides relate to Part - III of the Indian Constitution i.e. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS. It elaborates on the concept and meaning of State under the constitution. Useful for Law students and Professionals.
This PowerPoint presentation is a brief about the Writ of Mandamus. The PPt covers the crux of the writ of Mandamus, its types, its advantages, who and against whom it can be filed, and more. This presentation on writ of Mandamus is covered under Administrative Law
THIS PPT DESCRIBES THE CONCEPT OF THE RIGHT TO PROPERTY. THIS INCLUDES THE QUESTION THAT "IS PROPERTY RIGHT IS FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT OR LEGAL RIGHT. IT ALSO EXPLAINS THE TUSSLE BETWEEN THE LEGISLATURE AND THE JUDICIARY.
Our major goal is to help you achieve your academic goals. We are commited to helping you get top grades in your academic papers.We desire to help you come up with great essays that meet your lecturer's expectations.Contact us now at http://www.premiumessays.net/
The first of clause (1) provides that “no person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of ‘law in force’ at the time of the commission of the act charged as an offence”. This means that if an act is not an offence at the date of its commission it cannot be an offence at the date subsequent to its commission.
The act of putting a person through a second trial of an offence for which he or she has already been prosecuted or convicted
The expression ‘self-incrimination’ means “conveying information based upon personal knowledge of the person giving information involving himself to be the prime part taken in the offence.” A person shall not be asked to make statements against himself (i.e. self-harming statements/confessional statements).
PowerPoint developed and used by TA Michael Fix for a lecture on Civil Rights for PS 101 American Government at the University of Kentucky, Spring 2007.
THIS PPT DESCRIBES THE CONCEPT OF THE RIGHT TO PROPERTY. THIS INCLUDES THE QUESTION THAT "IS PROPERTY RIGHT IS FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT OR LEGAL RIGHT. IT ALSO EXPLAINS THE TUSSLE BETWEEN THE LEGISLATURE AND THE JUDICIARY.
Our major goal is to help you achieve your academic goals. We are commited to helping you get top grades in your academic papers.We desire to help you come up with great essays that meet your lecturer's expectations.Contact us now at http://www.premiumessays.net/
The first of clause (1) provides that “no person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of ‘law in force’ at the time of the commission of the act charged as an offence”. This means that if an act is not an offence at the date of its commission it cannot be an offence at the date subsequent to its commission.
The act of putting a person through a second trial of an offence for which he or she has already been prosecuted or convicted
The expression ‘self-incrimination’ means “conveying information based upon personal knowledge of the person giving information involving himself to be the prime part taken in the offence.” A person shall not be asked to make statements against himself (i.e. self-harming statements/confessional statements).
PowerPoint developed and used by TA Michael Fix for a lecture on Civil Rights for PS 101 American Government at the University of Kentucky, Spring 2007.
The Struggle for Civil Rights Chapter 6CHAPTER 6 T.docxchristalgrieg
The Struggle for
Civil Rights
Chapter 6
CHAPTER 6: THE STRUGGLE FOR CIVIL RIGHTS
In this chapter you will:
Explore the seven steps to winning civil rights.
Review the African American experience that set the pattern for civil rights.
Assess women’s quest for economic and political rights.
Examine the political experience of Hispanics and Asians.
Consider the rights of other groups, including disabled people and same-sex partners.
CHAPTER 6: THE STRUGGLE FOR CIVIL RIGHTS
Seven Steps to Political Equality
A group defines itself.
The group challenges society.
The stories change.
Federalism comes into play.
The executive branch often breaks the ice.
Congress legislates a blockbuster.
It all ends up in court.
CHAPTER 6: THE STRUGGLE FOR CIVIL RIGHTS
How the Courts Review Cases
The courts have evolved three categories for determining whether laws or actions violate “the equal protection of the laws” guaranteed under the Fourteenth Amendment.
Suspect categories
Any legislation involving race, ethnicity, or legal aliens faces strict scrutiny.
Quasi-suspect categories
In 1976, women’s advocates won a special category for gender cases. Any legislation—federal, state, or local—that introduces sex-based categories has to rest on an important state purpose.
Nonsuspect categories
Other categories do not face special scrutiny—at least not yet. Legislation based on age, sexual orientation, or physical handicaps simply has to show a rational basis to survive in court.
CHAPTER 6: THE STRUGGLE FOR CIVIL RIGHTS
The Clash Over Slavery
By the middle of the nineteenth century, the dream of freedom had become a kind of religious faith in the slave quarters.
Abolition: an abolition movement rose up, branded slavery sinful, and demanded its immediate end.
Economics: it was impossible to avoid the slavery question for a fundamental economic reason.
As the United States spread west, every new settlement prompted the same question: Would it be slave or free?
Politics: every time a territory applied for statehood, it raised the question of the political balance between slave states and free states in the Senate.
CHAPTER 6: THE STRUGGLE FOR CIVIL RIGHTS
The Senate managed to negotiate the tensions with a series of artful compromises. The Missouri Compromise (in 1820) drew a line through the Louisiana Territory (at 36˚30′ North).
The Compromise of 1850 simply turned the decision over to the people in the territories. Known as popular sovereignty, it permitted the people of each territory to decide the question for themselves—slave or free.
The Clash over Slavery
Continued
CHAPTER 6: THE STRUGGLE FOR CIVIL RIGHTS
Dred Scott v. Sandford
In 1857, the Supreme Court stepped in with a shattering decision that upset all the careful arrangements and compromises.
A slave named Dred Scott sued for freedom. He argued that he had been taken to live in a free territory before returning to Missouri and that experienc ...
22320171The Struggles for Equality Civil Rights.docxtamicawaysmith
2/23/2017
1
The Struggles for Equality:
Civil Rights, Racism, Poverty,
and Immigration
Chapter 11
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you will be able to:
11.1 Discuss the promise of equality as embodied in the ideals of the
Enlightenment.
11.2 Discuss Martin Luther King’s philosophy of nonviolence in fighting for
equality.
11.3 Analyze the utilitarian argument for equality.
11.4 Articulate the moral arguments behind one’s duty to help the less
fortunate as proposed by Peter Singer.
The Enlightenment
The late 18th century witnessed the climax and the political
embodiment of the ideals of the Age of Enlightenment as the
American Revolution and the French Revolution brought back an
idea that had remained dormant since ancient Greece:
democracy.
In France, the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man declared that
“all men are born and remain free and equal in rights.”
2/23/2017
2
Freedom and the rights of humanity
Prior to that, in 1776, 33-year-old Thomas Jefferson with the help of
Benjamin Franklin and James Madison wrote the Declaration of
Independence which contains what is perhaps the most
sweeping and promising statement of human rights the world has
seen:
“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created
equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain
unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the
Pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are
instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent
of the governed” (Declaration of Independence, In Congress,
July 4, 1776).
Martin Luther King Jr.
A man of action, a man of peace, and a man of God, Martin
Luther King was born in Atlanta on January 15, 1929, the son of
Martin Luther King, Sr., and Alberta Williams King. He attended
Morehouse College in Atlanta as an undergraduate and later
Boston University for his doctorate in theology. He became head
of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and,
also, like his father, he served as pastor to the Ebenezer Baptist
Church in Atlanta.
King’s views
The moral philosophy King developed, usually drenched in the
considerable rhetorical powers of his Baptist preacher’s armor, was a
quest for “civil rights and social justice,” as the Nobel Prize committee
cited, “that all the inhabitants of the United States would be judged
by their personal qualities and not by the color of their skins.”
His quest was a relentless, nonviolent fight against the evils of racism,
poverty, and militarism. His fight against racism continues to inspire
the struggles to eliminate all prejudice, such as anti-Semitism and
islamophobia, homophobia, mysogyny, prejudice against the
disabled, and any other form of institutionalized bigotry that keeps
people from being all that they can be.
“Racism is a philosophy based on a contempt for life,” King said. “It
separates not only b ...
The Struggle for Civil RightsFrom the earliest colonial days, Am.docxsarah98765
The Struggle for Civil Rights
From the earliest colonial days, American history has been haunted by the specter of African slavery. Even after its legal abolition in 1865 America's "original sin," as James Madison first called it, lived on through a deeply entrenched system of legal, social, and economic discrimination against African Americans. (Madison, 1820)
(Click button for citation)
The movement to overturn that systemic discrimination has been ongoing for more than 150 years. The most blatant form of racial discrimination—the system of de jure segregation* enacted in the South, which legally required the discriminatory treatment of African Americans—was essentially abolished by federal legislation, including the Voting Rights Act, in the 1960s. But the problem of de facto segregation* has long been a fact of life not only in the South but throughout the nation.
It continued—in the segregated schools of cities such as Boston, and the segregated housing markets of cities such as Chicago and Los Angeles—long after the legal and political battles of the modern Civil Rights Movement* had ended. While African Americans, as a group, have made significant gains in income and educational attainment over the last 50 years, de facto segregation continues to affect many aspects of American life. (U.S. Census Bureau, 2012; National Center for Education Statistics, 2012)
In this theme, we will focus on the modern Civil Rights Movement, looking at efforts to affirm and expand African-American rights in two specific areas that have been central to the overall civil rights struggle: voting and public education. The fight to end the disenfranchisement of African-American voters and secure their right to vote, free from intimidation and legal obstruction, culminated with the passage of the Voting Rights Act in 1965. The struggle to desegregate public schools and win equal educational opportunities for African-American children—first affirmed in the landmark Supreme Court case, Brown v. Board of Education (1954)*—has continued for generations. In this theme, we will look specifically at the tumultuous and emotionally charged effort to desegregate Boston's public schools in the mid-1970s.
We will use these two case studies to examine the historical concept of contingency* and to learn how to use historical evidence* to draw conclusions about the impact of historical events on American society, through the process of historical analysis*.
Learning Objectives
In this learning block, you will:
· Review the historical context behind the struggle for civil rights for African Americans, the core concept of this theme
· Analyze the relationship between the following key approaches to studying history: research question, historical evidence, and thesis statement
· The Early Struggle for Civil Rights
· The end of the Civil War brought the legal abolition of slavery by the Thirteenth Amendment, the first of the three so-called Civil War Amendments*. But the end o.
A quick overview (not exhaustive) of the history of the leadership from an academic/scientific perspective. The notes are critical and all citations listed in references (APA) for further reading.
An updated look at organizational culture including a brief discussion of three measurement tools and a list of academic references behind the notes on the slides. Some personal (some) commentary as well. Enjoy. Learn. Use.
A very brief overview relating to industrial/organizational psychology and organizational health. Much more specifics required to execute individual or organizational change.
Siena Heights University graduate class on Negotiation as Process based on text (2011) from Lewicki, Saunders and Barry (McGraw-Hill). A very short top ten list of key points.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
2. Civil Liberties are
protections against
government actions.
Civil Rights refer to
positive actions the
government should
take to create equal
conditions for all
Americans.
3. Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)—
the Supreme Court ruled that
slaves were not citizens of the
United States, nor were they
entitled to the rights and
privileges of citizenship. The
Court also ruled that the
Missouri Compromise, which
banned slavery in the
Video: Dred Scott & the 14th territories in the southern
Amendment
border of Missouri, was
unconstitutional.
4. Thirteenth Amendment — neither slavery nor involuntary
servitude shall exist within the United States.
Fourteenth Amendment —all persons born or naturalized in
the United States are citizens of the United States. No state shall
make or enforce any law reducing the privileges or immunities of
citizens; nor shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or property,
without due process of the law, nor deny to any person within its
jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
Fifteenth Amendment — the rights of citizens in the United
States to vote shall note be denied or abridged by the United
States or by any State on the account of race, color, or previous
condition of servitude.
5. The Civil Rights Act of 1866 –
Extended citizenship to anyone
born in the US and gave African
Americans full equality according to
the law
The Enforcement Act of 1870
– Established specific sanctions for
interfering with the right to vote.
The Civil Rights Act of 1875 –
Declared that everyone is entitled
to free and equal enjoyment of
public accomodations.
6. The Ineffectiveness of
Failure of Reconstruction the Civil Rights Laws
The Civil Rights Cases
The Supreme Court
ruled that the
Fourteenth
Amendment was
limited to correcting
actions by states in
their official acts and
didn’t apply to private
discrimination
7. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
established the Separate-
but-Equal Doctrine — the
doctrine holding that
separate-but-equal
facilities do not violate the
equal protection clause of
the 14th Amendment to
the U.S. Constitution as
long as the facilities were
equal.
8. White Primary—a state primary election that
restricts voting to whites only; outlawed by the
Supreme Court in 1944.
Grandfather Clause—a device used by southern
states to disenfranchise African Americans. It
restricted voting to those whose grandfathers
had voted before 1867.
Poll Tax—a special tax that must be paid to vote.
In 1964, the 24th Amendment outlawed in
national elections, and in 1966 the Supreme
Court declared it unconstitutional in state
elections as well.
9. In the Southern states,
lynching was a direct
response to accusations
of “familiarity” between
a white woman and an
African American man or
boy.
Race riots were typically
initiated by whites,
typically caused by
competition for
employment. The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow
10. The End of Separate
but Equal begins in
the 1930’s with
several court cases
and the growth of
the NAACP.
Brown v. Board of
Education Topeka
(1954)
11. Segregation of the
races violates the equal
protection clause of the
14th Amendment.
Brown II (1955) the
Supreme Court ordered
lower courts to ensure
African Americans
would be admitted
with “all deliberate
speed.”
12. The white south
challenged the
ruling.
Arkansas governor
ordered the
national guard to
prevent integration
of Central high
school.
13. De Facto Segregation—
racial segregation that
occurs because of past
social and economic
conditions and residential
racial patterns.
De Jure Segregation—
racial segregation that
occurs because of laws or
administrative decisions by
public agencies.
14. By the late 1990s, the
courts drifted away from
previous commitments
to desegregation.
Several cases challenged
busing and admissions
policies.
Belk v. Charlotte-
Mecklenburg Board of
Education (2001)
15. Minority districts are
growing due to changing
demographics. Large
cities have higher
populations of African
and Latino American
populations.
This has caused shifts in
education systems and
inequalities in education
among districts.
16. Rosa Parks – arrested for
refusing to give up her
bus seat to a white man.
African Americans
boycotted the bus
system for a year, led by
a then 27 year old Dr.
Martin Luther King, Jr.
In 1956 a federal court
issued an injunction
prohibiting Montgomery,
AL bus segregation.
17. King’s Philosophy of Civil
Disobedience (Ghandi).
Civil Disobedience—a
nonviolent, public refusal
to obey allegedly unjust
laws. King’s practice was
based on Mahatma
Gandhi’s use of
demonstrations, protests,
and marches
18. The March on
Washington - August,
1963.
Over 250,000 attended
and millions watched on
television.
“I have a dream”
19. Black Power was a
different approach:
Black Muslims and African
American separatists
advocated militancy and a
“fighting back’ philosophy
Rejected cultural
assimilation
Malcolm X preached pride
in color and culture, but
demanded racial
separation
20. Forbids
discrimination on
the basis of race,
color, religion,
gender or national
origin.
Title VII prohibits
discrimination in
employment based
on the above.
21. The Voting
Rights Act of
1965 outlawed
discriminatory
voter registration
tests, authorized
federal
registration and
federal oversight
of any state or
local government
found
discriminating.
22. President Johnson
signed the executive
order in 1965, which
mandated Affirmative
Action: a policy in
educational admissions or
job hiring that gives special
attention or compensatory
treatment to traditionally
disadvantaged groups in an
effort to overcome present
effects of past
discrimination.
23. Forbade discrimination
in housing and provided
penalties for those
interfering with
individual civil rights.
Additional legislation
prevented discrimination
in mortgage lending.
In 2008 African American
voters outnumbered
white voters.
24. Congress expanded the
rights of the Equal
Opportunity
Employment
Commission and
expanded coverage of
civil rights to federal,
state, and local
governments, schools
and colleges.
25. Increased political
participation by African
Americans.
Over 5,000 Hispanic
elected officials (and
growing).
Increased participation
in politics and political
office by women of all
races.
Charles Haynes/Creative
Commons
26. Lucretia Mott and
Elizabeth Cady
Stanton were barred
by men at the World
Antislavery
Convention in London
in 1840, and returned David J. & Janice L. Frent Collection/Corbis
to the United States
with a plan to work
for women’s rights.
27. In 1848, the first women’s rights convention led by
Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton in Seneca
Falls, New York approved a Declaration of Sentiments.
28. Susan B. Anthony and
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
formed the National
Women’s Suffrage
Association
Alice Paul founded the
Congressional Union.
The organization
employed militant tactics
including hunger strikes,
arrests and civil
disobedience.
29. Lucy Burns
The 19th Amendment was passed in 1920 giving
women the right to vote in America.
30. Congress introduced the
Equal Rights Amendment
(ERA) in 1923.
Congress passed the ERA
in 1972, but the states
failed to approve it
within seven years.
Women’s issues include:
Domestic Violence,
Abortion, Pornography.
31. 1972 Education
Amendments: Gender
discrimination: Title IX states
no person in the United
States shall, on the basis of
sex, be excluded from
participation in; be denied
the benefits of, or be
subjected to discrimination
under any education
program or activity receiving
Federal financial assistance.
32. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act
of 1964 prohibits gender
discrimination.
In 1978 congress expanded
Title VII to include pregnancy.
The Supreme Court has ruled
it is the responsibility of the
employer to prevent sexual
harassment through
expansion of Title VII and
that harassment is covered in
Title VII.
35. The Supreme Court (5-4)
somewhat upheld
Affirmative Action in 1978
(Bakke v. University of
California) but found for
Bakke citing reverse
discrimination if race is the
sole consideration.
States have since moved to
narrow Affirmative Action,
particularly with college
admissions.
36. 1990 Americans with
Disabilities : Requires all
public buildings and public
services be available to persons
with disabilities. This includes
car rental companies, telephone
companies, etc. Employers must
reasonably accommodate the
needs of persons with
disabilities who have physical or
mental disabilities that impair
everyday activities. Health
conditions that have been
considered disabilities under
federal law are protected.
37. Juvenile Rights
Immigration
Gay and Lesbian Rights
Transgender Rights
Don’t Ask Don’t Tell
Same Sex Marriage
Defense of Marriage Act
State’s recognition of Gay
Marriage
Child custody and adoption
Editor's Notes
The plaintiffs in Belk v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education charged that the school system had become desegregated and that remedial techniques, such as busing and racial quotas, had thus been rendered unnecessary. A federal court of appeals agreed with the plaintiffs. When the ruling was challenged, the Supreme Court refused to hear the case and thereby upheld the lower court's ruling.