Supply chain management has gained a prodigious amount of attention from both practitioners and industriessince the last decade. Until now, there are many articles, and dissertations that address supply chain management, but there is still a lack of integration between the current efficiency evaluation methods and practical requisites for the supply chain management. A contemporary efficiency evaluation method is proposed to provide necessary support for efficiency improvement in supply chain management. The proposed method will address this aim in the following main aspects: a basic supply chain model; concrete and unconcrete efficiency measurement in various dimensions; a cross-organizational efficiency evaluation; and weighted average and fuzzy set theory method.
Supply chain management is the systemic, strategic coordination of the traditional business functions and the tactics across these business functions within a particular company and across businesses within the supply chain, for the purposes of improving the long-term performance of the individual companies and the supply chain as a whole
Supply chain management is the systemic, strategic coordination of the traditional business functions and the tactics across these business functions within a particular company and across businesses within the supply chain, for the purposes of improving the long-term performance of the individual companies and the supply chain as a whole
While many firms are part of supply chain not all are managed in any truly coordinated fashion.
Many firms within supply chain wants to work independently.
Firms with large system inventories, many suppliers, complex product assemblies and highly valued customers benefit most from the practice of supply chain management.
For these firms, even moderate supply chain management success can mean lower purchasing and inventory carrying costs, better product quality and higher levels of customer serviceโall leading to more sales.
Strategic supply chain management and logisticsBhavi Bhatia
ย
Thanks to all my readers. It gives boost when I get calls from my readers and am always happy to revert back to my followers and readers. I am sorry if I am unable to reply to all the e-mails due to my busy schedule.
Contact me for any type of assignments help(nominal charges).
Thanks and Regards,
Er. Bhavi Bhatia
e-mail: bhavi.bhatia.411@gmail.com
Phone: +91-7696003714, +91-9814614666
We have a specialized team of experts who can provide supply chain management assignment help in a desired way. EssayCorp knows that students look for quality services at an economical price, therefore we provide the best service within deadline at an affordable price. We always ensure that whenever students approach us they get satisfied every time.
The paper illustrates the role of Supply Chain Management in a Hotelโs Performance. It describes how supply chain management (SCM) system can help hotels to attain a sustainable competitive advantage by improving product quality and service while reducing cost at same time. As integrity of Supply chain is essential so to get benefited by its advantages, on this account, factors affecting the integration of supply chain management are explained. In conclusion Supply Chain Management has strong effects on overall hotel performance.
While many firms are part of supply chain not all are managed in any truly coordinated fashion.
Many firms within supply chain wants to work independently.
Firms with large system inventories, many suppliers, complex product assemblies and highly valued customers benefit most from the practice of supply chain management.
For these firms, even moderate supply chain management success can mean lower purchasing and inventory carrying costs, better product quality and higher levels of customer serviceโall leading to more sales.
Strategic supply chain management and logisticsBhavi Bhatia
ย
Thanks to all my readers. It gives boost when I get calls from my readers and am always happy to revert back to my followers and readers. I am sorry if I am unable to reply to all the e-mails due to my busy schedule.
Contact me for any type of assignments help(nominal charges).
Thanks and Regards,
Er. Bhavi Bhatia
e-mail: bhavi.bhatia.411@gmail.com
Phone: +91-7696003714, +91-9814614666
We have a specialized team of experts who can provide supply chain management assignment help in a desired way. EssayCorp knows that students look for quality services at an economical price, therefore we provide the best service within deadline at an affordable price. We always ensure that whenever students approach us they get satisfied every time.
The paper illustrates the role of Supply Chain Management in a Hotelโs Performance. It describes how supply chain management (SCM) system can help hotels to attain a sustainable competitive advantage by improving product quality and service while reducing cost at same time. As integrity of Supply chain is essential so to get benefited by its advantages, on this account, factors affecting the integration of supply chain management are explained. In conclusion Supply Chain Management has strong effects on overall hotel performance.
Supply Chain Management Explain By Frank Dante Frank Dante
ย
FRANK DANTE as a managing director of DanteCorp (UK) Ltd. participate in strategic planning of company. DanteCorp (UK) Ltd. is a full-service international import/export agency servicing wholesalers, buyers, entrepreneurs, and privately held companies. Our foremost expertise is in sourcing products and services in China for exportation to Europe, USA , Australia, Canada and other countries.
Supply Chain Efficiency Evaluation: A Contemporary Theoretical ModelWorld-Academic Journal
ย
Supply chain management has gained a prodigious amount of attention from both practitioners and industriessince the last decade. Until now, there are many articles, and dissertations that address supply chain management, but there is still a lack of integration between the current efficiency evaluation methods and practical requisites for the supply chain management. A contemporary efficiency evaluation method is proposed to provide necessary support for efficiency improvement in supply chain management. The proposed method will address this aim in the
following main aspects: a basic supply chain model; concrete and unconcrete efficiency measurement in various dimensions; a cross-organizational efficiency evaluation; and weighted average and fuzzy set theory method.
JOSCM | Journal of Operations and Supply Chain Management - Volume 8 number 2 - July/December 2015
This issue of Journal of Operations and Supply Chain Management counts with eight papers that focus on strategic, tactical and operational aspects of supply chain management.
The paper from Nyaoga, Magutu and Aduda (2015) explores the link between supply chain strategies and firm performance. Based on data from 627 companies, the authors show that supply chain strategies account for a significant share of firmsยด performance; reinforcing that companies should investments in supply chain practices. Radanliev (2015), in its turn, develops a framework based on the supply chain architecture, design, and engineering literature that offers guidelines on how practitioners can decompose and build a green-field (new and non-existent) supply chain. We also have three papers on specific supply chain strategies. Pereira and Silva (2015) and Bradaschia and Pereira (2015), for instance, explore the concept of supply chain resilience and its antecedents. With the use of case studies, the former shows how the management of buyer and supplier interfaces, of risk, and of knowledge can enhance resilience in a supply chain while the latter adds that flexibility is also a vital enabler of supply chain resilience. Ferreira, Bertan and Pimenta (2015) then show the importance of inter-organizational integration to achieve the outcomes expected by companies.
This volume also counts with papers focused on logistic services, transportation, and inventory management - key decision areas in supply chain management. Liane Okdinawati, Simatupang and Sunitiyoso (2015) review the literature on collaborative transportation management and suggest areas for future research in the field and Yang (2015) provides an overview of the third-party logistics providers in the United States for investigating how the industry has evolved to meets customers' needs in an environment marked by global supply chains. Finally, this issue has a technical note on a stochastic two-echelon model to solve the petrol station replenishment problem. This model offers insights on how firms can devise a replenishment policy to minimize inventory costs, in the long run, given the demand pattern.
For more information on this issue, visit the FGV Library System: http://bit.ly/2livlzW
Determinants of Supply Chain Performance of Indian Manufacturing OrganizationsWaqas Tariq
ย
This paper aims at proposing various determinants of supply chain performance of Indian manufacturing organizations. The determinants are summarized based on extensive literature review of empirical research articles on supply chain management (SCM) and performance measurement approaches. This study is a part of a larger research project exploring SC related practices. A critical analysis is carried out so as to identify research gaps in context of performance measurement of supply chains, as well as to propose directions for future research. A conceptual model is also proposed. Critical investigation of selected articles led to an idea that there can be significant effect of selected variables on SC Performance. It is to be seen that how various parameters, taken from the literature review, affect SC performance and ultimately contributing to its competitiveness. The various parameters like supplier-buyer relations, external supply chain, environmental factors, human metrics, information sharing and performance measurement approaches are taken in a single study in the context of Indian manufacturing organizations. Based on a pilot study with sample size of 100, empirical tests resulted in reduction of items. Based on the obtained results, the organizations can enhance the SCM performance by improving the current practices/strategies through focusing on the determinants that significantly influence SCM performance. Further research can be carried out by using data of various supply chains of other sectors and industries of India to generalize the research.
Draft Due Week 5 and worth 50 pointsHave you ever needed just th.docxkanepbyrne80830
ย
Draft Due Week 5 and worth 50 points
Have you ever needed just the facts?
At times a formal, objectively written approach is more appropriate or even critical for establishing credibility so that your audience will listen and get informed! The key to informative writing is making the shift from personal opinion to objective facts. This assignment will provide you with the important opportunity to practice making this shift to a style that is required in so many workplaces and throughout your academic program.
For this assignment, you will write an informative essay on the topic you have previously chosen. You will need to identify a problem, need, or process related to your topic. Then you will inform your audience and provide supporting evidence from a minimum of two credible sources that have been provided in the webtext. Keep in mind, you will continue to use the standard essay format: Introduction paragraph with a thesis statement, body paragraphs that specifically support the points in your thesis statement, and a conclusion paragraph.
Draft
Due
Week
5
and
worth
50
point
s
Have
you
ever
needed
just
the
facts
?
At
times
a
formal,
objectively
written
approach
is
more
appropriate
or
even
critical
for
establishing
credibility
so
that
your
audience
will
listen
and
get
informed!
The
key
to
informative
writing
is
making
the
shift
from
personal
opinion
to
objective
fact
s.
This
assignment
will
provide
you
with
the
important
opportunity
to
practice
making
this
shift
to
a
style
that
is
required
in
so
many
workplaces
and
throughout
your
academic
program
.
For
this
assignment,
you
will
write
an
informative
essay
on
the
topic
y
ou
have
previously
chosen.
You
will
need
to
identify
a
problem,
need,
or
process
related
to
your
topic.
Then
you
will
inform
your
audience
and
provide
supporting
evidence
from
a
minimum
of
two
credible
sources
that
have
been
provided
in
the
webtext.
Keep
i
n
mind,
you
will
continue
to
use
the
standard
essay
format:
Introduction
paragraph
with
a
thesis
statement,
body
paragraphs
that
specifically
support
the
points
in
your
thesis
statement,
and
a
conclusion
paragraph
.
Draft Due Week 5 and worth 50 points
Have you ever needed just the facts?
At times a formal, objectively written approach is more appropriate or even
critical for establishing credibility so that your audience will listen and get
informed! The key to informative writing is making the shift from personal
opinion to objective facts. This assignment will provide you with the important
opportunity to practice making this shift to a style that is required in so many
workplaces and throughout your academic program.
For this assignment, you will write an informative essay on the topic you have
previously chosen. You will need to identify a problem, need, or process
related to your topic. T.
In recent years, management and, consequently, supply chain performance measurement, has attracted the attention of a large number of managers and researchers in the field of production and operations management. In parallel with the evolution of organizations from a single approach to a network and supply chain approach, performance measurement systems have also changed and moved towards network and supply chain performance measurement. Therefore, in order to face the storm of great change and transformation and not give in to the wave of competitive aggression, organizations have long had one thing in common, and that is to focus approaches and focus efforts towards achieving results. Results that lead to a competitive advantage and are more effective and decisive in the performance indicators of the organization, including earning more. In this study, in order to identify and prioritize the factors affecting the supply chain in manufacturing companies, using indicators such as cost, timely delivery and procurement time to evaluate the supply chain efficiency is considered. And performance evaluation was performed at the manufacturer level. Therefore, in order to evaluate the performance of the supply chain using the AHP integration approach and the DEA method approach in the fuzzy environment, the suppliers and suppliers of the manufacturing company were evaluated and ranked in terms of performance.
This study pursued to investigate the effects of supply chain management practices on organizational
performance in the food complex industries in Asella town. A cross-sectional survey research design was
employed in this study. The population of interest comprised of all suppliers, employees, customers, retailers
were involved and multistage sampling was employed and 158 sample
The aim of this conceptual paper is to explicate the impact of effective supply chain management in creating customersโ value. This study applied secondary source to collect all the relevant information in order to derive the conceptual framework. The findings suggest that effective supply chain management has a positive impact on the sustainability, organizational performance, competitiveness and innovativeness in way to creating ultimate value for the customers.
ROLE OF SUPPLIER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN OPTIMIZATION OF OPERATIONAL PERFORM...muo charles
ย
ROLE OF SUPPLIER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN OPTIMIZATION OF OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE IN TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICE INDUSTRY IN KENYA. A CASE OF SAFARICOM LIMITED KENYA
Please go through the Review Article and submit a summary of.pdfkitty811
ย
Please go through the Review Article and submit a summary of 500-800 words to include.
a. Focal points discussed regarding SCM.
b. Important issues and challenges concerning supply chain management.
c. Important conclusion drawn for improving overall supply chain performance.
plz solve asap I want this with in 2 hours
Abstract India is becoming a global manufacturing hub. Increasing demand in domestic and
international markets is opening a new world of opportunities for the Indian Industry. Increasing
competition, due to globalization is making inevitable for the Indian industries to provide cost
effective quality output with stringent delivery schedules. Issues in supply of inferior quality,
delayed supply, unwarranted cost escalation, etc. would adversely impact the credibility and
business potential of the Indian industry. Amongst many difficulties faced by Indian manufacturers,
supply chain disruption management is a major issue, which can result in large tangible and non-
tangible losses. In current study lot of research has been done to understand what the Supply
Chain Management is and how it is affecting organizations, what are different challenges and it
can be proved as a tool for improving overall performance in today's global competitive
environment. Keywords: Supply chain management. 1. Introduction his suppliers and through his
suppliers' suppliers and so on back. By having the program driven by the customer, it is In the
current competitive scenario supply chain hoped that inventories, caused by uncertainties and
slow management assumes a significant importance and calls response, will be significantly
eliminated. While there are for serious research attention, as companies are challenged sales
incentives to major suppliers with the carrot of with finding ways to meet ever-rising customer
category management or similar programs, the success of expectations at a manageable cost. To
do so, businesses supply chain management rests with logistics. must search out which parts of
their supply-chain process are not competitive, understand which customer needs are Functional
areas of Logistics: not being met, establish improvement goals, and rapidly 1. Network Design
implementnecessaryimprovements.2.InformationTechnology The term 'supply chain management'
has not only 3. Transportation been used to explain the logistics activities and the 4. Inventory and
Storage planning and control of materials and information flows 5. Warehousing internally within a
company or externally between 6. Materials Handling, Loading and unloading companies
(Christopher 1992, Cooper et al.,1997 and 7. Packaging and Re-packaging Fisher, 1997).
Researchers have also used it to describe strategic, inter organizational issues (Cox, 1997,
Harland It should be noted that supply chain management has both et al., 1999), to discuss an
alternative organizational form "hard" (i.e., technical) and "soft" (i.e., people) aspects, to vertical
integration (Thorelli ,1986 H.
International Journal of Production ResearchVol. 49, No. 15,.docxmariuse18nolet
ย
International Journal of Production Research
Vol. 49, No. 15, 1 August 2011, 4457โ4481
Developing global supply chain quality management systems
Chu-hua Kueia*, Christian N. Madua and Chinho Linb
aDepartment of Management and Management Science, Lubin School of Business,
Pace University, 1 Pace Plaza, New York, NY 10038, USA; bDepartment of Industrial and
Information Management & Institute of Information Management, College of Management,
National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan (R.O.C)
(Received 29 October 2009; final version received 2 June 2010)
This paper presents a global supply chain quality management (SCQM)
framework as an extension of the traditional supply chain operations and quality
management. Three distinct groups of variables are adopted in this study to
illustrate the conceptual framework: a hierarchy of design variables, a hierarchy
of system variables, and a hierarchy of problem solving methods. The aim of this
theoretical framework is to offer practical guidelines to global business leaders
and their value chain partners. This study also involves interviews with senior
executives from a multinational enterprise in Taiwan. Four major SCQM themes
are identified โ design for six sigma (DFSS); international standards; supply chain
management (SCM); global leadership and human resource management. In this
study, we also view the cycle of decision making as an integral part of any global
SCQM strategy. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is used to develop priority
indices for the following three hierarchical levels: environmental scanning,
strategic choice, and tactical choice. The presented framework adopts a systems
approach and ensures that quality conscious products are designed, manufac-
tured, and distributed.
Keywords: quality management; supply chain quality management; systems
thinking; supply chains
1. Introduction
Achieving supply chain quality (SCQ) is not easy. A supply chain must undergo a
transformation from its supply chain management approach to supply chain quality
management. A typical supply chain network is fairly complicated. But, however
complicated, as noted by Chow et al. (2008), Lambert (2004) and Madu and Kuei (2004),
a supply chain can be implemented through nine elements:
(1) sourcing,
(2) supply chain relationship,
(3) product development,
(4) order fulfilment,
(5) manufacturing,
*Corresponding author. Email: [emailย protected]
ISSN 0020โ7543 print/ISSN 1366โ588X online
๏ฟฝ 2011 Taylor & Francis
DOI: 10.1080/00207543.2010.501038
http://www.informaworld.com
(6) distribution,
(7) customer engagement,
(8) reverse logistics, and
(9) Web-enabled platforms.
Madu and Kuei (2004) further note that supply chains exist for the purpose of connection,
transaction, and delivery. They define supply chain management (SCM) with two simple
equations, where each equation represents the letters that make up SCM. The definition is
as follows:
Supply chain: A production-distribution networ.
Practices and ideas of supply chain management evolve and change fast. Modern information
and communication, for instance. The study is based on SCM's analysis as a business and industry. This
study provides a comprehensive investigation of attitudes, practises and designs based on the categories.
In order to handle supply chain management, we are exploring particular questions about SCD
integration, the instrument for planning and control and communication. The following are the key
results. To what extent SCM strategy and controls are used to improve suppliers and customers. The key
probity of SCM is cost efficiency, volume as well as delivery speed. It is also considered as an essential
input to the selection process of supply chain partners, now businesses want us to speed up the SC
operation through technology usage
Similar to Supply Chain Efficiency Evaluation: A Contemporary Theoretical Model (20)
Customer-based brand equity has many dimensions, however a general acceptance as to which dimensions to use when measuring customer-based brand equity has not being decided. This study reviews empirical results of literatures that utilized Aakerโs and Kellerโs model in measuring brand equity and sum up the main or significant customer-based brand equity. The findings indicate that it is empirical difficult differentiating between brand awareness and brand association.
Exploring trends of tourism demand from the past is essential in measuring the different tourism movement volatility which occurred either nature or man-made. This study analyzes the volatility of tourism demand by data mining tourist numbers arriving in Hong Kong from 1999 to 2010. Eight different markets will be examined, both short haul and long haul, to compare and contrast the characteristic tourist profile and the behavior and attitude changes of each market according to the volume of visitors that come to Hong Kong. There have been significant changes over the past 12 years in different countries with some positive and negative impacts from natural disasters, an economic crisis and mega-events. This paper will compare and contrast different markets and analyze the tourism demand with regards to volatility in relation to the profile characteristics, spending pattern behaviors with touristโs satisfaction level.
Exposure to solar radiation can have positive effects on the human body, but it can also cause damages and melanoma is the most significant among those. The aim of the present study was to gather information about the effects of solar radiation on the human body and to update available knowledge in accordance with new international data. A systematic literature review took place and included both Greek and international books, articles, studies and related papers on the internet (PubMed, Cinahl, Scopus and Iatrotek databases), published from 1998 to this day. Dissertations and โgray literatureโ (e.g. conference proceedings) were not included in this study. The following terms (โUltraviolet radiation, skin cancer, sun, sun exposure, electromagnetic spectrum, conjunctiva, cataract, squamous cell cancer , basal cell cancer, cutaneous melanomaโ) were used as key-words. UVR may have an impact on the human body according to wavelength. UVA and UVB exposure may cause photoaging and sunburns, and UVC may induce DNA mutations leading to skin cancer. Ozone is the main protective mechanism since it absorbs most of UVR. Ozone layer depletion in the last decades has lead to increased rates of sun-related damages. Most significant damages include cataract and skin damages such as photoaging and skin cancers. Among skin cancers, melanoma has the highest incidence in ever younger ages reducing life expectancy.
A good part of the international literature focuses on primary prevention measures and interventions that include mole monitoring.
Sustainability of Microfinance: A Case of Tea SACCOs in Kericho, Buret and Bo...World-Academic Journal
ย
Tea SACCOs are tea based rural SACCOs formed by tea growers, whose functions are to keep memberโs savings in form of shares, savings accounts and deposit accounts among others. Little is known about the factors influencing financial sustainability of Tea SACCOs. The study covered all six Tea SACCOs in Kericho, Bomet and Buret districts in the Rift valley province of Kenya. Analysis involved evaluating growth in net worth, administrative efficiency, loan portfolio quality, staff productivity and transaction costs. The study found that the growth of net assets had been on the decline over the years, loan portfolio was poor and default rates were high. According to the indicators evaluated, Tea SACCOs had not yet reached their full potential in outreach and that high transaction costs hindered their financial sustainability.
Studies and mechanical tries regarding the cutting process by punching of the...World-Academic Journal
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In this paper we analyzed in first part on a virtual model made in SolidWorks, mechanical stresses occurring in the mechanism for cutting the dressing, determining optimal cutting force and in second part, on physical model built I determined, using specialized measuring devices, cutting forces. This paper is intended as an analysis of the technical solutions adopted in virtual construction phase by the physical model based on achieved results.
In this paper, the impact of stock market reforms is analyzed on foreign portfolio investment. Time series data is collected on these variables and correlation and regression test is applied on this data. E-views version 7 is used to analyze the data. Correlation shows positive relationship between variable which suggest that reforms are deriving factors of foreign investment. Results show the positive relationship between SMR and FPI.
Lean thinking literature review and suggestions for future researchWorld-Academic Journal
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The research provides a literature overview from a timespan of more than 60 years with articles historically and thematically organized about the application of โLean thinkingโ (LT) concept and the main research findings through different industries. Lean thinking is an important but yet still under researched aspect of strategic management. By collecting research records from ISI web of knowledge naming directly the lean thinking issue; 34 Web of science records, 10 Medline records and 2 Chinese citation database records were found. Results show that the main focus areas on lean thinking researches are mainly applied in health care industry (with the 48% of the collected records) followed by manufacturing industry (17%), construction (10%), product development (7%), training and education (7%) and supply chain (2%). Other industries (9%) are also starting to apply lean thinking philosophy according to the particularities of their domain. We find research gaps and provide directions for further investigation.
Sustainability of Microfinance: A Case of Tea SACCOs in Kericho, Buret and Bo...World-Academic Journal
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Tea SACCOs are tea based rural SACCOs formed by tea growers, whose functions are to keep memberโs savings in form of shares, savings accounts and deposit accounts among others. Little is known about the factors influencing financial sustainability of Tea SACCOs. The study covered all six Tea SACCOs in Kericho, Bomet and Buret districts in the Rift valley province of Kenya. Analysis involved evaluating growth in net worth, administrative efficiency, loan portfolio quality, staff productivity and transaction costs. The study found that the growth of net assets had been on the decline over the years, loan portfolio was poor and default rates were high. According to the indicators evaluated, Tea SACCOs had not yet reached their full potential in outreach and that high transaction costs hindered their financial sustainability.
International Inter-institutional Partnerships in Higher Tourism Education: ...World-Academic Journal
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Though internationalization of higher education is now well documented in the developed nations, there is a dearth of literature in this area in Africa. In Kenya, the few studies available focus on inter-institutional partnerships between higher institutions of learning offering tourism education and so little is known about these partnerships. And yet Kenya being a leading tourist destination in Africa, it has increased engagements with other parts of the world including academic partnerships motivated by its position in tourism. Consequently, Kenyan universities have introduced academic programs in tourism and hospitality which are now attracting more inter-institutional partnerships. Using the case of Moi University, this study seeks to establish the extent to which staff and student exchanges resulting from these partnerships serve the interest of the collaborating departments in Kenyan universities.
La thรฉorie des jeux et de la dรฉcision en prรฉsence dโasymรฉtrie dโinformation d...World-Academic Journal
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Les relations au sein de lโentreprise tendent ร se complexifier depuis quelques annรฉes. Lโouverture internationale multiplie en effet le nombre dโincitations entre les diffรฉrents agents qui constituent la base relationnelle de lโentreprise. Cette derniรจre peut donc sโapprรฉhender comme un nลud vers lequel les liaisons convergent et ou chaque relation (Entreprise/Actionnaires ; Entreprise/Clients ; Entreprise/Salariรฉs ; Entreprise/Fournisseurs ; Entreprise/Banquesโฆ)
Cet article sโinscrit dans le contexte actuel ou les PME ne pouvant sโautofinancer et nโayant pas accรจs au marchรฉ financier, restent fortement dรฉpendantes des banques. Nous montrons dans le cadre dโune revue de la littรฉrature, lโimportance du financement de la PME par les banques sur les marchรฉs du crรฉdit. En effet, elles rencontrent des difficultรฉs du fait de leur petite taille. Ce qui conduit ร lโasymรฉtrie dโinformation et le problรจme dโanti-sรฉlection et dโincitation contraire qui amรจnent les banques a une mauvaise apprรฉciation du risque PME.
Pour amรฉliorer sa structure dโinformation sur la PME, la banque peut utiliser la mรฉthode prรชt-observation dans lโoptique dโobserver les signaux dรฉgager sur son niveau dโeffort. Cโest le principe Bayรฉsien qui permettra dโamรฉliorer sa structure dโinformation sur la PME et de fait๏ผsโengager ร offrir des contrats aux meilleurs conditions et de limiter les situations dโasymรฉtries dโinformations ex post et le rationnement du crรฉdit qui en dรฉcoule.
Activation of Spent Bleaching Earth for Dehumidification Application World-Academic Journal
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To circumvent the current pollution-prone disposal of the spent bleaching earth (SBE), an experimental program was conducted to recover the waste SBE and to use it for air dehumidification application. Waste SBE was obtained from the damping site of the oil industry, and the entrained oil was recovered via hexane extraction while the remaining hydrocarbons were oxidized with 30% H2O2 and heat at 550 oC. This reactivation procedure affords oil useful in other ole-chemical applications and active SBE for air dehumidification. For the purpose of adsorbent development, SBE regeneration was found to follow two routes, solvent extraction followed by oxidation using 30% H2O2 which retains the elasticity of the clay crucial in molding the adsorbents and thermal processing at 550 oC after molding. Experiments were carried out in batch system, and the effects of parameters including, activation temperature, contact time, The sorption characteristic of the adsorbent established two peaks when activated at 550 oC and 650 0C with a capacity of 27.07 and 26.63% respectively. The regenerated SBE proved to be a promising adsorbent for moisture since its sorption capacity was higher than that of clay (15%) which is commonly used as commercial desiccant.
Recruiting in the Digital Age: A Social Media MasterclassLuanWise
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In this masterclass, presented at the Global HR Summit on 5th June 2024, Luan Wise explored the essential features of social media platforms that support talent acquisition, including LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter) and TikTok.
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Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
Forward-thinking leaders and business managers understand the impact that discipline has on organisational success. A disciplined workforce operates with clarity, focus, and a shared understanding of expectations, ultimately driving better results, optimising productivity, and facilitating seamless collaboration.
Although discipline is not a one-size-fits-all approach, it can help create a work environment that encourages personal growth and accountability rather than solely relying on punitive measures.
In this deck, you will learn the significance of workplace discipline for organisational success. Youโll also learn
โข Four (4) workplace discipline methods you should consider
โข The best and most practical approach to implementing workplace discipline.
โข Three (3) key tips to maintain a disciplined workplace.
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This Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit was created by ex-McKinsey, Deloitte and BCG Management Consultants, after more than 5,000 hours of work. It is considered the world's best & most comprehensive Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit. It includes all the Frameworks, Best Practices & Templates required to successfully undertake the Digital Transformation of your organization and define a robust IT Strategy.
Editable Toolkit to help you reuse our content: 700 Powerpoint slides | 35 Excel sheets | 84 minutes of Video training
This PowerPoint presentation is only a small preview of our Toolkits. For more details, visit www.domontconsulting.com
"๐ฉ๐ฌ๐ฎ๐ผ๐ต ๐พ๐ฐ๐ป๐ฏ ๐ป๐ฑ ๐ฐ๐บ ๐ฏ๐จ๐ณ๐ญ ๐ซ๐ถ๐ต๐ฌ"
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Supply Chain Efficiency Evaluation: A Contemporary Theoretical Model
1. WORLD ACADEMIC JOURNAL OF BUSINESS & APPLIED SCIENCES-MARCH-SEPTEMBER 2013 EDITION
Journal of Logistics & Supply Chain
MAY 2013 VOL.1, No,3
Supply Chain Efficiency Evaluation: A Contemporary
Theoretical Model
Janvier-James Assey Mbang
Glorious Sun School of Business & Management,Donghua University
P.O.box: 200051, 1882 West Yan an road, Shanghai, China
Accepted 2 May 2013
Abstract
Supply chain management has gained a prodigious amount of attention from both practitioners and
industries since the last decade. Until now, there are many articles, and dissertations that address
supply chain management, but there is still a lack of integration between the current efficiency
evaluation methods and practical requisites for the supply chain management. A contemporary
efficiency evaluation method is proposed to provide necessary support for efficiency improvement in
supply chain management. The proposed method will address this aim in the following main aspects: a
basic supply chain model; concrete and unconcrete efficiency measurement in various dimensions; a
cross-organizational efficiency evaluation; and weighted average and fuzzy set theory method.
Keywords: Supply chain, Efficiency evaluations, Theoretical Model
1. Introduction
In contemporary business environments, producers face high pressure of customers' requirements
in goods quality amelioration, customization, and demand responsiveness. In consideration of
supporting the business under these pressures, many companies are striving to develop long-term
collaborations with a few adequate suppliers and cooperate with them in inventory control and product
development. Furthermore, the high competitive requirements of customer responsiveness and cost
efficiency have encouraged companies to pursue strategic partnership with suppliers, downstream
customers to exploit their competences and create new value to end consumers. This alliance is known
as supply chain and the control, organizing and planning of the supply chain activities is called supply
chain management
Even though supply chain management has become common practice across all enterprises, and
many papers related to theories and practices of supply chain management have been published, the
topic of efficiency evaluation of supply chain management does not receive enough attention therein
(Gunasekaran, A., Patel, C. and Tirtiroglu, E.,2001; Mithun J. Sharma and Song Jin Yu,2010). As a
fundamental management tool, efficiency evaluation provides the necessary support for efficiency
improvement in pursuit of supply chain superiority. However, many critical deficiencies pervert the
current efficiency measurement systems from making important contribution to the development of
supply chain management. With the purpose to fill this gap, the present paper attempts to propose a
contemporary efficiency evaluation method for supply chain.
Efficiency evaluation is an important element of effective control and decision making, as well as
planning It can provide essential feedback information to disclose progress, augment communication
and motivation, and identify problems (Waggoner, D.B., Neely, A.D. and Kennerley, M.P., 1999;Amos
Sola Ogunsiji and Oluwatosin Oba Ogunsiji,2011). In supply chain management context, efficiency
evaluation can further ease integration among the supply chain members. The evaluation results
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2. WORLD ACADEMIC JOURNAL OF BUSINESS & APPLIED SCIENCES-MARCH-SEPTEMBER 2013 EDITION
disclose the effects of potential opportunities strategies in supply chain management. There are many
articles and papers that have addressed efficiency evaluation in supply chain management. Beamon
Martin (1999), Jian Cai, Xiangdong Liu, Zhihui Xiao,Jin Liu (2009) identifie the following measures:
flexibility, output, and resources. Gunasekaran, A., Patel, C. and Tirtiroglu, E.. (2001) develop a model
for evaluating the efficiencies from, operational, tactical, and strategic levels in supply chains; this
model principally concerns supplier, delivery, inventory and logistics costs, and customer service.
In spite of the importance of efficiency evaluation, there is very little literature available for
efficiency evaluation of supply chain management, especially that deals with measures selection and
system design (Beamon, 1999; Jian Cai, Xiangdong Liu, Zhihui Xiao,Jin Liu,2009). The contributions
of the efficiency evaluation in use are lowered by existence of many imperfections in supply chain
management context. Classic finance-based efficiency measurement has already received wide
judgment on short-term profit orientation, stimulating local optimization, thus failing to support
constant improvement. In addition, efficiency evaluations in supply chain context are also associated
with many problems, as asserted below (Gunasekaran, A., Patel, C. and Tirtiroglu, E., 2001, Asghar
Sabbaghi and Ganesh Vaidyanathan ,2008):
being not linked with adequate strategy;
being lack of equalized approach to integrating non-financial and financial measures;
being lack of system thinking, in which a supply chain must be perceived as one whole entity,
and
being loss of supply chain context, and thus stimulating local optimization.
With these imperfections above-mentioned, an effective efficiency evaluation method has always
been under considerable discussion, and necessitates further research investigation.
This paper is organized as following: this part is the preliminary part to supply chain management and
efficiency measurements in supply chain management. Part two is literature review. Part three
introduces the proposed efficiency evaluation method. Part four is conclusion.
2. Literature review
Supply chain collaboration helps in strengthening the customer responsiveness, increase of
flexibility for changing market conditions, amelioration of customer service, and also benefits to retain
customers. The primary initiative of supply chain integration could be antedated to 1992, when
fourteen trade association sponsors created the Efficient Consumer Response (ECR) group (Robins,
1994; Barratt and Oliveira, 2001; Ursula Y. Alvarado and Herbert Kotzab ,2001). Then in 1995, five
enterprises: the Warner-Lambert, Wal-Mart Stores, Manaugistics, and SAP worked on the
Collaborative Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment project. The objectives of the project were to
ameliorate the business (Cooke, 1998; Felix TS Chan & SH Chung,2004). Collaborative Planning,
Forecasting and Replenishment attempted to bring organizations (manufacturers and retailers) together
to make collaborative planning, encompassing promotion sales, purchasing, logistics planning, and
replenishment. Blair, N. (1998) and Mark Powell, Paul Childerhouse (2010).asserted that
Collaborative Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment had won the support of organizations in the
grocery, general commodities, and clothing industries.
Practitioners in supply chain management are many. Barratt, M. and Oliveria, A. (2001) and
Margaret L. Sheng (2006) pointed out that two important bottlenecks encountered in implementation
of supply chain integration were the lack of perceptibility of real customer demand, and the joint
relationships in the area involved collaborative decision making. New, S. and Ramsay, J. (1997) also
asserted that there was a danger of arbitrary costsโ distribution and advantages in practice. This is due
to the inequality of power between different organizations. Neuman, J. and Samuels, C. (1996)
suggested that adequately sharing the benefits from the supply chain was important. Pfohl,
Hans.Christian. and Buse, H.P. (2001) had interrogated that what type of organization, in the supply
chain, should be the fundamental decision maker to decide all of the operation and coordination
decisions. Stank, T.P., Daugherty, P.J. and Autry, C.W. (1999) demonstrated that there was a vigorous
support in using automatic inventory replenishment in cross-organizational partnership.
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3. WORLD ACADEMIC JOURNAL OF BUSINESS & APPLIED SCIENCES-MARCH-SEPTEMBER 2013 EDITION
2.1 Supply chain efficiency measures
Anderson, P., Aronson, H. and Storhagen, N.G. (1989) pointed out that, in evaluating logistics
efficiency, a strategy of evaluation is necessary for the successful realization, management and planning
of the different activities, which include the business logistics function. Thor, C.G. (1994) asserted that
there should be a group of measures. This is a collection of four to six efficiency measurements, generally
encompassing quality, productivity, and customer satisfaction, which, together, provide an all-embracing
view of results but also provide a characteristic value. Stainer, Alan (1997) pointed out that an efficiency
measure is used to determine the efficiency and effectiveness of a current system. Efficiency
measurements are also used to design proposed systems, by determining the values of the decision
variables that grant the most judicious level of efficiency. Generally, efficiency measurements can be
categorized as quantitative and qualitative in nature.
2.1.1 Quantitative efficiency measurements
Quantitative efficiency measurements are those measures that may be straightforwardly depicted
numerically. Quantitative supply chain efficiency measurements may be classified by goals that are based
on profit or cost, productivity, and customer responsivenessโ measures. Since quantitative measurements
are something that can be depicted and managed easily, any qualitative measurements should be
interpreted into quantitative measurements. Some illustrations of quantitative efficiency measurements
are as follows:
Measurements based on cost
Cost reduction: Cost is generally reduced for a whole supply chain. For instance transportation cost
reduction.
Sales increase: Increase the amount of sales dollars.
Profit increase:Increase revenues less costs
Inventory investment reduction: Reduce the amount of inventory costs so minimization of the inventory
level is necessary.
Return on investment increase: Increase the ratio of net profit to capital that was used to produce that
profit.
Measurements based on customer responsiveness:
Fill rate increase: Increase the portion of customer orders filled on time.
Product lateness reduction: Reduce the amount of time between the agreed goods delivery date and the
current goods delivery date.
Customer response time reduction: Reduce the amount of time required from the time an order is placed
until the time the order is received by the client, such as order lead time.
Lead time reduction: Reduce the time that is required from the time an order has started its production
until the time the order is ready for shipment.
Function duplication reduction: Reduce the volume of business functions that are provided by more than
one business entity.
Measurements based on productivity:
Capacity utilization increase: Increase the capacity utilization.
Resources utilization increase: Increase the resources utilization.
2.1.2 Qualitative efficiency measurements
Qualitative efficiency measurements are those measurements for which there is no direct numerical
measure, although some aspects of them may be measured. For instance:
Consumer satisfaction: The extent e to which consumers are satisfied with the goods and service received,
and can be applied to external consumers and internal consumers. Consumer satisfaction mainly includes
three components: pre-transaction satisfaction, transaction-satisfaction, and post-transaction satisfaction.
Flexibility: The extent to which the supply chain can respond to fluctuation in the demand pattern.
Material flow and information integration: The extent to which functions within the supply chain can
pass transport materials and information easily.
Effective risk management: The relations within the supply chain include inherent risk. Effective
risk management depicts the extent to which the influence of these risks is reduced.
Supplier efficiency: A measure to depict how good a supplier can deliver raw materials to manufacturing
facilities in good conditions and on time.
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4. WORLD ACADEMIC JOURNAL OF BUSINESS & APPLIED SCIENCES-MARCH-SEPTEMBER 2013 EDITION
3. A contemporary efficiency evaluation method
In consideration of solving the above- mentioned problem, a contemporary efficiency evaluations method
is presented in this paper. The proposed method is a model that uses fuzzy-set theory to assess the
integrated efficiency of compound supply chain. Fuzzy set theory is generally employed to address the real
situation in measurement and judgment processes. It can deal with uncertain information to help decision
making. The measurementโs procedure is very simple: after choosing the adequate efficiency
measurements as mentioned above, data should be collected for examination. The efficiency measurements
are weighted by determining the normalized importance weight through a geometric scale of triangular
fuzzy number. Then, fuzzy efficiency grade is defined to determine the fuzzy evaluation result and an
efficiency score can be estimated. In conclusion, the evaluation results can be defuzzified to an efficiency
index, which can be used to show the efficiency of the system under evaluation.
3.1 Process-based model and System-thinking view
The goal of supply chain management is to create the most value, not only for some enterprises,
but for the entire supply chain network, even encompassing the end consumers. In this context,
favorable supply chain evaluation systems do more than just concentrate on partial areas, but rather
look across the entire network. This paper proposes that an integrated system-thinking view is used to
suit the essence of supply chain management, in which the supply chain efficiencies should be
evaluated beyond the classic boundaries of organizations and functions. Then, an efficiency evaluation
system that bridges the key business aspects will facilitate seamless integration and global
optimization of supply chain efficiencies.
It is difficult to control supply chains than just to define it. A supply chain is an inter-connected
network of various members and complex relationships (Lambert, D.M., Cooper, M.C. and Pagh, J.D.,
1998). It is common that, in practice, a company participates in many supply chain, and a company
has not all its divisions and functions involved in one supply chain with the same integration. This
complexity also confuses efficiency evaluation of supply chains, and then requires building an
effective model to facilitate the examination and evaluation of supply chain management.
This research attempts to build a process-based method to facilitate the practical supply chains
from their commonalities and essence. In general, a process is a set of activities designed to perform
particular functions and generate particular outputs. In this model, a process refers to a series of
activities from original producers and suppliers till retailers add value for the end consumers. The core
business processes, which are of critical importance to corporate strategies and goals, are proposed to
identify and enclose herein as the framework of this efficiency evaluation systems. For any supply
chain, the basic structure and processes can be described as indicated in figure 1, in which six core
processes are connected.
The key processes identified can be further classified into activities and sub-processes to address
their efficiencies. For instance, the inbound logistics can be classified into such sub-processes as
purchasing, transportation, supply base management. These key processes and sub-processes consist
of a hierarchy of supply chain model, which is the model of the proposed efficiency evaluation
systems.
This efficiency evaluation method is based on the process model of the supply chain, so the
measurements can be formulated from process efficiency.
Any process employs particular company resources, achieves the planned objectives and
functions, and then adds value to goods that are delivered to end consumers. The consumed resources,
and planned operations are the important efficiency of processes. Power, Time, capital, labor facilities,
and information are generally the resources that processes employ. Generally, they can be evaluated in
terms of their amount per output unit. The efficiency on expected outcomes and operations can be
evaluated according to their planned operations. For instance, purchasing process is principally
responsible for material replenishment and supply base management. Thus it can be assessed from
such efficiency as quality and reliability of material replenishment, and supplier-purchaser relationship.
Reliability in transportation and delivery, and flexibility in production, material supply, and order
delivery have received more attention in efficiency evaluation of supply chains.
For each process and its sub-processes that need to be evaluated, the corresponding measurements are
identified and classified into the processes and measurements hierarchy. This composes the framework
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5. WORLD ACADEMIC JOURNAL OF BUSINESS & APPLIED SCIENCES-MARCH-SEPTEMBER 2013 EDITION
of the efficiency evaluation systems.
For each process and its sub-processes that need to be assessed, the corresponding measurements are
identified and classified into the processes and measurements hierarchy (figure 2)
Figure1: Supply chain flow chart
Figure 2: Generic design of the PMH
3.2 Relevant efficiency measurements
These efficiencies should include such areas as those:
๏ฌ of important concern to supply chain current objectives and strategies;
๏ฌ of inter-influence and of current concern among the supply chain collaborators; and concerned
by both internal collaborators and external customers.
3.3 Efficiency evaluation teamwork
In this paper, an efficiency evaluation team is proposed. This efficiency evaluation team is composed of the
representatives from different areas of the supply chain, which can be department directors, plant managers,
and process supervisors. The members of efficiency evaluation team serve principally as the appraisers, and
provide point of views for each efficiency. They come from different management areas and have wide
experiences, and thus can cover a wide range of perspectives. Concurrently, the weights of their point of
views are not necessarily the same. When combining their point of views, the weights will be assigned.
There are varieties of ways to determine the weights; for instance, by the supply chainโs top officials, or
balancing the opinions of efficiency evaluation team members.
3.4 The innovative evaluation algorithm
This part is devoted to describe the evaluation algorithm and application of evaluation results. The
data that indicate different efficiencies are compared against the evaluation scales that are set by the
efficiency evaluation team through measuring the corresponding efficiency objectives and operation
environments. An efficiency grade in forms of fuzzy set is acquired to indicate the result of each efficiency
measurement. The measurement results of different measurements by each efficiency evaluation team
member are integrated with the weighted averaging aggregation method. The aggregated results are
defuzzified and employed to measure the supply chain efficiency impartially.
3.4.1 Measure and processesโ relative weights
Considering the changing goals and strategies of supply chains, the prerogatives of individual
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6. WORLD ACADEMIC JOURNAL OF BUSINESS & APPLIED SCIENCES-MARCH-SEPTEMBER 2013 EDITION
processes and their different dimensions of efficiency should diverge from each other in efficiency
measurement. Therefore, it is necessary to set relative weights for them to aggregate the evaluation results.
General scale of comparison ratio with crisp numbers fails to address the fuzziness. Until now, many
literatures have suggested new applications by using fuzzy set theory. This research proposes a
mathematic scale of triangular fuzzy numbers (Boender Boender, C.G.E., de Graan, J.G. and Lootsma,
F.A.., 1989).
3.4.2 Fuzzy efficiency grade and measurement scale
After obtaining the relative weights of each efficiency measurements, it is still absurd to measure any
efficiency without its related context about histories and goals. Furthermore, the current evaluation
methods, in which the current efficiency are assessed through being divided by the expectations, have
such imperfections as ignoring operation context, and losing the critical information arising from the
ambiguity of human judgment (Zadeh, Lotfi Asker (1965)). This research creates a fuzzy efficiency
grade and measurement scale to address these issues.
When assessing efficiency, the appraisers of the efficiency evaluation team consider the planned
history and objective, as well as the related operation environments, and then set the measurement scale in
forms of the interval, varying from the agreeable bottom of efficiency to the completely satisfactory
efficiency. The effect of the supply chain context and associated operation environment being measured
and taken into account, the agreeable bottom and completely satisfactory efficiency are not inevitably
same to efficiency objective and history, respectively.
The measurement scalesโ judgment process includes fuzziness as well. Accordingly, the measurement
results are acquired and denoted by fuzzy numbers through the following steps: first, comparing current
efficiency against their measure scales, and then indicating with the crisp numbers varying from 0 to 10
as script marking method does; second, codifying the acquired crisp number into fuzzy efficiency grade
. These 6 grades
set. The efficiency set in the form of a fuzzy vector
indicate the gradational measure results varying from the excellent to the worst. The
triangular fuzzy numbers defines these grades following:
in the finite universe of discourse
is
This efficiency grade set
defined by a set of ordered pairs as following:
Where
a mapping is named โthe membership function of the fuzzy set Gโ, and
shows the extent of belongingness. is the crisp number in comparison of current efficiency against
measurement scales.
3.4.3 Defuzzi6fing and aggregating the measure results
In evaluation activity, the point of views of all the appraisers in the efficiency evaluation team are
required to integrate; in order to get the general picture of one process the measure results of
individual measurements and its sub-processes are necessary to integrate as well. As annotated above,
due to the various backgrounds in different areas, the point of views of the appraisers from diverging
areas should be given distinct weights. The relative weights of different efficiency measurements and
sub-processes can be deduced from the changing supply chain strategies and objectives.
Finally, these results are efficiency grades in forms of fuzzy sets .According to their definitions, these
efficiency grades that denote the measure results symbolize the connotations of approximation "about".
That is, these 6 grades denote "about 10", "about 8", and "about 0". In this connection, these efficiency
grades can be defuzzified into the crisp numbers from 10 to 0 through weighted averaging the grade
. The defuzzified crisp number (efficiency index), indicates the synthetic measurement of
set
the holistic efficiency of different areas of supply chains by the appraiser team.
3.5 The applications of the efficiency index
The efficiency index is a global, single, and integrated process efficiency score. According to the
design of this efficiency evaluation method, this integrated result is the weighted integrative
measurement of the entire supply chain process efficiency with the multi-dimensions. This number
provides a concise means to analyze and measure the efficiency in the supply chain systems for
their general managers. Put in the range [0, 10], this result can be measured. Because the evaluation
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7. WORLD ACADEMIC JOURNAL OF BUSINESS & APPLIED SCIENCES-MARCH-SEPTEMBER 2013 EDITION
result of each process on the higher layer is aggregated from the evaluation results of sub-processes,
the bad results can be captured layer by layer in the PMH. Thus the proneness and strengths of supply
chain processes are identified. Furthermore, the parallel processes can be compared and the enigmatic
nodes can be found. Next, from a dynamic point, the efficiency of all the business processes of the
supply chain system can be measured and recorded on the base of a monthly period. With a series of
evaluation results at normal intervals, the trend of efficiency of each business process can be examined
and irregular efficiency can be disclosed clearly. This information can help corporate managers
identify the issues in the management of supply chain processes.
Example
In this part we propose an example to illustrate the evaluation method proposed above. Assume
cost is one of measurements in a supply chain network to show its efficiencies and there are 4
appraisers in the efficiency evaluation team with the relative weights.
WT = (0.10,0.20,0.25,0.45) of their corresponding points of views Note that
weights=1,as they
must normalized before putting into the equation above.
Firstly, one appraiser makes his judgment for the measure. Suppose that the efficiency history of
this cost is $22 per unite, and the efficiency goal requires this cost to be minimized to $19 per
unit .The appraiser first determines the measure scale of cost, to suppose which is the interval as [21,
19].Assume the current efficiency on production cost is average 19.45 per unit, according to the daily
operation records, the efficiency score and efficiency grades are estimated as following:
,
Efficiency score =
Efficiency grades:
PA (7.75) =0, PE (7.75) =0, PC (7.75) =0, PD (7.75) =
, PE (7.75) =
, PF= 0
Thus, the efficiency grade set can we formulated as follows:
PG= (7.75) =
)
Or
This is the evaluation result of cost that has been judged by the first appraiser. Assume the
efficiency grade sets by the other three appraisers, in form of row vector, to be as follows:
These vectors compose the fuzzy efficiency grade matrix as following:
=
Then the evaluation results of these four appraisers, with their corresponding weights are aggregated
as following:
.W
=
This vector shows the aggregated point of view of the evaluation of cost efficiency by the four
appraisers. It takes the form of fuzzy efficiency grade set.
The efficiency index is:
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8. WORLD ACADEMIC JOURNAL OF BUSINESS & APPLIED SCIENCES-MARCH-SEPTEMBER 2013 EDITION
Undoubtedly โ7.13โ is not a satisfactory index with respect to the 10- point scale. The supply chain
network should be refined in order to improve this efficiency measurements defined by appraisers, the
individual efficiency index can be estimated through the same procedures.
4. Conclusions
This research discloses the key problems in the current efficiency evaluation method in supply
chain management context. In order to support efficiency improvement in supply chain management,
this research proposes a cross-organizational efficiency evaluation method from a system view.
Process-based framework, relevant efficiency measurements, teamwork measurement, and fuzzy
evaluation algorithm are summarized, and some propositions are given. These designs support
integrated evaluation of the holistic efficiencies of supply chains. Particularly, the introduction of
fuzzy set theory in evaluating efficiencies is beneficial, because this fuzzy method addresses the actual
situation of human judgment with fuzziness in evaluation activity. The defuzzified results provide
facile access to benchmark the efficiencies.
The main contribution of the proposed approach is to provide a strong model to calculate an efficiency
e index of an efficiency evaluation in a supply chain network to deal with both intangible and tangible
and efficiency measurements. The model integrates fuzzy set theory, which can symbolize ambiguities
in real-life applications. This method can be used to replace a classical pair wise comparison technique
such as Analytic Hierarchy Process (Saaty, 1980). De facto, Saaty's pair wise comparison engenders
the asymmetrical scale of weight.
With the proposed efficiency evaluation method, supply chain managers can smoothly assess the
efficiencies of the entire system, and then analyze the efficiency of their strategies, and determine the
potential opportunities. This feedback information eases more decision making and efficiency
improvement in supply chain management.
To optimize the supply chain model, much efficiency evaluation should be considered. But, the
following important question should be answered first: how to combine all quantitative and qualitative
efficiency measurements to compose a significant figure to support decision making? In most cases,
two methods can be used for the measurement; especially, mathematical simulation and optimization.
Mathematical optimization methods encompass accurate algorithms that are settled to find an optimal
solution. Additionally, heuristic algorithms can be used to find good solutions, but not inevitably the
optimal solutions. Future research could consolidate all efficiency measurements through similar
algorithms so that a single efficiency index can be discovered to represent the entire network,
regardless of individual efficiency index.
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the con-structive and helpful comments of two anonymous
referees on the earlier version of the manuscript.
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