The research provides a literature overview from a timespan of more than 60 years with articles historically and thematically organized about the application of “Lean thinking” (LT) concept and the main research findings through different industries. Lean thinking is an important but yet still under researched aspect of strategic management. By collecting research records from ISI web of knowledge naming directly the lean thinking issue; 34 Web of science records, 10 Medline records and 2 Chinese citation database records were found. Results show that the main focus areas on lean thinking researches are mainly applied in health care industry (with the 48% of the collected records) followed by manufacturing industry (17%), construction (10%), product development (7%), training and education (7%) and supply chain (2%). Other industries (9%) are also starting to apply lean thinking philosophy according to the particularities of their domain. We find research gaps and provide directions for further investigation.
Business model adaptation (or innovation) as a dynamic capabilityAntonio Dottore
I presented this paper at the 22nd Bled eConference in June 2009. It is part of my thought process, to develop theoretical insights into BM adaptation/innovation.
The purpose of this study is to enhance the understanding of the relationship between Lean’s soft factors on Lean’s hard factors and operational excellence of Malaysia manufacturing companies. The study will focus on deployment within Lean’s hard factors included the Lean operation and Lean supply chain under Lean deployment.
TOP 05 MOST CITED ARTICLES: RECOMMENDED READING – SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT RES...ijmvsc
The International Journal of Managing Value and Supply Chains ( IJMVSC ) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles that contribute new results in all areas of value and supply chain management. The journal provides a platform to disseminate new ideas and new research, advance theories, and propagate best practices in the management of value and supply chain management, looking across both product and service-based businesses. This will include works based in service management, logistics and distribution, operations management, process management, flow control, and customer service. The journal offers a forum in which academics, consultants, and practitioners in a variety of fields can exchange ideas to further research and improve practices in all areas of business. The International Journal of Managing Value and Supply Chains ( IJMVSC ) seek to establish new collaborations, new best practices, and new theories in the management of both product and service-based organizations around the world.
More about the high-maturity for business processes: Certain distilled practi...Dr. Mustafa Değerli
Değerli, M. and Özkan, S. (2013). More about the high-maturity for business processes: Certain distilled practical implications. 18th International Conference on Transformative Research in Science, Engineering, and Business Innovation (SDPS 2013) Proceedings, 119-124. ISSN: 1090-9389 - https://sdpsnet.org/sdps/documents/sdps- 2013/SDPS_2013_proceedings.pdf
Business model adaptation (or innovation) as a dynamic capabilityAntonio Dottore
I presented this paper at the 22nd Bled eConference in June 2009. It is part of my thought process, to develop theoretical insights into BM adaptation/innovation.
The purpose of this study is to enhance the understanding of the relationship between Lean’s soft factors on Lean’s hard factors and operational excellence of Malaysia manufacturing companies. The study will focus on deployment within Lean’s hard factors included the Lean operation and Lean supply chain under Lean deployment.
TOP 05 MOST CITED ARTICLES: RECOMMENDED READING – SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT RES...ijmvsc
The International Journal of Managing Value and Supply Chains ( IJMVSC ) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles that contribute new results in all areas of value and supply chain management. The journal provides a platform to disseminate new ideas and new research, advance theories, and propagate best practices in the management of value and supply chain management, looking across both product and service-based businesses. This will include works based in service management, logistics and distribution, operations management, process management, flow control, and customer service. The journal offers a forum in which academics, consultants, and practitioners in a variety of fields can exchange ideas to further research and improve practices in all areas of business. The International Journal of Managing Value and Supply Chains ( IJMVSC ) seek to establish new collaborations, new best practices, and new theories in the management of both product and service-based organizations around the world.
More about the high-maturity for business processes: Certain distilled practi...Dr. Mustafa Değerli
Değerli, M. and Özkan, S. (2013). More about the high-maturity for business processes: Certain distilled practical implications. 18th International Conference on Transformative Research in Science, Engineering, and Business Innovation (SDPS 2013) Proceedings, 119-124. ISSN: 1090-9389 - https://sdpsnet.org/sdps/documents/sdps- 2013/SDPS_2013_proceedings.pdf
Review of Implementation of lean manufacturing in cement industryijsrd.com
Implementation of lean helps many organizations to improve their productivity and efficiency; on the other hand number of organizations has failed to benefit from lean philosophy. The case of not achieving the expected results of implementing lean is not because of limitation of lean to specific organizations type; but it is the misconception of lean philosophy. The lean thinking was first implied in the automobile companies and it widely spreads within the all types of industries; however the today's challenge is to implement the lean philosophy within continuous manufacturing industries and different organizations regardless to the type and size of the organization. This has motivated me to apply lean philosophy to the continuous industry i.e. cement industry. The cement industry is an example of the continuous industry sector and it will be used to convey that the lean philosophy is applicable to all deferent organization types. There are many problems the cement industry facing in today's cut throat competition; one of the major challenges is the capability of the cement industry to adopt techniques by which the overall improvement can be achieved. The need for improving the productivity of the cement production line is to reduce the downtime rates, and satisfy high demands of consumers. This research has aimed that the lean philosophy is beneficial to cement industry once the organization aims, and objectives are clarified and communicated through all levels of the organization. Furthermore barriers and obstacles should be removed by changing the organizational culture, and empowering the people to be involved in identifying and problem solving process.
A Mobile Health Application for Healthy Living: HWOW (Healthier Work for Offi...Dr. Mustafa Değerli
Değerli, M. (2020). A Mobile Health Application for Healthy Living: HWOW (Healthier Work for Office Workers). 14th Turkish National Software Engineering Symposium. (UYMS 2020). 10.1109/UYMS50627.2020.9247024 - https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/conhome/9247008/proceeding
A Literature Review on Lean Implementations – A comprehensive summaryIJERA Editor
The available research papers in area of Lean are studied to know the implementation level of different lean
tools, barrier and benefits of implementation are also considered in the review .The commonly used lean tools in
the various organization, most common barriers and benefits have been identified and listed in this paper. Most
common barrier are also components of quality of work life.
A roadmap for a leanness company to emerge as a true lean organizationLeandro Silvério
The problem this work aims to solve is the improvement of the leanness level of a company jeopardized by the lack of lean engagement. The objectives of the research are to present a method based on a lean self-assessment approach, consisted of a qualitative self-assessment method based on lean elements that drives an index definition associated with a roadmap. The method consists in providing a roadmap for the assessed enterprise composed by the company’s lean index, recommendations and countermeasures deriving from Delphi and Kendall Coefficient of Concordance (W) application among lean experts, leading the assessed enterprise to achieve results in terms of lean engagement, autonomy, and decision support criteria for future resource allocation. The results demonstrated that method can highlight gaps where additional improvements and investments would be necessary in the assessed enterprise. Finally, the work concludes that the lean performance identification associated to a lean roadmap in a company can be a highly effective tool to improve lean adoption in a leanness organization.
The objective of this article is to determine the relevance of sustainable innovation
on the business environment in Nigeria. The research focused on the top management
to find out about the benefits of innovation to the relevance of the company over the
past century. Feedback from a few of their final customers was taken in order to
review sales and customer-product loyalty. Then, we conducted a series of multiple
regression models using the data we obtained. Overall, it’s interesting to note that the
rate of increase in profit due to sustainability rose by 23% and 37% But perhaps most
important: Averagely about 50% of businesses have improved on their corporate
models due to sustainability in managing opportunities hence the effect of 20%
increase above that of the previous and also majority of the respondents believe that
the marketing strategies of P and G are very effective. This study will serve as a
practical tool to investors and shareholder of organizations as they work towards
increasing their worth in their organization. This article delivers valued input in
advancing knowledge in expounding relevance of sustainable innovation on the
business environment using Procter and Gamble Nig. PLC as a case study, also
recognising the measurable impact positively and otherwise of these dimensions of
innovative involvements.
The Socio-Economic Characteristics and the Challenges of Innovation Faced By ...iosrjce
Even though innovation is deemed to be a solution to the many challenges that hinder growth of
firms, it is believed that it can enhance business growth but it is not clear whether innovation by itself can lead
to business growth among the SMEs due to the challenges they face. The main purpose of the study was to
investigate the effect of innovation on growth of medium-sized businesses. Based on the study, this paper
describes the socio-economic characteristics of entrepreneurs and the challenges they face in trying to innovate
towards improving the performance of their firms in Eldoret Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive case study
design on a sample of 169 respondents from Doinyo Lessos Creameries in Uasin Gishu County. Response was
received from 161 participants who accounted for 95%. Purposive sampling technique was used to identify the
area of study; stratified and simple random sampling techniques were used to select the respondents from the
target population. Questionnaire and interview schedule were the main instruments of data collection.
Qualitative data was analyzed descriptively in form of frequency counts, percentages and measures of central
tendency. Some of the challenges include lack of formal innovation policy; inadequate budgetary allocation to
innovation; employees not fully motivated to spur innovation; large companies in the dairy industry had
invested in more research hence developed most of the ideas originating from Doinyo Lessos Creameries, and
that some of the new products do not attract a substantial and economic viable market. It was recommended
that the government needs to provide more training to SMEs to ensure innovative ideas are enhanced and
patented for maximum benefit to the Firms.
EFFECTS OF STRATEGIC PLANNING DIMENSIONS ON PERFORMANCE OF SMALL AND MEDIUM S...Ahmed Aliyu Palladan, PhD
PAPER PRESENTED AT THE 4TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT ORGANIZED BY YUSUF MAITAMA SULE UNIVERSITY KANO, NIGERIA 17TH OCTOBER 2019
E Recruitment Process and Organizational Performance A Literature ReviewYogeshIJTSRD
This study examined E recruitment Process and Organizational Performance. The dimensions examined in E recruitment process include E application tracking, E interview, E Selection and E On boarding. Organizational performance was measured in terms of Employee performance, Operational performance, Economic performance and profitability. The aim and objectives of the paper was to determine the influence of E recruitment process and organizational performance by evaluating the influence of E tracking on employee performance, the influence of E interview on operational performance, the influence of E selection on economic performance, the influence of E on boarding on profitability. The study provided an empirical analysis on E recruitment process and Organizational performance. To this end, the paper revealed that E recruitment process is advantageous to organizations and contribute significantly towards the growth of an Organization as the study observed that candidate s recruited using E recruitment are competent and reliable which enhance organizational performance. Therefore the paper recommended that there should be adequate Information Technology in an Organization in other to utilize E recruitment process and the benefit attached to it. There should be adequately trained personnel that can conduct proper E recruitment. E recruitment process should be used to select productive employee s that would enhance organizational performance. Ngozi Dyke-Ebirika "E-Recruitment Process and Organizational Performance: A Literature Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45086.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/hrm-and-retail-business/45086/erecruitment-process-and-organizational-performance-a-literature-review/ngozi-dykeebirika
LEA is helping lean pioneers in many sectors
8 years leading proof of concept experiments in healthcare
In search of a robust do-it-yourself methodology – which we published
Now helping hospitals follow this in the UK, Italy and the USA
by Neil Westwood of NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement shown at the 1st Lean Healthcare Forum 2006 on 25th June 2006 ran by the Lean Enterprise Academy
Review of Implementation of lean manufacturing in cement industryijsrd.com
Implementation of lean helps many organizations to improve their productivity and efficiency; on the other hand number of organizations has failed to benefit from lean philosophy. The case of not achieving the expected results of implementing lean is not because of limitation of lean to specific organizations type; but it is the misconception of lean philosophy. The lean thinking was first implied in the automobile companies and it widely spreads within the all types of industries; however the today's challenge is to implement the lean philosophy within continuous manufacturing industries and different organizations regardless to the type and size of the organization. This has motivated me to apply lean philosophy to the continuous industry i.e. cement industry. The cement industry is an example of the continuous industry sector and it will be used to convey that the lean philosophy is applicable to all deferent organization types. There are many problems the cement industry facing in today's cut throat competition; one of the major challenges is the capability of the cement industry to adopt techniques by which the overall improvement can be achieved. The need for improving the productivity of the cement production line is to reduce the downtime rates, and satisfy high demands of consumers. This research has aimed that the lean philosophy is beneficial to cement industry once the organization aims, and objectives are clarified and communicated through all levels of the organization. Furthermore barriers and obstacles should be removed by changing the organizational culture, and empowering the people to be involved in identifying and problem solving process.
A Mobile Health Application for Healthy Living: HWOW (Healthier Work for Offi...Dr. Mustafa Değerli
Değerli, M. (2020). A Mobile Health Application for Healthy Living: HWOW (Healthier Work for Office Workers). 14th Turkish National Software Engineering Symposium. (UYMS 2020). 10.1109/UYMS50627.2020.9247024 - https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/conhome/9247008/proceeding
A Literature Review on Lean Implementations – A comprehensive summaryIJERA Editor
The available research papers in area of Lean are studied to know the implementation level of different lean
tools, barrier and benefits of implementation are also considered in the review .The commonly used lean tools in
the various organization, most common barriers and benefits have been identified and listed in this paper. Most
common barrier are also components of quality of work life.
A roadmap for a leanness company to emerge as a true lean organizationLeandro Silvério
The problem this work aims to solve is the improvement of the leanness level of a company jeopardized by the lack of lean engagement. The objectives of the research are to present a method based on a lean self-assessment approach, consisted of a qualitative self-assessment method based on lean elements that drives an index definition associated with a roadmap. The method consists in providing a roadmap for the assessed enterprise composed by the company’s lean index, recommendations and countermeasures deriving from Delphi and Kendall Coefficient of Concordance (W) application among lean experts, leading the assessed enterprise to achieve results in terms of lean engagement, autonomy, and decision support criteria for future resource allocation. The results demonstrated that method can highlight gaps where additional improvements and investments would be necessary in the assessed enterprise. Finally, the work concludes that the lean performance identification associated to a lean roadmap in a company can be a highly effective tool to improve lean adoption in a leanness organization.
The objective of this article is to determine the relevance of sustainable innovation
on the business environment in Nigeria. The research focused on the top management
to find out about the benefits of innovation to the relevance of the company over the
past century. Feedback from a few of their final customers was taken in order to
review sales and customer-product loyalty. Then, we conducted a series of multiple
regression models using the data we obtained. Overall, it’s interesting to note that the
rate of increase in profit due to sustainability rose by 23% and 37% But perhaps most
important: Averagely about 50% of businesses have improved on their corporate
models due to sustainability in managing opportunities hence the effect of 20%
increase above that of the previous and also majority of the respondents believe that
the marketing strategies of P and G are very effective. This study will serve as a
practical tool to investors and shareholder of organizations as they work towards
increasing their worth in their organization. This article delivers valued input in
advancing knowledge in expounding relevance of sustainable innovation on the
business environment using Procter and Gamble Nig. PLC as a case study, also
recognising the measurable impact positively and otherwise of these dimensions of
innovative involvements.
The Socio-Economic Characteristics and the Challenges of Innovation Faced By ...iosrjce
Even though innovation is deemed to be a solution to the many challenges that hinder growth of
firms, it is believed that it can enhance business growth but it is not clear whether innovation by itself can lead
to business growth among the SMEs due to the challenges they face. The main purpose of the study was to
investigate the effect of innovation on growth of medium-sized businesses. Based on the study, this paper
describes the socio-economic characteristics of entrepreneurs and the challenges they face in trying to innovate
towards improving the performance of their firms in Eldoret Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive case study
design on a sample of 169 respondents from Doinyo Lessos Creameries in Uasin Gishu County. Response was
received from 161 participants who accounted for 95%. Purposive sampling technique was used to identify the
area of study; stratified and simple random sampling techniques were used to select the respondents from the
target population. Questionnaire and interview schedule were the main instruments of data collection.
Qualitative data was analyzed descriptively in form of frequency counts, percentages and measures of central
tendency. Some of the challenges include lack of formal innovation policy; inadequate budgetary allocation to
innovation; employees not fully motivated to spur innovation; large companies in the dairy industry had
invested in more research hence developed most of the ideas originating from Doinyo Lessos Creameries, and
that some of the new products do not attract a substantial and economic viable market. It was recommended
that the government needs to provide more training to SMEs to ensure innovative ideas are enhanced and
patented for maximum benefit to the Firms.
EFFECTS OF STRATEGIC PLANNING DIMENSIONS ON PERFORMANCE OF SMALL AND MEDIUM S...Ahmed Aliyu Palladan, PhD
PAPER PRESENTED AT THE 4TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT ORGANIZED BY YUSUF MAITAMA SULE UNIVERSITY KANO, NIGERIA 17TH OCTOBER 2019
E Recruitment Process and Organizational Performance A Literature ReviewYogeshIJTSRD
This study examined E recruitment Process and Organizational Performance. The dimensions examined in E recruitment process include E application tracking, E interview, E Selection and E On boarding. Organizational performance was measured in terms of Employee performance, Operational performance, Economic performance and profitability. The aim and objectives of the paper was to determine the influence of E recruitment process and organizational performance by evaluating the influence of E tracking on employee performance, the influence of E interview on operational performance, the influence of E selection on economic performance, the influence of E on boarding on profitability. The study provided an empirical analysis on E recruitment process and Organizational performance. To this end, the paper revealed that E recruitment process is advantageous to organizations and contribute significantly towards the growth of an Organization as the study observed that candidate s recruited using E recruitment are competent and reliable which enhance organizational performance. Therefore the paper recommended that there should be adequate Information Technology in an Organization in other to utilize E recruitment process and the benefit attached to it. There should be adequately trained personnel that can conduct proper E recruitment. E recruitment process should be used to select productive employee s that would enhance organizational performance. Ngozi Dyke-Ebirika "E-Recruitment Process and Organizational Performance: A Literature Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45086.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/hrm-and-retail-business/45086/erecruitment-process-and-organizational-performance-a-literature-review/ngozi-dykeebirika
LEA is helping lean pioneers in many sectors
8 years leading proof of concept experiments in healthcare
In search of a robust do-it-yourself methodology – which we published
Now helping hospitals follow this in the UK, Italy and the USA
by Neil Westwood of NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement shown at the 1st Lean Healthcare Forum 2006 on 25th June 2006 ran by the Lean Enterprise Academy
Lean Six Sigma applications in healthcare require an understanding of how the tools and methodologies translate to the people-intensive processes of patient care. Once applied, the possibilities are endless. Using real-world examples of the most common types of errors in clinical services, participants will learn how the DMAIC structure within Lean Six Sigma will lead them to solutions that will prevent future errors.
MarketLab's vision for 5S Lean for Healthcare is to create a better experience for both staff and patients. Our team of experts is equipped with the knowledge, expertise and product solutions necessary to help you and your healthcare organization's lean initiative.
Enhancing Project Management Efficiency using Lean ConceptsIOSR Journals
One of the increasing and most significant concerns with projects is that, projects are behind
schedule, over budget and show unsatisfactory performance in terms of quality and customer satisfaction. Lean
Thinking is important because it can reduce error rates to maximum extent. The evidence from Toyota (Japan)
and other companies who have successfully implemented the Toyota Production System (TPS) or Lean
Principles confirms this. It also significantly reduces the time taken to deliver new products while substantially
reducing cost. This paper first introduces the general overview about Project Management and the Lean
Concepts. After that, this paper presents the literature survey and then compares the traditional Project
Management, the advantages or opportunities of introducing Lean Principles into Project Management with a
Case study
This paper developed an analytical background to scientific development conducted on the use of
Lean Manufacturing in the industries. Regarding the methodological approach to this research is exploratory and
did a literature review with a sample survey using technological resources search as a tool to perform the search
in this case, the component data bases Journals Portal Coordination and Training of Personnel Higher Level. For
this study bibliometric analysis and the selection of journals were made and the results show that the topic is
Lean Manufacturing on the rise internationally and that is a methodology mentioned in leading journals. The
scientific literature on the topic is not predominantly done by a single magazine or a single industry segment.
The contribution is in identifying the gaps of the segments of the industries with the greatest opportunities for
the application of Lean Thinking so that future studies can deepen effectively is opportunity.
DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT & IMPLEMENTATION OF ONTOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEM FO...IJDKP
Dynamism and uncertainty are genuine threats for current high technology organisations. Capability to change is the crux of sustainability of current large organisations. Modern manufacturing philosophies, including agile and lean, are not enough to be competitive in global market therefore a new emerging paradigm i.e. reconfigurable manufacturing systems is fast emerging to complement the application of lean
and agile manufacturing systems. Product, Process and Resource (PPR) are the core areas in an engineering domain of a manufacturing enterprise which are tightly coupled with each other. Change in one (usually product) affects the others therefore engineering change management activity has to tackle
PPR change effects. Current software applications do not provide an unequivocal infrastructure where PPR can be explicitly related. It follows that reconfigurable techniques can be further complemented with the help of knowledge based systems to design, engineer, manufacture, commission and change existing processes and resources against changed products.
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Achieving Agility Using Cladistics: An Evolutionary AnalysisIan McCarthy
To achieve the status of an agile manufacturer, organisations need to clearly understand the concept of agility, relative to their industrial and business circumstances and to then identify and acquire the appropriate characteristics which will result in an agile manufacturing organisation. This paper is not simply another discussion on the definition of agility, or a philosophical debate on the drivers and characteristics of agility. This paper presents an evolutionary modelling technique (cladistics) which could enable organisations to systematically manage and understand the emergence of new manufacturing forms within their business environment. This fundamental, but important insight is valuable for achieving successful organisational design and change. Thus, regardless of the industrial sector, managers could use cladistics as an evolutionary analysis technique for determining ``where they have been and where they are now''. Moving from a non-agile manufacture to an agile manufacture is a process of organisational change and evolutionary development. This evolutionary method will enable organisations to understand the landscape of manufacturing possibilities that exist, to identify appropriate agile forms and to successfully navigate that landscape.
This PPT covers Introduction of Operations research, Features, phases,Limitations of OR Travelling salesman problem, Assignment Problems, transportation Problems, Replacement Problems,EOQ,Inventory Control
Customer-based brand equity has many dimensions, however a general acceptance as to which dimensions to use when measuring customer-based brand equity has not being decided. This study reviews empirical results of literatures that utilized Aaker’s and Keller’s model in measuring brand equity and sum up the main or significant customer-based brand equity. The findings indicate that it is empirical difficult differentiating between brand awareness and brand association.
Exploring trends of tourism demand from the past is essential in measuring the different tourism movement volatility which occurred either nature or man-made. This study analyzes the volatility of tourism demand by data mining tourist numbers arriving in Hong Kong from 1999 to 2010. Eight different markets will be examined, both short haul and long haul, to compare and contrast the characteristic tourist profile and the behavior and attitude changes of each market according to the volume of visitors that come to Hong Kong. There have been significant changes over the past 12 years in different countries with some positive and negative impacts from natural disasters, an economic crisis and mega-events. This paper will compare and contrast different markets and analyze the tourism demand with regards to volatility in relation to the profile characteristics, spending pattern behaviors with tourist’s satisfaction level.
Supply Chain Efficiency Evaluation: A Contemporary Theoretical ModelWorld-Academic Journal
Supply chain management has gained a prodigious amount of attention from both practitioners and industriessince the last decade. Until now, there are many articles, and dissertations that address supply chain management, but there is still a lack of integration between the current efficiency evaluation methods and practical requisites for the supply chain management. A contemporary efficiency evaluation method is proposed to provide necessary support for efficiency improvement in supply chain management. The proposed method will address this aim in the following main aspects: a basic supply chain model; concrete and unconcrete efficiency measurement in various dimensions; a cross-organizational efficiency evaluation; and weighted average and fuzzy set theory method.
Exposure to solar radiation can have positive effects on the human body, but it can also cause damages and melanoma is the most significant among those. The aim of the present study was to gather information about the effects of solar radiation on the human body and to update available knowledge in accordance with new international data. A systematic literature review took place and included both Greek and international books, articles, studies and related papers on the internet (PubMed, Cinahl, Scopus and Iatrotek databases), published from 1998 to this day. Dissertations and “gray literature” (e.g. conference proceedings) were not included in this study. The following terms (“Ultraviolet radiation, skin cancer, sun, sun exposure, electromagnetic spectrum, conjunctiva, cataract, squamous cell cancer , basal cell cancer, cutaneous melanoma”) were used as key-words. UVR may have an impact on the human body according to wavelength. UVA and UVB exposure may cause photoaging and sunburns, and UVC may induce DNA mutations leading to skin cancer. Ozone is the main protective mechanism since it absorbs most of UVR. Ozone layer depletion in the last decades has lead to increased rates of sun-related damages. Most significant damages include cataract and skin damages such as photoaging and skin cancers. Among skin cancers, melanoma has the highest incidence in ever younger ages reducing life expectancy.
A good part of the international literature focuses on primary prevention measures and interventions that include mole monitoring.
Sustainability of Microfinance: A Case of Tea SACCOs in Kericho, Buret and Bo...World-Academic Journal
Tea SACCOs are tea based rural SACCOs formed by tea growers, whose functions are to keep member’s savings in form of shares, savings accounts and deposit accounts among others. Little is known about the factors influencing financial sustainability of Tea SACCOs. The study covered all six Tea SACCOs in Kericho, Bomet and Buret districts in the Rift valley province of Kenya. Analysis involved evaluating growth in net worth, administrative efficiency, loan portfolio quality, staff productivity and transaction costs. The study found that the growth of net assets had been on the decline over the years, loan portfolio was poor and default rates were high. According to the indicators evaluated, Tea SACCOs had not yet reached their full potential in outreach and that high transaction costs hindered their financial sustainability.
Studies and mechanical tries regarding the cutting process by punching of the...World-Academic Journal
In this paper we analyzed in first part on a virtual model made in SolidWorks, mechanical stresses occurring in the mechanism for cutting the dressing, determining optimal cutting force and in second part, on physical model built I determined, using specialized measuring devices, cutting forces. This paper is intended as an analysis of the technical solutions adopted in virtual construction phase by the physical model based on achieved results.
In this paper, the impact of stock market reforms is analyzed on foreign portfolio investment. Time series data is collected on these variables and correlation and regression test is applied on this data. E-views version 7 is used to analyze the data. Correlation shows positive relationship between variable which suggest that reforms are deriving factors of foreign investment. Results show the positive relationship between SMR and FPI.
Sustainability of Microfinance: A Case of Tea SACCOs in Kericho, Buret and Bo...World-Academic Journal
Tea SACCOs are tea based rural SACCOs formed by tea growers, whose functions are to keep member’s savings in form of shares, savings accounts and deposit accounts among others. Little is known about the factors influencing financial sustainability of Tea SACCOs. The study covered all six Tea SACCOs in Kericho, Bomet and Buret districts in the Rift valley province of Kenya. Analysis involved evaluating growth in net worth, administrative efficiency, loan portfolio quality, staff productivity and transaction costs. The study found that the growth of net assets had been on the decline over the years, loan portfolio was poor and default rates were high. According to the indicators evaluated, Tea SACCOs had not yet reached their full potential in outreach and that high transaction costs hindered their financial sustainability.
International Inter-institutional Partnerships in Higher Tourism Education: ...World-Academic Journal
Though internationalization of higher education is now well documented in the developed nations, there is a dearth of literature in this area in Africa. In Kenya, the few studies available focus on inter-institutional partnerships between higher institutions of learning offering tourism education and so little is known about these partnerships. And yet Kenya being a leading tourist destination in Africa, it has increased engagements with other parts of the world including academic partnerships motivated by its position in tourism. Consequently, Kenyan universities have introduced academic programs in tourism and hospitality which are now attracting more inter-institutional partnerships. Using the case of Moi University, this study seeks to establish the extent to which staff and student exchanges resulting from these partnerships serve the interest of the collaborating departments in Kenyan universities.
La théorie des jeux et de la décision en présence d’asymétrie d’information d...World-Academic Journal
Les relations au sein de l’entreprise tendent à se complexifier depuis quelques années. L’ouverture internationale multiplie en effet le nombre d’incitations entre les différents agents qui constituent la base relationnelle de l’entreprise. Cette dernière peut donc s’appréhender comme un nœud vers lequel les liaisons convergent et ou chaque relation (Entreprise/Actionnaires ; Entreprise/Clients ; Entreprise/Salariés ; Entreprise/Fournisseurs ; Entreprise/Banques…)
Cet article s’inscrit dans le contexte actuel ou les PME ne pouvant s’autofinancer et n’ayant pas accès au marché financier, restent fortement dépendantes des banques. Nous montrons dans le cadre d’une revue de la littérature, l’importance du financement de la PME par les banques sur les marchés du crédit. En effet, elles rencontrent des difficultés du fait de leur petite taille. Ce qui conduit à l’asymétrie d’information et le problème d’anti-sélection et d’incitation contraire qui amènent les banques a une mauvaise appréciation du risque PME.
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Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
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Lean thinking literature review and suggestions for future research
1. WORLD ACADEMIC JOURNAL OF BUSINESS & APPLIED SCIENCES-MARCH-SEPTEMBER 2013 EDITION
International Journal of Business & Management
June 2013 VOL.1, No,4
Lean Thinking Literature Review and Suggestions for
Future Research
Haritz Gorostidi Martinez (Corresponding author)
Glorious Sun School of Business and Management, Donghua University West Yan An Road 1882
Wang Xue Lu
Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, 536 Changle Road Jing’an, Shanghai 200040, China
Accepted 25 June 2013
Abstract
The research provides a literature overview from a timespan of more than 60 years with articles
historically and thematically organized about the application of “Lean thinking” (LT) concept and the
main research findings through different industries. Lean thinking is an important but yet still under
researched aspect of strategic management. By collecting research records from ISI web of knowledge
naming directly the lean thinking issue; 34 Web of science records, 10 Medline records and 2 Chinese
citation database records were found. Results show that the main focus areas on lean thinking researches
are mainly applied in health care industry (with the 48% of the collected records) followed by
manufacturing industry (17%), construction (10%), product development (7%), training and education
(7%) and supply chain (2%). Other industries (9%) are also starting to apply lean thinking philosophy
according to the particularities of their domain. We find research gaps and provide directions for further
investigation.
Key words: Lean thinking, strategic management, health care
1. Introduction
The application of lean thinking has made a significant impact both in academic and industrial
circles over the last decade, at the same time, fostered by a rapid spread into many other industry sectors
beyond the automotive industry, there has been a significant development and "localization" of the lean
concept (P. Hines, Holwe, & Rich, 2004). Lean is a revolution, not just about the using of tools, or
changing few steps in manufacturing processes, it's about the complete change of the businesses; how
the supply chain operates, how the directors direct, how the managers manage, how employees or
people go about their daily work, in short words, every aspect of the business (Czabke, Hansen, &
Doolen, 2008; Melton, 2005).
The background of lean thinking is based in the history of Japanese manufacturing techniques
which have now been applied world-wide within many types of industry (Melton, 2005). As prescribed
by Womack and Jones, LT principles have been successfully applied to manufacturing and operations
environments. Case studies as well as research literatures have been published extensively (Haque &
James-Moore, 2004). Its advantages and advancements have turned into a new generation guidance
thinking of management revolution since the 21st century (Wang, Qi, & Ieee, 2008). Even though
initially lean thinking was mainly applied within the manufacturing industry (Czabke, et al., 2008;
Davies & Greenough, 2001; Fearne & Fowler, 2006; Haque & James-Moore, 2004; P. Hines, et al.,
2004; Melton, 2005). Lean thinking has also been introduced in the health care service industry helping
to get rid of wasteful steps and fasten up patient flow problems (Ben-Tovim et al., 2008; Ben-Tovim et
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2. WORLD ACADEMIC JOURNAL OF BUSINESS & APPLIED SCIENCES-MARCH-SEPTEMBER 2013 EDITION
al., 2007; Holden, 2011; Joosten, Bongers, & Janssen, 2009; King, Ben-Tovim, & Bassham, 2006;
Mazzocato, Savage, Brommels, Aronsson, & Thor, 2010; Young & McClean, 2008).
2. Literature review
2.1. Manufacturing lean thinking
Maintenance practices within manufacturing industry can cost companies between 30-50% of their
production, to avoid that burden, an investigation on the level of presence of LT within the maintenance
domain was done, resulting in a summary of maintenance techniques (Davies & Greenough, 2001).
Despite successful "lean" applications in a range of settings, lean approach has also been criticized on
many levels such as the lack of human integration or its limited applicability outside highly repetitive
manufacturing environments. The resulting lack of definition has also led to a confusion and fuzzy
boundaries with other management concepts (P. Hines, et al., 2004). Lean thinking philosophy can
enable any enterprise including a power plant to run at maximum efficiency or constructing a lean
production information system, and produce top-quality products at the lowest cost (Meng, Liu, & Fan,
2007; Motley, 2004). LT can also help secondary wood product manufacturers become more profitable,
improving the marketing process, customer services, new product development process and customer
satisfaction. There are challenges however related to communication. Its critical to communicate the
vision and values of lean thinking to all the employees, making them understand and accept the LT
benefits (Czabke, et al., 2008). Traditional applications of lean thinking are also believed to be limited
in production, manufacturing, and just in time projects. These traditional lean thinking have some
limitations and that is why a “Total Life cycle Lean Thinking” should be promoted through the total life
cycle of the product (Wang, et al., 2008).
Using lean manufacturing methodology in a remanufacturing industry, a disassembly and
reassembly product scheme with nine scenarios of material and information flows processes were
offered for future managerial advice (Kanikula & Koch, 2010). A boat factory that would put the lean
thinking into practice, proposing the most appropriate concepts was also shown, taking from case study
of Finish LT pioneer boat factories (Ehrs, Rymaszewska, & Pekkala, 2012).
2.2. Product Development lean thinking
Womack and Jones’ principles of lean thinking were applied to the New Product Introduction (NPI).
In particular, the five lean principles; specify value, identify the value stream and eliminate waste, make
the value flow, let the customer pull the process and pursue perfection in 40 aerospace companies.
Finalizing with a summary of the key methods and tools that enable LT in NPI (Haque & James-Moore,
2004).
A study in product development in a traditional sector such as the furniture industry two case
studies were analyzed focusing on the organization to balance functional expertise, establish customer
defined value, front load the product development process and standardization tools. The results in new
product development in furniture study revealed an inefficient flow of information in all phases of the
product development leading to numerous sources of waste (Medeiros, Seibel, Jorge, Fernandes, &
Asme, 2010). One of the latest studies addresses sustainability and environmental issues from the
product development design state through its product life cycle, identifying a baseline on developing
tools for future research (Sorli, Sopelana, Salgado, Pelaez, & Ares, 2012).
2.3. Construction lean thinking
To use lean thinking discretely and indiscriminately in an environmental project with high levels of
complexity and uncertainty can produce a potential danger. Some attempts as removing capacity in
transportation, stockholding and on-site labor can be logical and cost-saving but others can result in
reduced levels of responsiveness and flexibility. Common thinking to the application of lean principles
to the construction industry is challenged and called for awareness of the project-centric nature of the
construction industry and the application of LT on it (Fearne & Fowler, 2006).
The aim of presenting a study discussing the role of rapid prototyping in a seamless lean process
from the concept design (3D CAD models) to the construction of a building was also proposed in the
fields of rapid manufacturing and automated construction techniques (Celani, Granja, & Pinheiro,
2008).
To increase productivity in installation of water and sewer services in metropolitan construction
projects, avoiding delays workflow must be improved (Kung, Alex, Al-Hussein, & Fernando, 2008).
The recognition of the importance of sustainable construction by the government gives impulse to the
investigation of a sustainable construction model based on LT. This made construction schemes more
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sustainable, acceptable, saving resources and costs of the projects, benefiting society, environment, as
well as cutting the construction cycle and enhancing the building quality (Yan, Wang, Zhang, & Zou,
2008).
2.4. Supply chain lean thinking
Food value chain analysis (FVCA) based on lean paradigm has been applied to eight different
value chains in the UK. System theory was used to evaluate FVCA, based on four sub-system goals and
values; logistics, human resources and management structure, resulting in a positive potential logistics
benefits along the chain. The two most important implementation issues proved to be the intercompany
alignment of other sub-systems and chain organizational stability through time (Simons & Taylor,
2007).
2.5. Health care service lean thinking
2.5.1. Helping to eliminate wasteful activities
Adopting the “Lean” management technique can help hospital staff to eliminate wasteful activities
(Castle, 2007). Bone and brain metastases treatment for example should begin as soon as possible and
the operational improvement method based on lean thinking could help. LT’s main principles improved
the processes, cutting the number of individual steps to begin treatment. The patients receiving
consultation, simulation and treatment on a day, rose form 43% to 95%, improving the overall delivery
of clinical care to bone or brain metastases patients (Kim, Hayman, Billi, Lash, & Lawrence, 2007). In
health care, lean thinking has emerged as a comprehensive approach towards improving processes in the
diagnostic, treatment and care activities with cost containment results, however it can be used also as an
approach to effective organizational change (Tsasis & Bruce-Barrett, 2008). One of the concepts used
for redesign health care delivery is lean thinking; however lean often leads to resistance due to its lack
of high quality evidence supporting lean premises. The need to use the original lean tools may be
limited because health care may have different instruments and tools already in use that are in line with
lean thinking principles. LT has the potential to improve health care delivery but there are some
methodological and practical considerations that need to be taken into account otherwise lean
implementation will be superficial and fail, adding the existing resistance and making it difficult to
improve health care for the long term (Joosten, et al., 2009). Lean thinking encourages service providers
to focus on value as defined by the customer and the elimination of waste that impedes the flow of value.
The following factors are key for Lean project success: expert guidance for initial efforts, leadership in
the form of clinical champions, senior management support of the improvement work, frontline worker
engagement in mapping out "current state" processes, identifying waste and designing an improved
"future state," using metrics to develop and track interventions, and defining a realistic project scope
(Kim, Spahlinger, Kin, Coffey, & Billi, 2009).
Disruption affecting surgical process can be identified and reduced addressing firstly these
questions; (1) what elements of information flow govern the implementation of an existing activity
within surgical process? (2) What information is needed from other activities before starting and
completing the existing activity? (3) How can the interdependencies between disruption events be
identified? (Al-Hakim & Su, 2010). Lean thinking has been applied successfully in a wide variety of
healthcare settings. But while lean theory emphasizes a holistic view, most cases report narrower
technical applications with limited organizational reach. To better realize the potential benefits,
healthcare organizations need to directly involve senior management, pursue value creation for patients
and other customers, and nurture a long-term view of continual improvement (Mazzocato, et al., 2010).
Actor network theory (ANT) is useful for explicitly tracking how organizational players shift their
positions and network allegiances over time, and for identifying objects and actions that are effective in
engaging individuals in networks which enable transition to a Lean process (Papadopoulos, Radnor, &
Merali, 2011).
In a study of process design comparison in lean thinking framework, exploring efficiency in terms
of lead times, visits and costs, the environmental context and operational focus primarily influenced the
process design of cataract pathways. Hospitals can use these systematic benchmarking data to decrease
the frequency of hospital visits, lead times and costs (Van Vliet et al., 2011).
There is experience in hip fracture patients after applying LT value-stream approach. Using
available resources in an efficient manner, there is a significant reduction of 5%-9.3% in the 30 day
and overall mortality after its implementation (Yousri, Khan, Chakrabarti, Fernandes, & Wahab, 2011).
The new approach of identifying areas for change in an ongoing nurse-led liaison service for older
adults resulted in improving access to mental health services for elderly medically ill inpatients and
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4. WORLD ACADEMIC JOURNAL OF BUSINESS & APPLIED SCIENCES-MARCH-SEPTEMBER 2013 EDITION
improved quality of their overall care (Atkinson & Mukaetova-Ladinska, 2012). Redesigning the
pathway for un-sedated patients, using lean thinking transformation to focus on patient-derived
value-adding steps, wastes was removed and creating a more efficient process. In the primary unit the
patient pathway reduced from 19 to 11 steps with a reduction in the maximum lead time from 375 to 80
min following the pretended lean thinking transformation (Hydes, Hansi, & Trebble, 2012). Lean
thinking principles were also utilized to set up “One-stop cholecystectomy clinics” at which patients
underwent the surgical and the preoperative assessment during the same visit. This resulted on a
significant reduction in the number of patient visits as well as the waiting time to surgery. It can be
highlighted too, that patient care can be improved by good team working (Siddique, Elsayed, Cheema,
Mirza, & Basu, 2012).
A pilot study in a hospital showed that many unnecessary diagnostic tests were performed routinely.
To reduce costs of unnecessary diagnostic tests, with the introduction of few simple measures to
improve awareness among the physicians, LT led to a significant reduction in the diagnostic costs in the
department of internal medicine (Vegting et al., 2012).
In a cardiology department’s investigation to adopt and adapt lean, its adoption varied with the
degree to which the staff saw a need for change. Work redesign and teamwork were also found helpful
to improve patient care (Ulhassan et al., 2013).
2.5.2. Lean thinking to help patient flow
The flow of patients into groups of patients cared for by a specific team of doctors and nurses, and
the minimizing of complex queues in emergency department by altering the practices in relation to the
function of the Australasian Triage Scale method improved patient flow, decreasing chances for
overcrowding (King, et al., 2006).
Redesigning care has not been aimed at changing the specifics of clinical practice but rather has
been concerned with improving the flow of patients through clinical and other systems (Ben-Tovim, et
al., 2007). The Flinders medical center program was on improving the flow of patients through the
emergency department, but the program quickly spread to involve the redesign of managing medical
and surgical patients throughout the hospital, and improving major support services. The program had
three main phases: "getting the knowledge"; "establishing high-volume flows"; and "standardizing and
sustaining". Results showed that the redesigning care program enabled the hospital to provide safer and
more accessible care during a period of growth in demand (Ben-Tovim, et al., 2008). In the 7th people’s
hospital of Shanghai, the business process of an outpatient appointment and queuing system was
improved with a system of operation efficiency and patients waiting time, on the basis of lean thinking
(Xiangpeng, Rui, & Zhibin, 2008).
There is still scope for methodological development by defining three themes associated with the
operational, the clinical and the experiential value (Young & McClean, 2008). Emergency departments
(EDs) face problems with crowding, delays, cost containment, and patient safety. After the
implementation of lean in a study, patient care improved, decreasing the length of stay, waiting times etc.
There were some indications of positive effects on employees and organizational culture too as
employee involvement, management support, and preparedness for change (Holden, 2011). Bottlenecks
in patients journeys trough an emergency department were evaluated with reference to a lean thinking
value-stream map (Ryan et al., 2013).
2.6. Training and education lean thinking
A lean course arrangement model of a university under the guidance of lean production thinking
was proposed. The aim was to solve the time conflict in the election courses proposing a “same group
different time, same class different heads” course arrangement model. The basic idea was not arranging
schedule ranked by the same group courses at the same time, but ranked by different group of courses
(Li & Liu, 2008).
A rational for the design and development of a video simulation used to teach lean thinking and
workflow analysis was judged effective because it allowed students to visualize a real-world process,
contemplate the scenes depicted in the video along with the concepts presented in class in a risk-free
environment, developing hypotheses about why problems occurred in the workflow process and
therefore develop solutions to redesign a process (Campbell, Gantt, & Congdon, 2009).
A case study described one residency program's educational curriculum to provide foundational
knowledge in quality improvement QI and patient’s safety PS to all its trainees. The aim was to
highlight a resident team based project that apply principles of LT to evaluate the process responding to
an in-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest providing residents with a practical experience but also presenting
an opportunity for trainees to align with the health system's approach to improving quality and safety
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5. WORLD ACADEMIC JOURNAL OF BUSINESS & APPLIED SCIENCES-MARCH-SEPTEMBER 2013 EDITION
(Kim et al., 2010).
2.7. Other Industry LT
A tentative legal supply chain model was explored in how lean thinking can be successfully
extended into the legal sector, looking where and how the implementation of LT could start, and the
modifications required to its success (Peter Hines, Martins, & Beale, 2008).
Lean government is part of a growing trend of management tools designed to lower costs and
improve efficiency of government operations. However, the transference of lean techniques from the
private sector to the public sector requires a careful balancing of administrative law and management
labor relations (Scorsone, 2008).
Lean methods are difficult to implement in companies from the distribution sector due to the
volatility of customer demand, the high degree of human participation and the demanding mechanical
and repetitive activities in retail and storage activities. A methodology for change management to adopt
lean practices in distribution centers was presented proving it suitable for establishing a lean culture in
these type of companies and resulting in good outcomes in terms of productivity, employee attitudes and
participation (Jaca, Santos, Errasti, & Viles, 2012).
Waste management using a sample of small and medium sized hotels in 19 European countries was
researched naming the LT seven value mapping streams: Process activity mapping, supply chain
response matrix, production variety channel, quality filter mapping, demand amplification mapping,
decision point analysis and physical structure with particular reference guest reservation and reception.
It was found that hotels do apply value mapping techniques, and similarities were found in hotel
operations regardless of location. It is suggested that every value stream mapping technique (except
production variety funnel and supply chain response matrix), can have a high impact on detecting and
eliminating waste both upstream and downstream of the value chain. (Vlachos & Bogdanovic, 2013).
3. Methodology
The research plan was carried on analyzing the concept of lean thinking as a business strategy
philosophy as well as to determine the focus areas of this concept. The research review findings from all
available research articles on lean thinking. After general literature search, it was decided to use “lean
thinking” term as the key phrase to find articles directly related with lean thinking business philosophy
avoiding “lean”, “lean management” or “total lean management” concepts. Specific search was created
by the use of limiting and refining search criteria. Limiting criteria was: ISI Web of Knowledge,
publication period 1950-2013 and “lean thinking”. The refining criteria on the search were: social
science as research domain and academic articles as document types sorted by relevance. It was decided
to produce data sheet consisting of the key focus areas of the fields of interest using Endnote 4X
software. After reading the titles, abstracts and conclusions, the following articles were included in the
review; from a timespan of 63 years, all those mentioning directly the lean thinking term in their title,
from the databases; Web of Science, Inspec, Derwent Innovations Index, Chinese Science Citation
Database and Medline.
4. Findings and discussion
The search resulted in 46 papers from year 2001-2013, 34 Web of science records, 10 Medline
records and 2 Chinese citation database records covering a wide range of areas. 2007, 2008 and year
2012 showed the highest publication rate on lean thinking, with a significant publication rate on 2008
(Appendix a). Findings from main focus areas, from highest to lowest show: Health care (with a 48% of
found records), manufacturing (17%), construction (10%), product development (7%),
training-education (7%) and supply chain (2%). Other industries (9%) are also attempting to implement
or improve LT within their domain; Government administrations, distribution centers, legal sector and
hospitality industry (Appendix b). It seems that apart from the expected manufacturing LT publications,
an especial big amount of research has been held in health care service industry LT,fields like supply
chain, hotel service, distribution, legal sector, universities, government have just started. Other new
fields could be included in the future. LT research literatures have been published extensively. Its theory
and practice has had a significant impact as well as a rapid spread into many industry sectors
considering it as a new generation guidance thinking of management revolution. It implies a complete
change in all terms inside a business and it’s considered as “the lean thinking philosophy”. It has been
successfully applied to manufacturing and operations environments as well as improving patient care in
health services, indicating also positive effects on organization culture, management support and
readiness for change from employees. Using video simulations has been judged effective for LT
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6. WORLD ACADEMIC JOURNAL OF BUSINESS & APPLIED SCIENCES-MARCH-SEPTEMBER 2013 EDITION
trainings.
Different type of industries and sectors as health care services, shipping industries, legal industry,
government and distribution companies have started to implement LT, but adapting it to their specific
industry characteristics.
On the negative side, adapting LT into each industry as well as establishing lean culture takes time.
There have been authors reporting difficulties in applying lean outside highly repetitive manufacturing
environments, the lack of human integration, and the lack of LT definition leads also to confusion with
other management concepts. Some industries might be applying some instruments and tools already in
lined with lean thinking principles. There have been reported also cases that found challenge related to
communication and its understanding, making it difficult accepting a lean thinking business strategy
among employees. Also a total live cycle lean thinking should be stressed considering all the processes
through the total life cycle of the product or service. In short words, the focus for future research should
be to keep the path of specific researches for each industry taking into account their particularities so
that LT can be implemented in a customized way.
Appendix
a) Lean thinking: Year Wise
b) Lean thinking: Literature Review
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