The document outlines a comprehensive framework for sustainable building design, categorizing strategies and techniques into navigation matrices based on scale, energy topics, design complexities, and climate considerations. It emphasizes the importance of integrating passive design strategies to minimize energy consumption and achieve net-zero or net-positive building performance. Additionally, it provides a guideline for creating custom design bundles that consist of core and situational strategies to address specific design challenges.

1. Navigation Matrix by Scale
and Energy
•Synergies, Bundles,
Strategies and
Techniques are
categorized by heating,
cooling, lighting,
ventilation, power and
combinations of these,
and by the scales of
building groups, buildings
and building parts.
Navigation by Design
Strategy
•Uses the nine levels of
complexity to organize
Bundles and Strategies
and defi ne nested
relationships where
lower order strategies
help build higher order
strategies.
Navigation by Climate
•Helps identify the
Strategies applicable to
all climates and those
useful when designing in
a particular climate.
Analysis of sun wind and light for the design of a building in a Tropical wet and dry climate
Sun wind and light by Mark DeKay and GZ Brown
The knowledge contained in Sun, Wind & Light can be accessed in many ways. Because it is structured
in a modular way (as Synergies, Bundles, Design Strategies and Techniques) and because there are many
ways that these “parts” can be related to each other and combined into larger design patterns, there are
several means offered to access the content and to determine which components the designer wants to
employ.
Navigation Matrix by Design
Strategy map
Key Points
• Strategies are organized in
levels of complexity.
• Less complex/smaller scale
strategies help build larger
strategies.
• Every strategy has a context.
• More complex/larger
strategies organize patterns of
smaller strategies.
• A full range of complexity
levels is necessary for a whole
and complete environment.
Consider for example two strategies, A and B, as shown in Diagrammatic Relationships among Strategies
in the Design Strategy Maps. In general, if Strategy A is shown above Strategy B in the Design Strategy
Maps, then the following relationships are usually observed in the form given in the statements, but not
vice versa. These are multiple ways to say the same thing:
• A is the whole of which B is a part.
• A helps to organize B or the pattern of Bs
• A enfolds or contains or includes B.
• A is an immediate context of B. B is nested
within A. B can exist without A, but A cannot
exist without B (or some B; not all possible Bs
are identified in SWL3). So, if all the Bs are
destroyed, A is also destroyed. A needs B (or at
least one B) to exist.
• A is enhanced by B.
• The character of A is the configuration of
relationships between Bs.
• A transcends but includes B.
• The deeper the A (more nested levels), the
lower its population. There are more Bs in the
world than As
• A is more complex than B.
• B can usually participate in multiple As.

5. Navigation Matrix by Climate
To select strategies and bundles appropriate to a building's climate:
1) Find the climate zone for your
building site using the Maps of
International Climate Zones
(United States, Alaska or Canada).
2) Select the base climate
condition from Climate Zones and
Their Priorities for Heating and
Cooling Strategies (next spread).
3) Modify your base climate zone
using the table of Bundle
Variations by Climate and Internal
Gains, (two spreads back), if
required, depending on whether
you are designing an ILD building,
an SLD building or an outdoor
room.
4) Select a new equivalent climate
zone, if you are designing an ILD
building or an outdoor room. From
your base climate zone condition, if
required, move in the Hot direction (left) or the Cold direction (right). From the diagram, Climate Zones
and Their Priorities for Heating and Cooling Strategies, (next spread) read the recommended weighting of
Hot (cooling) vs. Cold (heating) strategies.
5) Select appropriate Synergies, Design Strategies and Analysis Techniques. Using these weightings
as priorities, refer to Strategies by Climate and Energy Intentions (two spreads forward). Of course, not
every strategy on the list must be used and an energy intention may still be achieved by employing
various combinations.
6) Use the weightings to create custom bundles from a mix of strategies drawn from hot and cold
variations. See the section, “Making Your Own Bundles” in Part IV, “Bundles.” Some strategy bundles
are differentiated by climate. When selecting among them, use the same steps above to determine your
equivalent climate zone.
Navigation by Scale and energy topics:
Find on the vertical axis the three scale groupings, Groups of Buildings, Buildings and Building Parts,
which apply to the bundles and design strategies, plus the category of Analysis & Evaluation
[Techniques], which often relates to multiple scales. On the horizontal axis are the categories of energy
topics that the Synergy, Bundle, Strategy or Technique helps the designer consider. The topics include,
Heating, Cooling, Ventilation, Day lighting and Power and combinations of these.
Strengths
• Useful for finding the strategies or bundles that operate at a particular scale
• Helpful for finding design guidance on a particular energy topic, such as daylighting
• Useful for finding strategies that may be related by scale and topic(s) to a strategy the designer is
already considering
• Helps understand the range of strategies that apply to particular topics
Weakness
• Does not reveal the scalar or complexity of relationships among strategies
• Implies but does not specify the relationships between energy topics

7. Understanding building and energy use
Modern buildings use energy to power equipment and provide occupants with comfortable conditions.
Over half of the energy consumed by buildings is used to meet heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting
loads (U.S. DOE, 2012).
What is climate? Climate is the set of
external factors (temperature, relative
humidity, radiation, wind patterns, etc.)
that affect building loads.
Load reduction strategies: In the effort to
save energy, the first conventional
response is often to improve the efficiency
of the mechanical and electric lighting
systems (e.g., changing from T-12, a
historically common fluorescent lamp, to
more efficient T-8 lamps).
 However, if the loads are reduced
with passive strategies before the systems efficiency is improved, greater reductions in energy use
can be achieved, along with a reduction in the size and initial cost of the systems.
 Reducing loads to a minimum makes it possible to use on-site energy production strategies to meet
the remaining demands of any necessary mechanical, lighting or electrical systems, resulting in a
net-zero or peak-zero, net-positive building.
Net-zero and net-positive: EUI
buildings Energy use intensity (EUI)
is a common metric used to quantify
and compare the operational energy
consumed.
 The EUI measures the amount of
energy required by a building on a
per unit area basis and is calculated
by dividing the total annual energy
use by the total floor area of the
building.
 The EUI can be weighed against a
building's energy production intensity (EPI), an estimate of the energy that is generated within the
site's boundaries based on available climate resources for photovoltaic panels, wind turbines or
other renewable power generation methods employed in the design.
 Regardless of the power generation method used or fuel type consumed, all production units are
converted to annual kBtu/ft2 (or annual kWh/m2) so that equivalent comparisons can be made
between buildings and across different fuel types.
 Using these two metrics, we can view the energy demand versus energy production as a spectrum
where an energy balance index (EBI) is equal to EPI minus EUI:
Energy Balance Index = Energy Production Intensity - Energy Use Intensity
 Conventional buildings: EBI = - value ( energy consumed greater than energy produced)
 Net zero building: EBI= 0 (energy produced= energy consumed)
 Efficient building: EBI= + value ( more energy produced than consumed)

8. Integrated design:
“In the creation of the built environment,
integrated design is the synthesis of climate, use
loads and systems to achieve a more comfortable
and productive environment for the occupants,
and a building that is more energy-efficient than
current best practices” (Brown and Cole, 2006).
 Integrated design occurs in the context of
the many considerations that are part of any
design project—including structural systems,
project budget, security and code requirements—
and provides a lens through which to view these
factors. Collaboration among project stakeholders
throughout the design and construction process
increases the likelihood that synergies will be
found and implemented in the project.
 Climate, for example, could be considered either a positive or negative influence on the project.
The integrated design lens urges designers to view Climate as a resource.
Design Decision Chart:
The Design Decision Chart for Net-Zero and Peak-Zero, NetPositive Buildings helps designers make
decisions early in the design process. It provides a method for linking a small number of memorable
design concepts, or Synergies,
with Bundles and individual
Strategies
Design Decision Chart:
Synergies are designated S1,
S2, S3, etc. Bundles are listed
as B1, B2, etc. Both are shown
in bold type. Design Strategies
are listed as 1, 2, 3, etc.
Analysis Techniques are
numbered A1, A2, A3, etc.
and the new High-
Performance Buildings
assessment methods are
labeled P1, P2, P3, etc. This
follows the naming
conventions in the text and in
the other navigation
instruments.
 Synergy : denoted by S
 Bundles: denoted by B
 Design Strategies:
denoted by a number
and a capital letter
 Analysis Technique:
denoted by A
 High performance building technique: denoted by P

9. Understanding the Bundles
A Bundle in Sun, Wind & Light is a set of related strategies
working together to resolve commonly occurring design
problems. A bundle may address a single energy issue or it
may address two or more energy topics (heating, cooling,
day-lighting, ventilation or power. In general, a bundle has
the following characteristics, as illustrated in the diagram The
Structure of a Bundle.
Rules to understand the Bundle:
1. A Bundle covers two or more scales in the hierarchical system for levels of complexity.
2. A Bundle has 3–5 invariant core strategies that can always be used in the given design
situation.
3. A Bundle has two or more situational variations, each with its own bundle diagram.
4. A Bundle may also identify refiner strategies, which are related to the bundle and are
recommended to be considered as the design develops to greater levels of detail.
Levels
of
Complexity
Levels 1-9 as
mentioned
above
Core
Stratergies
Core
strategies are
recognized as
those that
apply to all
the bundle's
variations
Situational
Variations
-Different
climates
-Rates of internal
gains
-Occupancy
Schedule
-Morphological
Alternatives
-Energy Goals
Refiner
Stratergies
Refiner strategies are less
critical to the bundle's
success or have less impact
on architectural form than
core or situational
strategies. However, they
may still have a large
impact on performance,
depending on the
situation.
Bundles are
categorized into 9
levels of complexity
 Level 9 –
Neighborhood
 Level 8- Urban
fabric (Streets,
open spaces and
buildings)
 Level 7- Urban
Elements
 Level 6- Whole
Building
 Level 5- Room
Organization
 Level 4- The room
 Level 3- Building
systems
 Level 2- Elements
(Walls, roof and
floor)
 Level 1- Material

10. How to make your own Bundle
There are several ways to select bundles in SWL.
 First, the Design Decision Chart in Part II suggests
a set of broad, topically integrated synergies that apply to
almost all buildings almost all the time. The seven sets of
questions there identify the bundles that help the designer
explore design schemes based on the questions' themes.
 Second, each bundle is listed in the other navigation
methods in Part 1, “Navigation”; so if the designer is
working at a particular scale or is investigating a particular
issue, such as cooling or day lighting, then the bundles
most related to these concerns can be easily identified.
 Third, designers oriented toward what works in a
certain climate will find the “Navigation by Climate”
section helpful in identifying bundles and their climatic
variants that are most appropriate.
Bundles answer the primary design questions:
• How do smaller and less complex strategies help to build
larger and more complex strategies?
• How do larger, more complex strategies help or organize
groups of smaller, less complex strategies?
• What strategies are critical at each scale for the building
or neighborhood to work as a system with regard to the
particular energy topic?
12 steps to create your own bundle
1. Step 1- Define the design situation that the
bundle addresses, usually a recurring
problem in architectural design.
2. Step 2- Name the bundle and write an
action statement. Use the bold header
statements in the SWL bundles as a guide.
The action statement also captures the
intention of the bundle.
3. Step 3- Define the situational variations.
One bundle will rarely if ever address all
situations with a fixed set of strategies.
Explore the range of variables that
influence the context of the design problem
and the strategies that one might use.
4. Step 4- Beginning with the blank Bundle
Diagram Form; determine the scales at
play in the bundle. Any three scales in the
nine level systems may be chosen. Write in
the three scales that make up your bundle
and the scale of the bundle itself
5. Step 5- Fill in the square on the top level
with the name of your bundle(s).
6. Step 6- Make a copy of the Bundle
Diagram Form for the other variation(s)
you have identified.
7. Step 7- Complete the bundle in one of
several ways. Depending on the designer,
the route to bundle definition could be
more or less linear. Some designers begin
with the strategies that are already known
and will most likely be used in the design.
8. Step 8- Now ask three kinds of questions:
1. What other strategies are essential to
this bundle?
2. What smaller strategies does this
strategy help to organize, or what
lower level strategies does it help to
organize, configure or relate?
3. What other strategies does this
strategy help to build? Or what higher
level strategies depend on it?
9. Step 9- Work on two or three variations of
the bundle diagram simultaneously. As you
add strategies related to one another, look
for those strategies that occur in each and
every situational bundle. These are
candidates for core strategies. As these
Core Strategies become clear, move them
to the centre of the diagram into the bold
squares.
10. Step 10- Fill in the links between
strategies. Consult the Design Strategy
Maps; in Part I for possible important
linkages. Linkage lines in the SWL bundle
diagrams define their nested relationships
as outlined in “Navigation by Design
Strategy Maps” in Part I, “Navigation.”
Many other kinds of relatedness are
possible, including horizontal relationships
within a level
11. Step 11- Look for ways to simplify the
bundle
12. Step 12- Share your draft custom bundles

11. Making your own bundle
The first step towards making your own bundle is to fill the design decision chart.
Tropical Wet and dry climate
School Building
School Building
School Building
School Building
School Building
School Building

12. Level 6 : B5 A DAYLIGHT BUILDING is organized to light itself with the sky using a family of strategies fit to place
and purpose. [daylighting]
KEY POINTS
• Room design and room organization are keys to making use of daylight admitted through the envelope.
• Effective daylight design requires strategies at several scales.
• Many building massing alternatives can be effectively day lighted.
Core Strategies:
1. Day light zones
2. Daylight room geometry
3. Glare free room
4. Window placement
5. Electric light zones

13. Bundle 1: Thin plan building [Daylight]
Thin Plan DAYLIGHT BUILDING
Bundle
The Thin Plan bundle focuses on side
lighting, so building dimensions are
driven by how deeply light can
penetrate from the exterior walls.
Thin Plan Situational Strategies: In
addition to the five core strategies
applicable to all buildings, this
situational bundle adds these strategies
that will apply to most thin plan
buildings or side lighted rooms:
 THIN PLAN is the floor plan
implication of the sectional
relationship expressed in
SIDELIGHT ROOM DEPTH.
Recognizing that sidelight has
limited penetration generates a
fundamental planning module.
 SIDELIGHT ROOM DEPTH
establishes a critical ratio between
window head height and room
depth in rooms with unilateral
lighting. Depths can be increased
in a variety of ways.
Thin Plan Example: the National Parliament Building of
Liechtenstein by the Hansjörg Göritz Architektur studio
 Three-story office wing (known as the Long House)
married to a tall top-lighted meeting house (see section in
TOPLIGHT ROOM)
 The offices near the wall that faces the public square, while
the service spaces and circulation are located along the
back wall.
 Light coloured retaining wall bounces REFLECTED
SUNLIGHT to the service side of the plan. The service
elements alternate with glazing to provide daylight to the
corridor, which itself has a fully glazed wall that provides a
secondary source of light to the offices.
 The WINDOW PLACEMENT organizes vertically
proportioned windows that extend full height, alternating
with light-colour brick piers extending like fi ns, providing
daylight reflection and shading while preserving view.
 GLARE-FREE ROOM environment is promoted by a
gradient of brightness on the fi ns from inside to out, and by
the bilateral lighting that keeps contrast ratios close.
 The window height is a shallow 3 m (9.8 ft); office depth
is 8 m (26.2 ft) [ SIDELIGHT ROOM DEPTH]. The
DAYLIGHT ROOM GEOMETRY benefits from
partitions, desks and shelving organized perpendicular to
the window wall.

14. Bundle 2: Thick plan building [Daylight]
Thick Plan Example:
1. It can be understood as a single
story SKYLIGHT BUILDING, as the
daylight of each room is either from the
top or from the side facing courts,
2. The pattern of rooms organized
around courtyards can be also seen as an
ATRIUM BUILDING.
3. A large west-facing clerestory
casts light onto undulating white
concrete structural vaults to distribute
and diffuse light creating an ethereal
TOPLIGHT ROOM.
4. The extra-tall corridors with no
windows, topped with a gabled, glassed
DAYLIGHT ROOF, form an enclosed
compound.
5. GLARE-FREE ROOMS are created
by placement of the sanctuary and
corridor skylights high above the field of
view, by multiple reflections on whitish
concrete and painted surfaces, and by
facing sidelight openings toward walled
courts.
 The Bagsvaerd Church, near Copenhagen, by Jørn Utzon, is one of the preeminent examples of daylight design.
 The Danish sun is low in the sky and can be a great source of glare.
Thick Plan DAYLIGHT BUILDING
Bundle
The Thick Plan bundle variation focuses
on top lighting in the form of either
ATRIUM BUILDING or SKYLIGHT
BUILDING. The distinction is between
thick buildings driven by cutting holes
for light, which are often more than one
or two stories, and those that are one or
two stories high and can be day lighted
by skylights through the roof or light
wells that penetrate the top floor. The top
floor of any building can be treated as a
skylight building.
ATRIUM BUILDING organizes rooms
around light courts, glazed or unglazed,
while TOPLIGHT BUILDING brings light
through the roof to short buildings.
TOPLIGHT ROOM offers the designer
ways to shape the room to help distribute
light from above. TOPLIGHT ROOF
provides options for how to shape and
organize the roof openings and the roof
shape to bring light where the designer
intends.

15. Core strategies:
1. Locating outdoor rooms; 2. Buffer zones; 3. Cooling zones;
4. Stack ventilation; 5. Layers of shade

16. Bundle 3: Hot humid climate [Passively cooled building]
Hot-Humid PASSIVELY COOLED: reducing
solar gain and maximizing ventilation across
all scales. NIGHT-COOLED MASS will be
effective in many situations for some
portions of the year and should be carefully
evaluated.
PERMEABLE BUILDINGS: Promote both cross-
and stack-ventilation by making plans and
sections open as a pathway for air. CROSS-
VENTILATION ROOMS: Wind driven
ventilation is, in general, more effective than
stack-ventilation.
ROOMS FACING THE SUN AND WIND: To
support crossventilation, face inlets towards
the prevailing breezes and be aware of
secondary wind directions [WIND ROSE].
BREEZY COURTYARDS: Like indoor rooms,
outdoor rooms and courts used in the hot
season can be designed with shade and
partial enclosure that promotes good
ventilation.
VENTILATION OPENINGS ARRANGEMENT: A
good crossvented plan only works if the
ventilation apertures are placed so that all of
the floor space is cooled by moving air and
there are no dead air zones.
SEPARATED OR COMBINED OPENINGS:
ventilation openings may be handled
separately, thus avoiding over lighting or
overheating from glazed apertures.
Palmetto House in Redland, Florida, by
Jersey Devil Design/Build, near the
Everglades, is a fi ne example of a
passively cooled building in a hot-
humid.
1. Rooms oriented to the sun and
wind
2. Double skin materials
3. Locating outdoor rooms
4. Migration, buffer zones
5. Cooling Zones
6. Permeable building
7. Stack ventilation
8. Cross ventilation.
9. Layers of shades

17. Bundle 4: Hot Arid climate [Passively cooled building]
Hot-Arid PASSIVELY COOLED
BUILDING Bundle The hot-arid bundle
focuses on reducing solar gain and exploiting
a range of strategies orchestrated to address
the often extreme temperatures. Arid climates
open the possibility of evaporative cooling
and large daily temperature swings align very
well with NIGHT-COOLED MASS.
Situational strategies
1. Shady Courtyards- offer a respite from
intense sun. Their proportions are biased
toward shade rather than wind, as in hot-
humid climates.
2. Evaporative cooling towers- They can cool
when the air is much too hot for natural
ventilation cooling alone.
3. Night cooled mass rooms- used to
supplement mass cooling or can be used
during the day, depending on conditions.
4. Mass arrangement - thermal mass for
cooling is located where it can absorb the
most heat during the day and give that
heat up to ventilation air during the night.
Mario Cucinella Architects designed a prototype design for an
Experimental Office Building in Catania, Sicily, as part of the EU's
Passive Downdraft Evaporative Cooling (PDEC) research project (Ford
et al, 2010).
1. The building is organized into cooling zones with spaces clustered
around a series of central cylindrical, glazed Downdraft
Evaporative Cooling Towers that function when the air is too hot
outside for natural ventilation
2. The cooling towers can also operate as updraft shafts for STACK-
ventilation rooms
3. The building's mass arrangement is in the form of concrete floors
and ceilings. The VENTILATION OPENINGS ARRANGEMENT
was carefully studied with predictive models to provide the proper
and controllable amount of cooling to each floor and zone
4. A LAYER OF SHADES over the entire building reduces solar
gain to the roof and provides a shady/breezy roof terrace [ locating
outdoor rooms], while the raised building provides a shady cooled
garden below [SHADY COURTYARDS].

18. Passive down draft evaporative cooling (PDEC) is a representative term that is defined as a passive and low
energy technique for cooling and ventilating spaces in hot, dry climates (Bowman et al., 1998), and it is often
described as a reverse thermal chimney (Thompson et al., 1994) as the air flows downward through chimney
rather than upward as in a thermal chimney.

19. A PASSIVE SOLAR BUILDING is organized to heat itself with the sun using a family of strategies fit to place
and purpose. [heating]
RECOMMENDATIONS: In shaping the architecture to become a kind of heat exchanger, use and site combine to
influence the basic building massing and choice of systems.
• If the site and program allow, begin with the “Thin Plan” bundle variation and employ EAST–WEST PLAN with
DIRECT GAIN ROOMS, the simplest solution. If the plan requires more than two rooms in the northsouth
direction, also use the “Thick Plan” bundle variation, beginning with DEEP SUN.
• If the site dictates a short face toward the equator, or a plan with three or more rooms in the northsouth direction,
begin with the “Thick Plan” bundle variation and employ DEEP SUN.
• Where possible, combine DIRECT GAIN ROOMS with other room-scale solar heat strategies, such as
THERMAL STORAGE WALLS or SUNSPACES, to balance heat gains with daylight needs, controlling glare and
offering control options.
• Tightly control heat loss. Be sure to pay attention to all of the elements given in TOTAL HEAT LOSSES.

20. Bundle 5: Thin Plan Building [Passively solar building] The “Thin Plan” bundle (diagram, next page)
focuses on building organizations and plans
with an east-west orientation and a
combination of direct gain with other solar
systems.
EAST-WEST PLAN east-west axis to
maximize exposure to winter sun while also
minimizing exposure to harsh east and west
heat gains in summer.
CONVECTIVE LOOPS Heat distribution by
natural convection works best when the
distances are small, such as in a thin building.
THERMAL STORAGE WALLS - DIRECT
GAIN ROOMS. The mass in walls delays
heat to later in the day or evening, whereas
direct gain heats the space up in the morning.
WINTER COURTS: Thin building plans,
particularly those that shield outdoor spaces
from the wind, are a good fit with sunny,
south-facing outdoor rooms.
INSULATION OUTSIDE of the mass is
required any time THERMAL MASS is
located in the exterior envelope, such as on
an exterior wall, or in a floor raised over
outdoor air.
WINDBREAKS can reduce wind-driven heat
loss. As thin buildings have larger exposed
perimeter areas, reducing cold winds is worth
considering seriously. Similarly, the building
itself can become a windbreak for outdoor
rooms or for other buildings in a complex
Shelly Ridge Girl Scout Center in Miquon, Pennsylvania (next
spread) is an excellent example of a passive solar building with
multiple system types
1. East West plan- having a long south facade, while, along the
east side, rooms without south exposure can share heat from
the large sunny room.
2. Heating zones- The semicircular lobby takes direct sun,
becoming a sunspace
3. Rooms oriented to the sun and wind
4. Thermal storage wall
5. Direct gain rooms supplemented with sun space
6. Mass arrangement
7. Winter Court

21. Bundle 6: Thick Plan Building [Passively so lar building]
Thick Plan SOLAR HEATED
BUILDING Bundle The “Thick Plan”
bundle variation focuses on building
organizations with three or more rooms
in the north-south direction, requiring
sectional strategies and more
sophisticated distribution logics to bring
sun to each room.
Situational Strategies
1. DEEP SUN - admits sun past the first
sun-facing room to get solar heat deeper
into the building.
2. CLUSTERED ROOMS reduce heat
loss through the exterior skin. Solar
collection and storage.
3. MOVING HEAT TO COLD ROOMS
– Rooms with no direct sunlight-
MECHANICAL HEAT
DISTRIBUTION, integrated with the
HVAC system, is required.
4. THERMAL COLLECTOR WALLS -
air will be the heat distribution medium
to storage and use in remote spaces
5. SUNSPACES large amount of heat
with a small orientation toward the sun.
Clustered room organizations.
6. TOPLIGHT ROOM
7. DAYLIGHT ROOF
In Lisbon, Portugal, architects Pedro Cabrito
and Isabel Diniz designed the Edifício Solar
XXI building using simple architectural
strategies to heat a relatively thick building
1. Plan organized according to heating
zones
2. Deep sun ( as seen in sections)
3. Passive Convective Loops (using
large doors)
4. Interior Louvers (moving solar heat
to the south rooms) [Moving heat
and cold rooms]
5. The atrium and south offi ces are
heated as DIRECT GAIN ROOMS
6. The offices are supplemented by a
CONVECTIVE LOOP in the wall
that makes use of waste heat from
the PHOTOVOLTAIC WALL,
making it essentially a THERMAL
COLLECTOR WALL
7. MASS ARRANGEMENT serves
both heating and cooling
8. EARTH–AIR HEAT
EXCHANGERS and NIGHT-
COOLED MASS

22. Bundle 7: Hot climate [Outdoor micro climate]
Hot Climate OUTDOOR
MICROCLIMATE Bundle Hot climates can
be mostly humid, mostly arid or a mix of
humid and arid in different seasons or, in some
climates, when major weather patterns shift. In
all these conditions shade is desirable during
selected periods according to the SHADING
CALENDAR. In arid conditions, additional
humidity can improve comfort, while in hot-
humid conditions it generally does not. The
remaining distinction is whether or not
admitting wind is desirable. In hot-humid
conditions air movement over people will
improve their comfort. In arid conditions, there
is debate on the matter, usually centring on
either the drying effects of wind or on its dust
content. Take care to use strategies that will
reduce dust (if it is a local issue) when
ventilating outdoor spaces. In the authors'
experiences, light breezes are usually desirable
in hot-arid conditions, as they promote even
greater evaporation of perspiration. Therefore,
we generally recommend admitting moderate
breezes while excluding the extremely hot ones
in hot-arid climates, but not at the expense of
shading
Situational strategy
1. Shady Courtyards
2. Water Edges
3. Ventilation opening arrangement
4. Layers of shade
Centre for Environmental Education- Ahmedabad, India: Hot
composite climate of Ahmedabad, India, which shifts from arid to humid
seasonally. An amazing diversity of outdoor rooms is organized as a series
of linked courts, along topographic ridges with axial views through the
site.
1. Buffer zones
2. Breezy courtyards
3. Layers of shade
4. Shady courtyards
5. Rooms facing the sun and wind
6. Dispersed buildings- lower buildings in the windward direction
7. Equal indoor and outdoor spaces
The wall and roof sections are elegantly designed with planting beds for
vines at the roof edges and also forming an inboard fixed shade adjacent to
the cantilevered trellises.

23. Bundle 8: Cold climate [Outdoor micro climate]
The core strategies for this bundle cover
both hot and cold conditions, but the
choices the designer makes are opposite,
for example, designing migrational spaces
that are warmer, locating outdoor rooms
that are sunny and wind protected, and
buffering from the cold rather than from
the sun. In addition to the core strategies
for this bundle, this variation adds three
new strategies that can be used in cold
climates or in any climate that has a winter
period.
1. Winter Courts: LOCATING OUTDOOR
ROOMS helps define the location of the
WINTER COURT and its accompanying
outdoor rooms in other seasons.
2. Sunspace: the sunspace will always be
warmer than the colder outdoor
temperatures in winter and will have a
daily temperature variation that is
greater than indoors but less than
outdoors.
3. Wind breaks: Windbreaks can be
buildings, walls, fences, or vegetation;
in any variety, they help build WINTER
COURTS and calm courts

24. Wind breaks
The houses of Bryan Mackay-Lyons, set in the
relatively cold maritime climate of Nova
Scotia, provide a rich set of examples for
configuring buildings and outdoor space to
modify the outdoor microclimate. At the
Kutcher House, in Herring Cove, the
courtyard is protected by a 120 ft (37 m) long
concrete wall (Carter, 2001; Quantrill, 2005).
BUNDLES: B8 An almost equally long, but
lower granite boulder protects the southerly
side to form a WINTER COURT. The
Messenger House II, in Upper Kingsburg,
Nova Scotia, covers the outdoor room with a
daylighted roof and encloses it between the
main house and a guest house, widening the
deck on the sunny southwest side, while
partially closing the space on the northwest
with a slatted wind fence (Canadian Architect,
2002; Quantrill, 2005). Large sliding barn
doors can switchably protect from sun and
wind. Situated on a windy hilltop, the Hill
House locates a courtyard between house and
barn-like structure, wrapped on the other two
sides by protective concrete walls, but leaving
openings for views across the court and into
the landscape (Kolleeny, 2005; Architectural
Review, 2004; Quantrill, 2005).

25. Bundle 9: Hot humid climate [Responsive Envelope]
Arthur and Yvonne Boyd Education Centre to
address a combination
of shade, sun, light, ventilation and view
1. External shading
2. Reflected sunlight
3. Daylight apertures
4. Solar apertures
5. Ventilation apertures
6. Separated or combined openings
7. Well placed windows
8. Skin thickness
The RESPONSIVE ENVELOPE
contributes to a building that requires no
mechanical heating or cooling system.
Hot-humid climate [Responsive
Envelope]
The hot-arid bundle focuses on and
biases toward reducing solar gain,
creating thermal lag and storing daytime
heat gains for night ventilation.
Core Strategies:
1. Cross ventilation
2. Stack ventilation rooms
3. Night cooled mass
4. Wind catchers
5. Roof ponds
Situational Strategies:
1. Layer of shades and external
shading
2. Ventilation apertures
3. Exterior surface colour
Refiner Strategies:
1. Earth edge
2. Double skin material
3. Ventilation openings
arrangements
4. Mass arrangements

26. Bundle 10: Hot-Arid climate [Responsive Envelope]
Hot-Arid climate [Responsive
Envelope]
The hot-arid bundle focuses on and
biases toward reducing solar gain,
creating thermal lag and storing
daytime heat gains for night
ventilation.
Core Strategies
1. Night Cooled Mass
2. Cross ventilation rooms
3. Stack ventilation rooms
4. Wind catchers
5. Evaporative cooling
6. Roof ponds
Situational Strategies:
1. Mass arrangement
2. Thermal Mass
3. External Shading
4. Ventilation Apertures
5. Exterior colour surface
Refiner Strategies:
1. Reflected sunlight
2. Double skin materials
3. Say light enhancing shades
Jo Noero’s Nxumalo House
the sunny north side with deep eaves protecting the upper floor glazing,
and on the lower floor, louvered vents [VENTILATION APERTURES]
and an external trellis [LAYER OF SHADES].
1. Layer of shade
2. Well placed windows
3. Ventilation apertures
4. Daylight apertures
5. Skin thickness
6. Solar apretures
7. Separate or combined openings
8. Clear glass windows
9. Reflected sunlinght
10. Thermal mass
11. Earth edges

28. Bundle 11: Cold climate [Responsive Envelope]
The Living Light House (Stach and Rose, 2011; DOE, 2011; Casely, 2011; Rybak,
2011; Hoyt, 2011) is optimized more for cold conditions.
1. On both the north and the south side, its Smart Facade uses a dynamic
double layer system, made up of suspended fi lm, highly insulated (R-11)
interior glass and single-pane exterior glass.
2. Alternating translucent and transparent panes serve as DAYLIGHT
APERTURES, allowing for views of the landscape while maintaining a sense
of privacy for the occupant.
3. Photovoltaic roof
4. Motorised horizontal pane system
5. Cavity wall
6. Thermal collector wall
During colder months, the black face of the horizontal blind absorbs solar radiation
within the south cavity, similar to MASS SURFACE ABSORPTANCE. Outside air
is drawn through low louvers [VENTILATION APERTURES], preheated in the
cavity and directed to an energy recovery ventilator (ERV) [AIR–AIR HEAT
EXCHANGER].
Cold Climate RESPONSIVE
ENVELOPE Bundle
The Cold Climate bundle variation
focuses primarily on capturing and
retaining both winter sun and interior
heat.
 DAYLIGHT APERTURES will be
larger than VENTILATION
APERTURES
 Equator-facing orientations, SOLAR
APERTURES will be larger than
DAYLIGHT OR VENTILATION
requirements.
Cold Climate Situational Strategies
1. SOLAR APERTURES
2. INTERNAL AND IN-BETWEEN
SHADES
Cold Climate Refiner Strategies
1. Ventilation apertures:
Apertures can be sized to remove
heat gain by cross-ventilation based
on the design wind-speed.
2. Thermal mass: The larger solar
apertures required in cold climates create
overheating without the use of thermal
storage. In some cases, mass for DIRECT
GAIN or mass for THERMAL
STORAGE WALLS can be placed in the
envelope.
3. Insulation outside: When
THERMAL MASS for DIRECT GAIN
ROOMS is used in the exterior envelope,
it should always be exposed to the room
air and wrapped with insulation.
4. Moveable Insulation
Alternatively, systems with various types
of high-performance glazing, translucent
insulations, or translucent phase change
materials, may perform as well as
moveable insulation.

29. Level 5
Strategies at level 5 are configurations of relationships among the elements of room and courtyards.
These various organizations include zoned, open, compact, differential, thick and thin arrangements.

30. Bundle 12: Migration [Cooling and Heating]
Example 1: Pueblo Acoma near Albuquerque, New Mexico
Two-zone residence in which the time of day
that each zone is used changes dramatically
from season to season.
1. In cool seasons, the outside terraces are
used during the day and the interior spaces
at night. The mass absorbs the sun's heat
during the day and releases it to the
interior at night.
2. In the warm seasons the reverse is true: The
outside terraces are used at night and the
shaded cool interiors during the day. The
mass is cooled at night by the air and by
radiation to the sky and so remains cool
during the day.
Zone 1- The exterior south-facing terrace is
wind-protected and sunny during the day, an
advantage when the air is cool and a
disadvantage when it is warm.
Zone 2- the interior room, follows the outside
climate less closely than the terrace. The heat
storage characteristics of the massive
construction cause the interior temperature to
lag several hours behind the exterior
temperature.
Rooms and courts can be zoned so that activities can take place in cooler areas during warm periods and warmer
areas during cool periods of the day or season.
1.Key strategies: Migration –
moving from one place to
another to maintain thermal
comfort-with providing a
variety of zones, each of
which is comfortable under a
different set of climatic
conditions.
2.Climatic condition: moderate
climatic extremes
3.Considerations:
a. Climate pattern
b. Materials used
c. Thermal lag
d. Diurnal temperature
e. Social pattern/ lifestyle
pattern/ activity pattern

31. Example 2: Parekh House Ahmedabad by Charles Correa
Bundle 17: Buffer Zones [Cooling and heating]
Example 1- Apartment building in Wohnpark,
Atte Dondu Vienna Austria
Charles Correa used two different climatically
derived sections placed parallel to each other
to facilitate seasonal and daily migration in
the Parekh House, in Ahmedabad, India.
1. The "winter section,' intended for use on
winter days and summer evenings, is
located on the eastern elevation where it can
be warmed by morning sun. It has roof
terrace under a partial shade pergola.
2. The 'summer section; a retreat for hot
summer afternoons, is plated in the center of
the house, between the winter section and
the service core, minimizing exposure to the
outside. It's height is used to exploit stack
ventilation
Rooms that can tolerate temperature swings can be located between protected rooms and undesired heat or
cold and can temper fresh ventilation air before it enters that occupied space
1. If the buffer zones faces south
(north in southern hemisphere) it
can provide heat for nearby spaces
in which case its average
temperature will be close to that of
interior rooms.
2. If it faces east, west or north (south
in southern hemisphere), it reduces
envelope losses but will not
provide net winter solar gains.
3. Natural ventilation rates will not
be large enough for building
ventilation if the buffer is small
relative to the size of the rooms
occupied.
4. Preheating ventilation air through
the buffer saves somewhat more
energy than exhausting to the
buffer
5. Heat flows between buffers and
parent spaces are complex;
however the buffer zones winter
temperature is an indicator of its
effectiveness
1. South east facing
buffer zones
2. Glazed buffer
zones (from 9th
floor to 22nd
floor)
3. Heat is stored in
concrete floors and
walls
4. Ventilation air is
recalculated from
the top of the open
space down
through an internal
shaft.
5. Winter temperature
never falls below
7OC
6. Glazing increases
the r value

32. How to estimate buffer spaces
average temperature?
Estimating glazed buffers winter
average temperature without
effects of solar gain and
ventilation
1. Draw a diagonal line
between the left vertical indoor
and right vertical outdoor
temperature scales.
2. Using the appropriate
scale for the buildings glazing
conditions, enter the horizontal
axis with ratio of external
buffer glazing to separating
glazing
3. Move up to the diagonal
line previously drawn and then
move horizontally to read
either temperature scale for the
average buffer indoor
temperature.
1. Outdoor rooms can use micro
climate around the building to
enhance their comfort by
drawing shade from the adjacent
building.
2. Outdoor spaces that are able to
create their own shade can cast
this shade on the building.
3. Four storey portico
4. Partial shade pergola
The result is a series of outdoor
rooms on the three sides with
large windows and a well
protected front façade with a
institutional scale

33. Bundle 22: Clustered Rooms [Cooling and heating]
Example 1: Old Ogden house, Fairfield, Connecticut
Rooms reduce skin area thus heat loss and gain
The amount of exposed skin relative to the volume
enclosed increase as compact forms like cubes
elongate.
1.
2.
3.
1. Envelope transfer by conduction (consider
insulation)
2. Skin loss/ gain as a function of massing
3. Heat transfer is directly proportional to the
S/F ratio
4. In case of insulation:
Low R Value is inversely proportional to the
S/F (heat transfer is great)
The ratio of skin area to floor area is an important
variable in estimating skin heat loss
1.Rooms concentrated into a compact form
2.Rooms surrounded around a central heat source
3.South facing house
4.Largest windows facing the south to collect sun
5.North side is the coldest side

34. Long east west plan arrangements increase winter sun facing skin available to collect solar radiation and
minimize solar radiation
Solar apertures for solar glazing
1. South- facing glazing in
individual rooms increase solar heating
increase.
2. Arranging rooms along the south
wall (or north wall) increase by
organizing the rooms along a south
facing.
Rooms facing sun and wind
Example 1- Lloyd Lewis House in Libertyville, Illinois
1. East west axis
2. Circulation on the north, giving rooms opening to the south sun
3. Elongated building increases the south sun
4. Smaller east west sides reducing unwanted solar gain
5. Increased skin area of a long thin plan will increase envelope
heat transfer as explained in clustered rooms.
Example 2- Prince Residence designed by equinox design in
Portland Oregon
1. Circulation zone is a sun space and direct gain space in others
2. Extends the full length of the south façade
3. Living spaces along an east west axis (each space has access to
suns warmth )
Example 3 Housing development Brunnesteasse in Vienna
Austria
1. Thin plan
2. South facing units heated by a combination of direct gain and
sunspace
3. North south direction to provide winter solar access
4. Poor solar access of the east west spine is improved by giving
windows in the east façade
5. Circulation for the spine is given along the streets within a west
facing
6. Glazed thermal buffer used to preheat ventilation air
Bundle 24: Long East- West plan [Cooling and heating]

35. Bundle 28: Stratification Zones [Cooling and heating] Because hot air rises, the upper levels of a
building are frequently warmer than the lower
level.
1. Can be implemented in zones or
activities by temperature requirements.
2. In hot climate the same technique can be
exploited in the opposite manner by
placing daytime use rooms on lower
levels where it is cooler
3. Bed spaces near the floor and using high
ceiling to allow heat to collect above the
heads of occupants where it can be
vented out of high windows while
maintaining privacy at the view level.
4. In two storey passively heated buildings
that depend on natural convention as a
means of heat transfer, the temperature
difference between upper and lower
levels have been found to be at least 2.2-
2.8o C different.
5. In tall rooms excessive heat stratification
in winter is undesirable and the warm air
may be recirculated to lower areas with
the aid of fans and possible ducts.
Stratification zones rooms can be zoned vertically within
buildings to take advantage of temperature stratification
Example 1 Ralph Erskine ski lodge at Borgfjall in
Sweden
1. Circulation spaces with the least strict
temperature requirements
2. The living/ cooking quarters are on an
intermediate level and the sleeping quarters
which need to be the warmest are on the
uppermost level

36. Bundle 14: Cooling Zones [Cooling and ventilation]
Example 1- Seminar II building at
evergreen state college
Rooms can be grouped into Cooling zones based on similar
cooling requirements, facilitating the use of the same
cooling strategies at the same time
Single thermal zone during cooling seasons
cannot adapt to varying demands
1. Multiple cooling zones for varying
temperature, humidity and ventilation
2. Most useful in mixed mode buildings
3. Types of occupancy and activities in a
room determine occupancy heat gain,
equipment heat gain and electric
lighting heat gain.
4. Greater the heat gain more cooling
zones to reduce temperature
5. Clothing and activity also effect the
comfort
1. Large building divided into 5
smaller buildings
2. Covered outdoor circulation
3. Two large mixed mode ground floor
4. Offices and class rooms are stack
ventilated rooms
5. Perimeter inlets and sound baffled
outlets
6. Multi story circulation spaces
7. Fans can assist exhaust as needed
8. Concrete structure that utilizes night
cooled mass
9. Cross ventilation via large sliding
doors
10. Eliminating 80% or air condition
over natural ventilation

37. Bundle 15: Mixed mode building [Cooling and ventilation]
Example: The Carnegie institute for global ecology
Requirements:
1. Workable cooling zones
2. Load responsive schedules
3. Responsive envelope
4. Mechanical mass ventilation
5. Air-Air heat exchangers
6. Earth- Air heat exchangers
7. Fan assistances
Strategy 1: Concurrent (Same space,
same time) Mechanical and passive
cooling strategies operate in same
space at the same time.
Eg: open plan spaces
Strategy 2: Change over (Same space,
different times) change over between
passive and active cooling on
seasonal and daily basis.
Eg: Individual offices with operable
windows
Strategy 3: Zoned (Different space,
same time) different cooling zones
have different cooling strategies
Eg: Naturally ventilated office
buildings with operable windows and
HVAC
1. Organized into cooling zones requiring different levels of
ventilation and cooling
2. Offices are naturally ventilated
3. Labs need more mechanical ventilation and cooling
4. Separate rooms for HVAC equipment
5. Heating equipment’s are kept in separate warehouse
6. Seven zones for mechanical systems-
a. Four on first floor
b. Three on second floor
7. Lobby with large garage doors that can be opened to create
semi open space
8. Wind catcher
9. Downdraft evaporative cooling towers
10. Night sky roof spray systems cools the roof at night
11. Chilled water supplied from large insulated tanks
12. Cross ventilation and stack ventilation in second floor which
creates a permeable building
13. Radiant cooling slab
14. Building uses concurrent mixed mode strategy
A mixed mode building can be organized to make use of passive
active and hybrid space conditioning systems in different parts of
the building and at different times of the day and year
1. Energy and cost saving
2. Better indoor air quality and less
sick building
3. Limitation of outdoor conditions
4. Wind speed affects cross ventilation
5. Night cooled mass, evaporative
cooling towers and roof ponds can
be used
6. Mechanical cooling may be
required when passive strategies
fail
7. Air-condition provides comfortable
indoor environment but at higher
cost
8. Mechanical cooling and fans
contribute to 20% of commercial
building electricity in USA

38. Bundle 30: Convective Zones [Heating]
Example: Wannaseebahn row house in berlin Germany
Create convective loops by connecting high and low air paths
between warmer places and adjacent cooler places
Strategies
1. Thermal storage walls
2. Sunspaces
3. Vents that regulate the connective loop
Trombe wall:
a. Solar saving fraction – 0- 25%
b. Make vents- 35%
c. Glazing area for SSF- 25-50% us 2% and for 50-90% use
1%
d. SSF for 90-100% use not vent
e. Common walls- 10% glazing
f. High and low vents 5%
1. The behavior of warm air raising and
cool air falling can be combined to
move heat from where it is collected
to where it is stored or vice versa.
2. Natural passive air loop can distribute
heat without fans
3. Thermal collector walls and roofs
4. The slower the air flow through the
collector the hotter the air.
5. Air flow in passive systems should be
relatively large, unrestricted and
smooth with few turns
6. Passive air collectors are often placed
below the room that they heat because
like stack ventilation the air flow is
increased by height difference.
1. Hybrid combination of active and passive convection for heat
transfer
2. Thermal collector roof panels is ducted with aid of 120 W
radial fan down to a manifold at the bottom of a two storey
internal mass wall
3. The cooler air it is collected and returned by a duct to the
collector in a closed loop to be reheated.
4. Air space for 4cm with insulated layer facing room.
5. Convective loop is created by low and high vents in the
insulated facing layer
6. Automatically controlled movable grating
To keep the passive air flow in the
collector, keep the tilt at 45 deg or more
above horizontal. Make the cross section
of inlet and outlet vents for passive air
collectors as large as the air cavity inside
the collector

39. Bundle 23: Thin Plan [Daylight]
Example: The wainwright building in St Louis,
Missouri by Louis Sullivian
1. Side lighted offices arranged on both sides of single corridor
2. Building is U shaped to fit a corner site and to provide
a continuous façade for both streets.
3. The light courts traditionally formed by 0,U and E shaped
Plans reduces the amount of light available to the windows
That face then because the court walls absorbs some of the
Light.
4. Rooms facing the court less depth than the ones facing the
more open street.
Thin plan rooms arrangement will have daylight available for
each space
Calculating maximum room depth for
desired minimum daylight factor with
unilateral lighting 2ft from the rear wall
1. Enter the chart on the vertical axis
2. Proceed horizontally to the curve that
corresponds to the ratio of window
width to window wall width.
3. Then move down to the horizontal
axis that shows the maximum
allowable room depth in units of
window light
a. The graph assumes clear glazing
b. No external obstructions
c. 70% reflectiveness in the ceiling
d. 50% reflectiveness in the wall
e. 15% reflectiveness on the floor
f. Sill height of 3ft
g. Head height of 1ft below the ceiling
h. Evenly distributed windows
Recommendation:
1. Light shelves
1. Day light depends on the distance
from the window, height of the
window from the floor and the size
of the window.
2. Day light reflecting surface
3. Away from the window less light
4. Thickness influences the daylight
penetrating inside

40. Bundle 29: Daylight Zones [Daylight]
Example 1: The mount angel abbey library
1. Reading area near the skin of the building
2. Book storage located inside
3. Reading area under the skylight
Example 2: Auditorium building in Chicago by Louis Sullivan
1. Office spaces near the skin of the building
2. Auditorium in the central dark space
Example 3: Narrow streets
1. Tall buildings will get light only on the top floors
2. The bottom levels and road is completely shaded
Daylight zones arrange rooms so that activities that need higher
lighting levels are near window while activities that need less light are
farther from daylight source.
1. Visual tasks need to be taken
into account
2. Areas nearest to the skin of
the buildings have the
greatest opportunity for day
light
3. Activities that need light
should be zoned near the
skin
4. Zoning spaces with respect
to lighting need will reduce
the cost on electricity and
costly facades
5. Rooms with requirement of
light can also be placed in
the upper floor
1. Task lighting
2. Daylight envelope

41. Bundle 27: Moving Heat to cold rooms [Heating]
Example: Grunderzentrum, Hamm Germany,
Hegger Hegger Schieiff Architects
1. Large thermal collector wall on the windowless
end of the office tower to heat a series of large workshops
2. Incoming fresh air is heated in the four storey glazed wall
And ducted to the air handling system where it can be mixed
With preheated air from the Earth-Air heat exchangers
3. Depending on temperatures and with reticulated air from
the return air side.
4. Outgoing air gives up most of its heat incoming stream
in the Air-Air heat exchangers before beaing exhausted .
5. Thermal mass in the workshops is in the form of thick
stone walls with cavity insulation
Moving heat to cold rooms fits the distribution strategy
to the building room organization and solar system type.
Key points:
1. Rooms heated by direct sun
a. Direct gain rooms
b. Thermal storage walls
2. Rooms adjacent to sunny rooms can use
convective loops
3. Mechanical heat distribution for thick
plan buildings
4. Combinations of strategies
Strategies:
1. Strategies that favor the sun
2. East west elongated building
3. Rooms facing the sun and wind
4. In thick plan buildings heat will not transfer
by radiation or conduction
Convective loops covers heat transfer and
distribution by natural convection.
1. Thermal storage walls and sun space
require attention to vents.
2. Tailored active systems and passive
friendly HVAC which address
integration of passive and active systems.
3. Mechanical heat distribution organizes
the various systems components
including ducts and mechanical mass
ventilation

42. Bundle 19: Borrowed Daylight [Daylight]
Example 1: Microelectronics center in Duisburg Germany
1. North east facing multipurpose five storey rooms to bring light to
wedge shaped fingers of office and meeting facilities.
2. The shallow offices borrow light and ventilation air from the
large atrium
3. External shading partially shields the glass from high sun while
low vents feed stack ventilation fro unconditioned court.
Room organization and distribution mode
1. If the buildings has only south facing rooms
a. No distribution strategy required
b. Direct gain rooms
c. Thermal storage walls
d. Natural radiation and convective loops
2. Building two rooms deep in the NS direction
a. Sun collecting side and polar facing set
b. Polar facing rooms can borrow heat by convective loop
c. Distribution can also be partially by radiation if there
are large opening
3. Buildings three or more rooms deep
a. With no solar access from the roof, one sun facing room
b. The middle room can receive heat by convection
c. Third polar facing room is usually too far away from the
collection and its air circulation
d. Mechanical heat distribution
4. Buildings three or more rooms
a. Deeps sun rooms
b. Capture sun in a clearstory
c. Convective rooms, sun space and direct gain rooms to
heat room 3
Borrowed daylight is possible when small rooms are organized
adjacent to larger or taller daylight rooms.
1. Thin plan buildings can take light
from the skin and thick plan
buildings can be lit using
skylights
2. In direct gain solar eating there is
a conflict between the need to
collect sun and potential for glare
3. When more diffuse and indirect
light is desired solar heat can be
collected in a room at south
facing edge and is transferred to
near by rooms by convection.
4. When one rooms borrows light
from another interior surfaces of
both inner and outer rooms
should be as reflective as possible
5. Windows in the interior wall
should be as large as possible-
proportionally at least as large as
the exterior windows and placed
to maximize their sky view angle

43. Example 2: Unicon Beton headquarters in
Denmark
1. The buildings curved south west wall is
pierced with tall windows admitting low
angle winter sun enhanced by reflection
off the pond.
2. A two storey circulation zone behind the
wall stores heat in its mass floors and
walls and reflects light to the north facing
and east facing offices.
3. The back side of the curved wall bounces
more light through a slanted skylight.
4. Two stories of open plan office open into
the hall allowing air movement
Estimating daylight fator in a room with borrowed light first determine both the sky angle and the angle of exterior
obstruction
1. The sky view angle can be drawn from any point in the room to the head of the external window
2. Strike the lower line from the same point to the top of the external obstruction
3. If there is no obstruction the ratio of H/D of the head height above the reference plane can be substituted.
1. Enter the upper section
of the graph on the vertical axis
with the ratio of outer window
area to the total room surface
area in the outer room
2. Move left to the
diagonal for the angle of
exterior obstruction.
3. From the intersection
draw a line down to the scale
for the indirect component
4. Enter the lower part of
the graph on the horizontal axis
with the ratio W/D of the outer
window to the distance from
the window.
5. Move up to the curve
for the sky view angle.
6. From the intersection
move right until intersecting
the indirect component line
drawn previously.
7. Read the combined
daylight factor from the
diagonal lines

44. Bundle 18: Permeable Zones [Cooling and ventilation]
Example 1: The Logan
house in Tampa
Bunch the rooms to use a
central stack but opens
the three center spaces to
each other and the outside
to form a cross ventilated
breeze way through the
entire house.
Example 2: The
building research establishment office building in Garston UK
1. No corridor walls having circulation is open through one side of an
office plan
2. The north side cellular offices are not continuous along the
buildings perimeter but are interrupted by alcoves that are open to
the large south side office.
3. Hollow concrete slabs allow air to be pulled by fans above the
ceiling of the small offices and supplied above the circulation.
4. The hypocaust slab can also be used as thermal storage and cooled
by night.
Example 3 Kanchanjunga Apartments Mumbai
1. Vertical circulation cross serving two units per floor
which allows air movement from one side to another
2. Plans and sections treated in a loose open manner with
private bedrooms in the upper floor.
3. Numerous level changes help create spatial definition
with a minimum of internal partitions/
4. Buffer zone of double height terrace protect from sun
wind and rain.
Permeable buildings can combine open plans and sections for
cross ventilation, stack ventilation or both.
Strategies
1. Cross ventilation – good to
remove warn air. Used in the
windward side and upper levels.
2. Stack ventilation- when there is
no air movement and cross
ventilation might not work
efficiently. Used in the leeward
side and lower side.
3. In certain cases both strategies
work well. Section must be kept
open to air movement
4. The ideal cross ventilation
building is one room thick thin
in plan and elongated to
maximize exposure to prevailing
winds. Impossible always
5. In buildings more than one room
thick and in all buildings with
circulation corridors the
windward rooms can block the
wind to leeward rooms.
The combined effect of stack and
cross ventilation is due to the sum
of the pressures driving both air
flows. Since pressure varies as the
square of velocity the combined
cooling effect is nonlinear. The
combined flow rate is equal to the
sq. root of the sun of the squares of
the individual flow rates.

45. 1. The horizontal axis of the matrix,
room organization strategies that
facilitate both cross and stack
ventilation shows several strategies
of organizing rooms for cross
ventilation that brings air to all.
2. The vertical axis of the matrix
shows several strategies of
organizing rooms for stack
ventilation. The body of the matrix
shows a few of the possible
diagrammatic combinations of
organization that facilitate both cross
and stock ventilation that bring air to
all rooms.
For combined stack and cross ventilation
1. Determine the cooling rate for the window design and design wind speed from VENTILTION APERTURES
2. Determine the cooling rate of stack height and area from ventilation apertures
3. Using these two rates enter the graph on the vertical axis with the cooling rate for cross ventilation and move
horizontally to the curve for the cooling rate of the building by stack ventilation

46. Bundle 16: Heating Zones [Heating and Ventilation]
Example 1 Solar city kindergarten
1. South facing outdoor zones sheltered by a deciduous vegetation
(layers of shades)
2. Glazed play pavilion at each end provide semi closed (buffer zones)
3. Sun space in the center is comfortable enough to pass through at any
time and can be occupied when not too hot or cold.
4. A top light glazed and solar
heated passageway zone is
not mechanically
conditioned and allows for a
wider range of acceptable
temperatures in a space used
primarily for short periods.
5. Direct gain class rooms
6. North facing service blocks
7. Window area is limited to what light is required for the day
8. Photovoltaic roof and thermal collectors
9. Solar water heaters
10. Solar apertures
11. Rock bed is used as a thermal mass to store heat
Rooms can be organized into heating zones based on their needs for
heating and whether or not they can make use of internal heat source
The matrix organizational strategies for cross
ventilation in corridor buildings show numerous
strategies for providing cross ventilation in single
loaded, double loaded and split level corridor buildings.
1. Use transom windows or vents over head
2. Drop the ceiling over the smaller space to provide
3. Use floor or ceiling structure as a hypocaust
4. Corridors on every second or third floor free up
some floors for through venting but are mostly
applicable to housing, because of handicapped
access requirements.
5. Split level sections often can use their height
difference to aid the stack effect
1. Locating rooms that can
borrow heat in the cooler side
2. Organize rooms by their
allowable temperature ranges
3. Zone rooms by whether they
are unheated, passively heated only
or solar heated with mechanical
backups
4. Zone rooms by their length
of occupancy
Spatial implications include
1. Group rooms together that have
similar needs
2. Organize the occupied rooms
around outdoor or
unconditioned solar heated
circulations
3. Orient groups of rooms with the
greater heating needs towards
winter sun
4. Design a range of open semi
closed and enclosed rooms to
create various degree of climate
separation and modification
5. Define zones which can be
heated with only passive solar
strategies and those which will
require active backup heating.
6. The passive only rooms can be
grouped together to minimize
the heating distribution systems
and equipment size

47. Periodic transformation of spaces help the building adapt in
response to changing environmental conditions.
Bundle 13: Periodic Transformation of spaces [Heating, cooling
and daylight]
Example 1: Walker guest house on Sanibel Island.
1. Large counter weighted hinged movable panels to create either
more enclosure or more openness to view, light and breeze.
2. Two or three bays on each elevation tilt to become opaque
wall, angled awing or horizontal roof.
3. The inner structural frame and movable panels combine to
create a living zone around the house, providing a range of
space for [Migration]
4. When the panels are pulled down all the way they block
intense sun and light and provide security when the house is
empty or in the case of hurricane.
5. When panels are partially up they are open to the breeze and
can shade low sun, control views and moderate light.
6. When the panels are horizontal they are fully open to the
breeze, maximize views and overhead shading and create
shaded outdoor space.
Example 2: The cloud house in Otis
1. Oregon coast is cool all year in the day and cold at night
2. Small houses in this climate need heat
Strategies
1. Large south facing two storey solar apertures
2. Windows and a south clere storey create two floors of
direct gain rooms
3. During the day the doors are left open to admit sun deep
into the house and warm the mass floors.
4. At night, doors can be closed to reduce heat loss through
the large windows to shields occupants from the cool
glass temperature
5. Thermal enclave at the core that can retain heat and if
needed warmed further by the backup wood stove.
Patterns of climate are dynamic and
cyclical. Periods of these cycles can be
primarily daily as in the tropics and
primarily seasonal in the polar region.
1. Migration from uncomfortable
to a comfortable space with a
different orientation
2. Manual or automated controls,
users adjust or tune the building
such as by turning on fans
opening and windows
3. Transforming the building such
that its spatial boundaries are
expanded or contracted.
4. This helps expose or withdraw
buildings to sun based on
requirement

48. Deep sun in thick building depends on effectively organized plans
and sections
For thin plan east west elongated
planning, natural light is easy to
provide
For 2 or 3 room thick plan
buildings
1. Stepping the building
section with high side to the north
2. Thinner rooms placed
above thicker rooms allow the sun
to penetrate into the building
3. The roof can be terraced
providing solar gain
4. South facing monitors can
be provided to create a continuous
ceiling over a seies of semi open
floors
5. When a building is oriented
in the north south direction, it can
be stepped in section so that more
northern rooms capture heat above
more southern ones.
Bundle 25: Deep Sun [Heating]
Example 1: Tournai primary school Belgium
1. South facing atrium with a sloped glazed roof
2. Opening to each level of the building
3. North side library is heated only by the sunspace and by gains from
adjacent heated spaces
Example 2: Prudential office building in Princeton new jersey
1. Southern top light in tall thin corridors
2. Wider entrance atria to heat the building
3. Entries from both side of the streets
4. Southern side of the building is heated from above
5. North building atrium has solar heat gain from both the south side
and top

49. A skylight building admits light from above to daylight thick plan
and top floors
1. Day light building
2. Thick plan building need light from the
top
3. Atrium buildings
4. Single storey thick or thin plan building
need skylights or toplights and atrium
5. Top floors are treated as the top light
6. Rough starting points that can be
refined with more detailes tools later
7. 1. Skylight spacing guidelines suggest
that usable daylight will project above
45C
Recommended maximum centre to centre
spacing between two skylight is given as
Skylight spacing < (1.4x ceiling height)+(2x
splay width)+ skylight width
1. Splay width is the offset of the outer
splay edge horizontally from the edge
of the skylight.
2. At the edge of the room the spacing
required from wall to skylight centre
is about 0.5x the ceiling
Bundle 26: A skylight building [Daylight]
Example 1: main reading room Bibliotheque Nationale de
France
1. Evenly spaced round occuli
2. High north facing windows
3. Evenly distributed light for reading areas

50. Bundle 21: Atrium Building [Daylight]
Daylight distribution at the work plane from square skylights
1, Skylights with a vertical shaft and 45C splayed wells are spaced to
give uniform light without glare
2. Linear skylights- Space to height ratio
a. Use the spacing to height ratios in the left column to meet 0.8 code
criteria for areas where a single principle task is conducted. Use the
right column (min/max) to meet the 0.2 code criteria for the overall
appearance of the space. Critical tasks can occur nearer the roof light
where illuminance is greater.
An atrium building with a glazed or unglazed light court within
can provide light to surrounding interior rooms
Strategies
1. Daylight reflecting surfaces
2. Open roof structure
3. Window glass types
4. Light shelves
5. Top light rooms
Factors affecting
1. Room geometry
2. Window glazing transmission
3. Interior reflectance
Large atriums that provide adequate
daylight.Low height to width ratio 1:1
[square and rectangular atrium]
High ratio of 2:1 atroums provide 7-
10% more light

51. Example 1: The Reiterstrasse Building in
Bern Switzerland
1. Top lighted circulation
2. Regularly spaced light courts to bring in
daylight
3. Perimeter rooms are conventionally side
lighted
4. Since thick plan building, light from
edged cannot penetrate beyond the
corridor.
5. Unglazed light courts allows internal
rooms to have a second source of light
borrowed from the corridor
6. Secondary corridor have floor openings
on either side of the circulation that serve
as light slots
Example 2 Larkin Administration building in Buffalo
New York
1. Unglazed opening into the atrium
2. Atrium floor used as office floor
3. Wide light colored sills with filing storage
underneath
4. Light shelves
5. Girded horizontal ceiling covered by a gabled
upper glass layer
6. Sidelight can be usable to a depth of 2-2.5 times
the head height of the exterior window (day light room
depth
7. Wide effective side light buildings is limited to 5H
8. Thickness of rooms between atrium and exterior
wall is similarly limited to 5H for say light
9. Internal electrically lighted zone is used for circulation services and storage.
To determine the height to width ratio of a linear atrium
1. Enter the sizing linear atria for daylighting in adjacent rooms graph on the daylight factor side
2. Also enter the target daylight factor for a rooms adjacent to the atrium
3. Move vertically to the curve for the glazing type, then horizontally until intersecting the curve for
floor reflectance
4. Then down the curve for atrium wall reflectance
5. From the wall reflectance curve draw a horizontal line left across the height/ width ratio lines
6. From the intersection of the ground floor line and the cure for atrium width, drop a vertical line until it
intersects the horizontal construction line dawn previously.
Note: This method assumes a WWR of 60%; interior room reflectance of wall 50%; floor 15% and ceiling
70%.
Illuminance measure at 85cm above floor, room 4.8m deep with ceiling height 2.7m and window head
2.7m