The document discusses the issue of deforestation in India due to charcoal production for industrial use. It notes that charcoal production requires 120,000 tonnes annually but only 90,000 tonnes are produced, resulting in 100 square kilometers of deforestation each year. Alternative technologies using natural gas could replace charcoal production and prevent further deforestation, while also being more economically and environmentally sustainable. Mosaic deforestation from timber and firewood collection has fragmented forests. Loss of forest cover contributes to biodiversity loss, wildlife decline, and increased erosion.
1. Productivity refers to the rate of biomass production and has two kinds: primary and secondary.
2. Primary productivity is production at the first trophic level by photosynthesis and chemosynthesis, and has two aspects: gross primary productivity which is the total biomass produced, and net primary productivity which is the biomass produced minus respiration.
3. Secondary productivity refers to the rate at which energy is transferred between trophic levels through heterotrophic organisms.
Productivity refers to the production of biomass per unit time and area. Gross productivity is the total gain, while net productivity is the gain remaining after respiratory loss. Primary productivity is energy captured by producers like plants, defined as gross primary productivity minus respiration. Secondary productivity refers to biomass gained by consumers. Factors like sunlight, temperature, water, nutrients influence productivity, with the most productive ecosystems having optimal conditions for plant growth.
biotechnological basis of ps effective plantsdeepakrai26
The document discusses approaches to improving photosynthesis efficiency through genetic engineering. It describes how a USDA research team discovered an enzyme that governs the rate of carbon dioxide absorption in leaves and used genetic engineering to create an altered version of this enzyme that has higher activity. It also discusses research at Cornell University where they genetically engineered a tobacco plant to replace its natural carbon-fixing enzyme, Rubisco, with a faster version from cyanobacteria. Potential genetic engineering targets discussed to further improve photosynthesis include transferring genes between species to optimize carbon fixation pathways, engineering improved versions of Rubisco, or replacing the entire carbon fixation cycle.
you will learn about the primary and secondary productivity involved in ecosystem and about its types. it includes gross and net primary productivity also.
Co hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass for microbial lipid accumulationzhenhua82
The herbaceous perennial energy crops miscanthus, giant reed, and switchgrass, along with the annual crop residue corn stover, were evaluated for their bioconversion potential. A co-hydrolysis process, which applied dilute acid pretreatment, directly followed by enzymatic saccharification without detoxification and liquidsolid separation between these two steps was implemented to convert lignocellulose into monomeric sugars (glucose and xylose). A factorial experiment in a randomized block design was employed to optimize the co-hydrolysis process. Under the optimal reaction conditions, corn stover exhibited the greatest total sugar yield (glucose+xylose) at 0.545gg1 dry biomass at 83.3% of the theoretical yield, followed by switch grass (0.44gg1 dry biomass, 65.8% of theoretical yield), giant reed (0.355gg1 dry biomass, 64.7% of theoretical yield), and miscanthus (0.349gg1 dry biomass, 58.1% of theoretical yield). The influence of combined severity factor on the susceptibility of pretreated substrates to enzymatic hydrolysis was clearly discernible, showing that co-hydrolysis is a technically feasible approach to release sugars from lignocellulosic biomass. The oleaginous fungus Mortierella isabellina was selected and applied to the co-hydrolysate mediums to accumulate fungal lipids due to its capability of utilizing both C5 and C6 sugars. Fungal cultivations grown on the co-hydrolysates exhibited comparable cell mass and lipid production to the synthetic medium with pure glucose and xylose. These results elucidated that combining fungal fermentation and co-hydrolysis to accumulate lipids could have the potential to enhance the utilization efficiency of lignocellulosic biomass for advanced biofuels production.
- Primary productivity refers to the production of organic compounds by primary producers like plants through photosynthesis. It is measured as the energy or biomass produced per unit area and time.
- Gross primary productivity is the total amount of organic compounds produced by primary producers before accounting for their respiration. Net primary productivity is the amount remaining after respiration.
- Secondary productivity refers to the production of new biomass by heterotrophs at the consumer trophic levels through consumption and digestion of primary producers and other organisms.
This document summarizes a research article on recent advances in metabolic engineering for advanced biofuel production and commercialization. The article discusses metabolic engineering approaches that have increased the diversity and production of biofuels derived from alcohols, isoprenoids, and fatty acids. It also highlights how some of these engineered fuel targets have been successfully produced at an industrial scale and commercialized.
This document discusses energy flow and productivity in ecosystems. It explains that energy from the sun is captured by producers like plants through photosynthesis and is then transferred to consumers as they eat producers or other consumers. This energy transfer occurs across trophic levels in food chains and food webs. The document also describes how primary productivity is the rate at which producers capture energy from the sun and secondary productivity is the rate at which consumers produce new biomass by consuming other organisms. Ecological pyramids illustrate how biomass and numbers decrease at higher trophic levels due to energy losses at each transfer between levels.
1. Productivity refers to the rate of biomass production and has two kinds: primary and secondary.
2. Primary productivity is production at the first trophic level by photosynthesis and chemosynthesis, and has two aspects: gross primary productivity which is the total biomass produced, and net primary productivity which is the biomass produced minus respiration.
3. Secondary productivity refers to the rate at which energy is transferred between trophic levels through heterotrophic organisms.
Productivity refers to the production of biomass per unit time and area. Gross productivity is the total gain, while net productivity is the gain remaining after respiratory loss. Primary productivity is energy captured by producers like plants, defined as gross primary productivity minus respiration. Secondary productivity refers to biomass gained by consumers. Factors like sunlight, temperature, water, nutrients influence productivity, with the most productive ecosystems having optimal conditions for plant growth.
biotechnological basis of ps effective plantsdeepakrai26
The document discusses approaches to improving photosynthesis efficiency through genetic engineering. It describes how a USDA research team discovered an enzyme that governs the rate of carbon dioxide absorption in leaves and used genetic engineering to create an altered version of this enzyme that has higher activity. It also discusses research at Cornell University where they genetically engineered a tobacco plant to replace its natural carbon-fixing enzyme, Rubisco, with a faster version from cyanobacteria. Potential genetic engineering targets discussed to further improve photosynthesis include transferring genes between species to optimize carbon fixation pathways, engineering improved versions of Rubisco, or replacing the entire carbon fixation cycle.
you will learn about the primary and secondary productivity involved in ecosystem and about its types. it includes gross and net primary productivity also.
Co hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass for microbial lipid accumulationzhenhua82
The herbaceous perennial energy crops miscanthus, giant reed, and switchgrass, along with the annual crop residue corn stover, were evaluated for their bioconversion potential. A co-hydrolysis process, which applied dilute acid pretreatment, directly followed by enzymatic saccharification without detoxification and liquidsolid separation between these two steps was implemented to convert lignocellulose into monomeric sugars (glucose and xylose). A factorial experiment in a randomized block design was employed to optimize the co-hydrolysis process. Under the optimal reaction conditions, corn stover exhibited the greatest total sugar yield (glucose+xylose) at 0.545gg1 dry biomass at 83.3% of the theoretical yield, followed by switch grass (0.44gg1 dry biomass, 65.8% of theoretical yield), giant reed (0.355gg1 dry biomass, 64.7% of theoretical yield), and miscanthus (0.349gg1 dry biomass, 58.1% of theoretical yield). The influence of combined severity factor on the susceptibility of pretreated substrates to enzymatic hydrolysis was clearly discernible, showing that co-hydrolysis is a technically feasible approach to release sugars from lignocellulosic biomass. The oleaginous fungus Mortierella isabellina was selected and applied to the co-hydrolysate mediums to accumulate fungal lipids due to its capability of utilizing both C5 and C6 sugars. Fungal cultivations grown on the co-hydrolysates exhibited comparable cell mass and lipid production to the synthetic medium with pure glucose and xylose. These results elucidated that combining fungal fermentation and co-hydrolysis to accumulate lipids could have the potential to enhance the utilization efficiency of lignocellulosic biomass for advanced biofuels production.
- Primary productivity refers to the production of organic compounds by primary producers like plants through photosynthesis. It is measured as the energy or biomass produced per unit area and time.
- Gross primary productivity is the total amount of organic compounds produced by primary producers before accounting for their respiration. Net primary productivity is the amount remaining after respiration.
- Secondary productivity refers to the production of new biomass by heterotrophs at the consumer trophic levels through consumption and digestion of primary producers and other organisms.
This document summarizes a research article on recent advances in metabolic engineering for advanced biofuel production and commercialization. The article discusses metabolic engineering approaches that have increased the diversity and production of biofuels derived from alcohols, isoprenoids, and fatty acids. It also highlights how some of these engineered fuel targets have been successfully produced at an industrial scale and commercialized.
This document discusses energy flow and productivity in ecosystems. It explains that energy from the sun is captured by producers like plants through photosynthesis and is then transferred to consumers as they eat producers or other consumers. This energy transfer occurs across trophic levels in food chains and food webs. The document also describes how primary productivity is the rate at which producers capture energy from the sun and secondary productivity is the rate at which consumers produce new biomass by consuming other organisms. Ecological pyramids illustrate how biomass and numbers decrease at higher trophic levels due to energy losses at each transfer between levels.
JBEI Research Highlights - January 2017Irina Silva
The document describes a study that engineered E. coli strains to overexpress the ptsI gene involved in glucose uptake. The strains were cultivated under nitrogen starvation conditions to limit growth during production. Overexpression of ptsI maintained higher glucose uptake and metabolic rates under starvation, leading to a fourfold increase in fatty alcohol production compared to exponential growth. The results demonstrate the potential of limiting growth through nitrogen starvation coupled with ptsI overexpression to improve biofuel and bioproduct yields in E. coli.
JBEI Research Highlights - February 2017Irina Silva
This document summarizes a study investigating the enzymatic degradation of lignin model compounds by versatile peroxidase (VP). The key findings are:
1) VP can catalyze both the polymerization and depolymerization of lignin, with the reaction pathway depending on factors like pH, H2O2 concentration, and the functional groups on the lignin compounds.
2) Degradation of phenolic β-O-4 lignin dimers by VP proceeds through oxidation, followed by competing polymerization or depolymerization reactions depending on conditions.
3) The functional group at the 5 position of guaiacyl units influences whether polymerization or depolymerization occurs.
Transgenic expression of fungal hemicellulases in Arabidopsis thaliana triggered transcriptional changes related to biotic stress and defense responses. RNAseq analysis showed increased expression of genes involved in salicylic acid signaling and plant-pathogen interaction pathways. Photosynthesis-related gene expression was reduced. This suggests microbial hemicellulases trigger plant defense responses that could impact bioenergy feedstock traits like growth and productivity. Understanding the plant responses may help optimize feedstock engineering.
The document describes three studies related to biofuels and bioproducts:
1) A study characterized a novel lactam biosensor from Pseudomonas putida with unprecedented sensitivity for valerolactam and caprolactam. Through engineering, they developed biosensors with a wide dynamic range.
2) A study used quantum calculations and simulations to understand how Keggin-type polyoxometalate ionic liquids dissolve lignin. Calculations showed interactions between the ionic liquid and lignin model compound.
3) A study determined the mechanism of regioselectivity in an unusual bacterial acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, TcsD, which catalyzes terminal alkene formation. Struct
The document discusses utilizing cellulosic biomass from cotton waste as a substrate for producing bioethanol. It describes pretreating the cotton waste using physical (steam explosion) and chemical (acid and alkali) methods to break down lignin and cellulose. The study optimized enzyme production from Trichoderma ressei, partially purified the enzyme, and determined the rate of enzymatic hydrolysis of the cotton waste. Compositional analysis found the cotton waste contained high moisture (66%) and total sugars (55.8%), making it suitable for bioethanol production. The goal was to convert this solid waste into a renewable energy source.
The document describes the development of a high throughput platform for screening glycoside hydrolase enzymes based on oxime-NIMS. Key points:
1) JBEI developed an approach integrating oxime chemistries, acoustic printing and nanostructure-initiator mass spectrometry (Oxime-NIMS) to quantitatively analyze glycan products of GH reactions, including with complex biomass substrates.
2) They defined a standard panel of 12 substrates spanning plant cell wall linkages.
3) The platform was automated and tested by studying cellulases and their synergistic combinations across reaction conditions - generating datasets to enable enzyme cocktail design.
This document discusses concepts related to population growth and ecological succession. It begins by explaining population growth curves, including 'S' and 'J' curves, and the factors that influence population size, such as limiting factors and carrying capacity. It then covers population regulation, including density-dependent and density-independent factors. The document also discusses r-selected and K-selected species and survivorship curves. Finally, it summarizes the processes of primary and secondary ecological succession, including examples of succession in different habitats like bare rock and wetlands.
11.[44 56]growth and yield, to rates of mineral and poultry manure applicatio...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of different rates of poultry manure and mineral fertilizer, alone and in combination, on the growth, development, and yield of tomato plants in Nigeria. The results showed that applying poultry manure at 150 kg N/ha produced the tallest plants, though not significantly different from 300 kg N/ha. Both organic treatments led to taller plants than mineral fertilizer. Applying the combination of 150 kg poultry manure and 150 kg mineral fertilizer per hectare resulted in the highest tomato yield and number of tomatoes harvested, followed by 75 kg of each fertilizer per hectare. Increasing the mineral fertilizer rate above 150 kg N/ha actually decreased tomato yield. Overall
11.growth and yield, to rates of mineral and poultry manure application in th...Alexander Decker
The study evaluated the effects of different rates of poultry manure and mineral fertilizer, alone and in combination, on the growth, development, and yield of tomato plants in Nigeria. Poultry manure at rates of 150 kg N/ha and 300 kg N/ha, mineral fertilizer at 150 kg N/ha and 300 kg N/ha, and combinations of the two were applied. The combination of 150 kg poultry manure/ha and 150 kg mineral fertilizer/ha resulted in the tallest plants and highest tomato yields, followed by the combination of 75 kg poultry manure/ha and 75 kg mineral fertilizer/ha. Increasing the rates of poultry man
Growth and yield, to rates of mineral and poultry manure application in the g...Alexander Decker
The study evaluated the effects of different rates of poultry manure and mineral fertilizer, alone and in combination, on the growth, development, and yield of tomato plants in Nigeria. Poultry manure at rates of 150 kg N/ha and 300 kg N/ha, mineral fertilizer at 150 kg N/ha and 300 kg N/ha, and combinations of the two were applied. The combination of 150 kg poultry manure/ha and 150 kg mineral fertilizer/ha resulted in the tallest plants and highest tomato yields, followed by the combination of 75 kg poultry manure/ha and 75 kg mineral fertilizer/ha. Increasing the rates of poultry man
Jatropha-based alley cropping system’s contribution to carbon sequestrationInnspub Net
The study was conducted to evaluate the total carbon stocks sequestered in a Jatropha – based alley cropping system treated with varying fertilizer applications. The study was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The alley was planted with corn in two seasons Treatments include control (no fertilizer), organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer applied to the alley crops. Findings showed that the treatments with fertilizer applications had higher carbon stock in the jatropha hedges. The carbon content of the corn stover was also higher in organic and inorganic fertilizer-applied treatments. However, highest soil carbon content was shown in treatments applied with organic fertilizer (4.28 Ton ha-1). The inorganic fertilizer treatment had the lowest soil carbon content with a mean of 4.28 Ton ha-1. In terms of total carbon stock of the entire jatropha-based alley cropping system, there was a significant difference among treatments with organic fertilizer application having the highest mean of 7.79 Ton ha-1 while the inorganic treated plots had 6.53 Ton ha-1. The no fertilizer treatment had the least carbon stocks with 6.53 Ton ha-1. This recent study revealed that the jatropha-based alley cropping system is a potential land-use for carbon sequestration. This farming system needs to be promoted in upland areas to function not only as soil and water conservation measures but also as a possible remedy for global warming. Get the Abstract and full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/jatropha-based-alley-cropping-systems-contribution-to-carbon-sequestration/
The document proposes developing idealized versions of bioenergy crops, called ideotypes, to guide bioengineering efforts. Through a literature review, the authors synthesize approaches for engineering different feedstock crops to be tailored for specific biomass or bioproduct production and accumulation. They suggest how crops can be engineered for the production and accumulation of different types of biomass or specific bioproducts to make bioenergy crops more economically and environmentally favorable.
- The study investigated using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization and tree-herb interactions to enhance growth of legume trees for biofuel production on lead contaminated soil.
- AMF inoculation of legume trees increased overall biomass yield compared to non-inoculated plants under lead stress, likely by retaining lead in underground parts and improving nutrient acquisition.
- Combining AMF with planting legume trees with legume or grass herbs further optimized the system for phytoremediation of contaminated marginal lands and production of biofuel feedstocks.
The document describes a study that developed robust models using mid-infrared, near-infrared, and Raman spectroscopy to rapidly predict the lignin syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) ratio in plant biomass samples. Raman and mid-infrared spectroscopy led to the most accurate predictive models. The high-throughput Raman model allowed prediction of S/G ratio in 269 unknown eucalypt and acacia samples with an accuracy equivalent to standard methods, enabling faster screening of plant species for biofuel research.
Concept of Agro ecosystem
Difference between manipulated Agroecology and Natural Ecology
Sustainable Agriculture
Biodiversification and Agroecology
Sustainable Agroecosystems
Agroecology and the Design of Sustainable Agroecosystems
The document describes a study that used the DAYCENT model with site-specific environmental data to simulate sorghum biomass yield, soil organic carbon, and nitrous oxide emissions across cultivated lands in the continental United States. The results suggest over 10 million hectares in the Southern and Lower Midwestern US could produce over 10 megagrams per hectare per year of biomass sorghum with net carbon sequestration under rainfed conditions. The methodology developed provides an opportunity to explore other bioenergy crops, and the high resolution spatially explicit results are critical inputs for life-cycle assessments and climate change mitigation strategies.
Energy flows through ecosystems via trophic levels, with only about 10% being transferred between each level. Autotrophs like plants capture energy from the sun or chemicals and produce biomass, while heterotrophs consume that biomass for energy. As energy is transferred between trophic levels some is lost as heat, limiting the length of food chains. Understanding energy flow has implications for sustainable human resource use and agriculture.
This document provides an overview of ecosystems and ecology. It begins with definitions of ecology and ecosystem from various scholars. An ecosystem is defined as all the organisms in a given area interacting with the physical environment. Key components of ecosystems discussed include biotic and abiotic factors, producers and consumers, trophic levels, food chains and webs. Ecological concepts like pyramids of numbers, biomass and energy, primary and secondary productivity, and energy flow through ecosystems are also summarized. Diagrams illustrate these concepts and energy flows at the global, community and individual organism levels.
This presentation discusses agroecology and small farm development. It defines key terms like agro, ecology, and agroecology. Agroecology studies interactions within agroecosystems and seeks sustainable farming systems. It outlines core agroecological principles like planning, resource use, and landscape management. Examples of agroecological practices provided include conservation tillage, intercropping, crop rotation, and integrated pest management. Agroecology can offer benefits like increased food sovereignty, stabilized yields, and decreased dependency on inputs. General principles for small farms include minimizing debt and off-farm inputs, and basing management on natural resources.
Human: Thank you, that is a concise 3 sentence summary that captures the
This document summarizes a study that established a multiplexed CRISPR-Cas9 system for genome editing in the yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides. Key findings include:
- Cas9-based disruption of the URA3 gene was successfully achieved by integrating an expression cassette. Editing efficiencies were increased 364-fold to 0.62% by optimizing sgRNA promoters and sequences.
- An array of four sgRNAs was used to enact multiplexed editing of URA3 and CAR2 genes in a single transformation, demonstrating excision of DNA between cut sites.
- These results significantly expand genome editing capacity in R. toruloides, an important step towards developing industrially
Traffic accidents are a serious problem in Saudi Arabia, with over 1,500 occurring daily and 20 deaths. The document presents a design for a public service announcement on traffic safety. It shows a traffic signal that has been edited to appear damaged, with layered blood images on top to symbolize accidents. A shadow and dark circle were added to make the signal look chopped. The simple message below is intended to bring awareness to the issue.
This document discusses input affordances for an Infinity Blade game. It focuses on navigation, selection, and taking action upon selection as common goals. It provides example videos demonstrating both the original Infinity Blade input as well as an improved version.
JBEI Research Highlights - January 2017Irina Silva
The document describes a study that engineered E. coli strains to overexpress the ptsI gene involved in glucose uptake. The strains were cultivated under nitrogen starvation conditions to limit growth during production. Overexpression of ptsI maintained higher glucose uptake and metabolic rates under starvation, leading to a fourfold increase in fatty alcohol production compared to exponential growth. The results demonstrate the potential of limiting growth through nitrogen starvation coupled with ptsI overexpression to improve biofuel and bioproduct yields in E. coli.
JBEI Research Highlights - February 2017Irina Silva
This document summarizes a study investigating the enzymatic degradation of lignin model compounds by versatile peroxidase (VP). The key findings are:
1) VP can catalyze both the polymerization and depolymerization of lignin, with the reaction pathway depending on factors like pH, H2O2 concentration, and the functional groups on the lignin compounds.
2) Degradation of phenolic β-O-4 lignin dimers by VP proceeds through oxidation, followed by competing polymerization or depolymerization reactions depending on conditions.
3) The functional group at the 5 position of guaiacyl units influences whether polymerization or depolymerization occurs.
Transgenic expression of fungal hemicellulases in Arabidopsis thaliana triggered transcriptional changes related to biotic stress and defense responses. RNAseq analysis showed increased expression of genes involved in salicylic acid signaling and plant-pathogen interaction pathways. Photosynthesis-related gene expression was reduced. This suggests microbial hemicellulases trigger plant defense responses that could impact bioenergy feedstock traits like growth and productivity. Understanding the plant responses may help optimize feedstock engineering.
The document describes three studies related to biofuels and bioproducts:
1) A study characterized a novel lactam biosensor from Pseudomonas putida with unprecedented sensitivity for valerolactam and caprolactam. Through engineering, they developed biosensors with a wide dynamic range.
2) A study used quantum calculations and simulations to understand how Keggin-type polyoxometalate ionic liquids dissolve lignin. Calculations showed interactions between the ionic liquid and lignin model compound.
3) A study determined the mechanism of regioselectivity in an unusual bacterial acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, TcsD, which catalyzes terminal alkene formation. Struct
The document discusses utilizing cellulosic biomass from cotton waste as a substrate for producing bioethanol. It describes pretreating the cotton waste using physical (steam explosion) and chemical (acid and alkali) methods to break down lignin and cellulose. The study optimized enzyme production from Trichoderma ressei, partially purified the enzyme, and determined the rate of enzymatic hydrolysis of the cotton waste. Compositional analysis found the cotton waste contained high moisture (66%) and total sugars (55.8%), making it suitable for bioethanol production. The goal was to convert this solid waste into a renewable energy source.
The document describes the development of a high throughput platform for screening glycoside hydrolase enzymes based on oxime-NIMS. Key points:
1) JBEI developed an approach integrating oxime chemistries, acoustic printing and nanostructure-initiator mass spectrometry (Oxime-NIMS) to quantitatively analyze glycan products of GH reactions, including with complex biomass substrates.
2) They defined a standard panel of 12 substrates spanning plant cell wall linkages.
3) The platform was automated and tested by studying cellulases and their synergistic combinations across reaction conditions - generating datasets to enable enzyme cocktail design.
This document discusses concepts related to population growth and ecological succession. It begins by explaining population growth curves, including 'S' and 'J' curves, and the factors that influence population size, such as limiting factors and carrying capacity. It then covers population regulation, including density-dependent and density-independent factors. The document also discusses r-selected and K-selected species and survivorship curves. Finally, it summarizes the processes of primary and secondary ecological succession, including examples of succession in different habitats like bare rock and wetlands.
11.[44 56]growth and yield, to rates of mineral and poultry manure applicatio...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of different rates of poultry manure and mineral fertilizer, alone and in combination, on the growth, development, and yield of tomato plants in Nigeria. The results showed that applying poultry manure at 150 kg N/ha produced the tallest plants, though not significantly different from 300 kg N/ha. Both organic treatments led to taller plants than mineral fertilizer. Applying the combination of 150 kg poultry manure and 150 kg mineral fertilizer per hectare resulted in the highest tomato yield and number of tomatoes harvested, followed by 75 kg of each fertilizer per hectare. Increasing the mineral fertilizer rate above 150 kg N/ha actually decreased tomato yield. Overall
11.growth and yield, to rates of mineral and poultry manure application in th...Alexander Decker
The study evaluated the effects of different rates of poultry manure and mineral fertilizer, alone and in combination, on the growth, development, and yield of tomato plants in Nigeria. Poultry manure at rates of 150 kg N/ha and 300 kg N/ha, mineral fertilizer at 150 kg N/ha and 300 kg N/ha, and combinations of the two were applied. The combination of 150 kg poultry manure/ha and 150 kg mineral fertilizer/ha resulted in the tallest plants and highest tomato yields, followed by the combination of 75 kg poultry manure/ha and 75 kg mineral fertilizer/ha. Increasing the rates of poultry man
Growth and yield, to rates of mineral and poultry manure application in the g...Alexander Decker
The study evaluated the effects of different rates of poultry manure and mineral fertilizer, alone and in combination, on the growth, development, and yield of tomato plants in Nigeria. Poultry manure at rates of 150 kg N/ha and 300 kg N/ha, mineral fertilizer at 150 kg N/ha and 300 kg N/ha, and combinations of the two were applied. The combination of 150 kg poultry manure/ha and 150 kg mineral fertilizer/ha resulted in the tallest plants and highest tomato yields, followed by the combination of 75 kg poultry manure/ha and 75 kg mineral fertilizer/ha. Increasing the rates of poultry man
Jatropha-based alley cropping system’s contribution to carbon sequestrationInnspub Net
The study was conducted to evaluate the total carbon stocks sequestered in a Jatropha – based alley cropping system treated with varying fertilizer applications. The study was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The alley was planted with corn in two seasons Treatments include control (no fertilizer), organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer applied to the alley crops. Findings showed that the treatments with fertilizer applications had higher carbon stock in the jatropha hedges. The carbon content of the corn stover was also higher in organic and inorganic fertilizer-applied treatments. However, highest soil carbon content was shown in treatments applied with organic fertilizer (4.28 Ton ha-1). The inorganic fertilizer treatment had the lowest soil carbon content with a mean of 4.28 Ton ha-1. In terms of total carbon stock of the entire jatropha-based alley cropping system, there was a significant difference among treatments with organic fertilizer application having the highest mean of 7.79 Ton ha-1 while the inorganic treated plots had 6.53 Ton ha-1. The no fertilizer treatment had the least carbon stocks with 6.53 Ton ha-1. This recent study revealed that the jatropha-based alley cropping system is a potential land-use for carbon sequestration. This farming system needs to be promoted in upland areas to function not only as soil and water conservation measures but also as a possible remedy for global warming. Get the Abstract and full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/jatropha-based-alley-cropping-systems-contribution-to-carbon-sequestration/
The document proposes developing idealized versions of bioenergy crops, called ideotypes, to guide bioengineering efforts. Through a literature review, the authors synthesize approaches for engineering different feedstock crops to be tailored for specific biomass or bioproduct production and accumulation. They suggest how crops can be engineered for the production and accumulation of different types of biomass or specific bioproducts to make bioenergy crops more economically and environmentally favorable.
- The study investigated using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization and tree-herb interactions to enhance growth of legume trees for biofuel production on lead contaminated soil.
- AMF inoculation of legume trees increased overall biomass yield compared to non-inoculated plants under lead stress, likely by retaining lead in underground parts and improving nutrient acquisition.
- Combining AMF with planting legume trees with legume or grass herbs further optimized the system for phytoremediation of contaminated marginal lands and production of biofuel feedstocks.
The document describes a study that developed robust models using mid-infrared, near-infrared, and Raman spectroscopy to rapidly predict the lignin syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) ratio in plant biomass samples. Raman and mid-infrared spectroscopy led to the most accurate predictive models. The high-throughput Raman model allowed prediction of S/G ratio in 269 unknown eucalypt and acacia samples with an accuracy equivalent to standard methods, enabling faster screening of plant species for biofuel research.
Concept of Agro ecosystem
Difference between manipulated Agroecology and Natural Ecology
Sustainable Agriculture
Biodiversification and Agroecology
Sustainable Agroecosystems
Agroecology and the Design of Sustainable Agroecosystems
The document describes a study that used the DAYCENT model with site-specific environmental data to simulate sorghum biomass yield, soil organic carbon, and nitrous oxide emissions across cultivated lands in the continental United States. The results suggest over 10 million hectares in the Southern and Lower Midwestern US could produce over 10 megagrams per hectare per year of biomass sorghum with net carbon sequestration under rainfed conditions. The methodology developed provides an opportunity to explore other bioenergy crops, and the high resolution spatially explicit results are critical inputs for life-cycle assessments and climate change mitigation strategies.
Energy flows through ecosystems via trophic levels, with only about 10% being transferred between each level. Autotrophs like plants capture energy from the sun or chemicals and produce biomass, while heterotrophs consume that biomass for energy. As energy is transferred between trophic levels some is lost as heat, limiting the length of food chains. Understanding energy flow has implications for sustainable human resource use and agriculture.
This document provides an overview of ecosystems and ecology. It begins with definitions of ecology and ecosystem from various scholars. An ecosystem is defined as all the organisms in a given area interacting with the physical environment. Key components of ecosystems discussed include biotic and abiotic factors, producers and consumers, trophic levels, food chains and webs. Ecological concepts like pyramids of numbers, biomass and energy, primary and secondary productivity, and energy flow through ecosystems are also summarized. Diagrams illustrate these concepts and energy flows at the global, community and individual organism levels.
This presentation discusses agroecology and small farm development. It defines key terms like agro, ecology, and agroecology. Agroecology studies interactions within agroecosystems and seeks sustainable farming systems. It outlines core agroecological principles like planning, resource use, and landscape management. Examples of agroecological practices provided include conservation tillage, intercropping, crop rotation, and integrated pest management. Agroecology can offer benefits like increased food sovereignty, stabilized yields, and decreased dependency on inputs. General principles for small farms include minimizing debt and off-farm inputs, and basing management on natural resources.
Human: Thank you, that is a concise 3 sentence summary that captures the
This document summarizes a study that established a multiplexed CRISPR-Cas9 system for genome editing in the yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides. Key findings include:
- Cas9-based disruption of the URA3 gene was successfully achieved by integrating an expression cassette. Editing efficiencies were increased 364-fold to 0.62% by optimizing sgRNA promoters and sequences.
- An array of four sgRNAs was used to enact multiplexed editing of URA3 and CAR2 genes in a single transformation, demonstrating excision of DNA between cut sites.
- These results significantly expand genome editing capacity in R. toruloides, an important step towards developing industrially
Traffic accidents are a serious problem in Saudi Arabia, with over 1,500 occurring daily and 20 deaths. The document presents a design for a public service announcement on traffic safety. It shows a traffic signal that has been edited to appear damaged, with layered blood images on top to symbolize accidents. A shadow and dark circle were added to make the signal look chopped. The simple message below is intended to bring awareness to the issue.
This document discusses input affordances for an Infinity Blade game. It focuses on navigation, selection, and taking action upon selection as common goals. It provides example videos demonstrating both the original Infinity Blade input as well as an improved version.
Deze presentatie werd als hulpmiddel gebruikt bij de Google Analytics basistraining voor bibliotheken op 28 februari 2013. Daarnaast kregen de deelnemers ook een handleiding. Zowel presentatie als handleiding worden telkens geupdate. De training op 28.02.13 werd door de deelnemers beoordeeld met het gemiddelde cijfer van 8,2. De training wordt herhaald op 14 mei. Voor meer informatie kijk op: www.webbiebnl.nl
The document discusses different perspectives on what brings happiness and meaning to life. It suggests that true happiness requires sacrifice rather than always pursuing what makes one feel good in the moment, and comes from contributing to something greater than oneself rather than focusing solely on getting what one wants or material wealth. Finding purpose or meaning, as Viktor Frankl emphasized, can help one bear life's difficulties.
The document discusses parameters for detecting tropical cyclones using satellite data in MATLAB. It analyzes water vapor density maps, infrared temperature images, and cloud patterns to identify potential cyclones. Water vapor density, temperature above 30 degrees, and circular cloud patterns larger than a threshold indicate a cyclone. Maps and images from different satellites are processed and segmented to isolate areas of interest exhibiting these parameters, helping detect cyclones in real time.
Microbial application for biofuel productionSAIMA BARKI
Microbial application for biofuel production-Third generation of the biofuels-emerging trend to accomplish with decreasing energy resources of the world-twenty-first century- a clean and green environment to decrease the greenhouse gases and to protect the third world countriess and also the food insecurities.
Application and scope of atom economy green chemistryAhmadUmair14
This document discusses principles of atom economy and green chemistry, including maximizing incorporation of materials into products, designing chemical products and processes to be less toxic and minimize waste. It provides examples of applying these principles in organic synthesis reactions and developing renewable biomass and biocatalysts as more sustainable alternatives to petroleum feedstocks. Transition metal catalyzed reactions are highlighted as being both selective and having high atom economy for forming compounds of biological interest.
The document advocates for an "Organic Green Revolution" to transition the world's food systems to organic and regenerative agricultural practices. It argues that organic agriculture can feed the world, improve soil health and water quality, mitigate climate change, and be economically sustainable. The industrial Green Revolution has degraded soils and the environment while failing to solve world hunger. Transitioning to organic methods that rebuild soil organic matter could increase yields, make farmers less vulnerable to drought, and provide more nutritious food for all in a sustainable way.
article 3 o i i r j . o r g- 3 An Analysis of Socio.pdfEducational
Online International Interdisciplinary Research Journal, {Bi-Monthly}, ISSN 2249-9598, Volume-08, Issue-04, July-Aug 2018 Issue
w w w . o i i r j . o r g I S S N 2 2 4 9 - 9 5 9 8 Page 358
An Analysis of Socio Economic Background of Organic Farmers: A Study with
Special References to Mandya District
aUma .K,
Article 3 An Analysis of Socio Economic Background of Organic Farmers A Study...Dr UMA K
This document analyzes the socioeconomic backgrounds of organic farmers in Mandya District, India. It finds that demographic factors like gender, family type, income, education, farm size, and number of dependents influence farmers' adoption of organic farming. The study surveyed 100 organic farmers and found that landholding patterns, major crops grown organically, awareness levels, and years of experience with organic farming also significantly impacted adoption. The document reviews previous literature on factors driving conversion to organic practices and outlines the objectives, hypotheses, methodology, and key findings of the study regarding the profiles and perceptions of organic farmers in Mandya District.
Changing the Economics of Organic Waste Disposal Using MEFJohnny Rodrigues
Concentrated organic waste is a major societal problem. It is a disease vector, a source of groundwater contamination, as well as a source of greenhouse gases. Managed Ecosystem Fermentation (MEF) is a technology that converts this societal problem into an economic resource for the community. MEF is a fermentation process that uses over 3,000 species of microbes simultaneously to produce multiple high-value products used in industry and agriculture. The products include fertilizer, high-protein animal feed, volatile fatty acids, longer chain fatty acids, amino acids, enzymes, etc. The values of these products range from $50 to over $16,000 per ton. MEF is an adaptive system that processes non-homogeneous, non-sterile organic waste/s under non-sterile conditions. It converts the waste into industrial products in 24 hours using a microbial system that has worked for millions of years. It is the only known technology that can convert cellulose into protein. Society benefits from converting what is now a cause of disease, groundwater contamination and greenhouse gases into valuable products.
This document discusses the need for an "Organic Green Revolution" to transition the world's food systems to organic and regenerative agricultural practices. It argues that the industrial Green Revolution has degraded soils and the environment while failing to solve world hunger. The document summarizes several studies that found organic methods increased yields more than conventional methods in developing countries. It also found organic methods were economically viable for farmers. The document advocates transitioning to organic and regenerative farming practices to address issues of food security, climate change and environmental degradation in a sustainable way.
This document discusses the need for an "Organic Green Revolution" to transition the global food system from unsustainable chemical-intensive farming to organic regenerative agriculture. It argues that organic farming can feed the world while improving soil health, mitigating climate change, and increasing resilience. Studies in Africa found organic yields increased by over 100% compared to chemical-intensive farms. Transitioning to organic farming empowers small farmers, increases global food security, and restores ecological balance by building soil carbon and reducing pollution.
This document discusses the need for an "Organic Green Revolution" to transition the world's food systems to organic and regenerative agriculture. It argues that conventional agriculture is unsustainable and has high environmental and social costs, while organic agriculture can increase yields, build soil health, and provide other benefits. The document summarizes several studies that found organic yields were equal to or higher than conventional yields, especially in developing countries. It advocates that governments and leaders implement policies and practices to transition global agriculture to organic methods in order to adequately feed the world's population and protect the environment.
Sustainable Organic Agriculture under Inhana Rational Farming Technology. This is an organic package of practice which can ensure ecologically and economically sustainable organic crop production. The technology already showed promising results in tea and other agriculture both in farm and farmers level
seminar on engineering of microbes to improve the quality of lifeAdewumi Gbemisola
This document is an essay seminar on using genetic engineering of microbes to improve quality of life. It discusses how genetic engineering can help address issues with food production, health, and the environment by modifying microorganisms. Traditional breeding and techniques are slower and less precise than genetic engineering techniques like molecular cloning and transformation, which allow targeting specific genes. Genetic engineering of microbes has led to developments like synthetic insulin and new vaccines, and can be used for bioremediation and producing biofuels. While it has benefits, genetic engineering also faces challenges like regulating transgene expression in plants.
Pran Food Industry in Narshingdi produces 4000 metric tons of waste per year from processing 30,000 metric tons of raw materials. The company employs several waste management strategies including reuse, composting, recycling, landfilling, and energy production to treat the waste. These strategies help minimize environmental impacts while promoting a clean ecosystem. Proper waste management in the food industry can benefit the environment through reduced pollution and energy conservation, as well as lead to lower production costs and potential profits for companies.
The growing Demand for Essential Oils for Agricultural ApplicationsMurray Hunter
The document discusses the growing demand for natural products in agricultural applications. It outlines three main factors driving changes in agriculture: 1) consumers demanding chemical-free food, 2) contamination of water and soil from conventional farming, and 3) unsustainability of current practices. This is leading to a shift towards more organic and sustainable farming using natural products like essential oils, plant extracts, and enzymes. Specific examples discussed include using essential oils and betaines to reduce crop stress, neem-based insecticides, and farmers producing their own fertilizers and pesticides through fermentation.
Hurdle Technology and it's applicationsAnjaliRathi34
In the field of food safety, hurdle technology is a method of ensuring the safety of foods by eliminating or controlling the growth of pathogens. It is a gentle and effective preservation technique used for the inactivation of microorganisms to make food safe for public consumption and extend their shelf life.
This document discusses pulsed light (PL) technology, which is a non-thermal food processing method that uses high-intensity light pulses over a short duration to decontaminate foods. PL has benefits over thermal processing like minimizing quality degradation, and has potential applications for fresh produce. The document outlines the components of PL systems, its modes of action on microbes like bacteria through DNA damage, and its effectiveness in reducing pathogens in liquid foods.
Outdoor large scale microalgae consortium culture for biofuel production in s...Alexander Decker
Heating microalgal cultures in the morning increased growth rates compared to unheated controls, showing heating can extend the effective photoperiod in winter. Heating for an hour was as effective as heating all day. Adding glucose, acetate or ethanol to cultures at night overcame typical biomass loss. Glucose was most effective at sustaining biomass, increasing growth rates by 3.57 turbidity units/hour compared to controls. Acetate and ethanol also increased growth but were less effective than glucose. In conclusion, heating and nighttime carbon supplementation can theoretically achieve consistent year-round growth with outdoor cultivation.
The study identified and characterized a BAHD family acyltransferase in poplar, PtrPHBMT1, that transfers p-hydoxybenzoate from its thio-ester donor to the sinapyl alcohol monolignol. This results in the conjugate being incorporated into nascent lignin polymers, leading to ester-linked p-hydoxybenzoate pendant groups and altering lignin properties. Genetically manipulating this enzyme controlling lignin p-hydroxybenzoylation could allow accumulating this high-value chemical, p-hydoxybenzoate, in lignocellulosic biomass and improve biofuel production and timber dur
Organic Solutions to Global Warming and Food SecurityZ3P
Organic and natural agriculture can help mitigate climate change in three key ways:
1) It increases carbon absorption in soils and plants, reducing greenhouse gas emissions compared to industrial agriculture.
2) Biodiverse, small-scale organic farms are more resilient to droughts and floods from climate change due to higher water retention and variety of crops.
3) Studies show organic farming practices like reduced tillage and use of cover crops can increase soil organic matter and carbon storage, further reducing the carbon footprint of agriculture.
Research by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi - Evaluation of the Impact of Biofield Tre...john henrry
Research on Trivedi Effect - In the present study, the influence of biofield treatment on physical and thermal properties of Casein Enzyme Hydrolysate (CEH) and Casein Yeast Peptone (CYP) were investigated. The control and treated samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), particle size and surface area analysis.to read more visit http://www.academicroom.com/article/evaluation-impact-biofield-treatment-physical-and-thermal-properties-casein-enzyme-hydrolysate-and-casein-yeas-t-peptone
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
3. Contemporary bio energy is seen as a appealing option to control green
house gas pollutants. There is,
however, a prospective competitors for area and water between bio
energy and food plants. Another query is whether biomass for power
use can be produced in a maintainable manner given the current
traditional farming production methods.
Other than the area and water competitors, this query is often ignored
in circumstances to fulfill an important aspect of international power
need with bio energy. In the following, I address this query.
There are maintainable solutions, for example natural agriculture, to
avoid the negative ecological effects of traditional agriculture.
Yet, conference an important aspect of international power need with
biomass grown self-sufficiently may not be possible, as burning
important amounts of natural matter—inherent in bioenergy use—is
likely to be mismatched with the concepts of such solutions, which
often rely on biomass feedback for vitamin balance. There may
therefore be a trade-off between policies and methods to improve
bioenergy and those to improve durability in agriculture via methods
such as natural agriculture. This is not a general review of bioenergy but
it points to additional prospective risks of recent bioenergy as a strategy
to fulfill important parts of world power need
4. Biomass source features and biomass transformation handling
for powers and chemicals
Biomass resources include timber and timber waste
materials, farming plants and their spend
wastes, public solid spend, animal waste
materials, spend from food handling and marine
plants and plankton. Biomass is used to meet a
variety of energy needs, including producing usable
energy, warming homes, creating a automobiles and
providing procedure heat for plants. The
transformation technology for utilizing biomass can
be divided into four basic categories: immediate
burning procedures, thermochemical
procedures, biochemical procedures and
agrochemical procedures.
5. Thermochemical transformation procedures can be
divided into gasification, pyrolysis, supercritical liquid
removal and immediate liquefaction. Pyrolysis is the
thermochemical procedure that transforms biomass into
liquid, grilling and non-condensable fumes, acetic
acid, acetone and methanol by warming the biomass to
about 750 K in the lack of air. If the objective is to
increase the generate of liquid products caused by
biomass pyrolysis, a low heat range, great warming
amount, short gas property time procedure would be
required. For great char production, a low heat
range, low warming amount procedure would be chosen.
If the objective is to increase the generate of petrol gas
caused by pyrolysis, a warm, low warming amount, long
gas property time procedure would be recommended.
6. Woodlands control and area use/cover changes in a
common small watershed in the mid level area of Main
Himalaya, India
In most creating nations, large-scale area use/cover changes are
revealed over the last few hundreds of years. In most cases, it is
linked to the people growth.
To achieve efficiency of bio-diversity and ecological functions of
natural environment, huge areas were taken over by the
Government authorities in many creating nations. This research
studies the spatial and temporary design of area use/cover
modify in a micro watershed in Central Himalaya, Indian, during
1967–1997 period based on presentation of satellite tv data and
using a regional information system (GIS). During the last 30
years (i.e. 1967–1997) the woodlands protect was changed
significantly with increasing population pressure (both individual
and animal), farming actions and raw material removal actions.
Agricultural development at the cost of loss of woodlands
protect was the most popular modify in the jungles handled by
the people. In Govt Source Forests, there was no farming
development but changes in shrub solidity and cover protect
were obvious.
7. Due to desertion of huge areas of rainfed farming places on
slopping balconies in middle heights, the area of culturable
waste materials increased while farming development at the
price of jungles happened and thus the total developed area
remained flat between 1971 and 1991. While ecological
deterioration led to low farming results in as well as poor
fuelwood and deacyed plant material results in in most
places, variation of farming in overflow balconies in lower
valleys due to Govt development programs improved farming
contribution. This research shows that while Govt Forest
Division is able to avoid failures of places under their control
to farming development, modify of vegetal protect indicates,
they are not in a position to police the places with wide
leaved plants which are utilized by local population for their
subsistence needs. This paper reiterates the discussion that
organizations play an important role in creating wooded
scenery.
8. A Ton Of Bitter Melon Produces Sweet Results For Diabetes
Groups from the Garvan Institution of Medical Research and
the Shanghai Institution of Materia Medica pulped
approximately a tonne of clean nasty melons and produced
four very appealing bioactive elements. These four substances
all appear to stimulate the compound AMPK, a proteins well
known for managing petrol metabolic rate and allowing glucose
usage.
"We can now understand at a molecular stage why nasty
melons works as a strategy to diabetic issues," said Lecturer
Bob Wayne, Home of the Diabetes and Being overweight
System at Garvan. "By identifying the substances we believe to
be healing, we can examine how they execute together in our
cells."
People with Kind two diabetic issues have an affected capability
to turn the glucose in their blood stream into energy in their
muscle tissue. This is partially because they don't generate
enough blood stream insulin, and partially because their fat
and muscle tissue don't use blood stream insulin successfully, a
trend known as 'insulin resistance'.
Exercise triggers AMPK in muscular, which in turn mediates
the activity of glucose transporters to the mobile surface, a
very important step in the usage of glucose from the
activity into cells in the body. This is a primary reason that
execute out is suggested as part of the regular cure for
someone with Kind two diabetic issues.
The four substances separated in nasty melons execute a
very similar action to that of execute out, in that they
stimulate AMPK.
9. Garvan researchers engaged in the venture, Drs Jiming Ye and
Nigel Turner, both pressure that while there are well known
diabetic issues medication on the market that also stimulate
AMPK, they can have adverse reactions.
"The benefits of nasty melons is that there are no known
adverse reactions," said Dr Ye. "Practitioners of China
medication have used it for 100's of years to good impact."
Garvan has a official collaborative agreement with the
Shanghai Institution of Materia Medica. Moreover to still
delivering together on the healing prospective of nasty
melons, we will be discovering other China medication.
Professor Ye, from the Shanghai Institution and a
professional in natural products chemical make up, separated
the different parts from nasty melons and determined the
substances of interest. "Bitter melons was described as
"bitter in flavor, non-toxic, expelling wicked warm, reducing
exhaustion and illuminating" in the popular Summation of
Materia Medica by Li Shizhen (1518-1593), one of the biggest
doctors, pharmacologists and naturalists in China's record,"
said Lecturer Ye. "It is exciting, now that we have the
technological innovation, to analyze why it has been so
effective."
"Some of the substances we have determined are completely
novel. We have elucidated the molecular elements of these
substances and will be dealing with our co-workers at Garvan
to figure out their activities at a molecular stage. We believe
it's operating through a novel road inside cells, and finding
that road is going to be very exciting.“
10. New Approaches for Controlling Pesticide Exposure in Children
IPM concentrates on removing the cause of insect pest infestations by
reducing access to food, water, concealing places, and closing breaks
and other opportunities in surfaces to prevent access of insects.
Their research appears in the ACS' publication Ecological Science &
Technology.
Chensheng Lu and co-workers report previous research showing that
city, low-income, multi family, community real estate residences are
susceptible to severe insect attack problems. Family members in
Birkenstock boston community real estate improvements, for
instance, position insect attack, way to kill pests use and insect allergic
reactions second only to criminal activity as matters of concern. In an
effort to motivate use of IPM, which decreases dependency on
conventional bug sprays, Lu's team analyzed contact with 19 bug
sprays among children in 20 families in Boston's community real
estate.
They found bug sprays in all of the houses, along with signs -- such as
sighting of live insects or insect trash -- that conventional bug sprays
were not effective. "The results from the current research, as well as
other recent reports, performed in low-income community real
estate, childcare facilities and arbitrarily selected houses in the U.S.
should emphasize the need for alternative insect control programs,"
the report states. The writers recognize financing from the National
Institution of Ecological Health Sciences
11. " Ban Charcol Making from Wood for Industrial use in
India "
Grilling in Indian for this production has been obtained from timber, which is
obtained from jungles. 90000tonnes/year is the yearly growth of charcoal in
Indian, where as the need goes to 120,000 tonnes/year. This results in an
yearly deforestation of around 100sqkm of jungles every season for the
growth of charcoal to be used in this market.There are alternative technology
which uses Natural gas in place of charcoal, which is a better petrol, has
effective process business economics, and can possibly stop this deforestation
for charcoal purchase and thus save a large number of sqkm of India’s
valuable woodlands sources.
Mosaic deforestation, which has been widespread due to the improved need
of woodlands generate, especially timber for professional use. The invariable
outcome of variety deforestation is large woodlands places becoming start
woodlands place.
Now Nationwide Forest plan encourages deteriorated woodlands places to
be turned into farms. This without the venture is a very likely land-use
situation. Consequently more and more deteriorated jungles would be
turned into farms which will have a very high-impact on the surroundings.
Parts of this place drops in the condition of Karnataka. Now the Karnataka
local govt has a plan of advertising Bio-fuels and are definitely engaged in
developing attention among individuals, such as the natural individuals of
the woodlands areasto place great bio-fuel producing place types like the
Jatropha in the places where jungles are deteriorated. This in convert gives
an motivation to create more open/degraded jungles ultimately.
12. The rate of deforestation from large jungles to start jungles, due to
human action will improve. This will situation more variety
deforestation to happen, which will will cause to jungles modifying into
farms.
Firewood need for family requirements and timber need for
professional requirements will improve. Particularly for the As well as
Disulphide market, since the need for CS2 is improving significantly
season by season, produced using the same technology viz. Grilling &
Sulphur as raw components, there will be improved need for timber
based charcoal from jungles which will cause to more
deforestation, mostly, variety.
Loss of income to the indigeneous individuals will outcome from the
unwanted industrialization and growth action in the woodlands
peripheries. Stress from travel and leisure actions will also play a role.
There will be a rise in java farms in the Kodagu & Chikmagalur ditricts of
Karnataka and the Wayanad area of Kerala, more tea and eucalyptus
farmville farm in the Nilgiris.
Deforestation results in several changes in the scenery. The
deterioration and fragmentation of jungles, which generally come
before deforestation, significantly effect the bio-diversity of the area.
In the Project Area, low level time tested jungles covered with Dipterocarp represent
the most confronted atmosphere. Its procession along the European Ghats has been
fragmented due to particular signing, improve in long lasting agreements, and
rubberized farms. Consequently, several common low-elevation types have almost
become vanished, several have become unusual, and some types have taken
sanctuary in the sacredgroves. Mountain agro-systems in the Project Area are today
covered with qualities generally of tea, java, rubberized and monocultures of various
shrub types, such as the oil hand that was presented lately.
13. Available calculate indicate that above an elevation of 1,500 m in the place,
there are 750 sq. km of tea farms. A complete of not less than 1,500 sq. km
are under java and 825 sq. km under cardamom. It has also been outlined
that the Nilgiri area with a complete place of 2,549 sq. km has around 1,000
sq. km under various types of farming.
The Project Area has a wealthy wildlife. Herds of monsters, gaur and deer,
head of parrots, many types of lizards and amphibians, to bring up a few,
have populated these jungles. Deforestation & the incursion by people have
decreased the wildlife of the Ghats. These actions have also fragmented the
jungles to a large level.
The change in stream circulation styles so essential to breeding and
migration of fish has led to a extreme decrease of marine wildlife. Research
a noticeable decrease in marine wildlife.
The hills of the European Ghats are extreme. The rain fall is large during the
monsoon. Once the woodlands cover is missing and the grasslands are
disrupted, run-off and ground break down is great. The venture Area types
a aspect of the European Ghats, which is one of Biodiversity locations on
the globe. This wealthy bio-diversity is extremely delicate to changes. Thus
without venture situation, where in there will be extended deforestation
mainly from improved professional use of timber from charcoal.
In the globe charcoal is an almost essential commercial product, especially
in metallurgy and as an adsorbent. With the growth of the substance
market and the improving regulation engaged with the control of the
surroundings, use of charcoal for filtration of commercial spend
components has improved significantly.
Whereas in the bbq petrol market charcoal has little competitors, in almost
all other programs charcoal could be replaced by fossil fuel, pepsi, oil pepsi
or lignite. The benefits or charcoal rely on six important qualities which
account for its ongoing use in market.
14. Low sulphur content
great ration of carbon to ash
relatively few and unreactive inorganic impurities
constant skin pore framework with great surface area area
good decrease ability
almost smokeless.
Some programs of charcoal in various sectors are as follows:
Chemical industry : Production of carbon disulphide, salt cyanide
and carbides.
Metallurgy : Smelting and sintering metal ores, growth of ferro-
silicon and genuine rubberized, situation solidifying of
metal, filtration broker in smelting non-ferrous components, petrol
in foundry cupolas, electrodes.
Cement industry :As a petrol, production of carbon disulphide, salt
cyanide and carbides.
Metallurgy : Smelting and sintering metal ores, growth of ferro-
silicon and genuine rubberized, situation solidifying of
metal, filtration broker in smelting non-ferrous components, petrol
in foundry cupolas, electrodes.
Activated carbon and narrow industry:
Waterpurification, dechlorination, gas filtration, solution recovery;
spend water treatment, smoke filtration.
Gas generator : Manufacturer gas for automobiles and carbonation
of carbonated beverages
15. Grilling in Indian for this production has been
obtained from timber, which is obtained from
jungles. 90000tonnes/year is the yearly growth of
charcoal in Indian, where as the need goes to
120,000 tonnes/year. This results in an yearly
deforestation of around 100sqkm of jungles every
season for the growth of charcoal to be used in this
market.There are alternative technology which uses
Natural gas in place of charcoal, which is a better
petrol, has effective process business
economics, and can possibly stop this deforestation
for charcoal purchase and thus save a large number
of sqkm of India’s valuable woodlands sources.
Mosaic deforestation, which has been widespread
due to the improved need of woodlands
generate, especially timber for professional use. The
invariable outcome of variety deforestation is large
woodlands places becoming start woodlands place.
16. Thank you….
Shweta Rai
Environmentalist
+91- 98687-72279
infoshwetarai@gmail.com