Sumatra Earthquake
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An 8.4 magnitude earthquake occurred off the coast of southern Sumatra on September 12, 2007, followed by a 7.9 magnitude aftershock. This caused 25 deaths and 161 injuries. Seismograph recordings from stations in Washington state, like the one near the LIGO detector, showed arrivals of seismic P and S waves around 21 minutes after the earthquake began. This provides evidence that the gravitational waves detected by LIGO at this time were caused by this Sumatra earthquake.
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Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy from the breaking of rocks deep in the earth. The elastic rebound theory explains how stress builds up in rocks until it exceeds the rocks' strength, causing rupture and the release of seismic waves. The focus is the point where faulting begins underground, and the epicenter is the point directly above on the surface. Most earthquakes occur along plate boundaries and are mapped using seismic wave arrival times at multiple stations. Earthquake size is measured by both intensity scales based on damage, and by magnitude scales measuring the total energy released.
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Seismic Signatures Seismogram
http://www.iris.edu/hq/files/programs/education_and_outreach/aotm/17/SeismicSignatures_SeismogramMSH%20addition.pdf
Page 313 13.1 InTroduCTIonIt was the deadliest day in .docx
Page | 313
13.1 InTroduCTIon
It was the deadliest day in the
history of Mt. Everest. On April
25, 2015, a 7.8 magnitude earth-
quake hit Nepal. This triggered
an avalanche that killed 19 climb-
ers on Mt. Everest. In Nepal, over
8,800 people died, and many more
were injured and made homeless.
Hundreds of aftershocks (smaller
earthquakes that follow a larger
earthquake) have occurred since
(Figure 13.1).
Earthquakes are not new to this
region. A similar death toll was ex-
perienced in a 1934 earthquake, and
many other smaller earthquakes
have occurred within historical
times. An 1833 quake of similar
magnitude resulted in less than 500
deaths, though this was most likely due to two very large foreshocks (smaller earth-
quakes that precede the main earthquake) that sent most residents out of doors in
alarm, which was safer for them. Worldwide, there have been much deadlier and
stronger earthquakes just in this century (Haiti, 2010 – 316,000 dead; Sumatra,
2004 – 227,000 dead, both with deaths related to ground shaking and the other
hazards that were created by the earthquake). Earthquakes give geologists valuable
information about the Earth, both the interior, as we learned about in the Earth’s In-
terior chapter, and about conditions at the Earth’s surface (most earthquakes occur
at plate boundaries, as we learned in the Plate Tectonics chapter, Figure 4.8).
figure 13.1 | A map of the main earthquake to hit Nepal
on April 25, 2015, along with a major aftershock on May 12,
and numerous (>100) other aftershocks (in red – note the
magnitude scale in the upper right).
Author: USGS
Source: USGS
License: Public Domain
13 earthquakesRanda Harris
Page | 314
Introductory GeoloGy earthquakes
13.1.1 learning outcomes
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
• Compare and contrast the different types of seismic waves
• Understand the different scales used to measure earthquakes, and
apply them to the amount of devastation
• Understand how different geologic materials behave during an
earthquake, and the resulting impact on structures
• Explain how an earthquake epicenter is located
• Explore the relationship between the fracking industry and seismicity
13.1.2 Key Terms
13.2 The ePICenTer, foCus, and waves
An earthquake is a like a telegram from the Earth. It sends a message about the
conditions beneath the Earth’s surface. The shaking or trembling experienced
during an earthquake is the result of a rapid
release of energy within the Earth, usually
as a result of movement along geologic
faults. Think back to the strike-slip fault
from the Crustal Deformation chapter.
Rocks on either side of the fault are sliding
past each other. As they move in opposite
directions, the rocks become deformed, as
they will bend slightly and build up pres-
sure. Eventually they will reach a breaking
point. Once the strength of the rock has
been exceeded, the rocks will snap back to
their normal shape, rel.
EARTHQUAKE Presentation [TIPS 2]
LEARNING EARTHQUAKE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION (EARTHQUAKE TIP 2) Presented by Gohel A. H. in MEFGI Conforance
Earthquakes: Introduction and Evaluation
This lecture helps you to understand the basic terminologies of earthquakes. In this lecture you will also learn how to calculate the Earth Quakes.
EARTH QUACK AND ITS TYPES BRIEFLY EXPLAIN
Tectonic earthquakes are the most common type and are caused by rocks breaking in response to geological forces. Other earthquake types include volcanic, collapse, and human-caused explosions. Early seismographs used pendulums to record ground motions, while modern ones use electronics. Seismic waves include P and S body waves and surface Love and Rayleigh waves. Locating earthquakes requires analyzing arrival times at multiple seismograph stations. The development of seismology helped establish that earthquakes are caused by fault ruptures rather than effects.
The science of earthquakes
Earthquakes occur when tectonic plates slip past one another at plate boundaries, releasing stored energy in seismic waves. The location below ground where it starts is the hypocenter, above which at the surface is the epicenter. Scientists measure earthquakes using seismographs which record seismic waves on seismograms to determine magnitude based on wave amplitude and fault size. Triangulation of arrival times between P and S waves at multiple stations locates the hypocenter. While earthquakes cannot be predicted, some speculation exists that weather or animal behavior may provide warning signs.
Earthquakes
Earthquakes occur when tectonic plates slip past one another at plate boundaries, releasing stored energy in seismic waves. The location below ground where it starts is the hypocenter, above which at the surface is the epicenter. Scientists measure earthquakes using seismographs which record seismic waves on seismograms to determine magnitude based on wave amplitude and fault size. Triangulating arrival times of P and S waves at multiple stations allows scientists to locate the earthquake epicenter but not predict when future quakes will occur.
Earthquakes
Earthquakes occur when tectonic plates slip past one another at plate boundaries, releasing stored energy in seismic waves. The location below ground where it starts is the hypocenter, above which at the surface is the epicenter. Scientists measure earthquakes using seismographs which record seismic waves on seismograms to determine magnitude based on wave amplitude and fault size. Triangulation of arrival times between P and S waves at multiple stations locates the hypocenter. While earthquakes cannot be predicted, some research investigates possible links to weather or animal behavior.
Earthquake 2014
1. An earthquake occurs when built-up stress along fault lines in the earth is suddenly released, causing the ground to shake.
2. Seismic waves from earthquakes include P waves, S waves, and surface waves that travel outward from the epicenter and cause damage.
3. Analysis of seismic wave behavior led scientists to determine that the outer core is liquid, helping reveal the structure of the earth's interior.
Seismic Waves
Seismic waves are waves that travel through the Earth due to earthquakes or explosions. There are three main types of seismic waves: P waves, which travel fastest; S waves, which travel slower than P waves; and surface waves, which are the slowest and cause the most damage. Seismographs can detect and measure seismic waves, recording the ground shaking on paper to indicate the strength of the waves.
EARTH EARTHQUAKES
Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of built-up stress along geological faults. The document summarizes information about earthquakes in Pakistan including historical quakes, measuring magnitudes, locating epicenters, and classifying earthquake types and effects. It describes the elastic rebound theory of earthquakes, seismic wave propagation, uses of seismographs to measure quakes, and scales for quantifying magnitudes and intensities.
EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING 1
This document discusses several topics related to earthquakes and earthquake engineering:
- Earthquakes are caused by the sudden movement of tectonic plates along fault lines in the earth's crust.
- The interior structure of the earth is layered, with a solid crust, highly viscous mantle, liquid outer core, and solid inner core.
- Earthquake ground motions can be amplified by local surface geology and sediment thickness, influencing seismic damage. Proper understanding of ground conditions is important for hazard assessment and mitigation.
Earth quake
The document discusses earthquakes, including what causes them, how they are measured, their effects, and statistics on major earthquakes around the world. Specifically, it defines an earthquake as rapid shaking caused by the sudden release of energy along fault lines. It describes the movement of tectonic plates and how this results in earthquakes. Key points covered include earthquake magnitude scales, the different types of seismic waves generated, and data on some of the largest earthquakes by magnitude and their impacts.
Earthquakes and Seismic Waves.ppt
This document summarizes key information about seismic waves from earthquakes. It describes how earthquakes occur along faults, and how the focus and epicenter are defined. It explains that seismic waves, including primary P waves and secondary S waves, carry energy away from the focus. P waves are compressional and can travel through all mediums, while S waves are transverse and only travel through solids. Seismographs are used to detect and measure seismic waves, producing seismograms that show the different wave types. Historical earthquakes are listed by magnitude and destruction. The process for locating an earthquake using data from three recording stations is outlined. Underwater earthquakes can create destructive tsunamis.
What is seismology and what are seismic waves
Seismology is the study of earthquakes and seismic waves that move through the earth. There are two main types of seismic waves - body waves and surface waves. Body waves can travel through the earth's interior layers, while surface waves move along the surface. The two main types of body waves are P waves and S waves. P waves are compressional waves that move through solid rock and fluids, while S waves move rock particles side to side and only travel through solid rock. The two main types of surface waves are Love waves and Rayleigh waves. Love waves move the ground side to side, while Rayleigh waves roll along the surface and move the ground up and down and side to side.
El sayeda ( seismic waves)
The document discusses how seismologists use seismic waves to study the internal structure of Earth. P waves and S waves are produced by earthquakes and travel through Earth's interior at different speeds. Scientists have measured the arrival times of these waves from earthquakes around the world to determine that Earth has a solid iron-nickel core below a semi-liquid magma layer below the solid crust. They have found that P waves can travel through solid and liquid materials while S waves only travel through solids.
Earthquake
This document appears to be a student project report on the study of earthquakes. It includes sections on the history of earthquake research, what causes earthquakes, how their locations and magnitudes are measured, the different types of seismic waves, the impacts of earthquakes, and approaches to predicting and controlling them. The project received certification from the University of Mumbai professors after satisfactory completion by the six listed students.
earthquakes and landslides
This document discusses earthquakes and landslides. It begins by explaining what causes earthquakes, how they are measured, and how scientists locate their epicenters. Large earthquakes can trigger landslides and rock avalanches. The document then examines case studies of the consequences of the 2015 Nepal earthquake, including damage to buildings, loss of life, and landslides that blocked roads and swept away villages. It describes the effects in India as well, with dozens of deaths. The second case study focuses on landslides in Gangtok, India triggered by heavy rainfall in 1997 that killed over 50 people and displaced thousands. Geological and rainfall data are presented relating to landslide risks in the area.
Final earthquake ppt.ppt
There are three main types of seismic waves that travel through the Earth during an earthquake:
1. P-waves are compressional body waves that move through solid rock and fluids.
2. S-waves are slower shear body waves that only move through solid rock.
3. Surface waves like Rayleigh and Love waves move along the Earth's surface and can cause significant damage.
Seismographs are used to measure and record these seismic waves to determine the location and magnitude of earthquakes.
NSTA presentation part 2
The document summarizes seismic activity along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which forms the tectonic plate boundary between the North American and Eurasian plates. It notes that while the ridge is offset by transform faults, the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone is one of the largest. It then provides details on a magnitude 7.1 earthquake that occurred in the Northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge in 2015, including the arrival times of seismic waves at a recording station over 6,000 km away.
Similar to Sumatra Earthquake (20)
Page 313 13.1 InTroduCTIonIt was the deadliest day in .docx
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- 6. Other Graphs This graph shows the seismic data from the vault sensor at LIGO. The y-axis is the raw ADC voltage, and therefore is negative.
- 7. Other Graphs This graph also shows the seismic data from the vault sensor at LIGO. The y-axis is the raw ADC voltage, and therefore is negative.