This document summarizes a study on the formation kinetics, structure, and particle speciation of technetium sulfide. The key findings are:
1) Technetium sulfide formation involves a multi-step reaction with an induction period, followed by the reduction of pertechnetate to form Tc(IV) sulfide and disulfide ligands.
2) Chemical and spectroscopic analysis determined the composition of the precipitate is Tc3S10+x, in agreement with recent findings that it has a trinuclear structure containing disulfide ligands.
3) The solubility of technetium sulfide was found to depend on the sodium sulfide concentration in solution.
V mn-mcm-41 catalyst for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylenesunitha81
The role of V and Mn incorporated mesoporous molecular sieves was
investigated for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylene. Mesoporous monometallic
V-MCM-41 (Si/V = 25, 50, 75 and 100), Mn-MCM-41 (Si/Mn = 50) and bimetallic
V-Mn-MCM-41 (Si/(V ? Mn) = 100) molecular sieves were synthesized by
a direct hydrothermal (DHT) process and characterized by various techniques such
as X-ray diffraction, DRUV-Vis spectroscopy, EPR, and transmission electron
microscopy (TEM). From the DRUV-Vis and EPR spectral study, it was found that
most of the V species are present as vanadyl ions (VO2?) in the as-synthesized
catalysts and as highly dispersed V5? ions in tetrahedral coordination in the calcined
catalysts. The activity of the catalysts was measured and compared with each other
for the gas phase oxidation of o-xylene in the presence of atmospheric air as an
oxidant at 573 K. Among the various catalysts, V-MCM-41 with Si/V = 50
exhibited high activity towards production of phthalic anhydride under the experimental
condition. The correlation between the phthalic anhydride selectivity and
the physico-chemical characteristics of the catalyst was found. It is concluded that
V5? species present in the MCM-41 silica matrix are the active sites responsible for
the selective formation of phthalic anhydride during the vapor phase oxidation of
o-xylene.
A new Schiff base 4-chlorophenyl)methanimine
(6R,7R)-3-methyl-8-oxo-7-(2-phenylpropanamido)-5-thia-1-
azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate= (HL)= C23H20
ClN3O4S) has been synthesized from β-lactam antibiotic
(cephalexin mono hydrate(CephH)=(C16H19N3O5S.H2O) and 4-
chlorobenzaldehyde . Figure(1) Metal mixed ligand complexes
of the Schiff base were prepared from chloride salt of
Fe(II),Co(II),Ni(II),Cu(II),Zn(II) and Cd (II), in 50% (v/v)
ethanol –water medium (SacH ) .in aqueous ethanol(1:1)
containing and Saccharin(C7H5NO3S) = sodium hydroxide.
Several physical tools in particular; IR, CHN, 1H NMR, 13C
NMR for ligand and melting point molar conductance, magnetic
moment. and determination the percentage of the metal in the
complexes by flame(AAS). The ligands and there metal
complexes were screened for their antimicrobial activity against
four bacteria (gram + ve) and (gram -ve) {Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus}.
The proposed structure of the complexes using program, Chem
office 3D(2006). The general formula have been given for the
prepared mixed ligand complexes Na2[M(Sac)3(L)], M(II) = Fe
(II), Co(II) , Ni(II), Cu (II), Zn(II) , and Cd(II).
HL= C29H24 ClN3O4S, L= C29H23 ClN3O4S -.
V mn-mcm-41 catalyst for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylenesunitha81
The role of V and Mn incorporated mesoporous molecular sieves was
investigated for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylene. Mesoporous monometallic
V-MCM-41 (Si/V = 25, 50, 75 and 100), Mn-MCM-41 (Si/Mn = 50) and bimetallic
V-Mn-MCM-41 (Si/(V ? Mn) = 100) molecular sieves were synthesized by
a direct hydrothermal (DHT) process and characterized by various techniques such
as X-ray diffraction, DRUV-Vis spectroscopy, EPR, and transmission electron
microscopy (TEM). From the DRUV-Vis and EPR spectral study, it was found that
most of the V species are present as vanadyl ions (VO2?) in the as-synthesized
catalysts and as highly dispersed V5? ions in tetrahedral coordination in the calcined
catalysts. The activity of the catalysts was measured and compared with each other
for the gas phase oxidation of o-xylene in the presence of atmospheric air as an
oxidant at 573 K. Among the various catalysts, V-MCM-41 with Si/V = 50
exhibited high activity towards production of phthalic anhydride under the experimental
condition. The correlation between the phthalic anhydride selectivity and
the physico-chemical characteristics of the catalyst was found. It is concluded that
V5? species present in the MCM-41 silica matrix are the active sites responsible for
the selective formation of phthalic anhydride during the vapor phase oxidation of
o-xylene.
A new Schiff base 4-chlorophenyl)methanimine
(6R,7R)-3-methyl-8-oxo-7-(2-phenylpropanamido)-5-thia-1-
azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate= (HL)= C23H20
ClN3O4S) has been synthesized from β-lactam antibiotic
(cephalexin mono hydrate(CephH)=(C16H19N3O5S.H2O) and 4-
chlorobenzaldehyde . Figure(1) Metal mixed ligand complexes
of the Schiff base were prepared from chloride salt of
Fe(II),Co(II),Ni(II),Cu(II),Zn(II) and Cd (II), in 50% (v/v)
ethanol –water medium (SacH ) .in aqueous ethanol(1:1)
containing and Saccharin(C7H5NO3S) = sodium hydroxide.
Several physical tools in particular; IR, CHN, 1H NMR, 13C
NMR for ligand and melting point molar conductance, magnetic
moment. and determination the percentage of the metal in the
complexes by flame(AAS). The ligands and there metal
complexes were screened for their antimicrobial activity against
four bacteria (gram + ve) and (gram -ve) {Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus}.
The proposed structure of the complexes using program, Chem
office 3D(2006). The general formula have been given for the
prepared mixed ligand complexes Na2[M(Sac)3(L)], M(II) = Fe
(II), Co(II) , Ni(II), Cu (II), Zn(II) , and Cd(II).
HL= C29H24 ClN3O4S, L= C29H23 ClN3O4S -.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
INVESTIGATE THE PROPERTIES OF IONIC BOND AND COVALENT BOND THROUGH AN EXPERIMENTMISS ESTHER
CHEMISTRY FORM 4 KSSM
CHAPTER 5 : CHEMICAL BONDS (IONIC BOND AND COVALENT BOND)
EXPERIMENT 5.1 TO INVESTIGATE THE PROPERTIES OF IONIC BOND AND COVALENT BOND THROUGH EXPERIMENT
Совместная статья с проф. Коттоном про статистическое разупорядочение фрагментов в кластерных соединениях (первое соединение с разупорядочением и по катиону и по аниону)
Inhibitive properties, thermodynamic, kinetics and quantumAl Baha University
Inhibitive properties, thermodynamic, kinetics and quantum
chemical calculations of polydentate Schiff base compounds
as corrosion inhibitors for iron in acidic and alkaline media
Активный центр ферментов
При изучении механизма химической реакции, катализируемой ферментами, исследователя всегда интересует не только определение промежуточных и конечных продуктов и выяснение отдельных стадий реакции, но и природа техфункциональных групп в молекуле фермента, которые обеспечивают специфичность действия фермента на данныйсубстрат (субстраты) и высокую каталитическую активность. Речь идет, следовательно, о точном знании геометрии и третичной структуры фермента, а также химической природы того участка (участков) молекулы фермента, который обеспечивает высокую скорость каталитической реакции. Участвующие в ферментативных реакциях молекулысубстратов часто имеют небольшие размеры по сравнению с молекулами ферментов, поэтому было высказано предположение, что при образовании фермент-субстратных комплексов в непосредственный контакт с молекулойсубстрата, очевидно, вступает ограниченная часть аминокислот пептидной цепи. Отсюда возникло представление об активном центре фермента. Под активным центром подразумевают уникальную комбинацию аминокислотных остатков в молекуле фермента, обеспечивающую непосредственное связывание ее с молекулой субстрата и прямое участие в акте катализа . Установлено, что у сложных ферментов в состав активного центра входят также простетические группы.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
INVESTIGATE THE PROPERTIES OF IONIC BOND AND COVALENT BOND THROUGH AN EXPERIMENTMISS ESTHER
CHEMISTRY FORM 4 KSSM
CHAPTER 5 : CHEMICAL BONDS (IONIC BOND AND COVALENT BOND)
EXPERIMENT 5.1 TO INVESTIGATE THE PROPERTIES OF IONIC BOND AND COVALENT BOND THROUGH EXPERIMENT
Совместная статья с проф. Коттоном про статистическое разупорядочение фрагментов в кластерных соединениях (первое соединение с разупорядочением и по катиону и по аниону)
Inhibitive properties, thermodynamic, kinetics and quantumAl Baha University
Inhibitive properties, thermodynamic, kinetics and quantum
chemical calculations of polydentate Schiff base compounds
as corrosion inhibitors for iron in acidic and alkaline media
Активный центр ферментов
При изучении механизма химической реакции, катализируемой ферментами, исследователя всегда интересует не только определение промежуточных и конечных продуктов и выяснение отдельных стадий реакции, но и природа техфункциональных групп в молекуле фермента, которые обеспечивают специфичность действия фермента на данныйсубстрат (субстраты) и высокую каталитическую активность. Речь идет, следовательно, о точном знании геометрии и третичной структуры фермента, а также химической природы того участка (участков) молекулы фермента, который обеспечивает высокую скорость каталитической реакции. Участвующие в ферментативных реакциях молекулысубстратов часто имеют небольшие размеры по сравнению с молекулами ферментов, поэтому было высказано предположение, что при образовании фермент-субстратных комплексов в непосредственный контакт с молекулойсубстрата, очевидно, вступает ограниченная часть аминокислот пептидной цепи. Отсюда возникло представление об активном центре фермента. Под активным центром подразумевают уникальную комбинацию аминокислотных остатков в молекуле фермента, обеспечивающую непосредственное связывание ее с молекулой субстрата и прямое участие в акте катализа . Установлено, что у сложных ферментов в состав активного центра входят также простетические группы.
Spectral studies of 5-({4-amino-2-[(Z)-(2-hydroxybenzylidene) amino] pyrimidi...IOSR Journals
Some transition metal ions Complexes with 5-({4-amino-2-[(Z)-(2-hydroxybenzylidene) amino]
pyrimidin-5-yl} methyl)-2,3,4-trimethoxybenzene were prepared and characterized by elemental analyses,
Infrared , magnetic moment, electronic spectra , mass spectra, X-ray powder diffraction, molar conductance
and thermal analysis (TGA). The complexes have general formulae [ML2.2H2O] {where M = Mn (II), Co (II), Ni
(II), Cu (II), Zn (II), Pd (II) and Pt (II). The coordination behavior of the metal ions towards to the investigated
Schiff base takes place through –C=N,-NH2 and –OH groups. The obtained C, H and N elemental analysis data
showed the Metal: Ligand ratio is 1:2 [M: L] ratio. The molar conductance data reveal that all the metal
complexes are non-electrolytic in nature. From the magnetic moments the complexes are paramagnetic except
Zn metal ion complexes have octahedral geometry with coordination number eight. The thermal behavior of
these complexes shows that, the hydrated complexes have loses two water molecules and immediately followed
by decomposition of the anions and ligand molecules in the second and third stage. The Schiff bases and metal
complexes show good activity against some bacteria. The antimicrobial results indicate that, the metal
complexes have better antimicrobial activity as compared to the prepared Schiff base.
Octahedral rhenium K4[Re6S8(CN)6] and Cu(OH)2cluster modifiedTiO2for the phot...Pawan Kumar
tOctahedral hexacyano rhenium K4[Re6S8(CN)6] cluster complexes were grafted onto photoactive Cu(OH)2cluster modified TiO2{Cu(OH)2/TiO2} support. The rhenium and copper cluster modified TiO2photocata-lyst combines the advantages of heterogeneous catalyst (facile recovery, recycling ability of the catalyst)with the reactivity, selectivity of the soluble molecular catalyst. The synthesized heterogeneous cata-lyst was found to be highly efficient photoredox catalyst for the reduction of CO2under visible lightirradiation. Methanol was found to be the major liquid product with the formation of hydrogen as a byproduct as determined with GC-FID and GC-TCD, respectively. The methanol yield after 24 h irradiationwas found to be 149 mol/0.1 g cat. for Re-cluster@Cu(OH)2/TiO2photocatalyst that is much higher than35 mol/0.1 g cat. for Cu(OH)2/TiO2and 75 mol/0.1 g cat. for equimolar rhenium cluster in the presenceof triethanolamine (TEOA) as a sacrificial donor. The quantum yields (MeOH) of Re-cluster@Cu(OH)2/TiO2and Cu(OH)2/TiO2were found to be 0.018 and 0.004 mol einstein−1, respectively. These values are muchhigher than those reported for other heterogeneous catalysts for six electron transfer reaction
Study of the Influence of Nickel Content and Reaction Temperature on Glycerol...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: La2O3-SiO2-supported nickel catalysts were evaluated in glycerol steam reforming. The samples (30wt% La and 5, 10 and 15wt% of Ni on 70wt% commercial SiO2), prepared by the simultaneous impregnation method, were characterized by EDX, nitrogen physisorption, XRD, in-situ XRD, XANES and TPR. The analyses revealed NiO species weakly interact with the support and the different metallic surface areas of the catalysts. Catalytic tests were performed in a fixed bed reactor at 600oC and 15Ni catalyst, which showed the best performance, was also evaluated at 500oC and 700oC. According to the results, the Ni content on the catalyst surface interferes in the distribution of gaseous products H2, CO, CO2 and CH4. The increase in the Ni content increases the carbon formation during reaction. The reaction temperature affected the catalytic performance and the best results were obtained with the 15Ni catalyst at 600oC, which was also tested for 20 hours for the analysis of its stability.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Anickel (II) and Zinc (II) Complex From 1,...IOSRJAC
:The title mononuclear nickel and zinc complexes, Ni(C11H9N4S3)2andZn(C11H9N4S3)2 .2(C3H7NO), were prepared by the reaction of Nickel(II) or Zinc(II)acetate with 1,5-bis[(2- thiophenyl)methylidene]thiocarbonohydrazide in a methanol solution. It features mono-deprotonated bisbidentate ligands, which coordinate to metal (II) ions by hydrazylN and thiocarbony lS atoms, yielding a tetracoordinated metal ions complexes. In Ni(II) complex the geometry around the metal ion is described as square planar. In the Zn(II) the metal atom shows severely tetrahedral distortion from anideal square-planar coordination geometry, as reflected by the dihedral angle between ZnN2and ZnS2 planes of 73.03(13)°. Two intramolecular hydrogen bonds are observed between the solvate dmf molecules and the coordinated ligands:N2—H2N…O1i and N6—H6N…O2 ii in this complex
Similar to R Acta Sulfur Technetium 2014-2369-online (20)
MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS AND GELS. A manual for students and graduate students of biotechnology training and medical universities (in Russian) Authors: Belova EV, German KE, Afanasyev AV, Slyusar OI, Solodova EV
2018 History of technetium studies in Russia Anna KuzinaKonstantin German
Lecture is about the History of technetium studies in Russia and Anna Kuzina 100 anniversary of birthday
Technetium separation in milligram, gram and kilogram ammounts 1957 - 1993
Proceedings and selected lectures 10th intern symp technetium rheniumKonstantin German
Proceedings and selected lectures of the 10th International Symposium on Technetium and Rhenium – Science and Utilization, October 3-6, 2018 - Moscow – Russia, Eds: K. German, X. Gaona, M. Ozawa, Ya. Obruchnikova, E. Johnstone, A. Maruk, M. Chotkowski, I. Troshkina, A. Safonov. Moscow: Publishing House Granica, 2018, 518 p.
ISBN 978-5-9933-0132-7 December 2018
Aleksey Buryak. WELCOME ADDRESS FROM IPCE - RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Andrey Romanov. WELCOME ADDRESS FROM THE MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND HIGHER EDUCATION OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION Mikhail Igorevich Panasyuk. ANNA KUZINA: BIOGRAPHY. K.E. German. PROF. ANNA FEDOROVNA KUZINA – 100TH ANNIVERSARY OF BIRTHDAY T. Yoshimura, M. Seike, H. Ikeda, K. Nagata, A. Ito, E. Sakuda, N. Kitamura, A. Shinohara PHOTOLUMINESCENCE SWITCHING OF NITRIDORHENIUM(V) COMPLEXES B. Grambow, X. Gaona, W. Runde, R. Konings, A.V. Plyasunov, L. Rao, A.L. Smith, E. Moore, M.-E. Ragoussi, J. Martinez-Gonzalez, I. Grenthe. CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS OF TECHNETIUM IN THE OECD/NEA UPDATE VOLUME E.S. Kulikova, Zh.K. Majed, D.V. Drobot, E.I. Efremova. HIGHLY SELECTIVE CATALYSTS BASED ON BIMETALLIC RHENIUM-RUTHENIUM COMPLEXES OBTAINED BY ALKOXYTECHNOLOGY E.S. Kulikova, D.V. Drobot, E.I. Efremova. THE FIRST EXAMPLE OF BI AND THREEMETALLIC ALKOXIDES CONTAINING RHENIUM AND RUTHENIUM T. Matsuzaki, H. Sakurai. A NEW PRODUCTION METHOD OF 99Mo BY MUON NUCLEAR TRANSMUTATION N. Budantseva, G. Andreev, A. Fedoseev THE U(VI), NP(VI) AND PU(VI) COMPLEXES WITH TcO4-, ReO4-. THE DIFFICULTIES IN ASSIGNING OF AnO22+ GROUPS VIBRATIONAL FREQUENCIES. J.S. McCloy, C. Soderquist, J. Weaver, Jason Lonergan. SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF ALKALI PERTECHNETATES
Молекулы белков лежат в основе почти всех биологических процессов. Ученым всегда были любопытны как белки, участвующие в метаболических путях, так и молекулярные основы их функционирования. Однако в эру системной биологии еще больше внимание уделяется полному пониманию работы всей совокупности белков организма, его протеома. Все более важно, что мы не только понимаем все стороны данной функции, или функций, какого-либо белка, но и то, что наше знание распространяется на все компоненты изучаемой системы или организма и так далеко, насколько это возможно. Без всестороннего анализа информации попытки синтеза и расчетов не смогут выйти за рамки приближенной реальности.
Книга "Структура и функционирование белков: Применение методов биоинформатики" представляет собой уникальный обзор современного состояния вопросов моделирования структуры белков и предсказания их функции. Книга написана ведущими специалистами в своей области, прекрасно иллюстрирована и содержит ссылки на доступные серверы и другие ресурсы, которые читатель, возможно, захочет использовать в своей научной работе. В конце каждой главы описываются перспективы развития и наиболее актуальные проблемы соответствующих областей науки.
Физико-химические методы исследования в медицине и биологии: Учебное пособие / Медицинский университет Реавиз. Москва, Издательство «Граница», 2016. 120 с.
Данное учебное пособие написано в соответствии с содержанием Государственных образо-вательных стандартов и программой дисциплины “Физико-химические методы анализа” по специальности “Медицина”, направлению и программой большого практикума (раздел “Физикохимические методы анализа”), который выполняется студентами по специальности “Биология”.
В нем изложены основы физико-химических методов анализа. Рассмотрены условия и области применения методов, их достоинства и недостатки, ограничения, перспективы развития и другие особенности и характеристики.
В конце каждой главы дано описание практических работ, приведены контрольные вопросы.
Предназначено для студентов-медиков, биологов, химиков, аспирантов, научных работников и учителей школ.
2016 rsc-advance-tc-c-qinggao wang - 6 pp 16197-16202Konstantin German
We analyze the formation of transition metal (TM) carbides, as determined by the strength of TM–TM and
TM–C bonds, as well as lattice distortions induced by C interstitials. With increasing filling of the d-band of
TMs, TM–C bonds become increasingly weak from the left of the periodic table to the right, with fewer and
fewer C atoms entering the TMs lattice. Technetium (Tc) turns out to be a critical point for the formation of
carbides, guiding us to resolve a long-standing dispute. The predicted Tc carbides, agreeing with measured
X-ray absorption spectra, should decompose to cubic Tc and graphite above 2000 K. Consequently, we
show that what has been claimed as TcC (with rocksalt structure) is actually a high-temperature cubic
phase of elemental technetium.
своевременная диагностика и терапия данного заболевания до сих пор являются нерешенной клинической задачей. По данным на 2011 г., заболе-
ваемость раком простаты в России составила 10,7% (40 тыс. первичных случаев) мужского населения, причем в 60% случаев заболевание диа-
гностировали на поздней (III–IV) стадии, когда неизбежен процесс активного роста и распространения метастазов. Методы анатомической
визуализации при диагностике данного заболевания имеют низкую чувствительность и специфичность. Методы метаболической визуализации,
использующие в качестве маркера простатспецифический антиген (ПСА), также малоэффективны. В качестве маркера для диагностики и
лечения метастатического рака простаты предлагается рассматривать простатспецифический мембранный антиген (ПСМА). За рубежом
проходят клинические испытания наиболее перспективные диагностические радиофармпрепараты на основе малых пептидных молекул, моди-
фицированных мочевиной, которые отличаются наибольшим сродством к ПСМА. Отличительной особенностью этих соединений является их
благоприятная фармакокинетика, высокое и длительное накопление в опухоли и метастазах, быстрое выведение из организма.
Ключевые слова: метастатический рак предстательной железы, простатспецифический мембранный антиген, радиофармпрепараты.
(Для цитирования: Власова О.П., Герман К.Э., Крылов В.В., Петриев В.М., Эпштейн Н.Б. Новые радиофармпрепараты для диагности-
ки и терапии метастатического рака предстательной железы на основе ингибиторов простатспецифического мембранного антигена.
Вестник РАМН. 2015; 70 (3): 360–365. Doi: 10.15690/vramn.v70i3.1334)
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
1. Radiochim. Acta 2015; aop
Konstantin E. German*, Andrey A. Shiryaev, Alexey V. Safonov, Yana A. Obruchnikova,
Viktor A. Ilin, and Varvara E. Tregubova
Technetium sulfide – formation kinetics, structure
and particle speciation
Abstract: Technetium sulfide formation kinetics was stud-
ied in the pH range 8−12 in presence of Na2S and phos-
phate buffer solution. The conditions for separation of Tc
sulfide micro and nanoparticles were found with ultra-
microcentifugation and the values of Tc sulfide solubility
were demonstrated to be dependent on the Na2S concen-
tration as 𝐶(Tc3S10+x) = −9 × 10−5
ln [Na2S]−2 × 10−5
M.
The composition of Tc sulfide precipitate was elucidated
with EXAFS, RBS and chemical analyses as Tc3S10+x or
[Tc3(𝜇3
-S)(S2)3(S2)3/3]n in agreement with recent Lukens
data.
Keywords: Technetium sulfide, environmental chemistry,
ultramicrocentifugation.
DOI 10.1515/ract-2014-2369
Received April 25, 2014; accepted December 17, 2014
1 Introduction
Sulfur isanelementof highenvironmentalimportance, es-
pecially in view of behavior of a number of metals. Tc−S
system is not an exception in this respect. The sulfur, its
different compounds and their derivatives, present miner-
als and rocks, are being leached by dissolution or microbi-
ological transformation into natural waters, which drasti-
cally affect the environmental transportation routes of Tc.
For a better understanding of the Tc behavior in different
natural environments one needs quantitative data on the
*Corresponding author: Konstantin E. German, Frumkin Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry Russian Academy of
Sciences, Moscow, Russia; and Moscow Medical Institute REAVIZ,
Moscow Russia, e-mail: guerman_k@mail.ru
Alexey V. Safonov, Viktor A. Ilin, Varvara E. Tregubova: Frumkin
Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry Russian
Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; and Moscow Medical
Institute REAVIZ, Moscow Russia
Andrey A. Shiryaev: Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and
Electrochemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
Yana A. Obruchnikova: Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and
Electrochemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; and
Moscow Medical Institute REAVIZ, Moscow Russia; and Mendeleev
Russian Chemical Technology University, Moscow, Russia
composition and properties of Tc sulfide species that are
formed. This work aims to analyze the progress in the stud-
ies of Tc−Ssystem, with the primary focus on its formation
kinetics and size speciation.¹
2 Earlier published data
Technetium sulfide (it is important to emphasize that
Tc2S7 does not exist as Tc(VII) sulfide and is a complex
sulfide compound) was among the first synthesized Tc
compounds and it was considered [1, 2] as a convenient
route for Tc separation from aqueous solutions. Already
in the early publications its composition was proposed as
Tc2S7, in which Tc was present in its higher oxidation state
of +VII. Rather surprising was that Tc(VII) redox poten-
tials are in contradiction to those of S2−
. Later Spitsyn and
Kuzina confirmed this composition [3]. However, the crys-
tallographic characterization of technetium heptasulfide
was not possible as the precipitate is X-ray amorphous. All
the attempts of recrystallization in solution were unsuc-
cessful and no interpretation of the composition and the
structure was available for more than 45 years[4].
Bondietti, Lee and co-workers in 1979–83 studied the
effects of Fe(II) and of S2−
on the Tc solubility. They had
found that, in the absence of S2−
, the pertechnetate was
reduced by Fe(II) and Tc(IV) hydroxide precipitated from
the solution [5, 6]. In the presence of S2−
, in turn, Tc2S7 is
precipitated and the authors concluded that Tc(VII) was
not reduced with sulfide [6]. When both Fe(II) and S2−
were
present, Tc was reduced and coprecipitated with a FeS
phase as a carrier.
Boyd described preparation of amorphous Tc(IV) sul-
fide by heating Tc2S7 in the absence of O2 [7]. Crystalline
TcS2 in turn was prepared by chemical transport reaction
along a temperature gradient (1423–1353 K) in a sealed
tube. According to Wildervank and Jellinek [8] the pres-
1 Part of the experimental data on reaction kinetics and Tc sulfide
size speciation was reported at the International symposiums on
technetium and rhenium, 2005 O-arai, Japan and 2011, Moscow, Rus-
sia, but are presented for publication just here.
Authenticated | guerman_k@mail.ru author's copy
Download Date | 2/7/15 8:01 AM
2. 2 | K. E. German et al., Technetium sulfide
ence of halogen as a carrier gas improved transport effi-
ciency [8]. Triclinic crystals of TcS2 were formed.
Sodium thiosulphate and thioacetamide were shown
to be able to produce Tc2S7 in treatment of acidic Tc(VII)
solutions [9, 10].
Considerable Tc accumulation by some sulfide miner-
als and rocks have been observed [11–13], the most effec-
tive sorbents being the sulfides with higher solubility or
those possessing reducing metal ions. The mechanism for
Tc removal is differed for various minerals [13].
The Tc2S7 solubility was investigated based on the
measurements of Tc concentration in the aqueous solu-
tions equilibrated with the previously precipitated and
washed technetium sulfide [13]. No permanent thermody-
namic solubility value were established because of tech-
netium sulfide peptisation followed by dissolution and
slow oxidation in course of its dissolution in distilled wa-
ter [3, 4, 13] and references therein.
Theknowledgegap information, structureand Tc spe-
ciation in its sulfide form motivated the re-examination of
this system.
3 Experimental results and
discussion
The preliminary spectrophotometric study on formation
kinetics of technetium sulfide reported in [14] was recon-
sidered and completed in this work, providing new quan-
titative data on the Tc(VII) reaction with sulfide. The
spectrophotometer (Carry 50) was used for the study. All
reagents were of analytical grade or higher. Na2S ⋅ 9H2O
has been recrystallized from saturated solution in bidis-
tilled water and the single crystals as large as approx.
1 × 1 × 1 cm size were selected for solution preparations.
Tc-99 was purchased as KTcO4 from PO Mayak. The stud-
ies on colloidal particle size distribution were done with
ultracentrifuge technique (Ultracentrifuge MP-20 (Poland)
at 15 000 rpm speed and “Sartorius” 5, 10 and 20 kD ul-
tramicrocentrifuge tubes) and were coherent with the data
obtained by Saiki et al. by different method [15]. That en-
abled usto providewithreliableinformationonthedepen-
dence of Tc sulfide solubility vs. sulfide ion concentration
in the solution.
3.1 Spectroscopic kinetics study
The TcO4
−
and S2
−
solutions, being transparent in the vis-
ible region of spectrum, demonstrate strong absorbance in
Fig.1: Typical absorbance spectrum for technetium sulfide (reaction
time 4560 s), [TcO4
−
] = 1 × 10−4
M, [Na2S] = 0.27 M, pH 11.8.
Fig.2: Absorbance at 450 nm for the reaction of pertechnetate with
sodium sulfide as a function of reaction time:
[TcO4
−
]0 = (0.5−2) × 10−4
M, [Na2S] = 0.27 M, pH 11.8.
the UV region. In course of the reaction of the pertechne-
tate with S2
−
, brown color of the solution develops and the
corresponding spectrum is attributed to the formation of
technetium sulfide. For the kinetics study the 𝜆 = 450 nm
wavelength was chosen in this paper as a criterion of Tc
sulfide formation (Figures 1 and 2). The kinetic curve reg-
istered for solution with different initial pertechnetate and
sodium sulfide concentrations in Figure 2.
As the pH of the solution could be affected by sulfide
hydrolysis and oxidation, some tests were conducted in
buffer solutions. In all cases the pH was kept within 8−12
as the decrease of pH enhances the hydrolysis of sulfide
producing hydrogen sulfide ions and its conversion to el-
ementary sulfur. These two products react producing in
turn the disulfide ion.
A typical kinetic curve in a phosphate buffer is shown
in Figure 3. The kinetics is characterized by three stages,
with the first one being induction period (from 13 500 and
up to 35 000 s, depending on the pH). According to the
composition of the final precipitate (see below) the sec-
ond step is most probably a complex reaction. It includes
the reduction of pertechnetate with sulfide giving Tc(IV)
sulfide and formation of 3 S0
atoms per each reduced Tc
formed in brutto reaction Eq. (1), with formation of disul-
Authenticated | guerman_k@mail.ru author's copy
Download Date | 2/7/15 8:01 AM
3. K. E. German et al., Technetium sulfide | 3
Fig. 3: Technetium sulfide formation kinetics (registered at 450 nm)
in the reaction of pertechnetate with sodium sulfide at pH 8.2:
[TcO−
4 ]0 = 1.57 × 10−4
M, [Na2S] = 0.09 M, buffer solution 0.14 M
Na2HPO4 + 0.05 M NaH2PO4.
fide S2
−
ligand where sulfur is present in the oxidation
state (−1):
TcO4
−
+ 5H2S = TcS2 + 3S0
= TcS(S2)2
−
(1)
This step takes 14 000–50 000 s, depending on the pH.
The third step according to the formula proposed earlier
by Lukens and co-workers should be trimerisation of the
reaction product Eq. (1) to trinuclear Tc(IV) polydisulfide
[Tc3(𝜇3
-S)(S2)3(S2)3/3]n [16]. The colloidal solutions of the
technetium sulfide formed were found to be rather stable.
Similar stability of the Tc sulfide colloides has been ob-
served for solutions described by Saiki et al. [15].
3.2 Tc sulfide stochiometry and structural
studies
The composition of the precipitate separated at 10 kD
MWCO membranes from the solutions described above
was determined by chemical and radiochemical analyses.
The 𝛽-counting of Tc-99 using Beckman-6500 in GSL liq-
uid scintillation cocktail was used. To determine the sulfur
concentration the oxidation of the sulfide to sulfate with
HNO3(conc) followed by microtitration with Ba2+
was used.
The ratio value Tc : S was established to be 2 : 6.7(1). In-
dependent determination of Tc : S ratio was carried out
by using 4
He+
induced Rutherford Backscattering Spec-
trometry (RBS) at CENBG Radioanalytical and Environ-
mental Chemistry Lab (Bordeaux-Gradignan) in collabora-
tion with Pierre Sue Laboratory, CE de Saclay (France). The
dilute dispersion of Tc sulfide was placed on the polished
aluminum disc, dried and the backscattering of 1 MeV
Fig. 4: Tc𝐾-edge EXAFS spectra (left) and their Fourier transforms
(right) of the Tc sulfide colloidal solution corresponding to the
reaction of pertechnetate with sodium sulfide for [TcO4
−
]0 =
2.0 × 10−4
M, [Na2S] = 0.27 M, pH 11.8.
4
He+
from these samples was analyzed. The result of the
latter method is sensitive to the thickness of the sample so
the resulting value was extrapolated to zero sample thick-
ness as shown in the figure and was equal to Tc : S = 2 :
6.73(25).
All the samples of Tc sulfide precipitate, prepared as
described above, were X-ray amorphous and no crystal
structural data could be obtained. The structural informa-
tion from this precipitate was obtained from EXAFS stud-
ies done at ESRF(Grenoble, France) and Kurchatov Source
of Synchrotron Radiation (Kurchatov Institute, Moscow).
The EXAFS data (Figure 4) support the structure of the
technetium sulfide reported by Lukens et al. earlier [16].
The rate constant 𝐾1 for the second step of Tc(VII)
reaction with sulfide (producing Tc(IV) and polysul-
fide ions) was determined as 7.0 × 10−6
s−1
while 𝐾2 for
the final formation of technetium sulfide (in fact trinu-
clear technetium(IV) polydisulfide) as shown in [16]) was
2.0 × 10−4
s−1
, being by two orders of magnitude higher
than 𝐾1.
The influence of initial technetium(VII) concentration
(within the range of (0.57−2.66) × 10−4
M KTcO4 at con-
stant [Na2S] = 0.3 M) on the reaction rate of Tc and sul-
fide was determined from the data shown in Figure 2. The
rate constant demonstrates almost linear dependence on
the technetium concentration within the studied concen-
tration range.
The explanation of the Tc−S system was a great prob-
lem for 40 years as described by J. Rard and co-workers [4].
It became clear only after the research based on EX-
AFS studies made by Lukens and co-workers[16]. It was
demonstrated that −S−S− disulfide ligands are present in
the structure of technetium sulfide thus explaining the re-
duction of Tc(VII) to Tc(IV) with no notable change in
Tc : S stoichiometric ratio that remained close to the value
within the interval of 3.3−3.5 [16].
Authenticated | guerman_k@mail.ru author's copy
Download Date | 2/7/15 8:01 AM
4. 4 | K. E. German et al., Technetium sulfide
Fig.5: RBS determination of S/Tc ratio in technetium polydisulfide
as a function of sample thickness (measured in relative units –
counts/mm2
).
Fig.6: Structure unit fragment of [Tc3(𝜇3
-S)(𝜇2
-S2)3(S2)3] (or Tc3S13)
for technetium sulfide according to EXAFS studies [16].
At the same time the presence of S2
2−
ligand in the
compound explains some other properties that were not
well understood before. The determination of the concen-
tration of free Tc species as fractionized in this work by
separation of ionic Tc from colloid-bound Tc with 5 kD
MWCO membrane (Figure 7) indicating colloid formation
that according to [16] should have the composition Tc3S13
(Figure 6). The resulting concentration of truly dissolved
Tc (most probably in form of Tc3S13) was dependent on the
Na2S concentration as shown in Figure 8.
The stability of Tc3S10 in the resulting solution
was dependent on the solution S2−
solution concen-
tration. When Na2S concentration was higher than
0.05 M, further growth of Tc polymeric sulfide particles
Fig.9: The scheme of Tc reaction with sulfide describing precipitation and size speciation tests drawn based on the results of Lukens et
al. [16] and this work.
Fig.7: Concentration of free Tc(IV) species Tc3S13 as fractionized
with separation of ionic from colloidal particles with 5 kD MWCO
membrane.
Fig.8: Solubility of Tc sulfide at 𝑡 = 75–110 h as evaluated for
different [Na2S] by separation of colloidal particles with 5 kD
membrane.
([Tc3(𝜇3
-S)(𝜇2
S2)3(S2)3/3]n) occurred for 𝑡 ≥ 150 h. For
[Na2S] ≤ 0.04 M, the Tc3S13 was reoxidized by ambi-
ent air to Tc(VII) within 175–200 h resulting in the
resolubilization of Tc as TcO4
−
.
The equation for the Tc sulfide solubility
based on these figures was evaluated 𝐶(Tc3S13) =
− 9 × 10−5
Ln[Na2S] − 2 × 10−5
M (Figure 8).
The stoichiometry of technetium sulfide precipitated
from aqueous solutions by sulfide action was recently con-
firmed by Liu et al. [17]. Some important data on the Fe
sulfide ores reducing Tc to Tc(IV) onto Tc environmen-
tal behavior was reported by the same authors [18]. The
Authenticated | guerman_k@mail.ru author's copy
Download Date | 2/7/15 8:01 AM
5. K. E. German et al., Technetium sulfide | 5
results of [17–19] support in principle the evidence for the
formulation of common technetium sulfide established by
Lukens and co-workers [16] and confirmed in this work.
We consider that the total data of the latter works provide
a correct and important description of technetium polysul-
fide as a complex compound formed from water solutions
by reaction of pertechnetate with sulfide source ores.
Acknowledgement: The work was carried out in part as
the statutory work of the A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical
Chemistry and Electrochemistry of the Russian Academy
of Sciences within the grant RFBR 14-03-00067. One of us
(KEG) is grateful to the staff of CENBG Radioanalytical and
Environmental Chemistry Lab (Bordeaux-Gradignan) and
of Pierre Sue Laboratory, CE de Saclay, for the possibility
of carrying out the analyses of Tc sulfide by RBS.
References
1. Cobble, J. W., Nelson, C. M., Parker, G. W. et al.: Chemistry of
technetium. II. Preparation of technetium metal. J. Am. Chem.
Soc. 74, 1852–1852 (1952).
2. Rulfs, C. L., Meinke, W. W.: Observations on some chemical and
physical properties of technetium and its compounds. J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 74, 235–236 (1952).
3. Spitsyn, V. I., Kuzina, A. F.: Investigation of weighable amounts
of technetium. Proc. Acad. Sci. USSR Chem. Sect. 124, 103–105
(1959).
4. Rard, J. A., Rard, M. H., Anderegg, G., Wanner, H.: Chemical
Thermodynamics 3. Chemical Thermodynamics of Technetium.
(Sandino, M. C. A., Osthols, E. eds.), OECD NEA, Data Bank,
Elsevier, Amsterdam (1999), 544 p.
5. Bondietti, E. A., Francis, C. W. : Geologic migration potential of
technetium-99 and neptunium-237. Science 203, 1337–1340
(1979).
6. Lee, S. Y., Bondietti, E. A.: In: Sci. Basis Nucl. Waste Manage-
ment. VI, held Nov. 1982 in Boston. (Brookins, D. G. ed.) North-
Holland, New York (1983), pp. 315–322.
7. Boyd, G. E.: Technetium and promethium. J. Chem. Educ. 36,
3–14 (1959).
8. Wildervanck, J. C., Jellinek, F.: The dichalcogenides of tech-
netium and rhenium. J. Less-Common Met. 24, 73–81 (1971).
9. Eckelman, W. C., Levenson, S. M.: Radiopharmaceuticals la-
beled with technetium. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 28, 67–82
(1977).
10. Anders, E.: The Radiochemistry of Technetium. Department of
Commerce, Nat. Acad. Sci., Subcommittee on Radiochemistry,
Washington DC (1960), 50 p.
11. Winkler, A., Bruhl, H., Trapp, Ch., Bock, W. D.: Mobility of tech-
netium in various rocks and defined combinations of natural
minerals. Radiochim. Acta 44/45, 183–186 (1988).
12. German, K.E, Peretrukhin, V. F., Belyaeva, L. I., Kuzina, O. V.
Sorption of long-lived technetium from radioactive wastes and
ground water by sulfides and sulfide rocks. In: Technetium
and Rhenium Chemistry and Nuclear Medicine 4, (Bressanone-
Bolzano-Italy, 12–14 September 1994; Nicolini, M., Bandoli, G.,
Mazzi, U. eds.), SGEditoriali, Padova (1994), pp. 93–97.
13. El-Waer, S., German, K. E., Peretrukhin, V. F.: Sorption of
technetium in inorganic sorbents and natural minerals. J. Ra-
dioanal. Nucl. Chem. 157, 3–14 (1992).
14. Simonoff, M., Guerman, K. E., Simonoff, G.: Kinetics of
the reaction of pertechnetate with sulphide. In: The sec-
ond Japanese-Russian Seminar on Technetium. Abstracts
(Sekine, T., Omori, T., eds.) Shizuoka University, Shizuoka
(1999), p. 25.
15. Saiki, Y., Fukuzaki, M., Sekine, T. et al..: Technetium(VII) sul-
fide colloid growing observed by laser-induced photoacoustic
spectroscopy. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 255, 101–104 (2003).
16. Lukens, W. W., Bucher, J. J., Shuh, D. K., Edelstein, N. M.: Evo-
lution of technetium speciation in reducing grout. Environ. Sci.
Technol. 39, 8064–8070 (2005).
17. Liu, Y., Terry, J., Jurisson, S.: Pertechnetate immobilization in
aqueous media with hydrogen sulfide under anaerobic and
aerobic environments. Radiochim. Acta 95, 717–727 (2007).
18. Liu, Y., Terry, J., Jurisson, J.: Pertechnetate immobilization
with amorphous iron sulfide. Radiochim. Acta 96, 823–833
(2008).
19. Ferrier, M., Roques, J., Poineau, F. et al.: Speciation of tech-
netium in sulfuric acid/hydrogen sulfide solutions. Eur. J. In-
org. Chem. 12, 2016–2052 (2014).
Authenticated | guerman_k@mail.ru author's copy
Download Date | 2/7/15 8:01 AM