International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Mannich Synthesis Under Ionic Liquid [Et3NH][HSO4] CatalysisIOSRJAC
Ionic liquid [Et3NH][HSO4] was found to be a particularly efficient catalyst for the synthesis of β- amino carbonyl pyrimidines through the Mannich condensation reaction of substituted pyrimidin-2(1H)-ones, cyclohexanone and 4-fluro/chlorobenzaldehyde under ultrasonic irradiation at room temperature. The present methodology offers several advantages such as excellent yields, simple procedure and mild conditions.
Kinetics of Ruthenium(III) Catalyzed and Uncatalyzed Oxidation of Monoethanol...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Kinetics of uncatalyzed and ruthenium(III) catalyzed oxidation of monoethanolamine by N-bromosuccinimide
(NBS) has been studied in an aqueous acetic acid medium in the presence of sodium acetate
and perchloric acid, respectively. In the uncatalyzed oxidation the kinetic orders are: the first order in NBS,
a fractional order in the substrate. The rate of the reaction increased with an increase in the sodium acetate
concentration and decreased with an increase in the perchloric acid concentration. This indicates that free
amine molecules are the reactive species. Addition of halide ions results in a decrease in the kinetic rate,
which is noteworthy. Both in absence and presence of a catalyst, a decrease in the dielectric constant of the
medium decreases the kinetic rate pointing out that these are dipole—dipole reactions. A relatively higher
oxidation state of ruthenium i.e., Ru(V) was found to be the active species in Ru(III) catalyzed reactions. A
suitable mechanism consistent with the observations has been proposed and a rate law has been derived to
explain the kinetic orders.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Synthesis and characterization of some metal complexes of 2- Phenyl-3,4-dihyd...IOSRJAC
2-Phenyl-3,4-dihydro-quinazolin-4-yloxy)-acetic acid (L1) metal complexes with Mn2+ , Co2+, Ni2+ Cu2+ , and Zn2+ ions were studied and the structure of the complexes were elucidated using elemental analyses, infrared (IR), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), magnetic moment and thermal analysis measurements. Besides the characterization of complexes by physicochemical technique, Biological activities of the synthesized complexes were examined against some microbial strains for evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal activities.
Bidentate Schiff base ligand 3-(3,4-Dihydroxy-phenyl)-2-[(4-dimethylamino-benzylidene)-amino]-2-methyl-propionic acid was prepared and characterized by spectroscopic techniques studies and elemental analysis. The Cd(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Co(II), Cr(III),and Fe(III) of mixed-ligand complexes were structural explicate through moler conductance , [FT-IR, UV-Vis & AAS], chloride contents, , and magnetic susceptibility measurements. Octahedral geometries have been suggested for all complexes. The Schiff base and its complexes were tested against various bacterial species, two of {gram(G+) and gram(G-)} were shown weak to good activity against all bacteria.
Ruthenium(III) Catalyzed Oxidation of Sugar Alcohols by Dichloroisocyanuric A...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Kinetics of ruthenium(III) catalyzed oxidation of biologically important sugar alcohols (myo-inositol,
D-sorbitol, and D-mannitol) by dichloroisocyanuric acid was carried out in aqueous acetic acid—perchloric
medium. The reactions were found to be first order in case of oxidant and ruthenium(III). Zero order
was observed with the concentrations of sorbitol and mannitol whereas, a positive fractional order was found
in the case of inositol concentration. An inverse fractional order was observed with perchloric acid in oxidation
of three substrates. Arrhenius parameters were calculated and a plausible mechanism was proposed
Mannich Synthesis Under Ionic Liquid [Et3NH][HSO4] CatalysisIOSRJAC
Ionic liquid [Et3NH][HSO4] was found to be a particularly efficient catalyst for the synthesis of β- amino carbonyl pyrimidines through the Mannich condensation reaction of substituted pyrimidin-2(1H)-ones, cyclohexanone and 4-fluro/chlorobenzaldehyde under ultrasonic irradiation at room temperature. The present methodology offers several advantages such as excellent yields, simple procedure and mild conditions.
Kinetics of Ruthenium(III) Catalyzed and Uncatalyzed Oxidation of Monoethanol...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Kinetics of uncatalyzed and ruthenium(III) catalyzed oxidation of monoethanolamine by N-bromosuccinimide
(NBS) has been studied in an aqueous acetic acid medium in the presence of sodium acetate
and perchloric acid, respectively. In the uncatalyzed oxidation the kinetic orders are: the first order in NBS,
a fractional order in the substrate. The rate of the reaction increased with an increase in the sodium acetate
concentration and decreased with an increase in the perchloric acid concentration. This indicates that free
amine molecules are the reactive species. Addition of halide ions results in a decrease in the kinetic rate,
which is noteworthy. Both in absence and presence of a catalyst, a decrease in the dielectric constant of the
medium decreases the kinetic rate pointing out that these are dipole—dipole reactions. A relatively higher
oxidation state of ruthenium i.e., Ru(V) was found to be the active species in Ru(III) catalyzed reactions. A
suitable mechanism consistent with the observations has been proposed and a rate law has been derived to
explain the kinetic orders.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Synthesis and characterization of some metal complexes of 2- Phenyl-3,4-dihyd...IOSRJAC
2-Phenyl-3,4-dihydro-quinazolin-4-yloxy)-acetic acid (L1) metal complexes with Mn2+ , Co2+, Ni2+ Cu2+ , and Zn2+ ions were studied and the structure of the complexes were elucidated using elemental analyses, infrared (IR), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), magnetic moment and thermal analysis measurements. Besides the characterization of complexes by physicochemical technique, Biological activities of the synthesized complexes were examined against some microbial strains for evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal activities.
Bidentate Schiff base ligand 3-(3,4-Dihydroxy-phenyl)-2-[(4-dimethylamino-benzylidene)-amino]-2-methyl-propionic acid was prepared and characterized by spectroscopic techniques studies and elemental analysis. The Cd(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Co(II), Cr(III),and Fe(III) of mixed-ligand complexes were structural explicate through moler conductance , [FT-IR, UV-Vis & AAS], chloride contents, , and magnetic susceptibility measurements. Octahedral geometries have been suggested for all complexes. The Schiff base and its complexes were tested against various bacterial species, two of {gram(G+) and gram(G-)} were shown weak to good activity against all bacteria.
Ruthenium(III) Catalyzed Oxidation of Sugar Alcohols by Dichloroisocyanuric A...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Kinetics of ruthenium(III) catalyzed oxidation of biologically important sugar alcohols (myo-inositol,
D-sorbitol, and D-mannitol) by dichloroisocyanuric acid was carried out in aqueous acetic acid—perchloric
medium. The reactions were found to be first order in case of oxidant and ruthenium(III). Zero order
was observed with the concentrations of sorbitol and mannitol whereas, a positive fractional order was found
in the case of inositol concentration. An inverse fractional order was observed with perchloric acid in oxidation
of three substrates. Arrhenius parameters were calculated and a plausible mechanism was proposed
Shift of Reaction Pathway by Added Chloride Ions in the Oxidation of Aromatic...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Role of added chloride ions on the shift of reaction pathway of oxidation of aromatic ketones (acetophenone,
desoxybenzoin) by dichloroisocyanuric acid (DCICA) was studied in aqueous acetic acid—perchloric
acid medium. Participation of enolic and protonated forms of ketones in the rate determining steps is
manifested from zero and first orders with respect to the oxidant in absence and presence of added chloride
ions, respectively. Positive and negative effects of acid and dielectric constant on the reaction rate were
observed. The observations deduce plausible mechanisms involving (i) rate-determining formation of enol
from the conjugate acid of the ketone (SH+) in the absence of added chloride ions and (ii) rapid formation of
molecular chlorine species from HOCl (hydrolytic species of DCICA) in the presence of added chloride ions,
which then interacts with SH+ in a rate-determining step prior to the rapid steps of product formation. The
order of Arrhenius parameters substantiate the proposed plausible mechanisms based on order of reactants
both in presence and absence of added chloride ions.
Synthesis and characterization of the mixed ligand complexesTaghreed Al-Noor
This paper presents the synthesis and study of some new mixed-ligands complexes
containing anthranilic acid and amino acid L-alanine (Ala) with some metals. The resulting
products were found to be solid crystalline complexes which have been characterized by using
(FT-IR,UV-Vis) spectra , melting point, molar conductivity , chloride ion content were also
determin by (mohr method) and determination the percentage of the metal in the complexes by
(AAS).The proposed structure of the complexes was suggested using program , Chem Office
3D(2004) .The general formula have been given for the prepared complexes :
[M(A)(Ala)]. nH2O n= 0,2
AH = Anthranilic acid = C7H7NO2 AlaH = alanine = C3H7NO2
Anthranilate ion = C7H6NO2- Ala- = Alanin ate ion = C3H6NO2-
M(II): Mn(II) ,Fe(II),Co(II) , Ni(II) , Cu(II) , Zn(II) and Cd
Kinetics of Substituted Bis- and Mono-azo Dyes as Corrosion Inhibitors for Al...Al Baha University
This investigation is designed to apply an advanced kinetic^thermodynamic model on the data obtained from acidic and alkaline corrosion of aluminium using bis- and mono-azo dyes as corrosion inhibitors.
Spectroscopic, Thermal, Magnetic and conductimetric studies on some 7-hydroxy...IOSR Journals
7-hydroxy-4-methyl-8-(p-methylphenylazo)coumarin (L1) and 7-hydroxy-4-methyl-8-(p-methoxyphenylazo)coumarin (L2) have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared (IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and mass spectra. The important infrared (IR) spectral bands corresponding to the active groups in the two ligands and the solid complexes under investigation were studied. Also the important fragments in the ligands and complexes were done using mass spectra and the main peaks were corresponding to the molecular weights of the ligands and complexes. The solid complexes have been synthesized and characterized by elemental and thermal analyses (TG and DTA) as well as by IR, 1H NMR, magnetic measurements, electronic transition, molar conductance, mass and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra. The proposed steriochemical structures for the investigated metal complexes suggest octahedral geometry with respect to Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn divalent metal ions with the investigated ligands 1:1 and 1:2 complexes and all of the formed complexes contain coordinated and hydrated water molecules. All of the prepared solid complexes behave as non-electrolytes in chloroform.
Complexation, Spectroscopic, Thermal, Magnetic And Conductimetric Studies On ...IOSR Journals
7-hydroxy-4-methyl-8-(phenylazo) coumarin (L1)and 7-hydroxy-4-methyl-8-(o-carboxyphenylazo) coumarin (L2) have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared (IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and Mass spectra. The important infrared (IR) spectral bands corresponding to the active groups in the two ligands and the solid complexes under investigation were studied. Also the important fragments in the ligands and the complexes were done using mass spectra and the main peaks were corresponding to the molecular weights of the ligands and complexes. The solid complexes have been synthesized and studied by elemental and thermal analyses (TG and DTA) as well as by IR, 1H NMR, magnetic measurements, electronic transition, molar conductance, mass spectra and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra. The proposed steriochemical structures for the investigated metal complexes suggest octahedral geometry with respect to Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn metal ions and all of the formed complexes contain coordinated and hydrated water molecules. All of the prepared solid complexes behave as non-electrolytes in chloroform.
Synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial, anticancer and antidiabetic activ...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES WITH A NEW ...EDITOR IJCRCPS
A new monodentate phosphorus yield Ph3P=CHC(O)C6H4-m-Br (L),was synthesized and characterized with elemental analysis as
well as various spectroscopic techniques. The reactions of the title ylide with mercury(II) halides in equimolar ratios using dry
methanol as solvent have yielded [L.HgX2]2 (X= Cl (1), Br (2), I (3)). The reaction of 1 equiv. this ylide with Cd(NO3)2.4H2O in the
same solvent give a polynuclear complex [Cd (L)(NO3)(μ-NO3)]n (4), followed by treatment with 2 equiv. AgNO3 and AgOTf led to
monomeric chelate complexes 5 and 6, respectively. Characterization of the obtained compounds was also performed by
elemental analysis, IR, 1H, 31P and 13C NMR. All DMSO-solved synthesized compounds were subjected to biological evaluation for
their antibacterial against 6 Gram positive and negative bacteria effects by disc diffusion method. Results showed antibacterial
activity for studied metal complexes and suggested their possible application as antibacterial agents.
Keywords: Phosphorus yields, mercury(II) complexes, silver(I) complexes, cadmium(II) complexes, antibacterial activity.
synthesis and characterization of hydrazone ligand and their metal complexesMUBASHIRA M
This slide mainly contain the synthesis, characterization of a few hydrazine based heterocyclic ligand such as hydralazone and phenyl hydralazone and also their metal complexes. so in this work, my aim is to synthesise the ligands; 2-thiophenecarboxylaldehydehydralazone and 2,3-butanedionephenylhydrazone. also to characterized the synthesised hydrazones by different physiochemical techniques.
Совместная статья с проф. Коттоном про статистическое разупорядочение фрагментов в кластерных соединениях (первое соединение с разупорядочением и по катиону и по аниону)
Chemical speciation studies on complexation of ditopic ligands: Interaction o...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Shift of Reaction Pathway by Added Chloride Ions in the Oxidation of Aromatic...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Role of added chloride ions on the shift of reaction pathway of oxidation of aromatic ketones (acetophenone,
desoxybenzoin) by dichloroisocyanuric acid (DCICA) was studied in aqueous acetic acid—perchloric
acid medium. Participation of enolic and protonated forms of ketones in the rate determining steps is
manifested from zero and first orders with respect to the oxidant in absence and presence of added chloride
ions, respectively. Positive and negative effects of acid and dielectric constant on the reaction rate were
observed. The observations deduce plausible mechanisms involving (i) rate-determining formation of enol
from the conjugate acid of the ketone (SH+) in the absence of added chloride ions and (ii) rapid formation of
molecular chlorine species from HOCl (hydrolytic species of DCICA) in the presence of added chloride ions,
which then interacts with SH+ in a rate-determining step prior to the rapid steps of product formation. The
order of Arrhenius parameters substantiate the proposed plausible mechanisms based on order of reactants
both in presence and absence of added chloride ions.
Synthesis and characterization of the mixed ligand complexesTaghreed Al-Noor
This paper presents the synthesis and study of some new mixed-ligands complexes
containing anthranilic acid and amino acid L-alanine (Ala) with some metals. The resulting
products were found to be solid crystalline complexes which have been characterized by using
(FT-IR,UV-Vis) spectra , melting point, molar conductivity , chloride ion content were also
determin by (mohr method) and determination the percentage of the metal in the complexes by
(AAS).The proposed structure of the complexes was suggested using program , Chem Office
3D(2004) .The general formula have been given for the prepared complexes :
[M(A)(Ala)]. nH2O n= 0,2
AH = Anthranilic acid = C7H7NO2 AlaH = alanine = C3H7NO2
Anthranilate ion = C7H6NO2- Ala- = Alanin ate ion = C3H6NO2-
M(II): Mn(II) ,Fe(II),Co(II) , Ni(II) , Cu(II) , Zn(II) and Cd
Kinetics of Substituted Bis- and Mono-azo Dyes as Corrosion Inhibitors for Al...Al Baha University
This investigation is designed to apply an advanced kinetic^thermodynamic model on the data obtained from acidic and alkaline corrosion of aluminium using bis- and mono-azo dyes as corrosion inhibitors.
Spectroscopic, Thermal, Magnetic and conductimetric studies on some 7-hydroxy...IOSR Journals
7-hydroxy-4-methyl-8-(p-methylphenylazo)coumarin (L1) and 7-hydroxy-4-methyl-8-(p-methoxyphenylazo)coumarin (L2) have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared (IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and mass spectra. The important infrared (IR) spectral bands corresponding to the active groups in the two ligands and the solid complexes under investigation were studied. Also the important fragments in the ligands and complexes were done using mass spectra and the main peaks were corresponding to the molecular weights of the ligands and complexes. The solid complexes have been synthesized and characterized by elemental and thermal analyses (TG and DTA) as well as by IR, 1H NMR, magnetic measurements, electronic transition, molar conductance, mass and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra. The proposed steriochemical structures for the investigated metal complexes suggest octahedral geometry with respect to Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn divalent metal ions with the investigated ligands 1:1 and 1:2 complexes and all of the formed complexes contain coordinated and hydrated water molecules. All of the prepared solid complexes behave as non-electrolytes in chloroform.
Complexation, Spectroscopic, Thermal, Magnetic And Conductimetric Studies On ...IOSR Journals
7-hydroxy-4-methyl-8-(phenylazo) coumarin (L1)and 7-hydroxy-4-methyl-8-(o-carboxyphenylazo) coumarin (L2) have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared (IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and Mass spectra. The important infrared (IR) spectral bands corresponding to the active groups in the two ligands and the solid complexes under investigation were studied. Also the important fragments in the ligands and the complexes were done using mass spectra and the main peaks were corresponding to the molecular weights of the ligands and complexes. The solid complexes have been synthesized and studied by elemental and thermal analyses (TG and DTA) as well as by IR, 1H NMR, magnetic measurements, electronic transition, molar conductance, mass spectra and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra. The proposed steriochemical structures for the investigated metal complexes suggest octahedral geometry with respect to Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn metal ions and all of the formed complexes contain coordinated and hydrated water molecules. All of the prepared solid complexes behave as non-electrolytes in chloroform.
Synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial, anticancer and antidiabetic activ...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES WITH A NEW ...EDITOR IJCRCPS
A new monodentate phosphorus yield Ph3P=CHC(O)C6H4-m-Br (L),was synthesized and characterized with elemental analysis as
well as various spectroscopic techniques. The reactions of the title ylide with mercury(II) halides in equimolar ratios using dry
methanol as solvent have yielded [L.HgX2]2 (X= Cl (1), Br (2), I (3)). The reaction of 1 equiv. this ylide with Cd(NO3)2.4H2O in the
same solvent give a polynuclear complex [Cd (L)(NO3)(μ-NO3)]n (4), followed by treatment with 2 equiv. AgNO3 and AgOTf led to
monomeric chelate complexes 5 and 6, respectively. Characterization of the obtained compounds was also performed by
elemental analysis, IR, 1H, 31P and 13C NMR. All DMSO-solved synthesized compounds were subjected to biological evaluation for
their antibacterial against 6 Gram positive and negative bacteria effects by disc diffusion method. Results showed antibacterial
activity for studied metal complexes and suggested their possible application as antibacterial agents.
Keywords: Phosphorus yields, mercury(II) complexes, silver(I) complexes, cadmium(II) complexes, antibacterial activity.
synthesis and characterization of hydrazone ligand and their metal complexesMUBASHIRA M
This slide mainly contain the synthesis, characterization of a few hydrazine based heterocyclic ligand such as hydralazone and phenyl hydralazone and also their metal complexes. so in this work, my aim is to synthesise the ligands; 2-thiophenecarboxylaldehydehydralazone and 2,3-butanedionephenylhydrazone. also to characterized the synthesised hydrazones by different physiochemical techniques.
Совместная статья с проф. Коттоном про статистическое разупорядочение фрагментов в кластерных соединениях (первое соединение с разупорядочением и по катиону и по аниону)
Chemical speciation studies on complexation of ditopic ligands: Interaction o...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A new Schiff base 4-chlorophenyl)methanimine
(6R,7R)-3-methyl-8-oxo-7-(2-phenylpropanamido)-5-thia-1-
azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate= (HL)= C23H20
ClN3O4S) has been synthesized from β-lactam antibiotic
(cephalexin mono hydrate(CephH)=(C16H19N3O5S.H2O) and 4-
chlorobenzaldehyde . Figure(1) Metal mixed ligand complexes
of the Schiff base were prepared from chloride salt of
Fe(II),Co(II),Ni(II),Cu(II),Zn(II) and Cd (II), in 50% (v/v)
ethanol –water medium (SacH ) .in aqueous ethanol(1:1)
containing and Saccharin(C7H5NO3S) = sodium hydroxide.
Several physical tools in particular; IR, CHN, 1H NMR, 13C
NMR for ligand and melting point molar conductance, magnetic
moment. and determination the percentage of the metal in the
complexes by flame(AAS). The ligands and there metal
complexes were screened for their antimicrobial activity against
four bacteria (gram + ve) and (gram -ve) {Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus}.
The proposed structure of the complexes using program, Chem
office 3D(2006). The general formula have been given for the
prepared mixed ligand complexes Na2[M(Sac)3(L)], M(II) = Fe
(II), Co(II) , Ni(II), Cu (II), Zn(II) , and Cd(II).
HL= C29H24 ClN3O4S, L= C29H23 ClN3O4S -.
Study of the Influence of Nickel Content and Reaction Temperature on Glycerol...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: La2O3-SiO2-supported nickel catalysts were evaluated in glycerol steam reforming. The samples (30wt% La and 5, 10 and 15wt% of Ni on 70wt% commercial SiO2), prepared by the simultaneous impregnation method, were characterized by EDX, nitrogen physisorption, XRD, in-situ XRD, XANES and TPR. The analyses revealed NiO species weakly interact with the support and the different metallic surface areas of the catalysts. Catalytic tests were performed in a fixed bed reactor at 600oC and 15Ni catalyst, which showed the best performance, was also evaluated at 500oC and 700oC. According to the results, the Ni content on the catalyst surface interferes in the distribution of gaseous products H2, CO, CO2 and CH4. The increase in the Ni content increases the carbon formation during reaction. The reaction temperature affected the catalytic performance and the best results were obtained with the 15Ni catalyst at 600oC, which was also tested for 20 hours for the analysis of its stability.
Micellar Effect On Dephosphorylation Of Bis-4-Chloro-3,5-Dimethylphenylphosph...IOSR Journals
The rate enhancement depends on the hydrophobicity of the nucleophile. The micellar catalyzed reaction between bis-4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenylphosphate ester and hydroxide or hydroperoxide anions has been examined in buffered medium (pH 8-10). First order rate constant (Kψ) for the reaction of hydroxide ion with bis-4-CDMPP go through maxima with the increasing concentration of cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide (CTABr). Micelles of CTABr very effective catalyst to the reactions of phosphate diesters. Rate constants measured with OH2- ions are approximately twice and thrice than that of OH- ions in presence of CTABr.
Micellar Effect On Dephosphorylation Of Bis-4-Chloro-3,5-Dimethylphenylphosph...IOSR Journals
The rate enhancement depends on the hydrophobicity of the nucleophile. The micellar catalyzed reaction between bis-4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenylphosphate ester and hydroxide or hydroperoxide anions has been examined in buffered medium (pH 8-10). First order rate constant (Kψ) for the reaction of hydroxide ion with bis-4-CDMPP go through maxima with the increasing concentration of cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide (CTABr). Micelles of CTABr very effective catalyst to the reactions of phosphate diesters. Rate constants measured with OH2- ions are approximately twice and thrice than that of OH- ions in presence of CTABr.
This PDF presentation describes briefly my research experiences in synthetic organic. The time period of these research projects range from 1999 to 10/2005. Projects of later positions were also included but not all. Time period, place of work and position were mentioned at the beginning of each project. To noted that all the experimental synthesis, separation/purification, characterization and spectral interpretation were performed independently by me.
Removal of Coke during Steam Reforming of Ethanol over La-CoOx Catalystinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
1. Reda S. Abdel Hameed et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.767-774
RESEARCH ARTICLE
www.ijera.com
OPEN ACCESS
Kinetics and Mechanism of Base-Catalyzed Oxidation of 1, 4, 7,
10-Tetrazacyclododecane-1-Carbaldehyde with Hexacyanoferrate
(III)
Abd-Alhakeem H. Abu-Nawwas (A, B)* and Reda S. Abdel Hameed (A, C).
a
Chemistry Department, College of Science, Hail University, Hail 1560, KSA.
School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK M13 9PL.
c
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, 11884, Cairo, Egypt.
b
Abstract:
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1-carbaldehyde, is oxidized by hexacyano ferrate (III) in alkaline media to
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1-formic acid. The reaction is first order with respect to to aldehyde , alkaline
catalyst and hexaeyanoferrate(III). The kinetic data suggest that the oxidation involves the formation of an anion
of the substrate undergoes oxidation with hexaeyanoferrate(III) via charge transfer process. The free radical thus
produced is further oxidised to form the final products. The derived rate law is
Effect of temperature was also studied for calculating different activation parameters.
Keywords: Catalyzed oxidation, kinetics, Hexacyanoferrate, Activation parameters, Charge transfer,
thermodynamic parameters.
I.
Introduction
N-functionalized tetraazamacrocycles such as
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (L) (Fig. 1) and
cyclam have received a great deal of attention over
the last years , because of their coordination
chemistry are used heavily in the fields of medical
imaging, radiotherapy, antitumor drugs and antiHIVagents.1-3 Moreover, the magnetic properties of
metals compounds of cyclens bearing carboxylic
acids and alcohols pendant arms have been showed a
considerable interest in magnetic interactions
occurring in these systems.4-5
Hexacyanoferrate(III) has been extensively
used to oxidize number of organic and inorganic
compounds in alkaline media.6-18 However, the
oxidation of organic substrates proceeds through
outer sphere mechanism, with the electron transfer
occurring from the reductant to the central atom via a
cyanide ligand.18
The alkaline hexacyanoferrate(III) ion acts
as an electron-abstracting reagent in redox reactions.
A free-radicals intermediate are produced from the
oxidation of some substrates 19, while oxidation of
others does not involve the production of such
radicals.20-21
Herein, we report the oxidation of 1,4,7,10tetraazacyclododecane-1-carbaldehyde (LCHO)
(Fig. 1) with hexacyanoferrate(III) in alkaline media
to
investigate
the
redox
chemistry
of
hexacyanoferrate(III), and to obtain additional
information about the thermodynamic and reactivity
of aldehyde parameter.
www.ijera.com
O
NH HN
N H HN
(L)
NH
N H HN
N
H
(LCHO)
Figure 1: chemical structures of 1,4,7,10tetraazacyclododecane and 1,4,7,10tetraazacyclododecane-1-carbaldehyde.
II.
Materials and Methods
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1carbaldehyde was prepared and characterized as
reported previously.22 All chemicals used were of
reagent grade, and doubly distilled water was used
throughout the work. A solution of (LCHO) was
prepared by dissolving an appropriate amount of
Ligand in doubly distilled water. The required
concentration of (LCHO) was prepared from its
stock solution. A solution of Fe(CN)6−3 was prepared
by dissolving K3Fe(CN)6 in H2O and standardized
iodometrically. 23 NaOH and NaNO3 were employed
to maintain the required alkalinity and ionic strength,
respectively, in reaction solutions.
III.
Kinetic measurements
All kinetic measurements were performed
under pseudo first-order conditions where [LCHO]
was always in large excess over [Fe(CN)6−3 ]. The
reaction was initiated by mixing the thermostatted
767 | P a g e
2. Reda S. Abdel Hameed et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.767-774
solutions of Fe(CN)6−3 and LCHO, which also
contained the required concentration of NaOH and
NaNO3. The progress of the reaction was monitored
by measuring the decrease in the absorbance of
Fe(CN)6−3 in the reaction solution at 420 nm vs. time,
using a Unicam UV/VIS spectrophotometer with 1.0
cm cell. The isolation method was used in this study
where the concentration of the substance to be
monitored is changed with the others kept constant.
Aqueous solutions are prepared by making a constant
total volume for all runs.
The pseudo first order rate constants in each case
were obtained from the plots of the ln(A∞ -At) versus
time t were made (where A∞ and At are the
absorbances at infinity and at time t respectively),
which were linear to about 70% at various reactant
concentrations. The temperature was kept constant at
35º ± 1ºC, [OH-] = 0.04 mol dm-3 and the ionic
strength was maintained constant at 0.5 mol.dm-3
(NaNO3). A typical pseudo-first order plot is
presented in (Fig. 2).
0.36
0.34
Ln(A-At)
0.32
0.30
Determination of stoichiometric factors:
A reaction mixture, containing known
excess of hexacyanoferrate(III) over 1,4,7,10tetraazacyclododecane-1-carbaldehyde, was allowed
to stand in the presence of sodium hydroxide at 30
ο
C. After the completion of reaction, the result
showed that one mole of ligand consumed two moles
of
hexacyanoferrate(III)
according
to
the
stoichiometric equation (1)
The
main
oxidation
product
1,4,7,10tetraazacyclododecane-1-formic acid was extracted
with chloroform, the solvent was removed under
reduced pressure to give a white solid. The product
was dissolved in a minimum amount of methanol and
precipitated with diethyl ether.
The crystalline powder was collected by
filtration, washed with ether (2 30 ml), and dried to
afford the LCOOH as a white powder. The product
was characterized by elemental analysis and The
recorded IR spectra of aldehyde and its oxidation
product showed a decay of the band at 1725 cm−1 of
aldehyde due to(C=O) . Typical bands assigned to
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1-formic
spectra
were located at 1720 cm-1 is due to the CO double
bond, the broad band centered in the range 29003250 cm-1 is caused by the presence of the OH and a
band near 1400 cm-1 comes from the CO single bond.
V.
0.28
www.ijera.com
Reaction order
The reaction orders were determined from the slopes
of log kobs vs. logc plots by varying the
concentrations of oxidant, reductant and alkali in turn
while keeping the others constant.
0.26
0.24
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Time(min.)
Figure (2): plot of ln(A∞ -At) vs. time for the
oxidation of (LCHO) at [HCF(III)] = 4 x 10-4 M,
[OH−] = 0.4M, [LCHO] = 4 x 10-3 M, I = 0.40 M and
35 ◦C.
IV.
www.ijera.com
Results and Discussion
VI.
Effect of alkali
To study the effect of alkali concentration
on the rate of reaction, [OH-] was varied in the range
of 0.10 to 0.50 mol.dm−3 at constant concentrations of
HCF(III) and Ligand at a ionic strength of 0.6
mol.dm−3. The rate constants of the reaction were
found to increase with increase in [OH-] (Table 1).
Plot of log kobs versus log [OH-] was linear with a
slope of 0.89 (r = 0.998), suggesting the reaction to
be first order with respect to [OH-] (Fig. 3).
768 | P a g e
3. Reda S. Abdel Hameed et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.767-774
www.ijera.com
-2.4
-2.5
-2.6
logkobs
-2.7
-2.8
-2.9
-3.0
-3.1
-1.1
-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
log[OH]
Figure 3: Plot of log kobs vs. log [OH−] for the oxidation of (LCHO) by alkaline HCF(III)
5.0×10-3 mol.dm−3. It was found that the rate of
reaction increases with increasing [LCHO]. (Table
VII.
Effect of 1,4,7,101). The plot of log kobs versus log [LCHO] was linear
tetraazacyclododecane-1with a slope of 1.06 (r = 0.995), suggesting the
carbaldehyde (LCHO)
reaction to be first order with respect to [LCHO]
Reaction was carried out keeping all
(Fig. 4).
experimental conditions constant and by varying
-3
initial concentration of aldayde from 1.0×10 to
-2.4
-2.5
-2.6
log kobs
-2.7
-2.8
-2.9
-3.0
-3.1
-3.2
-3.1
-3.0
-2.9
-2.8
-2.7
-2.6
-2.5
-2.4
-2.3
-2.2
log(LCHO)
Figure 4: Plot of log kobs vs. log [LCHO] for the oxidation of (LCHO) by alkaline HCF(III).
VIII.
Effect of hexacyanoferrate (III)
HCF(III).
The [Fe(CN)6−3 ] was varied in the range,
2.0 × 10 –10.0 × 10−4 mol.dm−3 and keeping
all other reactant concentrations as constant and the
rate were measured (Table 1). The rate of oxidation
−4
www.ijera.com
increases with increase in hexacyanoferrate (III)
concentration. The plot of log kobs versus log
[HCF(III)] gave the slope of 0.99 (r = 0.998), (Fig. 5)
shows that this oxidation reaction was first order with
respect to [HCF(III)]
769 | P a g e
4. Reda S. Abdel Hameed et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.767-774
www.ijera.com
-2.2
logkobs
-2.4
-2.6
-2.8
-3.0
-3.8
-3.6
-3.4
-3.2
-3.0
log[HCF(III)]
Figure 5: Plot of log kobs vs. ionic strength for the oxidation of (LCHO) by alkaline HCF(III)
found to be linear with positive slope as shown in
(Fig. 6).
IX.
Effect of ionic strength
The rate constant at infinite dilution (k0) is 7.98 ×
The reactions were studied at varying ionic
-3
10−4 min−1 and the product of the charges ZAZB ≈3.
strength (0.02 to 0.05 mol.dm ) by adding potassium
This is the same expected value considering the
nitrate solution at constant concentrations of
proposed mechanism, which involves a collision
[Fe(CN)6−3 ] 4.0x10-4 mol.dm-3, [LCHO] 4.0 x10-3
between a monovalent ((LCO(OH))-and a trivalent
mol.dm-3 and [OH−] 0.4 mol.dm-3. The values of kobs
anion(Fe(CN)6−3) in the rate-determining step.
were found to increase with increasing the ionic
The rate was found to increase with increase in ionic
strength(Table 2), suggesting that the reaction takes
strength indicating a positive salt effect (Table 2).
place between ions of similar charges.
A plot of log kobs vs √I/(1+√I)according to
extended Brönsted–Debye–Hückel equation 24 was
Table 1. Effect of Variations of [Fe(CN)6−3 ], [LCHO], and [OH−] on the Oxidation of LCHO by Fe(CN)63− at
[HCF(III)] X 104
(mol.dm −3)
2
4
6
8
10
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
35 ◦C, I = 0.40 mol.dm−3
www.ijera.com
[LCHO] X103
(mol.dm −3)
[OH-]
(mol.dm −3)
Kobs X 103
( min-1)
4
4
4
4
4
1
2
3
4
5
4
4
4
4
4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
1.4
2.77
4.06
5.76
6.85
0.62
1.25
1.85
2.78
3.35
0.82
1.48
2.21
2.79
3.38
770 | P a g e
5. Reda S. Abdel Hameed et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.767-774
www.ijera.com
Table 2: Effect of Ionic strength
[I]
−I/(1+ −I)
kobs x103
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.1238
0.1476
0.1666
0.1827
0.1968
1.85
2.18
2.5
2.77
3.04
-2.50
-2.55
logkobs
-2.60
-2.65
-2.70
-2.75
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
(I)
0.16
1/2
/(1+(I)
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.20
1/2
Figure 6: Plot of log kobs vs.. ionic strength for the oxidation of (LCHO) by alkaline HCF(III).
X.
Effect of Initially Added Products
The effect of initially added ( Fe(CN)6−4 )
product on the rate of reaction was also studied in
the range of 1.0 × 10−4–5.0 × 10−4 mol·dm−3 at35 ◦C
at constant [Fe(CN)6−3 ], [LCHO], [OH−], and ionic
strength. As the initial concentration of (Fe (CN) 6−4)
is increased, the rate of reaction progressively
decreased, i.e. it retarded the oxidation process
(Table 3). A similar behavior has been observed in
some redox reactions involving the formation of
similar intermediates. 25–26
Table 3: Effect of Added Product, Fe(CN)6−4 , on the
Oxidation of LCHO by Hexacyanoferrate(III) in
Aqueous Alkaline Medium at 35 ◦C.
[Fe(CN)4 −6 ]x 10-5
Kobs X 10-3
−3
mol.dm
1.0
2.47
2.0
2.21
3.0
2.05
4.0
1.88
5.0
1.78
Thermodynamic Parameters
The rate of reaction was measured at
different temperatures (298 – 318 K) at constant
concentrations of reactants and other conditions
being constant. The rate of reaction was increased
with increasing the temperature. The values of kobs at
www.ijera.com
different temperature were given in Table 4. The
activation energy Ea was evaluated from the plot of
lnkobs versus 1/ T (Fig. 7). Eyring’s plot of ln kobs/T
versus 1/T were linear (r = 0.999) (Fig. 8),the
activation parameters ΔH* and ΔS* were obtained
from the slope and intercept of the Eyring’s plot.
Arrhenius and thermodynamic activation parameters
are given in table 5.
Table 4: Effect of temperature on the rate of
oxidation of LCHO by Hexacyanoferrate(III) in
aqueous alkaline medium at different temperatures.
T(K) (1/T) kobs Ln(kobs) Ln(k/T)
x 103 x103
298
3.36 18.55
3.98729 9.68438
303
3.30
22.24
3.80586
-9.5196
308
3.25
27.7
3.58632
9.31642
313
3.19
33.36
-3.4004
-9.1466
318
3.14
39.40
3.23399
8.99604
771 | P a g e
6. Reda S. Abdel Hameed et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.767-774
www.ijera.com
-3.2
-3.3
-3.4
lnkobs
-3.5
-3.6
-3.7
-3.8
-3.9
-4.0
0.00310
0.00315
0.00320
0.00325
0.00330
0.00335
0.00340
1/T
Figure 7: Plot of lnkobs vs. 1/T for the oxidation of (LCHO) by alkaline HCF(III).
-8.9
-9.0
-9.1
ln(kobs/T)
-9.2
-9.3
-9.4
-9.5
-9.6
-9.7
0.00310
0.00315
0.00320
0.00325
0.00330
0.00335
0.00340
1/T
Figure 8: Plot of ln(kobs/ T) vs. 1/T for the oxidation of (LCHO) by alkaline HCF(III).
Parameters
Values
Ea(k J mol-1)
28.88
ΔH* k J mol-1)
26.41
*
-1
-1
-189.33
-1
ΔG 8 (k J mol )
84.72
A(dm3 mol-1s-1)
2158.57
ΔS (J K mol )
*
XI.
Discussion
It has been reported that carbonyl compounds
undergo reversible hydration in aqueous solution in
the presence of acid or base catalysis.27-28 In several
ways its oxidation resembles that of aliphatic
alcohols. In the present case also, one might assume
that the hydrate formation occur as according to the
following equilibrium:
Table 5: Arrhenius and thermodynamic activation
parameters for the oxidation of LCHO by
Hexacyanoferrate(III) in aqueous alkaline medium at
different temperatures.
www.ijera.com
772 | P a g e
7. Reda S. Abdel Hameed et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.767-774
On the basis of the results probable scheme of
oxidation
of
the
hydrated
1,4,7,10tetraazacyclododecane-1-carbaldehyde(LC(OH)2)by
(LC(OH)2)
The formate ion is much more stable towards
oxidation due to its mesomeric structure.
Now assuming steady state condition for the
concentration of (LCO(OH))-, the rate law might be
derived as follows:
Now keeping the experimental conditions in mind
and solving equ.(3) the final rate equation will be:
To the first approximation, if we assume that k-1[H20
] [Fe(CN)6]3-, the rate law (4) reduces to (5):
www.ijera.com
www.ijera.com
hexacyanoferrate(III) ) ion via the formation of anion
(LCO(OH))-as an intermediate might be considered
as follows be:
(LCO(OH))-
According to equation (5), the rate law clearly
explains the experimental results i.e., first order
kinetics with respect to hexaeyanoferrate(III),
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1-carbaldehyde and
hydroxide ion concentration.
These results suggest that the reaction
proceeds via a charge transfer process as it has
already been observed in the course of the oxidation
of acetone, ethylmethylketone and formaldehyde by
aqueous alkaline hexacyanoferrate(III). 29- 31
Furthermore, the experimental values of ΔS* and ΔG*
were both favourable for electron transfer processes.
The high negative values of ΔS* indicates that the
intermediate complex is more ordered than the
reactants due to loss of degree of freedom. 32
XII.
Conclusion
The main product of the reaction were found
to be 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1-formic acid.
The reaction is first order with respect to aldahyde ,
alkali and hexaeyanoferrate(III).
773 | P a g e
8. Reda S. Abdel Hameed et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.767-774
The experimental determination of ZAZB is
indicative to the enhanced formation of the charges in
the rate determining step as represented by the
proposed mechanism. Moreover, the negative values
of ΔS≠ provided support for the formation of a rigid
activated complex with fewer degrees of freedom.
A mechanism in terms of active species of oxidant is
proposed and the rate law is derived and
verified.
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
References
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
Reichert, D. E.; Lewis, J.; Anderson, C. J.
Coord. Chem. Rev. 1999, 184, 3-66.
Sibert, J. W.; Cory, A. H.; Cory, J. G. Chem.
Commun. (Cambridge, United Kingdom)
2002, 154-155.
Liang, X.; Parkinson, J. A.; Weishaeupl, M.;
Gould, R. O.; Paisey, S. J.; et al. J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 9105-9112.
A. H. Abu-Nawwas, P. V. Mason, V. A.
Milway, C. A. Muryn, R. J. Pritchard, F.
Tuna, D. Collison and R. E. P. Winpenny,
Dalton Trans., 2008, 198.
A. H. Abu-Nawwas, C. A. Muryn . Inorg.
Chem. Commun. 2009, 174.
M. M. Al-subu, W. J. Jondi, A. A. Amer, M.
Hannoun and M. J. Musmar, Chem.
Heterocyclic Compounds, 2003, 39(4), 478.
Mridula Sharma, G. Sharma, B. Agarwal,
C.L. Khandelwal and P.D. Sharma, Trans.
Met. Chem.,2005, 30, 546.
T. P. Jose, S. T. Nandibewoor, and S.
M.Tuwar, J. Solution Chem., 2006, 35(1),
51.
M. M. Al-subu, Trans. Met. Chem.,2001,
26, 461.
R. M. Mulla, G. C. Hiremath and S. T.
Nandibewoor,
Monateshefte
fur
chemie.,2004, 135, 1489
A. E. Mucientes, F. J. Poblete, F. Santiago
and J. Casado, React. Kinet. Catal.
Lett.,1997, 62(2), 293.
S. A. Chimatadar, M. S. Salunke and S. T.
Nandibewoor, Trans. Met. Chem.,2004, 29,
743
A. Katafias, O. Impert, P. Kita and G.
Wrzesszcz, Trans. Met. Chem., 2004, 29,
855.
S. A. Chimatadar, S. B. Koujalagi and S. T.
Nandibewoor, Trans. Met. Chem., 2002, 27,
62.
P. K. Tandon, A. Mehrotra, M. Srivastava,
M. Dhusia and S. B. Singh, Trans. Met.
Chem., 2007, 32,74.
D. Mohan, V. K. Chhabra and Y. K. Gupta,
J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans., 1975, 1737.
G. A. Hiremath, P. L. Timmaanagoudar and
S. T. Nandibewoor, React. Kinet. Catal.
Lett., 1998, 63(2),403.
www.ijera.com
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26]
[27]
[28]
[29]
[30]
[31]
[32]
www.ijera.com
K. M. F. Le Brocq, E. Leslie, I. R. Wilson,
Aust. J. Chem. 1986, 39, 1411.
P. T. Speakman and W. A. Waters, J.
Chem. Soc. 1955, 40–50.
V. N. Singh, M. C. Gangwar, B. B. L.
Saxena, and M. P. Singh, Can. J. Chem.
1969, 47, 1051–1056 .
V. N. Singh, M. P. Singh, and B. B. L.
Saxena, Indian J. Chem. 1970, 8, 529–532.
T. J. Atkins, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980, 102,
6364.
G. H. Jeffery, J. Bassett, J. Mendham, and
R. C. Denney, Vogel’s Text Book of
Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 5th edn.
(ELBS Longman, Essex, UK, 1991, p. 181
K. Laidler, Chemical Kinetics, Mc GrawHill, New York, 1965.
M.A. Malik, S.A. Al-Thabaiti, Z. Khan,
Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng.
Aspect., 2009 337,9–14.
F. Freeman, J.C. Kappos, J. Org. Chem.,
1989, 54, 2730–2734.
I.L. Finar, Organic Chemistry, vol. 1, 6th
ed., ELBS, 1985, p. 228.
T. J. KEMP and W. A. WATERS. Proc.
Roy. Soc. London,Ser. A, 1963,274,480.
R.M. Naik, A. Srivastava, A.K. Verma,
Turk. J. Chem., 2008, 32, 495–503.
V. N. Singh, M. C. Gangwar, B. B. L.
Saxena, and M. P. Singh, Canad. J. Chem.,
1969, 4, 105.
V. N. Singh, M. P. Singh, and B. B. L.
Saxena, Indian J. Chem.,1970, 8, 529.
A. Weissberger and E. S. Lewis (eds),
Investigations of rates and mechanism of
reactions in techniques of chemistry, Wiley,
New York., 1974, 4, 421.
774 | P a g e