Sudanese War Research Paper

Sudanese War Research Paper
In 1881, a religious pioneer named Muhammad ibn Abdalla declared himself the Mahdi, or the
"normal one," and started a religious campaign to bring together the tribes in western and focal
Sudan. His supporters went up against the name "Ansars" (the adherents) which they keep on using
today and are connected with the single biggest political gathering, the Umma Party, drove by the
relative of the Mahdi, Sadiq al Mahdi. Exploiting conditions coming about because of Ottoman–
Egyptian abuse and maladministration, the Mahdi drove a patriot revolt coming full circle in the fall
of Khartoum in 1885. The Mahdi passed on presently, however his state made due until
overpowered by an Ango–Egyptian constrain under Lord Kitchener in 1898. Sudan was declared a
townhouse in 1899 under British–Egyptian organization. While keeping up the presence of joint
organization, the British Empire figured strategies, and provided the vast majority of the top
chairmen. The common war in Sudans dislodged more than 4 million southerners. Some fled into
southern urban communities, for example, Juba; others trekked as far north as Khartoum and even
into Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Egypt, and other neighboring ... Show more content on
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Kingdoms and extraordinary forces based along the Nile River have battled against the general
population of inland Sudan for quite a long time. Since in any event the seventeenth century, focal
governments have endeavored to manage and abuse the undeveloped southern and inland Sudan. A
few sources portray the contention as an ethno–religious one where the Muslim focal government's
interests to force sharia law on non–Muslim southerners prompted viciousness, and in the long run
to the common war .Douglas Johnson has indicated an exploitative administration as the underlying
driver CAUSES OF THE
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Water In Sudan
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction 2
2.0 Background Study of Sudan 2
3.0 Analysis of each options 3
3.1 Cost of Operation 4
3.2 Environment Impact 5
3.3 Feasibility of Options 5
4.0 Conclusion and Recommendations 6
1.0 Introduction
Water is one very essential resource for human existence. It accounts for about two thirds of the
earth surface with a volume of about 1.4 billion cubic centimeter. About 97 percent of the total
earth's water is salt water from the ocean with only a minute percentage existing as freshwater
accessible for direct human consumption. Freshwater is found in lakes, rivers, reservoirs and
underground sources some of which are shallow enough to be tapped at an affordable cost. The lack
of portable drinking water needs not be overemphasized as more than 1.2 billion people in the world
lack access to clean drinking water. Globally, there seems to be an increase in economic water
scarcity in addition to the already existing physical water scarcity. The situation may get worse as
the needs for water increases due to city development and population growth. The arid regions are
the most affected with cases of droughts which may occur as a result of consistent lack of rainfall.
One country that is grossly affected by lack of rainfall is Sudan with problems of available drinking
water for its populace. The report will analyze the problem of fresh water supply to the Sudan and
proffer two feasible solutions.
2.0 Background Study of Sudan
Sudan is situated in

Cross Sectional Research In Sudana
Materials and methods:
2.1 Study design: The study was a descriptive cross sectional survey.
2.2 Study area: Khartoum North locality, Sudan was divided into six major area each one of them
served a considerable number of population through primary health centers. Primary health centers
represent the first level of contact between the community and the health services. It provides basic
primary health care services such as treatment of common illnesses, wound care and some
preventive services such as vaccination of children and antenatal care. One area was selected due to
accessibility problem and time and financial constraints. This area contained seven primary health
centers, four of them were randomly selected for data collection.
2.3 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2.6 Data collection:
Mothers were face to face interviewed through pre–structured questionnaire developed from
reviewing previous published studies on KAP about vaccination. The questionnaire was prepared in
English version and then translated in to Arabic version for ease of understanding and data
collection. Finally, it was translated back again to English version to make ease of data analysis. It
included thirty two questions (23 close ended questions and one multiple choice) divided in four
sections. The first section involve eight socio–demographic characteristics of respondents (age,
educational level, occupation, social status, residence, family monthly income, number of children
and age of last child). The questions in second section were about respondent's knowledge about
vaccination, the third section investigate respondents attitude toward vaccination, and the fourth
section respondents were asked questions concerning their practice toward vaccination.
The questionnaire was validated by three professional pharmacists. The pre–structured questionnaire
which consisted of thirty two questions was pretested on the potential participants to verify validity
and possible comprehension problems.
2.7 Data analysis:
Data analyzed using computer program of Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS version 21),
level of significance was set on values equal to or less than 0.05 for all analysis.
Study

The Importance Of Concurrent Resolutions In Darfur
In December 1948, the United Nations General Assembly created a definition for genocide,
describing it as an intentional obliteration of a "national, ethnical, racial or religious group" by literal
extermination, psychological or emotional devastation, complete geographical displacement, forced
sterilization or otherwise causing zero population growth, marginalizing to the point of elimination,
or complete removal and repatriation of offspring to a desired group. The 1948 Convention came
about as a result of the actions of the Nazis against members of the Jewish faith (and other so–called
undesirables) during World War II. In the present day, the annihilation of civilians and the forced
encampment or relocation of survivors in Darfur has been ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
He credited the Bush administration with taking the lead in "seeking an end to the slaughter in
Darfur" and addressing the humanitarian crisis there. "Indeed, the administration deserves much
credit for achieving a North–South Peace Accord in Sudan. It has played a very good hand with the
cards it was dealt. Congress has been supportive of these negotiations, including with the Sudan
Peace Act." "It's cliché," he said, "but in Darfur, Khartoum is showing its true colors. Today, that
government is hearing loud and clear that there will be no U.S. aid or improved relations, no support
for the peace process, as long as the killing continues in Darfur." Also on July 22, Secretary of State
Colin Powell traveled to U.N. headquarters in New York to discuss the situation in Darfur with U.N.
Secretary–General Kofi Annan and to press for Security Council action to pressure the Sudanese
government to disarm the Jingaweit militia. Talking with journalists after their private meeting,
Powell and Annan said they had come together not just to put pressure on the government but also to
help the hundreds of thousands in

South Sudan Civil War Essay
North against South, Muslims against non–Muslims, brother against brother. The civil war in Sudan
split the country apart, literally. South Sudan currently a mix of religion and North Sudan now a
Muslim majority. This conflict has caused thousands of people to come to the United States over the
past decade. The war began when Muslim fundamentalist became unhappy with the Addis Ababa
Agreement and in 1983. President Gaafar Nimeiry declared sudan an Islamic state including south
sudan. Obviously some people were not pleased specifically south sudan. This caused rebel armies
to form fighting the government of sudan. John Garang leading the SPLA (Sudan people's liberation
army) fought the central government from a headquarters in southern sudan. Rights of non–Muslims
were not protected as promised and later in 1992 SPLA headquarters was captured in Torti by
government forces. As the war continued the Sudan government and the rebels attacked and raided
villages in Sudan. Later in 1995 many rebel groups from all over sudan came together to form the
NDA (National Democratic Alliance). A peace treaty was formed in 2005 to make South Sudan
independent in six years but for now they had complete autonomy. A few other agreements were as
follows: Oil revenues and Jobs were split equally, also Islamic laws were kept only to the north. ...
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This new place gave them opportunity, jobs and freedom, a few pull factors people always look for.
George and Lennie face issues moving just like mohamed. For example, George and Lennie get
dropped off by the buss driver miles from their destination. Also the great depression was something
that George and Lennie were struggling through living in the dust bowl in the midwest. Both
Lennie, George and Mohamed all have a goal in mind: to have a farm, to tend the rabbits and to get
educated and become a professional helping his people in

Southern Sudan
Military regimes that favor Islamic–situated governments have controlled national politics since
Sudan gained freedom from Anglo–Egyptian co–rule in 1956. Sudan was entangled in two post–
independence civil war amid the greater part of the rest of the twentieth century. These wars were
based on the northern Muslims, Arabs economic, political, and social control of the more largely
populated non–Muslim, non–Arab southern Sudanese. The first war ended with the 1972 Addis
Ababa Agreement, which granted significant regional autonomy to southern Sudan on internal
issues. (CIA 2015) The second civil war started in 1983 because of longstanding issues uplifted by
then President Jaafar Nimeiri's choice to implement Sharia law. Arrangements between the
government and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army, or SPLM/An of southern Sudan
occurred in 1988 and 1989, however were deserted when General Omar al–Bashir took power in the
1989 through military coup. The Fighting over resources, southern self–determination, and the role
of religion in the state raged between the Sudanese government and the SPLM/A for over two
decades. The war left two and a half million people dead and four million people displaced.
(Enoughproject.org) "After decades of drought and neglect, rebels from Sudan's western ... Show
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The questions Varshney at the end of the first paragraph which ask, "Nations building encountered
serious ethnic resistance from within. Why was that so? Why could smaller ethnic identities not
subsumed under larger country–or state–level identities that the governments were ostensibly
seeking to create?"(Varshney 280). The answer to these questions is probably best way to sum up
essentialism. The given answer states that ethnic groups have a stronger bond which was a better
motivator than then the ties formed by the new

Janjaweed: Genocide In Sudan
The Janjaweed are being controlled by the Sudanese government to rape, murder, and
destroy.Additionally, the president of Sudan, Omar al–Bashir and the allied militias began
systematically killing, raping, and torturing innocent civilians living in the region of Darfur (Pbs).
Khartoum (Sudan's Capital) switched from a military strategy of direct confrontation to a policy of
systematically destroying the African tribal groups located in this area and anyone that got in their
way. No one knew that this would prompt the genocide. The Janjaweed is a militia force of around
20,00 men on mostly horse and camel. From the beginning, the Janjaweed planned to form villages
and hurt innocent people to get on the top and do whatever they please (Sudan ... Show more
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Nevertheless, the Sudanese government has done everything to keep humanitarian organizations
from holding them back in any way. They are restricting access, leaving the most vulnerable,
civilians cut off from the outside aid and assistance, making the situation significantly worse
everyday and every hour (Stanton). "There are many organizations to help the people being affected.
Actions are being taken to raise money and somehow try and help this cause" (Pbs). Lastly,
negotiations in Abuja and Nigeria have done nothing to rein in the Janjaweed militia and the
government (Darfur Women Action). Trying to prevent a catastrophe like this is almost
insurmountable. Hence, why they are so hard to stop and take down. Every country is out for these
perpetrators and will not stop till they are taken down, and put to

A New Concept Of Foreign Affairs
The Industrial Revolution in Europe marked a turning point in history for the worse. Starting in the
19th century a new concept of foreign affairs was introduced to Asia and Africa: New Imperialism.
New Imperialism began in the 19th century when Europeans, mainly Great Britain, began
colonizing Asia and Africa. Europeans used military, political, and economic power to take over
weaker countries. Imperialism had an overall negative effect on the indigenous people of Asia and
Africa. Economic motives were a major cause of New Imperialism. By the late 1870's countries
were industrializing rapidly. Great Britain began losing its economic lead and was faced with
competition in foreign markets. The seizing of Asian and African territories ... Show more content
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The opium increase had a negative effect on China and their government. Individuals became highly
addicted and began trading silver to obtain opium which resulted in the Qing government losing
most their silver. Due to loss of silver, tax payments began rising. Tax payments became hard for
citizen to pay. With the intention of solving these issues, China banned all use of opium. Britain
demanded the creation of an independent British colony in China with unrestricted trade. The British
demands and Chinese resistance led to the Opium Wars. During the Opium Wars, China was forced
to give in to British demands. They were required to relinquish Hong Kong forever, pay an
indemnity of $100 million, and open four large cities to unlimited foreign trade. China and Western
powers continued to dispute over trade, leading to the second Opium War. The second Opium War
consisted of further loss of Chinese territory and forced the Chinese to accept trade and investments
with unfavorable term in several more cities. The British invasion of China is a clear depiction of
British imperialism negatively affecting the native inhabitants. The British government used opium
addiction and military force to disrupt Chinese seclusion for their own benefits. Britain's goal was to
gain access to China for foreign trade. In the process of doing that, the stripped the Qing
government of silver which raised taxes for citizens of China. Britain disregarded Chinese laws and
policies. Britain

Panmedic: A Case Study Of Pandemic
After playing Pandemic a couple of times, you will probably get a favorite character, or in our case:
a team of characters. Queen Tinus prefers to assume the role of The Scientist, whose special power
enables her to synthesize a cure with four city cards instead of five. Lord Geiru favors The Medic,
who excels at treating and containing the disease. We have found that these characters abilities gel
with each other and provides us with distinct duties as the diseases spread. After performing the
initial infection phase, we quickly realized Southern America and Africa –– with its several
localized outbreaks of the yellow disease –– demanded our attention. By virtue of the versatility of
Pandemic's set–up, no game will ever be the same. After a strategy meeting at our Atlanta
Headquarters, The Medic set out towards Khartoum to establish a field office that would allow
instant travel from Atlanta to an area with several localized outbreaks. Lord Geiru's event card
would allow him to establish a research station without the corresponding city card in Khartoum. As
The Medic traveled to Africa, The Scientist went to South America to treat and research the
outbreak. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A decision that proved fortuitous, as the African region contained the necessary data to develop a
cure for the blue disease. With the data in hand, The Scientist made her way to the Khartoum field
office, and The Medic began to plan out a treatment schedule for Europe; the region where the blue
disease was rampant. As The Medic traveled to Europe with the cure, The Scientist chartered a plane
to South East Asia to learn more about the red disease plaguing the

Social Stratification : Social Class, Ethnicity, Age, And...
It is in the human nature to be social beings, and have a social identity. Social stratification is the
organization of individuals into social groups based on their access to basic needs. Aspects that
affect social stratification are wealth, power, and prestige. Wealth is the amount of currency or goods
that an individual or family owns. This can include money, houses, livestock, etc. Power is the
ability for one to achieve their goals regardless of opposition. Wealth is directly related to power
because the more wealthy, the higher the ability to pay to achieve your goals. Lastly, prestige is the
respect or renown one has within a community. Social identity is shaped by many factors that are
affected and effect our everyday life. Common factors include: social class, ethnicity, age, and
gender. Britannica encyclopedia defines social class as "also called class, a group of people within a
society who possess the same socioeconomic status." (Editors of Britannica, 2007). Everyone
belongs to a social class whether it contain many members or a select few. In essence, the more
socially powerful/wealthy a social class, the less members that are associated with it. For example,
making around $65,000 to $85,000 your put into the "middle class" social group (Vaz–Oxlade, Gail
2013). Social class is one of, if not, the most influential factor of your social identity because most
factors that affect the social identity also affect one's social class. Ethnicity affects your

Darfur And The Rwandan Genocide Essay
Darfur is one of the nine states of The Republic of Sudan in the southern region of Sudan. Khartoum
became the capital of Sudan and "wealthy Northern Arabs from around the Nile River received
control of the government. Darfur and Southern Sudan were excluded from any real power" (Levy
16). Khartoum used starvation as a weapon of war, they prevented workers from delivering food to
those who needed it in the south even though Khartoum clearly knew this was a violation of
international law. Due to the lack of food over 500,000 people starved to death in the years of 1992
and 1993 (20). The United States and other countries of the international community pressured
Sudan to begin discussing peace talks in 2001 and in the next few years. However, even though the
peace talks were signed both parties failed to hold up their end of the compromise. This continued to
happen in the next few years, each time the peace talks failed (20 and 29–31). Along with the
starvation, drought water shortages, crop destruction by locusts, famine, and disease were recurring
problems in Darfur (18).
Although the United States did help with the Darufian genocide a lot better than their efforts with
the Rwandan genocide there were still a lot of details that could have been ... Show more content on
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This genocide has gone on for too long and too many innocent civilians have been killed or their
villages burned. The United States needs to act, stop the Khartoum government, and free the Darfuri
people. "The past is future for Darfur, and that is unspeakably cruel"

Geography Of Sudan Research Paper
Sudan is an interesting country in Africa. My dad is from there and I wanted to learn more about it. I
chose to research about their politics, like their political parties, geography, like the different
landmarks, and the wildlife there, like plants and animals. The politics are way different over there
than here. Executive authority is held by only one person, Omar al–Bashir, who is the president, the
prime minister, head of state, head of government, and the commander in chief of the armed forces.
Another thing that is different is their flag. It has three horizontal bands with red on top, white in the
middle, and black on the bottom. On the left side of the flag, there is a green triangle that points to
the right from the top of it. The red band means the struggle for freedom, the white means peace,
light, and love, and black represents the people in Sudan. Their government type is a presidential
republic. Their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since it is dry and hot, the animals that live there have to adapt to weather because if they don't they
could die. One of these animals is the African Wild Ass. It is a descendant from a donkey. It can
sustain water loss of up to 30% of its body weight and it can drink enough water in two to five
minutes to restore fluid loss. Over 20 mammals and 9 bird species are endangered there due to
hunting and the animals fighting over the limited desert resources. One of the animals that are rare
in Sudan is called the Tora Hartebeest. In conclusion Sudan is very different than America. The
executive authority is held by only one person and the flag is very different looking than ours. Sudan
is flat, hot, and dry, and it has the second longest river flowing through it, the Nile River. There are
20 mammals and 9 bird species that are endangered because of hunting and because the animals
fight over limited resources. I learned a lot about Sudan during this research, did

These various groups are united in their desire for regime...
These various groups are united in their desire for regime change – Sudanese people, who suffer
under the weight of terrorism, murder and starvation, displacement and genocide for the past 30
years have decided to revolt against their suppressors. They went out demonstrating in the streets,
but the thugs of the government inundated their hands in the blood of the victims they slaughtered
and murdered. Internet services are cut off and newspapers are confiscated and offices of news
channels and Arab and world satellite channels are closed so as to silence the voice of the people.
Since its independence of 1956 to date, Sudan has witnessed 2 attempted revolutions to overthrow
the regime. For years, the Sudanese population yearned for ... Show more content on
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Thus adding that the army is well trained and is physically prepared to enforce the commands of
president Omer Hassan Al–Bashir to establish security and stability in the country. 'Battles have
been reported to be ongoing in West Kordofan which borders South Sudan between a group of
rebels called 'Girifna' and the Sudanese army' (Thousands of Sudan's NISS members stage show of
force in Khartoum, 2014,Para 2–3). Sudan People Liberation Movement North (SPLM–N) which is
a member of 'Girifna' says that the army would carry out a military campaign to exclude the armed
rebellion if the protests and parades do not stop. (Thousands of Sudan's NISS members stage show
of force in Khartoum, 2014,Para 2–3). Statement of the NPA(New Anticapitalist Party): Support to
the Sudanese revolution. "The NPA salutes the uprising of the Sudanese people, provides support to
them, demands the liberation of the prisoners, truth and justice for the martyrs. The NPA calls all
student, political and trade unions forces for mobilization and solidarity with the Sudanese people in
struggle for democracy and social justice." (OpenDemocracy, 2013,Para 1–4) Recommendations–
The 21ST Century, created what can only be classified as an absolute miscarriage of justice. An
estimated figure of about 200 individuals within a matter of days have been imprisoned whilst being
tortured and severely beaten. The severity of this outcome in itself is a reflection

The History Of Darfur's Genocide
Sudan is a country in which had been affected with a history of civil wars, inhumane acts, and
genocide. The Sudan Liberation Army (SLA) and Justice and Equality movement began to attack
government targets in early 2003, accusing the president of Sudan, Khartoum of oppressing Non–
Arabs. The government reacted with a campaign of ethnic cleansing. This resulted in over 400,000
deaths and hundreds of villages destroyed, wells were poisoned, live stocked was killed and millions
of people sent to camps. The Janjaweed were forced by Sudan to attack their villages, the Janjaweed
militias raided hundreds of villages throughout Darfur. Over 400 villages and ⅓ of Darfur's people
have fled. More than 100 people die everyday, five thousand people die every month. The Sudanese
government denies any connection with the Janjaweed, because they are the ones who are
responsible for such inhumane actions. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sudaneses people thought this was something that should never be repeated ever again in history.
Not only is Darfur's genocide a repeated one but it is the 4th genocide in Sudan. Sudan became
independent from egyptian and british rule in the 1950's, and in 2003 violence reached its maximum
level. The president of Sudan, Khartoum is now wanted for war crimes and genocide. Sudan has
now become a place for Arabs only and Christian blacks are treated unequally. Sudan's government
also known as the janjaweed want to cleanse Darfur by killing the blacks and leaving the Arabs.
Most Arabs are herters and the farmers are often the

Cultural And Political Causes Of The Darfur Genocide In Sudan
INTRODUCTION
Genocide is defined as the deliberate and systematic destruction of a racial, political, or cultural
group. "The 'Darfur Genocide' refers to the current mass slaughter and rape of men, women, and
children in Western Sudan" (Mitchell Hamline School of Law). Not only are these atrocities
happening, but the Darfurians are being force from their land and into refugee camps, mainly in the
country Chad, but also other countries like Ethiopia or Kenya. Darfur genocide causes can be found
both culturally and politically. The cultural and political causes come from the same source of that
being an underdeveloped country with no effective government protecting the rights of the
Darfurians. Darfurians were violently pushed around, physically and mentally, with the western
world not stepping in to assist. Although eventually, both Britain and the United Nations came to the
same conclusion that the atrocities occurring in Darfur were genocide and "one of the world's worst
humanitarian crises" (Thomson Reuters). Genocide occurred in Sudan in the Darfur region starting
in 2003 and continues today. The long–standing divide between Arab herding tribes and the African
farming tribes and the political opportunism arising from the environmental calamity led to the
genocide in Sudan.
CAUSES
a. Political Cause. Politically, Darfur genocide is rooted in the government's role of funding,
"Janjaweed or devils on horseback," who destroyed the Darfurians by "burning villages, looting

Implications For Refugees And Asylum Seekers Essay
Brexit Dissonance: implications for refugees and asylum seekers
As Britain opted to leave the European Union and head into a negotiation process with its European
counterparts, many issues need to be considered. Mainly the UK government focuses on the
economic position, in particular the single market. This issue is closely linked to freedom of
movement, so it could be the hardest part of the negotiation on which to achieve common ground. A
part of the difficulty are the issues relating to the migration of people who are non–EU citizens,
while the focus herein is firmly on the future of those defined as asylum seekers. This category has
not been shown any attention by UK policy makers, while it appears this group forms a significant
proportion of net migration figures. Plus, it could be argued that the main driver of the crisis that has
led the UK public to opt to leave the EU is the influx of migrants, as this issue greatly escalated
when the European Union was pushed the UK to accept a percentage of people who fled their
homes from persecution, in particular Syrian citizens. Thus, the problem is defined by which asylum
seekers are part of the issue that has led the UK to leave the European Union, regardless from who is
behind this, whether the radical right–wing or individuals. It is too late to seek the root causes of the
problem; it is time for solutions and guiding principles. The neo–liberal economic policies stated
that social democracy should be our guiding values

Theodore Roosevelt And The Spanish American Civil War
Theodore Roosevelt was an American statesman, explorer, soldier, and naturalist. He is best known
for his conservation efforts and his part in the Spanish American war. Roosevelt established the
United States Forest Service, signed into law the creation of five National Parks, and signed the
1906 Antiquities Act, under which he made 18 new US national monuments. He established also the
first 51 Bird Reserves, 4 Game Preserves, and 150 National Forests. He used executive orders a lot
on many occasions to protect forest and wildlife lands during his tenure as President. By the end of
his second term, Roosevelt had established 150 million acres of reserved forestry land. Eventually,
one Senator attached an amendment to an agricultural appropriations

The Parasites Infecting The Common House Sparrow
‫الرحيم‬ ‫الرحمن‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫بسم‬
Khartoum University
Faculty of science
Department of zoology
2014–2015
The influence of the Parasites infecting the common house sparrow (Passer domesticus) association
in human in Khartoum State
By
Fatima El Ffatih El Aameen Ashiakh Baiker
A Dissertation Submitted to the Department of Zoology in Partial Fulfillment for the Requirement of
the Degree of B.Sc. (Honours) in Zoology
University of Khartoum
Faculty of Science
Department of Zoology
Fatima El fatih El ameen Ashiakh Baiker
5th year
Abstract
House sparrow (Passer domesticus) is closely associated with human beings. In this study 16 house
sparrow specimens were collected from Khartoum State during April 2014 using a mist net.
All samples were subjected to the physical examination and all presented with normal feather, head,
beak, margin of eyelids, bottom of the feed, legs and wings.
Seven specimens were screened for blood parasites using Giemsa stained thin peripheral blood films
collected from the toenail after clipping it using a clean scissor. Apicomplexa malaria parasites
Leucocytozoon were detected in blood of (NUMBER and % OF BIRDS PLEASE).
Liver biopsies were prepared for 9 specimens, Toxoplasma sp. parasites were detected in NUMBER

and % OF BIRDS PLEASE.
House sparrow (Passer domesticus) have closely associated with human, in these study Sixteen
house sparrow (Passer domesticus) specimens were collected from Khartoum State during April
2014 using a mist net. All

conflict southern Sudan and future scenarios
conflict southern Sudan and future scenarios Witness the state of South Sudan dramatic
developments began , according to the novel government , trying a range of Republican Guard
forces , known as " Tiger " , to control the ammunition depot continued to lead the army in the
capital, Juba , to explode clashes , perimeter defense headquarters , between the Republican Guard
and the army's power costly secure warehouse on the one hand , and between the attacking group on
the one hand , to announce the President of the Republic , Salva Kiir , the head of the Popular
Movement for the Liberation of Sudan's ruling , for the failure of an attempt to overturn a military
Ikduha his former vice president , Riek Machar , and imposes a curfew , and ... Show more content
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First: Alnelion : Make up 65% of the total population , and are distributed between the three tribes ,
a Dinka , Nuer, Shilluk and ( [1] ) . 1 – Dinka : major ethnic groups in the state, comprising 40% of
the population , spread over 12 clan , most notably : Dinka Malwal , relatives , Port , Ngok , Rick ,
was crowned , Cage. It belongs to the head of state and movement , Salva Kiir , and descend ,
including the historical leaders of the movement , since the outbreak of the civil war , in 1983 , such
as John Garang , and Deng Alor . 2 – Nuer : the second largest tribes , constitute 20 % of the
population . Including Eric Machar, vice president of the article. And geographically concentrated in
the states of Upper Nile, Unity , where the oil regions , and Jonglei region , which was supposed to
be the creation of the Jonglei Canal , to include several billions of Nile water to Egypt and Sudan
my share . The Nuer are divided into two groups , east and west, and two 5– branched tribes , most
notably the clan " Mayotte " , eastern Upper Nile , Lasting ethnic inside Ethiopia . Perhaps for this
extension request indicated the transfer of the 11 detainees after their release, with Addis Ababa . 3 –
Alchelk : census least 0.5 % of the size of the

Oral And Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Association between Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Insertion/Deletion (I/D) Polymorphism and
Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Aisha Mahmood Fageer, Elshazali Widaa Ali, Nasr Eldeen Ali Mohamed
Department of haematology, Faculty of medical laboratory sciences, Al Neelain University,
Khartoum, Sudan
Corresponding author: Dr. Elshazali Widaa Ali Mohamed Ahmed, Ph.D
Faculty of medical laboratory sciences, Al Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
Mobile: 00249122694501, E–mail: elshazaliwidaa@gmail.com
Abstract
Background: Recurrent abortion or recurrent pregnant loss (RPL) is a common clinical problem, and
for most women the cause is unknown. Angiotensin–converting enzyme (ACE) affects vascular
structure and placental function, and its role in blood pressure regulation and electrolyte balance is
well documented, as well as it is play a role in regulation of fibrinolysis indirectly.
Objective: This study aimed to examine the association of the ACE I/D polymorphism with
recurrent pregnancy loss in Sudanese women.
Materials and methods: It is a case–control study, in which 40 patients with RPL and 40 healthy
women with one or more successful pregnancies were enrolled. Salting out method was used for
DNA isolation from peripheral blood leukocytes, and PCR was used to determine the ACE
genotypes (DD, ID, and II).
Results: In women with RPL the frequencies of ACE genotypes were found to be 57.5% for DD,
35.0% for ID, and 7.5% for II. in the control group the frequencies were 92.5% for DD,

Analysis Of The Novel ' Off With A Mysterious Tone '
This introductory statement sets the novel off with a mysterious tone. It signifies the journey and
experiences of the narrator that would be further explored and understood in the novel. When
broken down, I believe each sentence in this statement represents important passage in Najwa's life.
Analyzing each sentence will give more insights into the experiences that brought about the
statement. Overall this statement alludes to a hard life of life changing experiences. The first
sentence, "I've come down in the world", implies a fall from grace, or a descending in rank. At the
beginning of the novel, set in Khartoum, Senegal, the reader is introduced into Najwa's world and
upper–class lifestyle. Najwa and her family's normal lifestyle included having maids to cater for
their needs, taking trips to London and much more. However, things take a turn for the worse when
there was a government uprising. Najwa along with her brother and mother managed to escape to
London. Leaving her father behind to face trial for accusations of embezzlement and corruption,
which later led to his execution. This tumultuous experience was the beginning of Najwa's tumbling
down in the world. Having moved to London, she had to come to term with the reality that her
family has been exiled with a slim chance of returning to Senegal and reclaiming their rank and
fortune. Furthermore, the second sentence, "I've slid to a place where the ceiling is low and there
isn't much room to move", affirms Najwa

Life Of A Girl Named Najwa
"I 've come down in the world. I 've slid to a place where the ceiling is low and there isn 't much
room to move" (Aboulela, 1). From the very beginning, the author presented to the reader a difficult
life of a girl named Najwa. Throughout the novel, Najwa had been thrown into situations which had
changed her life completely. In this passage, Aboulela explained how Najwa and Anwar had been
making progress with their relationship together. Anwar is deeply embarrassed that he needed to
prove "...he was a genuine asylum seeker" (Aboulela, 164). She began to remember what he had told
her about revolution, hoping things would change for their hometown Khartoum, Sudan. Although,
thinking about change only made her remember her father who had been killed because of the
socialist coup. She didn't believe in change since change only caused her more conflict and hurt in
her life. "Like an experiment, it made me hold my breath and wait" (Aboulela, 166). This quote
which Najwa stated is a literary example of a simile. She couldn't believe that Anwar and she were
technically free; they were walking together his arm around hers at Hyde Park. They walked around
not caring who would see them since they were no longer in Khartoum. When words are used to
describe something, which is the complete opposite of what it means. "The bitter reality of Sudan"
(Aboulela, 164). Is an example of irony, stated living in Sudan wasn't always joyful. It came with
consequences, which

Sudan In The 1890's: Country Analysis
In the 1890's, Sudan was invaded by Britain. The British took control over the Sudan and obtained
power over Sudan. After this had occurred, most of the Sudanese government was controlled by the
British. In 1953, the British signed an agreement that allowed Sudan self–governance. Sudan was
colonized by two different countries. The first country is Egypt, which borders Sudan. Also, Great
Britain, who also colonized not just Sudan but many other countries too. Egypt and Great Britain
fought over the land. Since Egypt borders Sudan, they were the first to colonize in Sudan in 1820,
before Great Britain. With all of the Egyptian colonization, money was a major problem for Egypt.
As Egypt's power weakened in Sudan, Great Britain then started to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He was president for four years until 1993. Al–Bashir was born on January 1, 1944. He graduated
from a Sudan military college located in Khartoum in 1966. At the age of 29, Bashir was educated in
a military college located in Cairo, Egypt. During this time, Al–Bashir joined the army and fought
Israel with their ally, Egypt. This war was called the Yom Kippur war. Not only that, but Al–Bashir
also fought in both of the Sudanese civil wars. He led a campaign to stop the SPLA rebels. His first
wife was named, Fatima Khalid. He later got re–married to his second wife named, Widad Babiker
Omer. Bashir did not have any

The Nile's Impact On Africa
Considered the longest river in the world at about 4,258 miles, the Nile has a huge impact on Africa.
This extremely long river is the source of many crops throughout the River Valley region. Many
people depend on the Nile to grow their crops. This has been part of tradition of those surrounding
the Nile for many centuries. The Nile's flooding provides fertile land that is good for crops, which is
why so many people farm there. Because of all the flooding, in 1970 the Aswan Dam was built to
make sure that the flooding was controlled. The Nile flows through many countries including
Tanzania, Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi, Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, South
Sudan, Sudan and Egypt. These countries make sure they use the Nile to ... Show more content on
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These branches are called the White Nile, which originates in East Africa, and the Blue Nile, which
originates in Ethiopia. There are two main sources that feed the Nile River, including Lake Victoria,
which feeds the White Nile branch, and Lake Tuna, which feeds the Blue Nile branch. These two
branches join at Khartoum, in northeast Africa. The Nile River greatly influenced Egypt. Although
only 22% of the river flows through Egypt, the Nile is generally associated with it. Many Egyptians
lived near the river because it provided as a source of water, food, transportation, and great soil for
growing crops. Egypt greatly depended on the Nile, as it very rarely rained, so floods provided the
only source of moisture to sustain their crops. Alongside the Nile also grew reeds, which the
Egyptians used to make boats and paper. They would also catch fish from the Nile to eat, and they
would use nets to catch the birds that flew close to the water. The Nile River and nearby area is
home to many animals. This includes Nile monitors, frogs, mongooses, turtles, tortoises,
hippopotamus, wildebeest, baboons, over 100 species of fish, and over 300 species of birds. Many
crocodiles live on the banks of the Nile, and are the largest crocodiles in

A Evaluation Of Isotopic And Geochronologic Data On The...
This paper presents an evaluation of isotopic and geochronologic data on the groundwater in Eastern
Sahara that have been collected by various projects in addition to our recent collected dating
groundwater samples. Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System (NSAS) of northeast Africa is believed to
have been recharged in previous wet climatic periods in the Quaternary Period. However, the
isotopic (O & D) signatures of the groundwater samples show that the aquifer is still receiving
modern recharge in some regions (central and north Sudan, the Eastern Desert and Sinai). These
regions have a rainfall that feed the aquifer during the current dry climate. The groundwater source
ranges between paleowater of the glacial wet climate to paleowater mixed with precipitation of
warm and dry climates and/or Nile water, in addition to the modern groundwater of evaporated flash
flood or precipitation in the shallow alluvial aquifers. Central Sudan, Eastern Desert and Sinai have
a wide range of isotopic signatures reflecting paleowaters, mixing and modern groundwaters. The
isotopic signatures of north Sudan and south of the Uweinat–Aswan uplift indicates replenishment
by groundwater flow from the south that is hindered by the uplift. Young C–14 ages for groundwater
samples were reported from east Uweinat (~1.8–11.7 kyr) and from northern Sudan (~50 kyr),
reflecting the modern recharge in this area to the south of the Uweinat–Aswan uplift. The
groundwater of the Western Desert shows the highest

Heather J. Sharkey Living With Colonialism
In Living with Colonialism, Heather J. Sharkey discuses the colonial state of the Anglo–Egyptian
Sudan and its foundation toward becoming the independent state, Sudan. However, unlike texts on
imperialism and postcolonial transformations that focus on larger than life nationalist leaders and
their political identities, Sharkey approached the narrative of colonial Sudan through the lens of
local Sudanese (in the modern context) natives. Colonialism, in Sharkey's theory, is a cultural
system deeply involved in the human experience. Without human involvement, on both the
oppressor and oppressed ends, colonialism could not function. This notion, one of the collaborative
natures of the British colonial elite and their "petty colonial workers" (natives)

PETA: Animal Rights Essay
PETA: Animal Rights
Doesn't it kill you to see a movie and see an animal get killed or just hurt in it? Good thing that's all
special effects. Back in the day, around 1966, movies didn't always use special effects. Khartoum, a
movie based on a holy war in the Sudan desert, directed by Basil Dearden and Eliot Elisofon, used
horses a great deal, but did not use the special effects in order to not hurt the animals. Many horses
died in the making of this movie, as well as others, even including a major hit, Ben–Hur. Today,
there are many activist groups that fight for and about the unfair treatment and protection for
animals in everyday life. The People for Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) is one of these
groups. PETA was founded in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But, as PETA unmasked the cruel treatment of the monkeys and got involved in the case, it resulted
as being the first arrest and the conviction of an animal experimenter in the United States with
charges of cruelty to animals. It also was the first confiscation of abused laboratory animals, the
monkeys, and the first United States Supreme Court victory for animals in laboratories (PETA:
Official Page). PETA made a huge difference.
PETA, though it does many things, has four main objectives. They focus on animal cruelty on
factory farms, which are also known as confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs) and intensive
livestock operations (ILOs). These farms are more worried about profits and high volumes of goods
than they are about human health, safe food, the environment, fair treatment of animals, and the
surrounding economy (Factory Farms). PETA also focuses on cruel treatment to animals in
laboratories, in the fur trade, and in the entertainment industry (like Khartoum). They also work on
projects helping birds, beavers, and abused backyard dogs, as some examples. To reach the public,
PETA uses many tactics, including working "through public education, cruelty investigations,
research, animal rescue, legislation, special events, celebrity involvement, and direct action."
(PETA: Official Page). PETA tries to reach the public any way possible.
PETA also uses different

Sudan: Social Inequality, the Fight for NaturalResources,...
Sudan: Social Inequality, the Fight for NaturalResources, Civil War
Ethics of Development in a Global Environment: War& Peace
Fighting between the Muslim government in Khartoumand Christian rebel forces located in southern
Sudan has long been ignored.This struggle has caused nothing but devastation and depravation for
in theregion. More than two millionpeople have died as a result of the conflict, including many
innocent civilians. In addition, extremely valuableresources that would surely benefit the entire
global economy, are beingneglected and the with the minimized benefits only helping a few . As is
the case in most if not all civilwars power is what each side is struggling over. .The north and south
werejoined for no good ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is obvious that the money associated with oil as a natural resource located in Sudan hasbeen
fueling the struggle much longer than necessary. In addition, this oil present in Sudan has
contributed tothe war becoming a much more delicate matter. Since oil is such a valuable
international resource, manynations share apprehensions about getting involved. In fact, accusations
havebeen made saying that Oil Companies with interests in Sudan have been directlyfunding certain
factions, and are thus perpetuating the conflict.
Sudan, the largest country in Africa, was ruled jointly byBritain and Egypt from 1899. Thisended
once Sudan gained independence as a parliamentary republic in 1956[1].Since their independence,
Sudan has been governed by a succession of volatilecivilian and military governments. The war in
Sudan was engaged by alongstanding conflict between the Arab Muslims from the north of Sudan,
whogenerally controlled the governmental institutions, and the black Africans ofthe south of Sudan,
who follow mainly Christian beliefs. This conflict wasintensified following the imposition of strict
Muslim Shari'a law in 1983 underthe the en President Nimeri. Two years later President Nimeri was
removed througha peaceful coup and the new government decided that it was in the best interestof
Sudan to relax of the usage of Shari'a law pertaining to non–Muslims[2].
The civil war in Sudan has claimed millionsof lives and forced millions more from their

Darfur Crisis Research Paper
Globalization didn't contribute to the Darfur crisis as it could have. For a long time now, there has
been an emphasis on global inequality, on genocides and on internal struggles in a country as a
consequence of globalization. In 1948, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which says that ''all human beings are born free and equal
in dignity and rights''. (United Nations, 1789) This declaration clearly states that all human have
rights and freedom. This was advancement and progression due to globalization. Worlds where all
people are born equal and are free. This global awareness of human rights violation can be explained
by the situation in Darfur. In order to help the situation in

My Love Of Medicine
I was born and raised in Sudan, which located in North Africa, and I enjoyed my childhood there. I
spent most of the time outdoors exploring the environment and interacting with different the
creatures around me, which fostered my curiosity. When I was seven years old, my younger brother
suffered a second–degree burn that affected a large area of his body. He was admitted to the hospital
and spent 14 days in the burn unit. I was fascinated by the doctors who took care of him, and their
ability to ease patients' pain and cure their illnesses. Since then, I have admired and respected
doctors and decided to become a passionate doctor myself. My love of medicine grew with me day
by day until I finally enrolled in the medical school. During my study at medical school, I took
every opportunity I had to increase my depth of knowledge, strengthen my clinical skills, and
develop professionally with the goal of becoming an excellent doctor. I enjoyed learning medicine
and I actively participated in case presentations, as well as research activities. Even as a student, I
was active in teaching my junior students. I did well on the academic side and I actually earned the
prize of Pediatrics in the final year, which awarded to the top ranked student. Moreover, I also
involved in extracurricular activities, I volunteered in multiple community programs, delivering free
clinics, health education, and free children vaccination campaigns to rural areas.
After graduating, I worked as

Effects Of Sahel Desertification
The desertification of Sahel is causing devastating environmental issue in Africa. Desertification is
the process of how fertile land becomes desert. This is usually cause by drought, deforestation, or
poor agriculture planning. If it is overgrazed fields, or even the increase of wood needed to burn,
human interaction has helped advance the expansion of desertification.
The area currently surrounding Khartoum, Sudan was once covered in small forests, but because of
the increasing need for farm land and wood fuel, the forest has become another victim of
desertification. The tropical rain forest on the border of Sahel, is also being slowly affected by
desertification. In addition, the increasing amount of irrigation systems and drilling are changing

The Cause Of Sudan's Conflict In The United States
Sudan's conflicts are rooted in the creation of the state. During Sudan's Anglo–Egyptian colonial
rule, the Arabic Muslim sorth and Christian and animist south were ruled as two distinct entities.
The north was modernised but the south neglected, creating parallel entities which overlooked the
diversity and historical interrelations between the areas. A 1947 policy change to unify them meant
that when the country was granted independence in 1956, Sudan was left with a heavily unified and
centralised state, ruled from the north. The south, which already had social and political grievances,
feared it would be dominated by the Arabic and Islamist North. Promises to create a federal system
were soon broken. In 1955, tensions flared up and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The agreement failed, and a joint UN and African Union peacekeeping force (UNAMID) was
deployed in Darfur in 2008. In 2009 the International Criminal Court indicted President Bashir on
counts of war crimes and crimes against humanity, with three counts of genocide later added. In
2010 another peace process followed, leading to the 2011 Doha Document for Peace in Darfur,
signed by the Government of Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement. But neither the
SLM/A or JEM signed, and this agreement also failed to halt the

How Did Francis Boak Escape From Slavery
Escape From Slavery by Francis Bok follows the life of a young seven year old Dinka boy and his
journey to freedom in America. It was May of 1986 and Piol Bol Buk was living in the village of
Gourion in Sudan with his family. He grew up with seven siblings as well as his parents, but as a
child he had much admiration for his father and his father would always tell him that he "will be
able to do something important when he grows up" (Bok 4). Buk was sent off to Nyamlell which
was a village not too far from his own to sell peanuts and eggs that were his mothers at the
marketplace. The murahaliin (Arab militia) came with large weapons and raided the village taking
the lives of men and capturing women and children. The children had become separated and Piol
was taken on horseback with an Arab named Giemma Abdullah where he would begin his life as a
slave in northern ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He was whipped and was called "abeed" which in Arabic meant slave. Buk had two failed attempts
to escape which resulted in several beatings and a near death experience. At age 17, he finally
escaped his life in captivity and fled to Matari. There he became a slave for two months by the
policemen. Once he escaped the police he went to a Muslim truck driver named Abdah and this man
thought that slavery was wrong and helped him settle into their home until he could get to
Khartoum. Abdah bought Bok a bus ticket to Khartoum but there he had no place to go and no
money. Bok was reached out by a stranger who led him to Jabarona to find his own people. He
began to tell his story to others and was then arrested for speaking out against the government. Bok
spent seven months in jail but was released and made the choice to leave Sudan and head to Cairo.
In April 1999, he arrived in Cairo and went to Sacred Heart Church where he stayed and began to
learn

Vartan Igidbashian Research Paper
America is a magnificent country in large part because of all the talented and diverse immigrants
that have come to this great land for generations. Every immigrant brings with them a unique story
and life experience. Individuals from all over the world leave their home country for many reasons
including, war, poverty, and political oppression. Some may also see opportunity and prosperity that
draws them to a new country. Vartan Igidbashian is one of the many to have immigrated to America,
bringing with him a remarkable story.
Mr. Igidbashian ethnicity is Armenian, however, he lived and grew up in Sudan, a country located in
the northeastern part of Africa. He was born 1957 in a city called Khartoum, the capital of Sudan,
located just east of the Nile River. Sudan borders the Red Sea and is one of Africa's largest
countries. When Vartan was young, one of his favorite ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He was very excited that after many years it was his turn to come to the United States. The year was
1986 on a warm summer day when he finally left his life in Sudan to experience a new one in the
United States of America. He was very sad to leave his family and friends. But it wasn't the first
time he left his family. When he was young he left for a boarding school in Cyprus. One thing that
made him leave Sudan was that during the time when he was living in Sudan there was a
dictatorship. That means that the government was taking over businesses and people had no say in
their government. Because Vartan Igidbashian's dad owned a business, he thought it was best for
him to go to a country with more opportunity. Finally Vartan left Sudan and traveled to America on a
plane. Before he left he wondered, "Will I ever be back?" To this day he has never been back but he
hopes to visit his old country soon. On the plane he was still sad that he had left but he knew that he
would have a better life with his aunt in

Sudan Case Study Essay
Sudan Case Study Sudan is a country with multitudes of problems. I will address just a portion of
the many problems this country face but must first began with a very brief background. Sudan is a
very large country located on the continent of Africa. Sudan has a very diverse landscape ranging
from deserts, to mountain ranges, rainforests, and swamps; to name a few. It is estimated that Sudan
has a population of 34 million people. Out of the 34 million people, the indigenous Black Africans
make–up the majority in the south, while the Arabs account for the majority in the north. Sudan's
population consists of 60% Muslim, 25% Animist, and 15% Christian. The country of Sudan has
more than 300 tribes! The Official language is Arabic; ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The instability of the country's government was conducive to unrest and war between the Muslims
in the north, and Christian and Animist in the South. The instability was further exacerbated by
underdevelopment in the southern part of the country during the colonial period leaving the southern
Sudanese to fear that the country would be dominated by the Muslim north. In 1972, the Muslim
President Muhammad Nimeiri ended the war for a short time by making some concessions to the
south and granting various degrees of autonomy. However, in 1983, the short lived peace came to an
end when he began imposing and forcing "extreme Islamic Laws" on the entire country that
subsequently resulted in the formation of the SLA (Sudanese Liberation Army) and restarted war
and unrest. It is estimated that since 1983, an estimated 2.5 million people have lost their lives and
more than 4 million southerners have been displaced. Muslims in Sudan are forcing its citizens to
renounce Christianity at the threat of torture and death. The Men who do not renounce their
Christian beliefs are forced to have their penis castrated; likewise, the women who do not renounce
their Christian beliefs are having their breast cut–off. The local Muslim government has repeatedly
denied having any ties with these acts of violence and has

Slavery In Sudan
Sudan had had a horrific civil war since 1956, between two different regions that practice two
different religions, Muslim North and Christian South ("Slave Redemption Increases Slavery in
Sudan"). The Muslim North governs their country in Khartoum, and they praise or even support the
idea of attacking the Christian South villages and capturing people, who were later sold into slavery
("Slave Redemption Increases Slavery in Sudan"). The civil war continued on for decades until
October 2002, the United State Congress passed the Sudan Peace Act, to help diffuse the situation is
Sudan and to promote humanitarian efforts (Nashashibi). Was the war,even worth it? Even though it
was believed to save people in Africa, mainly in Sudan, and they can ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It gave the southern Sudanese their independence to protect their religion freely without any harm
from the Islamic north. On another hand, it corrupted the Islamic government, lead to about two
million people dying and many more being forced outside of their homes. Also, many women and
children being forced into slavery and being sold as low as $15. Many southerners believed that they
did the right thing and fighting off the Islamic government to have their own peaceful country. But
fighting off the Islamic government had it consequences, was the war even worth

Essay South Sudan: A Developing Opportunity
Sudan has known conflict for most of its existence. The discovery of oil in 1979 served to heighten
this conflict as north and south fought over valuable resources. In more recent years human rights
violations and genocide have occurred in unsurpassed numbers with the Sudanese governments
support. Sudanese President Umar al–Bashir is the first sitting head of state with an issued arrest
warrant by the International Criminal Court for genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes.
In July 2011 southern Sudanese citizens voted to secede from Sudan and form the Republic of South
Sudan in response to years of oppression by the Arab led Islamist government. South Sudan is now
the worlds newest country and free to determine its own path ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In 1989, General Umar al–Bashir led an Islamic army faction mounting a coup and installing the
National Islamic Front. The new government intensified the north and south conflict with its
commitment to the Islamic cause. According to the Bureau of African Affairs (2012), "Bashirs
government supported Iraq's invasion of Kuwait and radical Islamist groups in Algeria." Khartoum
was a well–known base for militant Islamist groups which supported radical movements. Terrorist
organizations such as Osama Bin Laden's al Qaida were provided safe haven and logistical aid in
return for financial support. The United Nations imposed sanctions on Sudan in 1996 for suspected
associations to the assassination attempt on Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak in Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia. According to Amnesty International (2012), "throughout Sudan, the government routinely
represses human rights defenders, political opponents, and ordinary civilians subjecting many to
torture and other forms of ill–treatment." Since the Darfur conflict erupted in February 2003,
systematic human rights abuses have occurred. These abuses include killing, torture, rape, looting
and destroying property. All parties have been involved, but these abuses have mostly been
committed by the Sudanese government and government–backed Janjawid militia. These attacks
have led to the death of hundreds of thousands of people in Darfur, with an estimated two million
internally displaced people and another 250,000 refugees

Personal Statement : My Desire For Knowledge And Education
I am the product of two cultures: African and Arab. I was born in the United Arab Emirates to
Sudanese parents and married a first–generation American, and as such, I have had the advantage of
being deeply immersed in otherwise distinct cultures and worldviews. Exceptional role models and
unique personal insights have given me the desire to pursue medicine. Indeed, two of the most
inspiring and influential people in my life have been my parents. Both have always stressed the
benefits and values of solid education. My mother always said to me, "Knowledge and education
equal emancipation, seek the gift of knowledge, it will make you a better person". Her exemplary
dedication and desire for excellence is what I hope to emulate. Moreover, pursuing medicine in
particular was a cumulative decision I took over years of fascination with biological sciences.
My life took a turn during my first year at the University of Khartoum medical school when I had to
watch my cousin and best friend suffering because of kidney failure. When her doctor told us that
she has suffered from severe dehydration and as a result, her kidney failed and she might need to be
on a dialysis machine. I was terrified as I realized that our village lacked the basic medical services
she needed to survive. After waiting for several days for one of the few dialysis machines to become
available, she managed to have a couple of dialysis sessions. After three months, her doctor told us
that her kidney function

Sudanese War Research Paper

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