try to make a basic information to design a sub-station and components of sub-station. please comment and give me solution if I had any wrong information.
The documents gives the transmission losses for Panther & Zebra Conductors over 1 KM for a 40 MW Solar Power Plant. The loss can range from 0.37% per KM for a 261 sq mm Panther Conductor at 33 KV to 0.01% per KM for 484 sq mm Zebra Conductor at 132 KV.
The documents gives the transmission losses for Panther & Zebra Conductors over 1 KM for a 40 MW Solar Power Plant. The loss can range from 0.37% per KM for a 261 sq mm Panther Conductor at 33 KV to 0.01% per KM for 484 sq mm Zebra Conductor at 132 KV.
Inverter is a device that converts direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) and supplies AC power from DC sources such as solar panels or batteries. It is used in a wide range of applications such as switching power supplies in computers, electric utility high-voltage direct current applications etc.
We corporate Services is Deal with verius Inverter Brands in India Like APC,Microtek, Exide, Luminous, Fuji Inverter, Kevin, Su-Kam, Mitsubishi, Mahindra, nexus inverter, Lucas,Videocon.
We will also deal in Brands of Solar Inverter Like Delta Solar Inverter,Danfoss Solar Inverter, SMA Solar Inverter and Duracell Car Inverter
Dual converter is a power electronics control system to get either polarity DC from AC rectification by forward converter and reverse converter . It can run a DC motors in either direction with speed control too.
Inverter is a device that converts direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) and supplies AC power from DC sources such as solar panels or batteries. It is used in a wide range of applications such as switching power supplies in computers, electric utility high-voltage direct current applications etc.
We corporate Services is Deal with verius Inverter Brands in India Like APC,Microtek, Exide, Luminous, Fuji Inverter, Kevin, Su-Kam, Mitsubishi, Mahindra, nexus inverter, Lucas,Videocon.
We will also deal in Brands of Solar Inverter Like Delta Solar Inverter,Danfoss Solar Inverter, SMA Solar Inverter and Duracell Car Inverter
Dual converter is a power electronics control system to get either polarity DC from AC rectification by forward converter and reverse converter . It can run a DC motors in either direction with speed control too.
It's a full fledged presentation about visit to a substation. It's about when we visited the 400 kV substation situated at Hadala, Rajkot, Gujarat, India. It includes almost aa details about it. Juz go for it!!!
The document mentions the following with tentative quantities:
1. List of 17 nos. of main equipment
2. List of 15 nos. of miscellaneous equipment
3. List of 16 nos. of civil works required
4. List of 8 nos. of lattice type equipment
5. List of 11 nos. of foundations required
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
2. Components of Sub-Station
Major Components
• Transformer
• HT Meter Unit
• LT Switchgear
• SDB
• PFI Panel
• HT Cable
• G.I Pipe for HT Cable Laying
• Cable Pit
• LT Cable
• Earthing System
• lightning Arrester
• Drop Out Fuse
Minor Components
• Earthing Boring
• Earthing Inspection pit
• Equalizer Bar
• Shock Treatment Charts
• Single Line Diagram
• First Aid Box
• Rubber hand Gloves
3. Transformer Selection
• Suppose total load = 80KW
• Note:
Available Transformer rating in market, 100, 200, 250, 315, 400,
500, 630, 750, 800, 1000, 1250 KVA.
• So, Our required Transformer - 100KVA
4. HT (High Tension) Panel & Switchgear
• HT panel is a metal enclosure fitted with HT Circuit Breakers, relays & metering
that is used to receive 11KV/33KV supply (from one or more source) & distribute
the power through its outgoing feeders. Outgoing feeder may be one or more it
depends on the load of the building.
• HT Panel & Switchgear components are –
1) Ampere meter 8) Volt meter
2) Ampere selector switch 9) Voltmeter switch
3) Circuit Breaker 10) Panel Heater
4) Solid State Programmable KWH Meter
5)Supporter / Insulator
6) Indicating Lamp
7) TP Cast Resin CT & PT
5. LT (Low Tension) Panel & Switchgear
• Transformer Power × 1.6 = 100KVA * 1.6 =160A
• LT Panel is an electrical distribution board that receives power from generator or
transformer and distributes the same to various electronic devices and distribution
boards.
• LT Switchgear components are –
1) Ampere meter 3) Volt meter
2) Ampere selector switch 4) Voltmeter switch
5) Circuit Breaker 6) Bus bar
7) LTCT 8)Supporter / Insulator
9) Connector 10) Cable Lux
11) Indicating Lamp 12) KT Fuse / Controller Fuse
6. LT(Low Tension) Panel & Switchgear (Cont.)
1) Ampere meter
Show measurement how many current flows on the loads.
Available Ampere meter Ratings , (
𝐴𝑚𝑝
5
)
30
5
,
60
5
,
100
5
,
150
5
,
200
5
,
300
5
,
400
5
,
630
5
,
800
5
,
1000
5
,
1250
5
,
1500
5
,
1600
5
,
2000
5
2500
5
,
3000
5
,
3500
5
,
4000
5
,
4500
5
,
5000
5
,
6000
5
.
2) Ampere selector switch
Show measurement, how many current flows on the Three Phase loads Like R Y B .
7. LT(Low Tension) Panel & Switchgear (Cont.)
3) Volt meter
It measures voltage across the loads (400V – 500V ).
4) Voltage Selector switch
It measures voltage across the every phase .
5) Circuit Breaker
SP- Single Phase Circuit Breaker
DP- Double Phase Circuit Breaker
TP- Three Phase Circuit Breaker MCB
Example – MCB, MCCB, ACB, VCB, SF6 CB, LBS.
9. LT(Low Tension) Panel & Switchgear (Cont.)
LTCT (Low Tension Current Transformer)
• It depends on secondary current or LT switchgear ratio.
• LTCT and LT switchgear have same Amp.
Ratings:
30
5
,
60
5
,
100
5
,
150
5
,
200
5
,
300
5
,
400
5
,
630
5
,
800
5
,
1000
5
,
1250
5
,
1500
5
,
1600
5
,
2000
5
,
2500
5
,
3000
5
,
3500
5
,
4000
5
,
4500
5
,
5000
5
,
6000
5
.
• Supporter / Insulator
We can use supporter or Insulator till 600A.
More than 600A we need to use Fibre.
10. PFI Selection
• PFI Rating/ Capacity = Transformer Capacity × 0.6
=100 × 0.6 = 60KVAR
• Capacitor Bank Value =
KVAR ∗10^9
2π ∗f ∗V^2
uf
=
160 ∗10^9
2π ∗50 ∗440^2
uf
= 2630.65 uf, total
= 2630.65 / 3 uf, per phase of Three Phase
= 876.88 uf
11. Bus bar Selection
• For Copper 1Sqmm = 1.5A ~ 2A
• For Aluminium 1Sqmm = 0.5A~ 1.5A
• Suppose total load current = 196 A + 25% = 246 A
• So, Bus bar Size = 246 / 1.6 = 154 Sqmm
If thickness of bar is 7 mm , then high = 154 / 7 = 22 m
12. Cable Selection
• Cable selection depends on three factors.
1 . Load Current
2. Temperature or Correction Factor
3. Voltage Drop
Always we take 20% extra load with total load. Let total load 80KW.
So Total load + 20% of load = 80 + 16 = 96 KW
1. Load Current Calculation
For Single Phase Connection , IL = Power / Voltage × cosƟ
For three Phase Connection, IL = Power / √3 Voltage × cosƟ
13.
14. Cable Selection (Cont.)
2. Correction Factor 0r Temperature or Current Carrying Capacity (C.C.C.)
In our House hold and many industrial wiring is conduit wiring .
There is no air inside of the conduit wiring that’s why Temperature of Cable Increase.
So, Current Carrying Capacity is changing.
Let Our Load Current is 50A.
From Chart , we can choose 16Sqmm wire which carries 61A.
But C.C.C of this Wire is (61A*0.71) = 43.31 A, Which is Less than IL .
If we Choose 25Sqmm wire which carries 80A.
CCC of this wire =( 80*0.71)= 56.8A .
So, we can choose this wire (25Sqmm wire which carries 80A).
15. Cable Selection (Cont.)
3. Voltage Drop
There is no voltage Drop within 10m to 15m. If we use 100m wire than we
definitely get voltage drop.
Voltage drop of this wire 1.80 mV/A/m .
So, the total voltage Drop of this Wire = (1.80 *56.8*100)/1000 =10.224
Note:
There is no problem If the voltage drop will be 3% to 5% of nominal voltage.
3% of 220V = 6.6V
For 25Sqmm wire we get more than 6.6V voltage drop.
So, We use 35Sqmm wire for system.
16. Other Equipment of Sub-Station
Lightning Arrester & Drop Out Fuse
We always use same rating for lightning arrester and Drop Out Fuse as
DESCO input Connection Rating.
Drop out Fuse Lightning Arrester