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Study of the Relationship between Shyness and
Employee Voice Behavior: The Moderating Role of
Managerial Openness and Psychological
Empowerment
Reporter : Ling Bin
Introduction
 The importance of speaking up--constructive
change, suggestions, ideas.
 The characteristic of employees who can
display more or less voice behavior.
 Boundary conditions of the relationship
between individual differences and voice
behavior.
Constructs and theories
 Voice behavior
 Shyness
 Managerial openness
 Psychological empowerment
Voice behavior
 Voice behavior is defined as nonrequired
behavior that emphasizes expression of
constructive challenge with an intent to
improve rather than merely criticize (Van
Dyne & LePine, 1998).
 Change-oriented OCB
Shyness
 Shyness can be defined as the general
tendency to be inhibited and awkward in
social situations and to experience
unpleasant affect in the presence of others
(Cheek & Busch, 1981).
Managerial openness
 Managerial openness refers to subordinates’
perceptions that their boss listens to them, is
interested in their ideas, gives fair
consideration to the ideas presented, and at
least sometimes takes action to address the
matter raised.
Psychological empowerment
 Psychological empowerment is defined as
increased intrinsic task motivation
manifested in a set of four cognitions
reflecting an individuals’ orientation to his or
her work role: meaning, competence, self-
determination, impact.
Hypothesis
 H1: Trait shyness is negatively related to employee
voice behavior.
 H2: The negative relationship between trait shyness
and employee voice behavior is stronger for leaders
with low managerial openness than for leaders with
high managerial openness.
 H3: The negative relationship between trait shyness
and employee voice behavior is stronger for
subordinates with low psychological empowerment
than for subordinates with psychological
empowerment.
Research model
shyness voice
Psychological
empowerment
Managerial
openness
Sample
 We receive usable response from 369 of
possible 500 members in 25 firms, for a 73.8
percent valid response rate.
 Demographic variables include gender,
tenure, age, education, position, work hours.
Measure
 Shyness: Cheek–Buss scale, 13 items,
Cronbach’ α is 0.90.
 Voice behavior scale by LePine and Van
Dyne ( 1998 ) , 6 items, Cronbach’ α is
0.78.
 Managerial openness scale by Detert (2007),
4 items, Cronbach’ α is 0.87.
 Psychological empowerment scale by Li
(2006), 12 items, Cronbach’ α is 0.70.
Result
 discriminate validity
 The fit index of four factor model is better
than all other alternative
models ( χ2
=162.039,df=98,χ2
/df=1.653,CFI=
0.977, IFI=0.977, RMSEA=0.042 ) .
 The four variables are differentiated.
Result
 Hierarchical regression modeling, HRM
 The result is followed:
 Trait shyness is negatively related to voice behavior
(β=-0.22, p<0.001).
 Managerial openness moderated the relationship
between shyness and voice (β=0.19, p<0.001).
 Psychological empowerment moderated the
relationship between shyness and voice(β=0.18,
p<0.001).
Result (Simple slope analysis)
 The negative relationship between trait shyness and employee
voice behavior is stronger for leaders with low managerial
openness.
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Low 害羞 High 害羞
进谏行为
Low 管理开放性
High 管理开放性
Result (Simple slope analysis)
 The negative relationship between trait shyness and employee
voice behavior is stronger for subordinates with low
psychological empowerment.
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Low 害羞 High 害羞
进谏行为
Low 心理授权
High 心理授权
Discussion and conclusion
 Trait activation theory
 Trait and context
 The more shyness, the less showing voice
 The relationship between shyness and voice
is influenced by context factors.
Abstract
 The studies of extra-role behaviors, including voice behavior,
have attracted much attention in recent years. Based on trait
activation theory, the present study identified managerial
openness and psychological empowerment as moderators, and
explored their moderating effects between shyness and voice
behavior. Using 369 dyads of employee and coworkers in
enterprises of East China, the results showed that managerial
openness and psychological empowerment had significant
moderating effects. Specifically, when each moderator is high,
the negative relationship between shyness and voice behavior
will be weaker; when the moderator is low, such relationship
will be stronger. Implications and future studies were discussed
finally.

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Study of the relationship between shyness and employee

  • 1. Study of the Relationship between Shyness and Employee Voice Behavior: The Moderating Role of Managerial Openness and Psychological Empowerment Reporter : Ling Bin
  • 2. Introduction  The importance of speaking up--constructive change, suggestions, ideas.  The characteristic of employees who can display more or less voice behavior.  Boundary conditions of the relationship between individual differences and voice behavior.
  • 3. Constructs and theories  Voice behavior  Shyness  Managerial openness  Psychological empowerment
  • 4. Voice behavior  Voice behavior is defined as nonrequired behavior that emphasizes expression of constructive challenge with an intent to improve rather than merely criticize (Van Dyne & LePine, 1998).  Change-oriented OCB
  • 5. Shyness  Shyness can be defined as the general tendency to be inhibited and awkward in social situations and to experience unpleasant affect in the presence of others (Cheek & Busch, 1981).
  • 6. Managerial openness  Managerial openness refers to subordinates’ perceptions that their boss listens to them, is interested in their ideas, gives fair consideration to the ideas presented, and at least sometimes takes action to address the matter raised.
  • 7. Psychological empowerment  Psychological empowerment is defined as increased intrinsic task motivation manifested in a set of four cognitions reflecting an individuals’ orientation to his or her work role: meaning, competence, self- determination, impact.
  • 8. Hypothesis  H1: Trait shyness is negatively related to employee voice behavior.  H2: The negative relationship between trait shyness and employee voice behavior is stronger for leaders with low managerial openness than for leaders with high managerial openness.  H3: The negative relationship between trait shyness and employee voice behavior is stronger for subordinates with low psychological empowerment than for subordinates with psychological empowerment.
  • 10. Sample  We receive usable response from 369 of possible 500 members in 25 firms, for a 73.8 percent valid response rate.  Demographic variables include gender, tenure, age, education, position, work hours.
  • 11. Measure  Shyness: Cheek–Buss scale, 13 items, Cronbach’ α is 0.90.  Voice behavior scale by LePine and Van Dyne ( 1998 ) , 6 items, Cronbach’ α is 0.78.  Managerial openness scale by Detert (2007), 4 items, Cronbach’ α is 0.87.  Psychological empowerment scale by Li (2006), 12 items, Cronbach’ α is 0.70.
  • 12. Result  discriminate validity  The fit index of four factor model is better than all other alternative models ( χ2 =162.039,df=98,χ2 /df=1.653,CFI= 0.977, IFI=0.977, RMSEA=0.042 ) .  The four variables are differentiated.
  • 13. Result  Hierarchical regression modeling, HRM  The result is followed:  Trait shyness is negatively related to voice behavior (β=-0.22, p<0.001).  Managerial openness moderated the relationship between shyness and voice (β=0.19, p<0.001).  Psychological empowerment moderated the relationship between shyness and voice(β=0.18, p<0.001).
  • 14. Result (Simple slope analysis)  The negative relationship between trait shyness and employee voice behavior is stronger for leaders with low managerial openness. 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 Low 害羞 High 害羞 进谏行为 Low 管理开放性 High 管理开放性
  • 15. Result (Simple slope analysis)  The negative relationship between trait shyness and employee voice behavior is stronger for subordinates with low psychological empowerment. 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 Low 害羞 High 害羞 进谏行为 Low 心理授权 High 心理授权
  • 16. Discussion and conclusion  Trait activation theory  Trait and context  The more shyness, the less showing voice  The relationship between shyness and voice is influenced by context factors.
  • 17. Abstract  The studies of extra-role behaviors, including voice behavior, have attracted much attention in recent years. Based on trait activation theory, the present study identified managerial openness and psychological empowerment as moderators, and explored their moderating effects between shyness and voice behavior. Using 369 dyads of employee and coworkers in enterprises of East China, the results showed that managerial openness and psychological empowerment had significant moderating effects. Specifically, when each moderator is high, the negative relationship between shyness and voice behavior will be weaker; when the moderator is low, such relationship will be stronger. Implications and future studies were discussed finally.