Development of-new-control-techniques-for-vibration-isolation-of-structures-u...Cemal Ardil
The document discusses the development of new control techniques for vibration isolation of structures using smart materials. It summarizes previous research that showed isolation reduces acceleration and forces in structures but increases sliding displacement at low excitation frequencies. The paper then presents a study of a space frame structure on sliding bearings with a restoring force device. The results show the restoring force device reduces displacement of the structure and peak acceleration, bending moment, and base shear values compared to a structure without the device. The simulation demonstrates the effectiveness of the developed isolation method.
Introduction to earthquake engineering by Engr. Basharat Ullahbasharat ullah
This document provides an introduction to earthquake engineering. It discusses key topics such as plate tectonics, the elastic rebound theory of earthquakes, seismic waves, earthquake magnitude and intensity scales, factors affecting seismic forces, and response spectra. The overall goal of earthquake engineering is to design structures to better resist earthquakes by understanding earthquake mechanisms and their effects on buildings.
The document provides an overview of earthquakes, including:
- The interior structure of the Earth is differentiated, with denser materials in the core and lighter materials in the crust. Convective flows in the mantle cause tectonic plates to move.
- Plates interact through convergent, divergent, and transform boundaries. Strain builds up in plates and is released during earthquakes by sudden slip along faults.
- Earthquakes release enormous energy and generate seismic waves that travel through the Earth. Magnitude measures the energy released while intensity measures shaking severity at a location.
- India has experienced damaging past quakes and is divided into seismic zones based on expected intensity levels in different regions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document provides an overview of concepts related to seismic engineering. It begins with basic definitions and descriptions of earthquake zones, faults, frequency, and effects. It then discusses the concept of base isolation, including techniques, structures, theory, types, and suitability. Specific types of base isolators are highlighted. The document also briefly covers intensity scales and provides examples of major historical earthquakes.
Earthquake Resistant designs with exp... all the things u need to knowPrateek Srivastava
This document provides information on earthquake resistant building designs. It discusses what earthquakes are, why they are deadly, India's earthquake risk profile, and the need for earthquake resistant design. Some important considerations for design include configuration, ductility, quality control, base isolation, passive energy dissipating devices, and active control systems. Historical examples of seismic vibration control techniques are also presented, such as dry stone walls and base isolators.
An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the perceptible shaking of the surface of the Earth, which can be violent enough to destroy major
Development of-new-control-techniques-for-vibration-isolation-of-structures-u...Cemal Ardil
The document discusses the development of new control techniques for vibration isolation of structures using smart materials. It summarizes previous research that showed isolation reduces acceleration and forces in structures but increases sliding displacement at low excitation frequencies. The paper then presents a study of a space frame structure on sliding bearings with a restoring force device. The results show the restoring force device reduces displacement of the structure and peak acceleration, bending moment, and base shear values compared to a structure without the device. The simulation demonstrates the effectiveness of the developed isolation method.
Introduction to earthquake engineering by Engr. Basharat Ullahbasharat ullah
This document provides an introduction to earthquake engineering. It discusses key topics such as plate tectonics, the elastic rebound theory of earthquakes, seismic waves, earthquake magnitude and intensity scales, factors affecting seismic forces, and response spectra. The overall goal of earthquake engineering is to design structures to better resist earthquakes by understanding earthquake mechanisms and their effects on buildings.
The document provides an overview of earthquakes, including:
- The interior structure of the Earth is differentiated, with denser materials in the core and lighter materials in the crust. Convective flows in the mantle cause tectonic plates to move.
- Plates interact through convergent, divergent, and transform boundaries. Strain builds up in plates and is released during earthquakes by sudden slip along faults.
- Earthquakes release enormous energy and generate seismic waves that travel through the Earth. Magnitude measures the energy released while intensity measures shaking severity at a location.
- India has experienced damaging past quakes and is divided into seismic zones based on expected intensity levels in different regions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document provides an overview of concepts related to seismic engineering. It begins with basic definitions and descriptions of earthquake zones, faults, frequency, and effects. It then discusses the concept of base isolation, including techniques, structures, theory, types, and suitability. Specific types of base isolators are highlighted. The document also briefly covers intensity scales and provides examples of major historical earthquakes.
Earthquake Resistant designs with exp... all the things u need to knowPrateek Srivastava
This document provides information on earthquake resistant building designs. It discusses what earthquakes are, why they are deadly, India's earthquake risk profile, and the need for earthquake resistant design. Some important considerations for design include configuration, ductility, quality control, base isolation, passive energy dissipating devices, and active control systems. Historical examples of seismic vibration control techniques are also presented, such as dry stone walls and base isolators.
An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the perceptible shaking of the surface of the Earth, which can be violent enough to destroy major
The document provides an overview of seismology and earthquake-resistant building planning. It discusses key topics such as:
1) Seismology is defined as the science of earthquakes and elastic waves.
2) The internal structure of the Earth consists of a crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. Convective currents in the mantle cause tectonic plates to move.
3) Earthquakes are caused by the buildup and sudden release of stresses along fault lines within the Earth. Different types of boundaries exist between tectonic plates.
4) Important considerations for making buildings earthquake resistant include having a regular configuration, ductile elements, quality control measures, and potentially using base isolation
This document provides an introduction to earthquake resistant design. It discusses how adopting building codes with seismic design and construction requirements helps communities protect citizens from earthquakes. It also describes methods to construct earthquake resistant buildings, such as using base isolators with layers of rubber and steel to absorb earthquake energy. Engineers aim to increase structures' natural periods, install energy dissipating devices, and use reinforcement like securing buildings to foundations. The document outlines the basics of earthquake engineering and importance of minimizing earthquake impacts. It discusses seismic waves, seismographs, potential ground failures, and indirect quake effects like tsunamis. Historical earthquakes are also summarized along with the causes and forces of earthquakes.
This document is a project report on the effects of earthquakes on foundations and seismic design. It discusses various types of seismic waves like P, S, Love, and Rayleigh waves. It also covers causes of earthquakes, seismic loads on structures, risk zones, and response of different building systems. The report will analyze how soil-structure interaction affects seismic response and discuss retrofitting techniques to improve building safety during earthquakes. It aims to study how new technologies can significantly reduce energy losses and property damage from earthquakes.
The document discusses the origin and causes of earthquakes, their effects, and strategies for designing earthquake resistant structures. It explains that earthquakes are caused by the release of elastic strain energy from movement of tectonic plates. Key strategies for earthquake resistance include designing structures to be light weight, simple, symmetric, stiff, ductile, and providing multiple load paths. Techniques like base isolators, seismic dampers, and shear walls can reduce seismic forces on structures. Traditional masonry techniques also enhanced earthquake resistance.
This document provides an overview of module 2 on elastic properties of materials. It discusses key concepts such as elasticity, plasticity, stress, strain and different types of stresses and strains. It describes Hooke's law and explains stress-strain diagrams. It also discusses factors that influence elasticity like stress, temperature, annealing and impurities. Different elastic moduli such as Young's modulus, bulk modulus and rigidity modulus are defined. Failure modes like fracture and fatigue are also summarized. References for additional reading on the topic are provided at the end.
The document discusses earthquakes, including their causes from tectonic plate movement and faults. It describes different types of plate boundaries and faults, as well as seismic waves generated by earthquakes. Historical earthquakes like the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake caused tremendous damage. While accurately predicting earthquakes remains challenging, preparation measures can help reduce risks, and earthquake engineering aims to build resilient infrastructure. Ongoing research continues enhancing hazard assessment and early warning to mitigate earthquake impacts.
1. The document provides an overview of earthquakes, their causes, characteristics, effects, and preparedness measures. It describes how earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates and buildup of elastic strain energy that is suddenly released.
2. Key characteristics discussed include the different types of seismic waves that cause shaking and damage, the measurement scales used to describe magnitude versus intensity, and secondary hazards like landslides, liquefaction, and tsunamis.
3. Typical effects of earthquakes outlined are physical damage to structures, infrastructure and property, casualties, and public health issues in the aftermath.
Describing earthquakes more in detail about what, how, why, when and from whom are these caused, affected and what makes it so important to study this in current spatial and geographical scenario taking in mind the historical events.
this paper tells about reasons for earthquakes, how the earthquakes happen,earthquake effects on buildings,how the buildings are respond to the earthquakes and design methods to be fallowed while designing a structure to resist earthquakes
تقرير فني -تدعيم المبنى مع الرسوم ضد الزلازل.docxAdnan Lazem
This document provides an introduction to seismic design of buildings. It discusses key structural actions like bending moments, shear forces, and ductile behavior that allow structures to deform without losing strength. Response spectra are used to determine design seismic actions based on a structure's dynamic properties and site conditions. Ductile design allows structures to withstand major earthquakes through controlled cracking and yielding. Higher modes of vibration and P-delta effects are also considered in design.
In this presentation i have given basic fault study and the important rate and state friction law. The presentation walks through the elastic rebound theory also. Thus the basic idea of why earthquake occurs, how this rate and state law came into the picture is crystal clear.
Earthquakes are very serious problems since they affect human life in various ways. The Earthquakes are mainly prevented by two methods namely Base Isolation Methods and Seismic Dampers. The present paper deals with 1.Increase natural period of structure by "Base Isolation Techniques".2.Increase damping of the system by "Energy Dissipation Devices". In brief manner. This paper explains the main theme of the above methods and their preventive methods about Earthquakes. The present paper deals with structures which resist Earthquakes. It explains the frames which help in resisting Earthquakes. In total, this present paper deals with Methods of resisting Earthquakes and Frames resisting them and also the prominent techniques followed to resist Earthquakes.
This document provides an overview of earthquake resistant building construction. It discusses key topics like seismology, plate tectonics, causes of earthquakes, earthquake terminology, seismic waves, seismographs, measuring earthquake size, and classifications of earthquakes. Specifically, it explains that earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates and details the different types of seismic waves that propagate during an earthquake. It also describes how seismographs are used to record seismic waves and defines important earthquake measurement metrics like magnitude and intensity.
This document discusses seismic resistant techniques for reinforced concrete buildings. It first provides background on sources of earthquakes and plate tectonic theory. It then describes the different types of seismic waves - P waves, S waves, love waves and rayleigh waves. The document outlines both active and passive seismic resistant systems, focusing on shear walls, dampers and base isolation. Metallic, friction and viscous fluid dampers are described in more detail. Shear walls improve the strength of reinforced concrete walls to resist seismic loads. The project method uses shear walls and friction dampers to provide seismic resistance.
This document discusses Newton's laws of motion and concepts related to forces and motion, including inertia, momentum, friction, and more. Newton's first law states that an object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on by an external force. The second law establishes the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration. The third law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Friction is also examined, along with its causes and types. Coefficients of friction and angles of repose are defined.
Ground shaking during earthquakes can cause significant damage depending on factors like magnitude, distance from epicenter, and duration of shaking. Strong shaking can collapse buildings, especially those constructed poorly or on weak foundations. Areas with thick unconsolidated sediments are susceptible to liquefaction, where shaking causes soils to lose strength and behave like liquid. This can damage structures and cause ground failures like lateral spreading. Mapping of soil types, groundwater levels, and historical liquefaction helps identify hazard zones to inform construction practices.
1. Earthquakes occur along faults in the Earth's crust due to the buildup and sudden release of strain energy from tectonic plate movement.
2. Seismic waves generated by earthquakes travel through the Earth and are used to determine the internal structure, including distinct layers of the crust, mantle, and core.
3. The core is determined to be liquid based on seismic evidence showing the disappearance of different wave types in certain regions.
Introduction of earthquake
focus and epicenter of an earthquake.
Relate earthquake activity to plate tectonics
Describe the types of waves emitted during an earthquake.
Distinguish between earthquake intensity and magnitude.
Review some current methods of earthquake prediction.
Preparation and steps during and after earthquake.
Introduction of earthquake
focus and epicenter of an earthquake.
Relate earthquake activity to plate tectonics
Describe the types of waves emitted during an earthquake.
Distinguish between earthquake intensity and magnitude.
Review some current methods of earthquake prediction.
Preparation and steps during and after earthquake.
An earthquake is caused by a sudden release of energy stored in rocks below the earth's surface. Most earthquakes occur along existing faults in the earth's crust. There are two key terms used to describe the location of earthquakes - the focus, which is the location below the surface where fault movement begins, and the epicenter, which is the point directly above the focus on the surface.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
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The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
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2) The internal structure of the Earth consists of a crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. Convective currents in the mantle cause tectonic plates to move.
3) Earthquakes are caused by the buildup and sudden release of stresses along fault lines within the Earth. Different types of boundaries exist between tectonic plates.
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The document discusses the origin and causes of earthquakes, their effects, and strategies for designing earthquake resistant structures. It explains that earthquakes are caused by the release of elastic strain energy from movement of tectonic plates. Key strategies for earthquake resistance include designing structures to be light weight, simple, symmetric, stiff, ductile, and providing multiple load paths. Techniques like base isolators, seismic dampers, and shear walls can reduce seismic forces on structures. Traditional masonry techniques also enhanced earthquake resistance.
This document provides an overview of module 2 on elastic properties of materials. It discusses key concepts such as elasticity, plasticity, stress, strain and different types of stresses and strains. It describes Hooke's law and explains stress-strain diagrams. It also discusses factors that influence elasticity like stress, temperature, annealing and impurities. Different elastic moduli such as Young's modulus, bulk modulus and rigidity modulus are defined. Failure modes like fracture and fatigue are also summarized. References for additional reading on the topic are provided at the end.
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1. The document provides an overview of earthquakes, their causes, characteristics, effects, and preparedness measures. It describes how earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates and buildup of elastic strain energy that is suddenly released.
2. Key characteristics discussed include the different types of seismic waves that cause shaking and damage, the measurement scales used to describe magnitude versus intensity, and secondary hazards like landslides, liquefaction, and tsunamis.
3. Typical effects of earthquakes outlined are physical damage to structures, infrastructure and property, casualties, and public health issues in the aftermath.
Describing earthquakes more in detail about what, how, why, when and from whom are these caused, affected and what makes it so important to study this in current spatial and geographical scenario taking in mind the historical events.
this paper tells about reasons for earthquakes, how the earthquakes happen,earthquake effects on buildings,how the buildings are respond to the earthquakes and design methods to be fallowed while designing a structure to resist earthquakes
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This document provides an introduction to seismic design of buildings. It discusses key structural actions like bending moments, shear forces, and ductile behavior that allow structures to deform without losing strength. Response spectra are used to determine design seismic actions based on a structure's dynamic properties and site conditions. Ductile design allows structures to withstand major earthquakes through controlled cracking and yielding. Higher modes of vibration and P-delta effects are also considered in design.
In this presentation i have given basic fault study and the important rate and state friction law. The presentation walks through the elastic rebound theory also. Thus the basic idea of why earthquake occurs, how this rate and state law came into the picture is crystal clear.
Earthquakes are very serious problems since they affect human life in various ways. The Earthquakes are mainly prevented by two methods namely Base Isolation Methods and Seismic Dampers. The present paper deals with 1.Increase natural period of structure by "Base Isolation Techniques".2.Increase damping of the system by "Energy Dissipation Devices". In brief manner. This paper explains the main theme of the above methods and their preventive methods about Earthquakes. The present paper deals with structures which resist Earthquakes. It explains the frames which help in resisting Earthquakes. In total, this present paper deals with Methods of resisting Earthquakes and Frames resisting them and also the prominent techniques followed to resist Earthquakes.
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Ground shaking during earthquakes can cause significant damage depending on factors like magnitude, distance from epicenter, and duration of shaking. Strong shaking can collapse buildings, especially those constructed poorly or on weak foundations. Areas with thick unconsolidated sediments are susceptible to liquefaction, where shaking causes soils to lose strength and behave like liquid. This can damage structures and cause ground failures like lateral spreading. Mapping of soil types, groundwater levels, and historical liquefaction helps identify hazard zones to inform construction practices.
1. Earthquakes occur along faults in the Earth's crust due to the buildup and sudden release of strain energy from tectonic plate movement.
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Distinguish between earthquake intensity and magnitude.
Review some current methods of earthquake prediction.
Preparation and steps during and after earthquake.
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focus and epicenter of an earthquake.
Relate earthquake activity to plate tectonics
Describe the types of waves emitted during an earthquake.
Distinguish between earthquake intensity and magnitude.
Review some current methods of earthquake prediction.
Preparation and steps during and after earthquake.
An earthquake is caused by a sudden release of energy stored in rocks below the earth's surface. Most earthquakes occur along existing faults in the earth's crust. There are two key terms used to describe the location of earthquakes - the focus, which is the location below the surface where fault movement begins, and the epicenter, which is the point directly above the focus on the surface.
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STUDY OF EARTHQUAKE ISOLATION SYSTEM.pdf
1. GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE
BHOJPUR
“STUDY OF EARTHQUAKE ISOLATION SYSTEM”
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
A MINOR PROJECT PRESENTATION ON
1
Under the guidance of:
Prof. Samar Sultan
SUBMITTED BY:
1. Aditi Kumari
(21102156912)
2. Baiju Kumar
(21102156913)
3. Divya Darshan
(21102156919)
4. Chitranjan Kumar
(21102156922)
2021-24
2. Outline of the Presentation
1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Laws and Principles applied
• Earthquake Wave Propagation
• Law of Interia (Newton’s 1st law of motion)
• Vibrations and Damping
• Rollers and Spherical Balls
4. Plan of Work
5. References
2
3. Introduction
Tokyo [Japan], April 1 (ANI): The earthquake that struck the Noto Peninsula in Japan on New Year's Day is
still affecting thousands of individuals, as over 8,000 individuals continue to live in evacuation centres,
according to The Japan Times.
The thousands of individuals living in evacuation centres have prompted experts to question why lessons
from past disasters haven't been learned.
A mild earthquake rattled the arid eastern reaches of San Diego County Monday.
The 3.0-magnitude temblor struck at 10:52 a.m. in the Carrizo Valley area, about 10 1/2 miles northeast of
Mount Laguna, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.
Representatives of Cal Fire and the San Diego County Sheriff’s Department said the agencies had received
no calls reporting any problems related to the quake.
–City News Service
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4. Introduction (contd.)
According to the recent news, we have seen that Earthquake only causes disaster and
also damage health facilities and transportation, which can disrupt service delivery and
access to care.
It causes slowing down the development and economical damage of that area.
According to who.int, between 1998-2017, earthquakes caused nearly 750 000 deaths
globally, more than half of all deaths related to natural disasters. More than 125 million
people were affected by earthquakes during this time period, meaning they were injured,
made homeless, displaced or evacuated during the emergency phase of the disaster.
Here comes our idea into effect to minimise the impact of earthquake on human life by
ensuring the isolation of buildings and workshops wherever there is a chance of collapsing
which causes human death, injury and capital loss.
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5. Literature Review
Authors Study Parameters Findings
Clemente and
Martelli , (2017)
Seismic behaviour, base
isolation, seismically isolated structures,
seismic monitoring
By the monitoring of the base isolated
structures, it can be obtained that
development of isolation is needed in
implementation of structures in future.
Dong and
Frangopol , (2015)
Structural damage
Seismic hazard, base-isolated building ,
resilience, non-structural
damage
Repair cost, fatalities and impact to the
environment can be reduced by the help
of
base isolation
Sayani and Ryan,
(2009)
Base isolation, response spectra,
nonlinear analysis, ductility,
seismic effects, performance
characteristics, structural
response, acceleration
After the response history analysis,
findings
show that force reduction factors for
seismically isolated building are less than
the fixed-base ones.
Mitropoulou and
Lagaros (2016)
Seismic isolation, life-cycle cost analysis,
performance-based design, optimization
for structure, probabilistic
dynamic loading.
Compared with the fixed structure, the
isolated structure shows a more flexible
response, in which the frequency is lower.
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6. Laws and Principles applied
Earthquake Wave Propagation
Seismic wave propagation is a ground motion phenomenon that relates to the passage of body waves, including
compression waves and shear waves, radially from the source of earthquake energy release (hypocenter) into the
surrounding rock and soil medium.
The four main types of seismic waves are P waves, S waves, Love waves, and Rayleigh waves.
During an earthquake, surface waves are the seismic waves that cause the most damage. Unlike other seismic
waves that move deep inside the Earth, surface waves move along just under the surface of the Earth like waves in
water.
It is the most dangerous natural phenomenon that generates sizable destruction in structures. It is reported that two
sources of mistakes which would seriously endanger structures are ignoring the ways an earthquake affects
buildings and shoddy construction practices.
As earthquake hits structures, it generates inertia forces which could be greatly destructive causing deformations
and, horizontal and vertical shaking.
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8. Laws and Principles applied (contd.)
Law of Interia (Newton’s 1st law of motion)
Inertia:The tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion.
Newton’s first Law states that all objects have inertia. The more mass an object has, the greater its inertia
and the more force it takes to change its state of motion.
The amount of inertia an object has depends on its mass - which is roughly the amount of material present
in the object. The generation of inertia forces in a structure is one of the seismic influences that
detrimentally affect the structure. When an earthquake causes ground shaking, the base of the building
would move but the roof would be at rest. However, since the walls and columns are attached to it, the
roof is dragged with the base of the building.
The tendency of the roof structure to remain at its original position is called inertia. The inertia forces can
cause shearing of the structure which can concentrate stresses on the weak walls or joints in the structure
resulting in failure or perhaps total collapse.
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9. Laws and Principles applied (contd.)
Law of Interia (Newton’s 1st law of motion)
9
10. Laws and Principles applied (contd.)
Vibrations and Damping
Vibration: When elastic bodies such as a spring, a beam and a shaft are displaced from the equilibrium position
by the application of external forces, and then released, they execute a vibratory motion. This is due to the
reason that, when abody is displaced, the internal forces in the form of elastic or strain energy are present in the
body. At release, these forces bring the body to its original position. When the body reaches the equilibrium
position, the whole of the elastic or strain energy is converted into kinetic energy due to which the body
continues to move in the opposite direction. The whole of the kinetic energy is again converted into strain
energy due to which the body again returns to the equilibrium position. In this way, the vibratory motion is
repeated indefinitely.
Damping: In physical systems, damping is the loss of energy of an oscillating system by dissipation. in damped
vibrations, the amplitude of the resulting vibration gradually diminishes. This is due to the reason that a certain
amount of energy is always dissipated to overcome the frictional resistance. The resistance to the motion of the
body is provided partly by the medium in which the vibration takes place and partly by the internal friction, and
in some cases partly by a dash pot or other external damping device.
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12. Laws and Principles applied (contd.)
Rollers and Spherical Balls
Bearing: It is a machine element which support another moving machine element (known as journal). It
permits a relative motion between the contact surfaces of the members, while carrying the load. A little
consideration will show that due to the relative motion between the contact surfaces, a certain amount of
power is wasted in overcoming frictional resistance and if the rubbing surfaces are in direct contact, there will
be rapid wear which can be compensated by lubrication and choosing self lubricating materials.
Bearings are manufactured to take pure radial loads, pure thrust loads, or a combination of the two kinds of
loads. Since the rolling elements and the races are subjected to high local stresses of varying magnitude
with each revolution of the bearing, therefore the material of the rolling element (i.e. steel) should be
of high quality. The balls are generally made of high carbon chromium steel. The material of both the
balls and races are heat treated to give extra hardness and toughness.
The balls and rollers are manufactured by hot forging on hammers from steel rods. They are then heat-
treated, ground and polished. The races are also formed by forging and then heat-treated, ground and
polished.
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13. Laws and Principles applied (contd.)
Rollers and Spherical Balls
Our objective to be implemented
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14. Plan of Work
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Our objective is to isolate the base of the structure by
providing a flexible interface between the superstructure
and ground foundation that can considerably reduce the
level of earthquake forces transmitted to the building.
For the implementation, 1st, the base section is splitted
into upper and bottom portion.
Then, the surface is made concave in order to provide
spacing to install the balls or rollers.
To the adjacent bases, same method is to be applied but
the radius of curvature is reduced to fill small balls
which will constraint the structure to its original
position.
15. References
1. Khurmi R.S. and Gupta J.K. , “A Textbook of Machine Design”, Eurasia Publishing House (PVT.)
Ltd. 2005
2. Khurmi R.S. and Gupta J.K. , “Theory of Machines”, S.Chand Publishing, 2005
3. Google links:
• https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_wave
• https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/earthquake-effects-structures/2704/
• https://www.who.int/health
topics/earthquakes#:~:text=Earthquakes%20can%20have%20immediate%20and,tsunamis
%20or%20burns%20from%20fires
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/seismic-wave-
propagation#:~:text=Seismic%20wave%20propagation%20is%20a,surrounding%20rock
%20and%20soil%20medium
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