Study in respect of origin distribution of species-wild relatives and forms breeding objectives-major breeding procedures for development of varieties in Green gram

1. PBG ASSIGNMENT
COURSE No- PBG-324
CORSE TITLE- BREEDING OF FIELD AND
HORTICULTURAL CROPS
TOPIC- Study In Respect Of Origin- Distribution Of
Species-wild Relatives And Forms Breeding
Objectives-major Breeding Procedures For
Development Of Varieties In Green Gram
SUBMITTED TO- SUBMITTED BY-
Dr. KAUSHIK KUMAR PANIGRAHI ANANYA DHARASHREE ROUT
( ASST. PROFESSOR)
( DEPT. OF PLANT BREEDING Admn. No.- 05C/14
AND GENETICS)

2.  NAME OF CROP- GREENGRAM
 SCIENTIFIC NAME- Vigna radiata
 FAMILY- FABACEAE
 CHROMOSOME NUMBER- 2n=22
 CENTER OF ORIGIN- INDIA
 MODE OF POLLINATION-SELF
POLLINATION
 OUTCROSSING PERCENTAGE- 0.5%

3.  DISTRIBUTION- India, Pakistan,
Sirlanka, and South Asian
countries.
 In India, Maharashtra, UP, MP,
Karnataka, Gujarat, Tamilnadu and
Rajasthan.

4. PROGENITOR:
 Vigna mungo var silvestris
 Vigna radiata var sublobata –common
progenitor of green gram and black gram.
 Chandel(1984) showed in his study on
vigna that archaeological evidences
correspond very well with the distribution
and co-occurrence of the putative forms
and the cultivated types.
 The populations of this wild species are
well distributed around sub-himalayan
region, KALKA and Shimla hills upto a
height of 2000m.

5. BOTANY-
 Greengram is an erect or sub-erect,
diffusely branched herbaceous annual.
Inflorescence is an axillary or terminal
raceme with 10-20 flowers crowded on
long peduncle. Flowering is
indeterminate in habit.
 A flower is papilionaceous, consists of 5
sepals, 5 petals (one standard, two
wings and two keel), 10 stamens which
are in diadelphous (9+1) condition and
single carpel.

7.  1. Evolving medium duration high yielding
varieties for dry land cultivation.
 2. Evolving short duration high yielding
varieties suitable for irrigated conditions.
This can be used as mixed crop in cotton,
turmeric Short duration varieties are Co2,
Vamban 1, 2 and 3.
 3. Evolving short duration varieties
suitable for rice fallow conditions.
 4. Breeding varieties resistant to diseases
YMV is a serious disease. Leaf crinkle
virus, powdery mildew.

8.  5. Pest : White fly vector for YMV
and leaf crinkle, leaf eating
caterpillar
 6. Breeding for better quality 24%
protein. There are lines having 27%
protein. These can be utilized.
 Quality of black gram is determined
by
 a)Protein content
 b)Methionine content 1.17%
 c)cooking quality -Time
 d)% of hard seeds.
 e)Dal recovery 70%

9. BREEDING PROCEDURES-
 1. Introduction – T9
 2. Pure line selection –Co-3, Co-5
 3. Hybridisation and selection
 Inter Varietal- VBN-3(LBG-402×LBG-17)
 Inter specific -Vigna mungo x V.mungo
var.sylvestris -Pantnagar. YMV resistant
lines obtained. But pod shatters. More
number of back crosses suggested.
 Vigna mungo x V.radiata or increasing pod
length, digestibility. Sterility is the main
problem. Few plants obtained revert back
to parental form

10.  4. Single seed descent (SSD) method-
 SSD in which single seed from F3 to
subsequent generations until a satisfactory
level of homozygosity is achieved. Maturity
wise, one should aim at 90-115 days so that
the maturing crop does not get caught in
rains in September, instead it should
mature in first fortnight of october. For rabi
and summer crops, the maturity duration
should be 60-70 days while for spring crop
it could be around 80-90 days. Mutation
breeding can also be utilized to improve
mungbean using 40-50 kR of gamma rays
or 0.2-0.3% EMS or any other mutagen.

11.  The important donors for desirable
agronomic traits are as
follows(Singh,1991):
 Early maturity- Baisakhi Type 1, PS 16
 More pods- LM 17, LM 46, LM 310, LM 352,
LM 294-I
 Long pods- LM 14, LM 35, LM 55, LM 89, LM
189, LM 314, LM 1030
 More seeds- LM 7, LM 57, LM 95, LM 128,
LM 206, LM 617, LM 715, LM 1030
 Bold seeds- CES S-1-F S, Pirn 171, IC 8839

12.  5. Bulk method and Backcross method
(in specific situation) are also
applicable.
 6. Mutation breeding :Co4 -mutant of
Co1
 7. Embryo rescue: Attempted in
interspecific crosses.

13. RESISTANCE TO
DISEASES-
 Several diseases reported for mungbean are
mungbean yellow mosaic virus, Cercospora leaf
spot, powdery mildew, and bacterial leaf spot. Of
these yellow mosaic and Cercospora leaf spot are
the two major disease problems of this crop (Nene,
19880.
 Yellow Mosaic: This is the most devastating disease
of mungbean in India and pother countries in South
Asia. It causes yellow specks and spots on the
leaves/. The leaves emerging from the apex show
bright yellow patches interspersed by green areas.
Later on these spots enlarge and in severe cases
entire foliage becomes yellow. This virus is
transmitted by whitefly.

15.  The varietal screening for MYMV in a
large scale breeding programme under
field situations can be easily done by
planting susceptible spreader (infector)
rows at regular intervals throughout the
breeding block. Mungbean variety
‘Jalagaon 781’ is one of the varieties used
for this.

16. RESISTANCE TO INSECT-
PEST
 Whitefly, aphids, leaf eating larvae and
pod-borers may cause considerable
damage to greengram.
 These should be used in the crossing
programmes and the segregating
materials be exposed and screened
against these insects preferably in
field conditions under adequate
pressure of the insects.

17.  Whitefly- ML 1,3,5,6,7,15,26,131,170,267,
337, 421, 422, 423,427,435,436,437,438, P
231, 290,292,325,364.
 Jassids- ML 5, 131, 267, 337, 422, 423, 428
 Thrips- G 65, SML 32, 100, 134, 137, 141,
143, 148, 154, 165.
 Aphids- Angul 3-6, NP 1-8, LM 115, MO 10,
MG 50-10, Yellow, MG 500-1 OA, EG-MG-4,
CES 55, CES 44, PHLV 18, 13.
 Pod Borer Mites- V 2107, 2109, 2135, 4270,
TR 1-1093
 Root Knot nematodes- V 1412, 1709, 2010,
2773

20. IDEAL PLANT TYPE:
 For irrigated and Rice fallows:
 Determinate type, short duration,
high dry matter producing with
30cm plant ht. Photo insensitive.
 For rainfed condition:
 Semi determinate with pod setting
from base of the main stem; higher
pod length and more number of
seeds / pod.

21. BREEDING CENTERS
 ICRISAT-(International Crop
Research Institute in Semi Arid
Tropics)-Hyderabad
 ICARDA-(International Crops for
Agricultural Research in Dryland
Areas) –Syria
 AVRDC -(Asian Vegetable Research
and Development Centre)
 IIPR -(Indian Institute of Pulse
Research), Kanpur