The study forecasts that the Fayetteville shale formation in north central Arkansas will produce a cumulative 18 trillion cubic feet of economically recoverable natural gas reserves by 2050, declining to around 400 billion cubic feet per year by 2030 from a current peak of about 950 billion cubic feet per year. It estimates original gas reserves of 80 trillion cubic feet for the study area and identifies key geological parameters that influence production. The analysis models future production and drilling through 2050 under different economic scenarios using a "bottom-up" approach based on production history from existing wells.
This document discusses the use of pedotransfer functions (PTFs) to estimate soil hydraulic properties for use in soil water balance models. The performance of published PTFs developed by Vereecken et al. (1989, 1990) were evaluated by comparing simulated soil moisture contents, pressure heads, and drainage fluxes using estimated soil hydraulic properties against measured field data from a test site. Simulations using estimated properties overpredicted soil moisture contents and drainage fluxes compared to simulations using measured soil hydraulic properties from the test site. The study highlights the need for further evaluation of PTFs against field measurements of soil water balance components before widespread application in models.
The surface soil moisture content (SSMC) is of great importance to the discipline of hydrology as well as to the other relevant studies and applications. Pioneer studies have pointed out that the most promising technique to retrieve SSMC regarding to accuracy and cost-effective belongs to the micro-wave remote sensing. By means of field observed SSMC dataset collected from the Yihe watershed located on the Linyi district, Shangdong province, China, we analyzed and validated the daily AMER-E SSMC products for the year of 2006 with the focus to examine the products quality of AMER-E SSMC for further studies by using the products. The results suggested that the temporal variation trend of AMER-E remotely sensed SSMC is reasonably consistent to the field observed, but is systematic lower than the ground truth in value in the whole year. The correspondence of AMSR-E SSMC product is significant enough compared with the field observed for the whole year except of the month of July and August.
This document discusses optimization of oil production from two wells, B40 and B50, through selection of choke/bean size using nodal analysis. Nodal analysis involves breaking the production system into nodes to study fluid flow variables like pressure and flow rate. Models of the two wells were built using test production data in PIPESIM software. Increasing the bean size from 0.2" to 0.8" significantly increased flow rates for both wells. Ultimately, the optimized bean size selected was 0.28" for well B40 and 0.5" for well B50, increasing their flow rates. The document provides background on choke selection and multiphase flow correlations.
This document outlines the steps in a Petrel course, including loading seismic data, well data like trajectories and logs, creating synthetic seismograms, picking horizons in the time domain, applying seismic attributes, converting horizons to depth using well data, and exporting maps of depth surfaces. The horizon picking was noted to be for practice only.
StreamFlow Variability of 21 Watersheds, OregonDonnych Diaz
This study analyzed the relationship between streamflow runoff and physical attributes in 21 Oregon watersheds. Monthly streamflow data from 1958-2008 was collected and watershed characteristics like elevation, slope, aspect and land cover were determined. A multiple regression model found land cover, elevation and aspect significantly correlated with winter streamflow, but not summer flow. This suggests precipitation is important and the model needs additional variables like soil and snowpack to better predict streamflow runoff.
This study uses atmospheric measurements to estimate methane emissions from an oil and gas production field in Uintah County, Utah. The researchers calculate a methane emission rate of 55±15x103 kg/hr, equivalent to 6.2-11.7% of average natural gas production in the county for that month. This demonstrates the value of the mass balance technique for independently assessing methane emissions from oil and gas regions. The single-day estimate also illustrates the need for more atmospheric measurements to better understand inventory estimates and the variability of emissions over time.
This document provides supporting information for the research paper "Water Use for Shale-Gas Production in Texas, US" including:
1) It summarizes the historical water use for shale gas production in Texas, finding a close match between cumulative gas production and fracking water use.
2) It projects future water use for shale gas production in Texas through 2060, estimating additional water use of over 2,500 kAF with some counties seeing increases of over 100%.
3) It examines water use and efficiency for shale gas compared to other energy sources in Texas such as conventional oil and gas, coal, and renewable energy. Water use per unit of energy for shale gas falls between conventional oil/gas and coal
Runoff is one of the most significant hydrological variables used in most of the water resources applications. Physiographically the area is characterized by undulating topography with plains and valleys. The Soil Conservation Service Curve Numbers also known as hydrologic soil group method were used in this study. This method is adaptable and suitable approach for quick runoff estimation and is approximately easy to use with minimum data and it gives good result. From the study yearly rainfall and runoff were estimated easily. The study area covers an area of 466.02 km2, having maximum length of 36.5 km. The maximum and minimum elevation of the basin is 569 m and 341 m above MSL, respectively.
This document discusses the use of pedotransfer functions (PTFs) to estimate soil hydraulic properties for use in soil water balance models. The performance of published PTFs developed by Vereecken et al. (1989, 1990) were evaluated by comparing simulated soil moisture contents, pressure heads, and drainage fluxes using estimated soil hydraulic properties against measured field data from a test site. Simulations using estimated properties overpredicted soil moisture contents and drainage fluxes compared to simulations using measured soil hydraulic properties from the test site. The study highlights the need for further evaluation of PTFs against field measurements of soil water balance components before widespread application in models.
The surface soil moisture content (SSMC) is of great importance to the discipline of hydrology as well as to the other relevant studies and applications. Pioneer studies have pointed out that the most promising technique to retrieve SSMC regarding to accuracy and cost-effective belongs to the micro-wave remote sensing. By means of field observed SSMC dataset collected from the Yihe watershed located on the Linyi district, Shangdong province, China, we analyzed and validated the daily AMER-E SSMC products for the year of 2006 with the focus to examine the products quality of AMER-E SSMC for further studies by using the products. The results suggested that the temporal variation trend of AMER-E remotely sensed SSMC is reasonably consistent to the field observed, but is systematic lower than the ground truth in value in the whole year. The correspondence of AMSR-E SSMC product is significant enough compared with the field observed for the whole year except of the month of July and August.
This document discusses optimization of oil production from two wells, B40 and B50, through selection of choke/bean size using nodal analysis. Nodal analysis involves breaking the production system into nodes to study fluid flow variables like pressure and flow rate. Models of the two wells were built using test production data in PIPESIM software. Increasing the bean size from 0.2" to 0.8" significantly increased flow rates for both wells. Ultimately, the optimized bean size selected was 0.28" for well B40 and 0.5" for well B50, increasing their flow rates. The document provides background on choke selection and multiphase flow correlations.
This document outlines the steps in a Petrel course, including loading seismic data, well data like trajectories and logs, creating synthetic seismograms, picking horizons in the time domain, applying seismic attributes, converting horizons to depth using well data, and exporting maps of depth surfaces. The horizon picking was noted to be for practice only.
StreamFlow Variability of 21 Watersheds, OregonDonnych Diaz
This study analyzed the relationship between streamflow runoff and physical attributes in 21 Oregon watersheds. Monthly streamflow data from 1958-2008 was collected and watershed characteristics like elevation, slope, aspect and land cover were determined. A multiple regression model found land cover, elevation and aspect significantly correlated with winter streamflow, but not summer flow. This suggests precipitation is important and the model needs additional variables like soil and snowpack to better predict streamflow runoff.
This study uses atmospheric measurements to estimate methane emissions from an oil and gas production field in Uintah County, Utah. The researchers calculate a methane emission rate of 55±15x103 kg/hr, equivalent to 6.2-11.7% of average natural gas production in the county for that month. This demonstrates the value of the mass balance technique for independently assessing methane emissions from oil and gas regions. The single-day estimate also illustrates the need for more atmospheric measurements to better understand inventory estimates and the variability of emissions over time.
This document provides supporting information for the research paper "Water Use for Shale-Gas Production in Texas, US" including:
1) It summarizes the historical water use for shale gas production in Texas, finding a close match between cumulative gas production and fracking water use.
2) It projects future water use for shale gas production in Texas through 2060, estimating additional water use of over 2,500 kAF with some counties seeing increases of over 100%.
3) It examines water use and efficiency for shale gas compared to other energy sources in Texas such as conventional oil and gas, coal, and renewable energy. Water use per unit of energy for shale gas falls between conventional oil/gas and coal
Runoff is one of the most significant hydrological variables used in most of the water resources applications. Physiographically the area is characterized by undulating topography with plains and valleys. The Soil Conservation Service Curve Numbers also known as hydrologic soil group method were used in this study. This method is adaptable and suitable approach for quick runoff estimation and is approximately easy to use with minimum data and it gives good result. From the study yearly rainfall and runoff were estimated easily. The study area covers an area of 466.02 km2, having maximum length of 36.5 km. The maximum and minimum elevation of the basin is 569 m and 341 m above MSL, respectively.
The paper describes efforts to better understand an oil field in Oman through integrated interpretation of pressure, temperature, seismic and other data from a trial steam injection pattern, which showed a non-homogeneous response. Multiple geological models were built calibrated to production and surveillance data, finding that no single concept fully explains observations. A combination of fluvial facies distributions and internal reservoir structure with baffles and structural dip is likely needed to understand steam flood performance.
This document discusses a study analyzing the impact of climate change on precipitation characteristics in Guwahati, India using an Earth System Model. It summarizes the use of statistical downscaling with multiple linear regression to project future precipitation data. Predictors with the highest correlation to total monthly precipitation, maximum monthly precipitation, and number of dry days were selected from the ESM dataset. The downscaled results will be used for flood frequency analysis to project precipitation levels and dry days under different return periods.
LOWERING GROUNDWATER IN THE ARCHAELOGICAL BABYLON CITY USING UNDERGROUND DAMS IAEME Publication
In this study a mathematical model used to simulate the groundwater lowering in the Ancient Babylon City, located 90 kilometres south of the capital Baghdad, Iraq. The solution proposed within this study is constructing of subground in addition to use 21 discharging wells with (45)m depth
distributed around the study area, which covers about (11) km2 Four scenarios are presented basing on the number and location of subground dams used. For each scenario, wells discharge and time of operation are varied and the results were analyzed. The results showed that installing of subground dam effects significantly groundwater elevations in the studied region and reduce time and efforts required to lower the Ancient Babylon City.
18- (IBWRD) Developing an Optimal Design Model of Furrow Irrigation Based on ...Kaveh Ostad-Ali-Askari
This document presents a model for optimizing furrow irrigation design based on minimizing costs and maximizing irrigation efficiency. The model uses the Valiatzas equation to explicitly calculate advance time, an important parameter in irrigation planning. The objective function considers costs of water, labor, and digging furrows and ditches. Variables in the model include furrow length, inflow rate, cutoff time, soil characteristics, and irrigation requirements. The model is presented as a way to compute optimal design values and efficiency for different soil types and crops.
การนำเสนอบทความวิชาการในการประชุมวิชาการ ICUE 2020 on Energy, Environment, and Climate Change International Conference
ระหว่างวันที่ 20-22 ตุลาคม 2563 ในรูปแบบออนไลน์
หัวข้อ Meteorological Drought Hazard Assessment under Future Climate Change Prediction for Agriculture Area in Songkhram River Basin, Thailand
Streamflow simulation using radar-based precipitation applied to the Illinois...Alireza Safari
This paper describes the application of a spatially distributed hydrological model WetSpa (Water and Energy Transfer between Soil, Plants and Atmosphere) using radar-based rainfall data provide by the United States Hydrology Laboratory of NOAA's National Weather Service for a distributed model intercomparison project. The model is applied to the
river basin above Tahlequah hydrometry station with 30-m spatial resolution and one hour time--step for a total simulation period of 6 years. Rainfall inputs are derived from radar. The distributed model parameters are based on an extensive database of watershed characteristics available for the region, including digital maps of DEM, soil type, and land use. The model is calibrated and validated on part of the river flow records. The simulated hydrograph shows a good correspondence with observation (Nash efficiency coeffiecient >80%, indicating that the model is able to simulate the relevant hydrologic processes in the basin accurately.
Modeling CO2 injection into saline aquifers, Gonzalo Zambrano, University of ...Global CCS Institute
The document summarizes research on carbon capture and storage (CCS) being conducted by Dr. Rick Chalaturnyk and his research team at the University of Alberta. Some of the major areas of research include well integrity, reservoir geomechanics processes, risk assessment, and reservoir surveillance. The document provides details on several CCS-related research projects and field tests being carried out to evaluate CO2 injection and storage at sites such as Weyburn and Penn West. Numerical modeling is a key part of the research to simulate CO2 injection and predict fluid movement, trapping mechanisms, and reservoir responses over time.
DEEP PERCOLATION CHARACTERTISTICS VIA SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR APPROACH IN SAIGON...IAEME Publication
As a critical factor of the groundwater balance, the deeper percolation rate plays
an essential role in determining sustainable yields for groundwater resources,
especially in water managements for consecutive drought years. Although, there are
many methods to estimate deeper percolation, investigation of deeper percolation
somehow remains a challenging task. Hence, the paper focused on to explore deep
percolation characteristics of three soil type utilizing Richard’s function (Hydrus 1D)
and observed soil moisture via field moisture sensors. The maximum deep percolation
rate of sand clay loam, sand clay, and clay are estimated to be 4.5 mm/day, 3.5
mm/day, and 2.4 mm/day, respectively. The annual percolation ratios of sand clay
loam, sand clay, and clay are 0.34, 0.27 and 0.04, respectively. The average monthly
percolation rates of sand clay loam, sand clay, and clay vary 2-4.5 mm/day, 1.5-3.5
mm/day, and 0.5-2 mm/day, respectively with the rainfall intensity of 4-14 mm/day.
The experiment gave an insight on deeper percolation characteristics as well as
potential land recharge from rainfall utilizing soil moisture approach for future
groundwater balance evaluation
Sensitivity of AERMOD to Meteorological Data Sets Based on Varying Surface Ro...BREEZE Software
The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the sensitivity of the AERMOD3 Model in modeling identical sources with meteorological data sets derived using both airport and industrial site land use characteristics.
AERMOD is a steady-state Gaussian plume dispersion model used to predict pollutant concentrations from emissions sources. It uses meteorological and site data along with source specifications to calculate pollutant dispersion and concentrations at receptor locations. The model workflow involves using AERMET to process meteorological surface and upper air data along with surface characteristics. AERMAP processes terrain data. BPIP accounts for building downwash effects. The model then calculates concentrations at receptor locations specified by the user. Model output includes concentration and deposition values at receptors which can be used to assess impacts and compliance with air quality standards.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
25 decovalex 2019 geochemical and reactive transport evaluations with relevan...leann_mays
The document summarizes work evaluating geochemical trends in groundwater data from the GREET field experiment in Japan. It describes analyzing groundwater chemistry data from monitoring borehole MSB-2 to explore fluid mixing using geochemical modeling. EQ3/6 simulations of dilution and mixing of waters from Zones 1 and 7 of MSB-2 reproduced observed calcium and sulfate trends. The document also details planned 1D reactive transport modeling using PFLOTRAN of the Closure Test Drift to simulate the effects of cement interactions on porewater chemistry.
This document summarizes the process of reservoir modeling and simulation for the Saldanadi Gas Field in Bangladesh using Petrel 2009.1.1 and FrontSim software. The workflow includes collecting seismic, well, and production data; interpreting horizons and faults from seismic lines; developing structural and stratigraphic models; modeling properties; simulating initial conditions and production; and history matching simulation results to field data. The objectives are to better understand reservoir characteristics, locate new wells, and forecast production and investment needs to further develop the field.
Projection of future Temperature and Precipitation for Jhelum river basin in ...IJERA Editor
In this paper, downscaling models are developed using a Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) for obtaining projections of mean monthly temperature and precipitation for Jhelum river basin. Precipitation and temperature data are the most frequently used forcing terms in hydrological models. However, the available General Circulation Models (GCMs), which are widely used nowadays to simulate future climate scenarios, do not provide those variables to the need of the models. The purpose of this study is therefore, to apply a statistical downscaling method and assess its strength in reproducing current climate and project future climate. Regression based downscaling technique was usedtodownscaletheCGCM3, HadCM3 and Echam5 GCMpredictionsoftheA1B scenario for the Jhelum river basin located in India. The Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) model shows an increasing trend in temperature in the study area until the end of the 21st century. The average annual temperature showed an increase of 2.37°, 1.50°C and 2.02°C respectively for CGCM3, HadCM3 and Echam5 models over 21st century under A1B scenario. The total annual precipitation decreased by 30.27%, 30.58°C and 36.53% respectively for CGCM3, HadCM3 and Echam5 models over 21st century in A1B scenario using MLR technique. The performance of the linear multiple regression models was evaluated based on several statistical performance indicators.
SIMULATION OF VAPOR AND HEAT FLUXES OVER WET AND DRY REGIME IN PADDY FIELD EN...IAEME Publication
Alternating dry-wet paddy field management such as System of Rice Intensification
(SRI) had become an interesting subject in research and development in paddy
cultivation which also been subject for trial for its implementation. The field’s
environment’s variation of biophysical parameters related to production had also
become important to be studied. This study aims to simulate the variation of
evaporation and thermal condition over a wet and dry regime of paddy field. The
simulation model used in this study was a combination of numerical surface energy
balance and soil water flow model consisting two layered resistance energy balance
model for non-ponded field, one-dimensional atmospheric boundary layer model of
wind, temperature and vapor changes, and soil heat transfer and soil water flow
models. Meteorological parameters at the site were measured and utilized as input for
the simulation. The simulation shows the fluctuating latent, sensible and ground heat
flux and also the variation of temperature, and soil condition for wet and dry regime
of paddy field.
Reserve Estimation of Initial Oil and Gas by using Volumetric Method in Mann ...ijtsrd
This research paper is focused to estimate the current production rate of the wells and to predict field remaining reserves. The remaining reserve depends on the production points that selected to represent the real well behavior, the way of dealing with the production data, and the human errors that might happen during the life of the field. Reserves estimating methods are usually categorized into three families analogy, volumetric, and performance techniques. Reserve Estimators should utilize the particular methods, and the number of methods, which in their professional judgment are most appropriate given i the geographic location, formation characteristics and nature of the property or group of properties with respect to which reserves are being estimated ii the amount and quality of available data and iii the significance of such property or group of properties in relation to the oil and gas properties with respect to which reserves are being estimated. In this research paper, the calculation of collecting data and sample by volumetric method are suggested to estimate the oil and gas production rate with time by using the geological configuration and the historical production data from CD 3700 3800 sand in Mann Oil Field. San Win "Reserve Estimation of Initial Oil and Gas by using Volumetric Method in Mann Oil Field" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27945.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/petroleum-engineering/27945/reserve-estimation-of-initial-oil-and-gas-by-using-volumetric-method-in-mann-oil-field/san-win
The Development of a Catchment Management Modelling System for the Googong Re...GavanThomas
A scenario assessment model to assist the end-user in determining priorities for a series of agreed management prescriptions that can be enacted through controls on existing landuse
This document contains information from a reservoir simulation project. It includes:
1. Names of team members and thanks to the project supervisor.
2. An assignment to calculate the original oil in place (OOIP) using material balance and estimate porosity, and match the water production rate in the history.
3. Details of the reservoir data, equations, and spreadsheets used to calculate OOIP and porosity.
4. Comments that the model achieved a good history match for wellhead pressure and oil rate and that changes made to parameters like porosity and permeability were reasonable.
Mike Meade from M3 Marine Group gave a presentation at the Subsea Conference in Singapore on March 18-19, 2015 about country-specific finance challenges and opportunities in the subsea sector. He noted that exploration and production spending is down, resulting in decreased demand for subsea services in 2015-2016. This coupled with oversupply in the industry leaves some vessel owners exposed, especially those with more commoditized tonnage like ROV support vessels. However, consolidation in the industry could lead to improved market discipline. Meade also discussed how demand remains in Mexico and Brazil but projects there face delays and increased costs. The oil price shock and high industry costs have caused oil companies to cut budgets significantly.
IT Managers: Goodbye Reporting, Hello InsightNumerify
As an IT Manager you probably use operational analytic solutions like Splunk and SumoLogic to go deep into log data to tell you the health of your servers and applications, yet you still rely on spreadsheet to analyze your processes and people related data.
While KPI tools may help a little, we know with some of your problems getting to the root cause can be difficult and time consuming. Numerify Analytics gives you flexible and insight in visually appealing application to understand and improve your IT services by getting to the “Why” of things.
Numerify IT Asset Analytics for ServiceNowNumerify
Numerify 360 for IT is a suite of analytic applications designed for ServiceNow that enables IT teams to better manage inventory, streamline asset delivery, and optimize asset lifecycle costs. It provides asset managers with insights to most effectively manage assets and deliver value for the business. Numerify mines ServiceNow data and converts it into easy-to-understand analytics and visualizations to help managers understand trends, anticipate demand, track procurement and deployment, and analyze total asset costs. The benefits include pre-built dashboards and reports, discovery tools to build new reports, and deep insights into areas like fulfillment, lifecycle, and utilization.
The paper describes efforts to better understand an oil field in Oman through integrated interpretation of pressure, temperature, seismic and other data from a trial steam injection pattern, which showed a non-homogeneous response. Multiple geological models were built calibrated to production and surveillance data, finding that no single concept fully explains observations. A combination of fluvial facies distributions and internal reservoir structure with baffles and structural dip is likely needed to understand steam flood performance.
This document discusses a study analyzing the impact of climate change on precipitation characteristics in Guwahati, India using an Earth System Model. It summarizes the use of statistical downscaling with multiple linear regression to project future precipitation data. Predictors with the highest correlation to total monthly precipitation, maximum monthly precipitation, and number of dry days were selected from the ESM dataset. The downscaled results will be used for flood frequency analysis to project precipitation levels and dry days under different return periods.
LOWERING GROUNDWATER IN THE ARCHAELOGICAL BABYLON CITY USING UNDERGROUND DAMS IAEME Publication
In this study a mathematical model used to simulate the groundwater lowering in the Ancient Babylon City, located 90 kilometres south of the capital Baghdad, Iraq. The solution proposed within this study is constructing of subground in addition to use 21 discharging wells with (45)m depth
distributed around the study area, which covers about (11) km2 Four scenarios are presented basing on the number and location of subground dams used. For each scenario, wells discharge and time of operation are varied and the results were analyzed. The results showed that installing of subground dam effects significantly groundwater elevations in the studied region and reduce time and efforts required to lower the Ancient Babylon City.
18- (IBWRD) Developing an Optimal Design Model of Furrow Irrigation Based on ...Kaveh Ostad-Ali-Askari
This document presents a model for optimizing furrow irrigation design based on minimizing costs and maximizing irrigation efficiency. The model uses the Valiatzas equation to explicitly calculate advance time, an important parameter in irrigation planning. The objective function considers costs of water, labor, and digging furrows and ditches. Variables in the model include furrow length, inflow rate, cutoff time, soil characteristics, and irrigation requirements. The model is presented as a way to compute optimal design values and efficiency for different soil types and crops.
การนำเสนอบทความวิชาการในการประชุมวิชาการ ICUE 2020 on Energy, Environment, and Climate Change International Conference
ระหว่างวันที่ 20-22 ตุลาคม 2563 ในรูปแบบออนไลน์
หัวข้อ Meteorological Drought Hazard Assessment under Future Climate Change Prediction for Agriculture Area in Songkhram River Basin, Thailand
Streamflow simulation using radar-based precipitation applied to the Illinois...Alireza Safari
This paper describes the application of a spatially distributed hydrological model WetSpa (Water and Energy Transfer between Soil, Plants and Atmosphere) using radar-based rainfall data provide by the United States Hydrology Laboratory of NOAA's National Weather Service for a distributed model intercomparison project. The model is applied to the
river basin above Tahlequah hydrometry station with 30-m spatial resolution and one hour time--step for a total simulation period of 6 years. Rainfall inputs are derived from radar. The distributed model parameters are based on an extensive database of watershed characteristics available for the region, including digital maps of DEM, soil type, and land use. The model is calibrated and validated on part of the river flow records. The simulated hydrograph shows a good correspondence with observation (Nash efficiency coeffiecient >80%, indicating that the model is able to simulate the relevant hydrologic processes in the basin accurately.
Modeling CO2 injection into saline aquifers, Gonzalo Zambrano, University of ...Global CCS Institute
The document summarizes research on carbon capture and storage (CCS) being conducted by Dr. Rick Chalaturnyk and his research team at the University of Alberta. Some of the major areas of research include well integrity, reservoir geomechanics processes, risk assessment, and reservoir surveillance. The document provides details on several CCS-related research projects and field tests being carried out to evaluate CO2 injection and storage at sites such as Weyburn and Penn West. Numerical modeling is a key part of the research to simulate CO2 injection and predict fluid movement, trapping mechanisms, and reservoir responses over time.
DEEP PERCOLATION CHARACTERTISTICS VIA SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR APPROACH IN SAIGON...IAEME Publication
As a critical factor of the groundwater balance, the deeper percolation rate plays
an essential role in determining sustainable yields for groundwater resources,
especially in water managements for consecutive drought years. Although, there are
many methods to estimate deeper percolation, investigation of deeper percolation
somehow remains a challenging task. Hence, the paper focused on to explore deep
percolation characteristics of three soil type utilizing Richard’s function (Hydrus 1D)
and observed soil moisture via field moisture sensors. The maximum deep percolation
rate of sand clay loam, sand clay, and clay are estimated to be 4.5 mm/day, 3.5
mm/day, and 2.4 mm/day, respectively. The annual percolation ratios of sand clay
loam, sand clay, and clay are 0.34, 0.27 and 0.04, respectively. The average monthly
percolation rates of sand clay loam, sand clay, and clay vary 2-4.5 mm/day, 1.5-3.5
mm/day, and 0.5-2 mm/day, respectively with the rainfall intensity of 4-14 mm/day.
The experiment gave an insight on deeper percolation characteristics as well as
potential land recharge from rainfall utilizing soil moisture approach for future
groundwater balance evaluation
Sensitivity of AERMOD to Meteorological Data Sets Based on Varying Surface Ro...BREEZE Software
The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the sensitivity of the AERMOD3 Model in modeling identical sources with meteorological data sets derived using both airport and industrial site land use characteristics.
AERMOD is a steady-state Gaussian plume dispersion model used to predict pollutant concentrations from emissions sources. It uses meteorological and site data along with source specifications to calculate pollutant dispersion and concentrations at receptor locations. The model workflow involves using AERMET to process meteorological surface and upper air data along with surface characteristics. AERMAP processes terrain data. BPIP accounts for building downwash effects. The model then calculates concentrations at receptor locations specified by the user. Model output includes concentration and deposition values at receptors which can be used to assess impacts and compliance with air quality standards.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
25 decovalex 2019 geochemical and reactive transport evaluations with relevan...leann_mays
The document summarizes work evaluating geochemical trends in groundwater data from the GREET field experiment in Japan. It describes analyzing groundwater chemistry data from monitoring borehole MSB-2 to explore fluid mixing using geochemical modeling. EQ3/6 simulations of dilution and mixing of waters from Zones 1 and 7 of MSB-2 reproduced observed calcium and sulfate trends. The document also details planned 1D reactive transport modeling using PFLOTRAN of the Closure Test Drift to simulate the effects of cement interactions on porewater chemistry.
This document summarizes the process of reservoir modeling and simulation for the Saldanadi Gas Field in Bangladesh using Petrel 2009.1.1 and FrontSim software. The workflow includes collecting seismic, well, and production data; interpreting horizons and faults from seismic lines; developing structural and stratigraphic models; modeling properties; simulating initial conditions and production; and history matching simulation results to field data. The objectives are to better understand reservoir characteristics, locate new wells, and forecast production and investment needs to further develop the field.
Projection of future Temperature and Precipitation for Jhelum river basin in ...IJERA Editor
In this paper, downscaling models are developed using a Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) for obtaining projections of mean monthly temperature and precipitation for Jhelum river basin. Precipitation and temperature data are the most frequently used forcing terms in hydrological models. However, the available General Circulation Models (GCMs), which are widely used nowadays to simulate future climate scenarios, do not provide those variables to the need of the models. The purpose of this study is therefore, to apply a statistical downscaling method and assess its strength in reproducing current climate and project future climate. Regression based downscaling technique was usedtodownscaletheCGCM3, HadCM3 and Echam5 GCMpredictionsoftheA1B scenario for the Jhelum river basin located in India. The Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) model shows an increasing trend in temperature in the study area until the end of the 21st century. The average annual temperature showed an increase of 2.37°, 1.50°C and 2.02°C respectively for CGCM3, HadCM3 and Echam5 models over 21st century under A1B scenario. The total annual precipitation decreased by 30.27%, 30.58°C and 36.53% respectively for CGCM3, HadCM3 and Echam5 models over 21st century in A1B scenario using MLR technique. The performance of the linear multiple regression models was evaluated based on several statistical performance indicators.
SIMULATION OF VAPOR AND HEAT FLUXES OVER WET AND DRY REGIME IN PADDY FIELD EN...IAEME Publication
Alternating dry-wet paddy field management such as System of Rice Intensification
(SRI) had become an interesting subject in research and development in paddy
cultivation which also been subject for trial for its implementation. The field’s
environment’s variation of biophysical parameters related to production had also
become important to be studied. This study aims to simulate the variation of
evaporation and thermal condition over a wet and dry regime of paddy field. The
simulation model used in this study was a combination of numerical surface energy
balance and soil water flow model consisting two layered resistance energy balance
model for non-ponded field, one-dimensional atmospheric boundary layer model of
wind, temperature and vapor changes, and soil heat transfer and soil water flow
models. Meteorological parameters at the site were measured and utilized as input for
the simulation. The simulation shows the fluctuating latent, sensible and ground heat
flux and also the variation of temperature, and soil condition for wet and dry regime
of paddy field.
Reserve Estimation of Initial Oil and Gas by using Volumetric Method in Mann ...ijtsrd
This research paper is focused to estimate the current production rate of the wells and to predict field remaining reserves. The remaining reserve depends on the production points that selected to represent the real well behavior, the way of dealing with the production data, and the human errors that might happen during the life of the field. Reserves estimating methods are usually categorized into three families analogy, volumetric, and performance techniques. Reserve Estimators should utilize the particular methods, and the number of methods, which in their professional judgment are most appropriate given i the geographic location, formation characteristics and nature of the property or group of properties with respect to which reserves are being estimated ii the amount and quality of available data and iii the significance of such property or group of properties in relation to the oil and gas properties with respect to which reserves are being estimated. In this research paper, the calculation of collecting data and sample by volumetric method are suggested to estimate the oil and gas production rate with time by using the geological configuration and the historical production data from CD 3700 3800 sand in Mann Oil Field. San Win "Reserve Estimation of Initial Oil and Gas by using Volumetric Method in Mann Oil Field" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27945.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/petroleum-engineering/27945/reserve-estimation-of-initial-oil-and-gas-by-using-volumetric-method-in-mann-oil-field/san-win
The Development of a Catchment Management Modelling System for the Googong Re...GavanThomas
A scenario assessment model to assist the end-user in determining priorities for a series of agreed management prescriptions that can be enacted through controls on existing landuse
This document contains information from a reservoir simulation project. It includes:
1. Names of team members and thanks to the project supervisor.
2. An assignment to calculate the original oil in place (OOIP) using material balance and estimate porosity, and match the water production rate in the history.
3. Details of the reservoir data, equations, and spreadsheets used to calculate OOIP and porosity.
4. Comments that the model achieved a good history match for wellhead pressure and oil rate and that changes made to parameters like porosity and permeability were reasonable.
Mike Meade from M3 Marine Group gave a presentation at the Subsea Conference in Singapore on March 18-19, 2015 about country-specific finance challenges and opportunities in the subsea sector. He noted that exploration and production spending is down, resulting in decreased demand for subsea services in 2015-2016. This coupled with oversupply in the industry leaves some vessel owners exposed, especially those with more commoditized tonnage like ROV support vessels. However, consolidation in the industry could lead to improved market discipline. Meade also discussed how demand remains in Mexico and Brazil but projects there face delays and increased costs. The oil price shock and high industry costs have caused oil companies to cut budgets significantly.
IT Managers: Goodbye Reporting, Hello InsightNumerify
As an IT Manager you probably use operational analytic solutions like Splunk and SumoLogic to go deep into log data to tell you the health of your servers and applications, yet you still rely on spreadsheet to analyze your processes and people related data.
While KPI tools may help a little, we know with some of your problems getting to the root cause can be difficult and time consuming. Numerify Analytics gives you flexible and insight in visually appealing application to understand and improve your IT services by getting to the “Why” of things.
Numerify IT Asset Analytics for ServiceNowNumerify
Numerify 360 for IT is a suite of analytic applications designed for ServiceNow that enables IT teams to better manage inventory, streamline asset delivery, and optimize asset lifecycle costs. It provides asset managers with insights to most effectively manage assets and deliver value for the business. Numerify mines ServiceNow data and converts it into easy-to-understand analytics and visualizations to help managers understand trends, anticipate demand, track procurement and deployment, and analyze total asset costs. The benefits include pre-built dashboards and reports, discovery tools to build new reports, and deep insights into areas like fulfillment, lifecycle, and utilization.
This short document encourages the reader to create their own Haiku Deck presentation on SlideShare by getting started. It suggests that the reader may feel inspired to convey their ideas or thoughts through this visual storytelling tool. In just one sentence, it promotes taking the initial step of getting started to begin crafting a Haiku Deck presentation.
The document outlines a 1-hour workshop on using Excel formulas and functions. It will introduce basic formulas using mathematical operators and functions like SUM. It will cover entering static and dynamic formulas, order of precedence, and using the AutoSum feature and functions to simplify formulas. Exercises will have students create simple formulas and use functions.
The document discusses the development of a student magazine and rock magazine for a school project. It describes researching conventions of real magazines, including colors, layouts, and common elements. For the student magazine, a student photo and colors like pink and purple were used. For the rock magazine, the writer analyzed real rock magazines and conducted surveys. The rock magazine, called "Crash," uses black, white, and yellow with a male model on the cover wearing rock-style clothing. Headlines and quotes were added to engage readers. The contents page and double-page spread follow conventions learned from research.
Numerify IT Financial Analytics for ServiceNowNumerify
This document discusses Numerify 360, a suite of analytic applications designed for ServiceNow. It enables IT leaders to get visibility into spend composition and trends to help control costs and manage budgets. The analytics tool mines data from ServiceNow to provide financial insights and metrics in visually intuitive dashboards. This helps managers make strategic decisions and drive cost savings across areas like vendor spend and budget variances.
This short document contains photos credited to various photographers and encourages the reader to create their own Haiku Deck presentation on SlideShare by providing a link to get started. It showcases photos from multiple photographers without captions to inspire the creation of visual presentations.
The document provides a menu for a dinner party including starter salad options, soup, entree options of beef, chicken and seafood, sides, dessert, and beverage options. It also includes options for hors d'oeuvres, cheese and vegetable platters, and pricing for additional menu items like shrimp or lobster tails. The final pages include a credit card authorization form for the $200 deposit and balance payment for the event.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck, a tool for making slideshows. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation and sharing it on SlideShare. In just one sentence, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck to easily create engaging slideshows.
Through research of conventions of student and rock magazines, the author created a mock rock magazine called "Crash" that uses various real magazine conventions. For the cover, the author used a male model photo and included headlines, straplines and a barcode in typical locations. The contents page maintained the house style and included multiple photos and article information. A double page feature spread used a 50/50 layout with a main photo overlapping pages and a pull quote. Research like surveys and interviews informed design choices to appeal to the target audience.
Numerify IT Service Analytics for ServiceNowNumerify
Numerify360 is a suite of cloud-based analytic applications designed for IT service management tools like ServiceNow. It mines data from these tools to provide actionable insights through dashboards and reports. This helps IT teams better manage resources, track SLA performance, and improve efficiency. Managers can use the analytics to identify bottlenecks, maximize team performance, and lower costs.
Haiku Deck is a presentation platform that allows users to create Haiku-style slideshows. The document encourages the reader to get started creating their own Haiku Deck presentation on SlideShare by providing a link to do so. It pitches the idea of making Haiku Deck presentations without providing many details about the tool itself.
This 3 sentence document repeats the name Kaitlin Callahan and mentions FlourSack 3 times. It does not provide much context or information beyond repeating the same short phrase multiple times.
IRJET- Slope Stability Evaluations by Limit Equilibrium and Finite Element Me...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study that evaluates slope stability using limit equilibrium (LE) and finite element (FE) methods. Soil parameters were obtained from laboratory testing of samples from a slope site in Surat, India. Two LE software programs (SLOPE/W) and one FE program (PLAXIS) were used to analyze the slope stability under dry and wet season conditions. The results found that groundwater is a potential destabilizing factor, and lowering the water table significantly improved the factor of safety. Both methods produced similar factors of safety, but the FE method is becoming more popular due to its ability to model stress-strain behavior. Precise input parameters are important for accuracy regardless of the analysis method used.
Implementation of a Finite Element Model to Generate Synthetic data for Open ...IRJET Journal
This document describes the implementation of a finite element model to generate synthetic groundwater data for dewatering an open pit mine. The model considers different pumping scenarios with varying numbers of pumping wells. It includes details on the conceptual model of the pit geometry and aquifer properties. The model is discretized into finite elements and simulated using FEFLOW software. Four scenarios are modeled with 3, 6, 9, or 12 pumping wells operating over 5 months. Results show decreasing water levels in the pit lake with increasing numbers of wells, but flooding would still occur with only 6 wells after 5 months of pumping.
The Role of Geotechnical Site Investigations of Lekki Toll Road Infrastructur...Christian Olele
- The document discusses a geotechnical site investigation conducted for the Lekki Toll Road infrastructure project in Lagos, Nigeria.
- The investigation included boreholes, standard penetration tests, and laboratory tests to characterize the soil conditions along the route.
- At the proposed Admiralty Toll Plaza site, the subsurface profile consisted of loose to medium dense lagoonal sands, with the water table located between 0.5-2.4m below ground surface. Founding structures on shallow foundations bearing in the sands was recommended.
This document summarizes a study on predicting the post-breakthrough performance of simultaneous water and gas coning in horizontal wells. A reservoir model was created using reservoir simulation software to model an oil zone between a gas cap and aquifer. Sensitivity analysis was performed by varying reservoir and fluid parameters to determine which most influence coning behavior. Correlations were developed using regression analysis to predict breakthrough time, gas-oil ratio (GOR), and water-oil ratio (WOR) based on the height of the oil column above and below perforations. The correlations can be used to estimate post-breakthrough performance in horizontal wells experiencing simultaneous water and gas coning.
Bill Johnson SPE Paper Contest AbstractBill Johnson
This study uses steady-state flow simulation to analyze the hydrodynamic production characteristics of long versus short lateral wells in shale formations. The simulation found that a 10,000 foot lateral can provide a production uplift of only 1.8 times compared to a 5,000 foot lateral, due to increased frictional pressure losses in the longer wellbore. Toe-up and toe-down completions did not show significant production differences. While steady-state simulation provides a quick method to evaluate responses, transient analysis is needed to fully characterize effects like liquid accumulation at low points.
Resource Assessment of Potentially Producible Natural Gas Volumes From the Ma...Marcellus Drilling News
A so-called "study" by discredited peak oil theorist Art Berman on behalf of the New York League of [Liberal Democrat Anti-Drilling] Women Voters. The ladies wanted a study that would say "ain't enough gas at these prices to make it worth fracking for." They got what they asked for. A laughable piece of trash trying to pass as research.
Mitigation of Thermal Power Plant Generated Fly Ash through Fal-G BrickIRJET Journal
This document discusses the environmental impacts of conventional burnt clay brick manufacturing and proposes using fly ash-lime-gypsum (FaL-G) bricks as an alternative. It notes that burnt clay brick making removes fertile topsoil, pollutes the air, and impacts water quality and worker health. Meanwhile, thermal power plants produce large amounts of fly ash waste. FaL-G bricks utilize fly ash, reducing dumping impacts while providing structural benefits over burnt clay bricks. FaL-G bricks are lighter, stronger, and more cost-effective and environmentally friendly to produce. The document concludes that using FaL-G bricks can help mitigate fly ash waste while improving the construction industry's environmental impacts.
ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE FILLED HYBRID FOUNDATIONIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing concrete filled hybrid foundations for offshore wind turbines. Concrete filled hybrid foundations are an improved version of traditional hybrid foundations, consisting of a double-walled monopile filled with concrete, surrounded by a wide, shallow bucket with radial stiffeners. The study uses finite element modeling to analyze the maximum horizontal displacement and moment capacity of different concrete filled hybrid foundation parameters. Initial validation studies show the finite element models agree well with results from previous research on monopile and hybrid foundations.
SPE 160891 Tar Characterization for Optimum Reservoir .docxrafbolet0
SPE 160891
Tar Characterization for Optimum Reservoir Management Strategy
Muhammad Al-Harthi, Mohammed Al-Ali, Ronny Gunarto/ Saudi Aramco
Copyright 2012, Society of Petroleum Engineers
This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPE Saudi Arabia Section Technical Symposium and Exhibition held in Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia, 8–11 April 2012.
This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper
have not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material, as presented, does not necessarily reflect any position
of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its officers, or members. Papers presented at the SPE meetings are subject to publication review by Editorial Committee of Society of
Petroleum Engineers. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper without the written consent of the Society of Petroleum Engineers is prohibited.
Permission to reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous acknowledgment of
where and whom the paper was presented. Write Librarian, SPE, P.O. Box 833836, Richardson, TX 75083-3836, U.S.A., fax 01-972-952-9435.
Abstract
Tar mats are extra-heavy bitumen that occur between
aquifers and overlaying oil columns. They seal either
partially or completely an oil reservoir from its
aquifer and reduces aquifer support. Tar
characterization includes evaluation of the tar
distribution and its sealing degree. It is an important
prerequisite to optimize the water injection well’s
requirement and placement to maximize sweep and
recovery.
This paper discusses a case study and demonstrates
an integrated methodology by using static and
dynamic data to determine the tar distribution and its
sealing degree. The study includes both early life data
before the subject field was put in production, as put
on production, and post-production data to refine the
characterization. Additionally, the use of formation
pressure while drilling and Pyrolytic Oil-Productivity
Index (POPI) analysis to optimize the injector’s
placement will also be highlighted. Moreover,
saturation and production logging tool analysis were
incorporated to determine if there is aquifer influx
across the tar mat. The degree of the aquifer influx is
also evaluated using material balance and reservoir
simulation.
Introduction
Field X is one of Saudi Aramco fields that was
developed with four producing reservoirs namely, 1,
2, 3 and 4 reservoirs. The producing reservoirs have
relatively good reservoir quality with average
permeability of 310 md. The value is only one-third
of average permeability from pressure build up which
indicates an existence of fractures. The reservoir
properties are relatively uniform.
Estimate of Impacts of EPA Proposals to Reduce Air Emissions from Hydraulic F...Marcellus Drilling News
A study commissioned by the American Petroleum Insitutue and authored by Advanced Resources International finds that if proposed new air emissions regulations go into effect later in 2012, the effect will be to reduce new drilling from fracking by 52%, and result in an 11% decrease in natural gas supplies and a 37% decrease in domestic oil production.
- Commerce Resources completed drilling at the Ashram Rare Earth Deposit in northern Quebec, with highlights including 34.53 metres of 2.12% TREO and 60.83 metres of 2.03% TREO.
- Drill hole EC15-114 intersected 17.25 metres of 2.08% TREO, including 1.46 metres of 4.57% TREO, and encountered significant middle and heavy rare earth oxide mineralization.
- The drilling was aimed at increasing resource confidence for a pre-feasibility study by further delineating the deposit along its eastern margin.
Effect of Petrophysical Parameters on Water Saturation in Carbonate FormationIJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study on the effect of petrophysical parameters on water saturation in carbonate formations. The study analyzed data from two wells, including porosity, resistivity, and water saturation measurements from well logs and core analysis. Cementation factors ranged from 1.44 to 1.93 from core analysis and logs respectively. Tortuosity factors were 1.11 from logs and 1.6 from core analysis. Saturation exponents were 2.58 from logs and 2.095 from core analysis. Average water saturation from logs was 0.54% and from core analysis was 0.39%. The study aimed to obtain more accurate water saturation estimates by analyzing variations in cementation factor and saturation exponent from different measurement techniques
The Potential of Local Materials on The Manufacturing Cost of A Cylindrical F...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This work aims to study the impact of using local materials on the manufacturing cost of a cylindrical floating digester. Black basalt stones cut, several stones uncut and sheets have been chosen. During construction the gas tank is built from two types of metal. The black sheets of 15/10 and 8/10 obtained from ordinary metal drums of 200 L. The results show that a modified cylindrical digester gas tank float was built with stone. Its volume is 25m3 , its diameter and height are respectively 3.2 m and 3.1 m. The biogas tank is capable of storing 9.8 m3 of this one. The average quantities of other materials like cut stones, various stones, sand are respectively 0.88, 0.62 and 0.484 ton/m3 digester. The use of sheet 8/10 recovered from metal drums is not appropriate. The financial evaluation shows that the construction work cost is approximately 52.000CFA/m3 digester. Using local materials reduces the cost of construction of a biogas unit.
Field Experience from a Biotechnology Approach to Water Flood ImprovementBill-NewAERO
Abstract
This paper is based on a field implementation in the United States of a biological process for improving waterflood performance. The Activated Environment for Recovery Optimization (“AERO™”) System is being developed by Glori in collaboration with Statoil and derives its roots from a microbial enhanced oil recovery technology developed and successfully implemented by Statoil offshore Norway. Unique among IOR technologies, AERO implementation requires virtually no capital investment and achieves high performance efficiencies at low operational cost. The simplicity of setup allows pilot project implementation creating a very low risk entry point for the operator.
A pilot project was selected for a controlled investigation of the performance and impact. Robust testing was done in both water and oil phases prior to treatment, confirming the potential for improved sweep and conformance from the project. Subsequent implementation resulted in decreased water cut and increased oil recovery observable both at the wellhead and allocated pilot levels.
This paper summarizes a rigorous analysis of the pilot project‟s performance to date, concluding that the production improvement should be credited to the implementation of the AERO™ System.
New AERO Technology (www.new-aero.com) is a green biotech company focusing on the recovery of oil more efficiently and effectively as well as wastewater treatment, contaminated soil/mud remediation and related data science. The AERO™ (Activated Environment for Recovery of Oil) technology was a recipient of 10 prestigious innovation awards since 2013. Earlier this year, the technology was named the top technology breakthroughs by CNPC and passed technical and projects evaluating phases for a $149 million US DOE LPO for Advanced Fossil Fuels.
The AERO™ is a low-cost, low-risk, easy to deploy bio-technology that builds on successful projects by Statoil and Glori Energy since the 1990s and has proven to be effective in enhancing the recovery of residual oil from active reservoirs that are undergoing waterflood in North Sea, USA, Canada and Brazil oilfields.
Company details
Website
http://www.new-aero.com
Email:bill.chang@new-aero.com
4315 South Dr. Houston, TX, 77053
Specialties
EOR, biotech, Wax removal, Produced water management, clean tech, production enhancement, low-cost EOR, scale removal, Lithium, microbe, and MEOR
Natural Gas Compressibility Factor Correlation Evaluation for Niger Delta Gas...IOSR Journals
This document presents a new natural gas compressibility factor correlation developed specifically for Niger Delta gas fields in Nigeria. Laboratory PVT reports from 22 gas reservoirs in the Niger Delta were compiled into a database and used to evaluate existing compressibility factor correlations. A new correlation was then developed using the database. The performance of the new correlation was found to have the lowest standard error and absolute error compared to other evaluated correlations when calculating z-factors for different Niger Delta reservoir systems. Statistical analysis also showed the new correlation had the highest correlation coefficients and best matched experimental and other estimated z-factor values. It was concluded that the new developed correlation and that of Papay correlation are the most appropriate for calculating natural gas compressibility factors in Niger Delta gas fields
Far East Energy - Corporate Presentation January 2014Company Spotlight
Far East Energy Corporation is a leading developer of coalbed methane resources in China. The company's large block in Shouyang has high permeability and gas content, making it one of the few large CBM blocks in China with this important characteristic. The block has over 440 Bcf of net proved and probable reserves and a post-tax NPV of over $2 billion based on a long term gas sales contract with favorable pricing. The block benefits from excellent infrastructure including multiple pipelines and markets with over 325 MMcf/d of potential offtake capacity, positioning Far East Energy for strong production and cash flow growth.
A so-called study by an anti-drilling Duke University professor, Avner Vengosh, who says frackers have used 250 billion gallons of precious water from 2005-2014. That's less than 1% of water used in industrial activities--essentially an asterisk in water usage. But Vengosh points out the environmental holocaust that teeny tiny bit of water can still create. It's a bogus study.
A TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP FOR STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT OF ENHANCED GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMSSteve Wittrig
This document provides a technology roadmap for the strategic development of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) created by the U.S. Department of Energy's Geothermal Technologies Office. It summarizes the history of EGS projects, including foundational projects like Fenton Hill, Rosemanowes, Hijiori, and Ogachi. It then outlines the current state of EGS technology and barriers to commercialization. The roadmap identifies technical paths for characterizing, creating, and operating EGS reservoirs over time, from past practices to current research and desired future capabilities by 2030. The goal is to guide priorities for future research funding to optimize and commercialize EGS on a large scale.
The document discusses three key assumptions about natural gas: that reserves will last 100 years thanks to fracking, prices will remain low, and it is cleaner than other fossil fuels. It summarizes data on current and projected US energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and natural gas production trends. Experts argue reserves have been overstated, well productivity declines rapidly, and the marginal cost of production is higher than claimed. While natural gas will remain important, its ability to replace coal significantly for electricity or oil for transportation is limited, even with increased production challenging geologically and environmentally. It may not be the "clean bridge fuel" assumed due to full lifecycle emissions and inability to scale to required energy levels.
This document discusses a study evaluating the effect of natural fractures on gas production from hydraulically fractured wells in an unconventional reservoir using discrete fracture network (DFN) models. The study utilized extensive data from the Mallory 145 well pad including flow logs, microseismic monitoring, tracer tests, fracture imaging, and Tomographic Fracture Imaging (TFI) to identify natural and induced fractures. The DFN model incorporated hydraulic fractures, natural fractures identified from various data sources, and stochastic natural fractures to simulate gas production. The model showed that while most production came from hydraulic and nearby natural fractures, the tributary drainage volume extended beyond the hydraulic fractures due to connectivity through the natural fracture network.
Similar to Study develops Fayetteville shale reserves (20)
1. Study develops Fayetteville shale reserves,
production forecast
01/06/2014
John Browning
Scott W. Tinker
Svetlana Ikonnikova
Gürcan Gülen
Eric Potter
Qilong Fu
Katie Smye
Susan Horvath
Tad Patzek
Frank Male
Forrest Roberts
A study of reserve and production potential for the Fayetteville shale in north central Arkansas,
forecasts a cumulative 18 tcf of economically recoverable reserves by 2050, with production
declining to about 400 bcf/year by 2030 from the current peak of about 950 bcf/year.
The forecast suggests the formation will continue to be a major contributor to US natural gas
production.
The Bureau of Economic Geology (BEG) at the University of Texas at Austin conducted the
study, integrating engineering, geology, and economics into a numerical model that allows for
scenario testing on the basis of an array of technical and economic parameters.
This is the second of four basins studied. The first was the Barnett (OGJ, Aug. 5 and Sept. 2,
2013). The third on the Haynesville and the fourth on the Marcellus have just been completed.
Results of these four basin studies will help constrain forecasts of future economic US shale gas
production.
Other key findings of the Fayetteville study include:
Original free gas in place of 80 tcf for the 2,737-sq mile study area.
Technically recoverable gas resources of about 38 tcf.
2. Base-case total field estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) of 18.2 tcf, which includes 6.1
tcf EUR from the 3,689 wells drilled through 2011.
Base-case drilling of 6,428 new wells through 2030, added to the 3,689 wells drilled
through 2011, for a total of 10,117 wells drilled through 2030.
Base-case field-wide production reaches a plateau of around 0.95 tcf/year and will slowly
decline after most of the better locations are drilled.
Wells drain the formation according to a linear transient flow model for the first 3-5
years, resulting in decline rates inversely proportional to the square root of time, later
shifting to exponential decline as a result of interfracture interference within the well
drainage volume.
Adsorbed gas greatly contributes to production and is accounted for in well-decline
modeling and in EUR calculations.
The BEG analysis is built on production data from all individual wells drilled 2005-11 in the
Fayetteville shale. The study takes a "bottom-up" approach, starting with the production history
of every well and then determining what remains to be drilled under various economic scenarios.
The result is a publically available view of the field that is unprecedented in its
comprehensiveness.
The study assesses natural gas production potential in six productivity tiers and uses those tiers
to forecast future production. Well economics vary greatly across the basin as a function of
productivity, well and other costs, and geology. The study's production forecast model accounts
for this granularity, as well as for distributions around natural gas price, drilling cost, economic
limit of each well, advances in technology, and many other geologic, engineering, and economic
parameters, in order to determine how much natural gas operators will be able to extract
economically from future wells in the field.
Integral to the project is a new method of estimating ultimate production for each well on the
basis of the physics of the system, rather than mathematical decline-curve fitting. This method
offers an accurate means of forecasting production declines in shale wells in other basins.1
For the purpose of tiering and decline-curve analyses, the study uses all 3,689 wells that
produced through 2011. The production outlook model forecasts field development 2012-30 and
then further extends production forecasts through 2050.
Although 2012 wells do not have a long enough production history to provide stable decline
analysis for forecasting, they do allow us to benchmark our forecast against actual 2012 drilling
and production results—an important vetting process. Although the model can run countless
scenarios, we report on a base case assuming $4/Mcf natural gas and other relatively modest
technical and economic assumptions.
Geologic characterization
We chose our study area to encompass the extent of previous drilling within the known geologic
boundaries of the field. A total of 2,737 sq miles was included, although only 1,252 sq miles had
been tested by drilling through 2011.
3. Following the steps outlined in the Barnett shale analysis (OGJ, Aug. 5, 2013, p. 82),2
we
performed a log-based assessment of the key geological parameters influencing production in the
Fayetteville shale. For the study, we digitized and utilized logs that were deep enough to reach
the base of the Fayetteville (including gamma ray, density porosity (DPhi) and neutron porosity
(NPhi) logs) and showed good log quality and caliper (measure of hole quality).
In this cross section of Fayetteville shale, the pay zone is identified by lines correlated between
logs. Shaded areas of density-log porosity (DPhi) curve represent DPhi values less than 5%. The
map shows the location of the cross section (from Reference 2; Fig. 1)
Our dataset consisted of logs from 153 wells chosen to maximize spatial coverage of the field.
Major stratigraphic tops were picked in all wells (Fig. 1), and the analysis considered the effect
of thrust-sense deformation and normal faulting, which lead to, respectively, thickening and
thinning of the formation.
4. Net pay-zone thickness and density porosity maps were developed and combined to create a net
porosity-thickness (DPhi*H) map (Fig. 2).3
When calculating free original gas in place
(OGIPfree
), we used industry-proprietary core porosities from 76 wells supplemented by
calibrated density log porosity for about 20 additional wells to estimate the storage volume in the
Fayetteville shale. The porosity-thickness map was found to provide a good correlation to well
productivity, a key element in predicting future field production from undeveloped areas of the
field.
5. We calculated OGIPfree
, excluding adsorbed gas, for the entire play on a section-by-section basis,
utilizing a conventional volumetric approach (Fig. 3). Temperature and pressure were calculated
as a function of reservoir depth. We assumed a constant water saturation of 25% and gas
properties typical for similar reservoirs.
Total OGIPfree
was estimated at 80 tcf, with 45 tcf underlying sections that were penetrated by at
least one well by yearend 2011. Variation in depth of the Fayetteville shale leads to increasing
formation pressure from north to south. In light of this, pressure was identified as another
important element of OGIPfree
. The Fayetteville OGIPfree
map also includes interior faulting,
taken from published structural maps.4
We recognize that the geologic description could have been enhanced greatly by analysis of
seismic data to identify faulting and other anomalies. Seismic analysis was beyond the scope of
the study, however, and Phi*H, together with pressure, appears to be adequate to explain the
first-level geologic drivers of production and to predict productivity across the field. 3D seismic
data would be more crucial at an individual prospect level.
Production decline; economic analysis
The study conducted decline analysis on all 3,689 wells drilled through 2011 in order to
determine their individual EURs.1
Some of the key input variables in the study included:
Base-well declines.
6. Effects of late-life deterioration in decline, owing to interfracture interference within the
well's drainage area.
Effects of attrition, recognizing that a percentage of wells are lost each year for
mechanical issues or economic limit below which wells are shut in.
An assumed maximum 20-year life for all wells. The base case yields an expected
lifetime EUR for 3,689 wells drilled through 2011 of 6.1 tcf.
The study utilized a well-production-decline method on the basis of linear transient flow in the
reservoir.1
Linear transient flow results in per-well production decline inversely proportional to
the square root of time for the first 5-8 years of well life (depending upon reservoir properties
and completions), followed by exponential decline as interfracture interference begins to affect
production.
The approach was supplemented by 3D reservoir simulation accounting for the effect of
adsorbed gas. The adsorbed gas was found to contribute as much as 25% of wells' EURs, but this
contribution varied across the play.
A theoretical solution of linear flow would yield a straight line increase of cumulative production
vs. log time until interfracture boundary conditions were reached within the well fracture pattern,
resulting in the predicted gentle downturn.
We normalized production from these 3,114 wells to the median EUR, then plotted cumulative
production vs. log-time distribution, along with the study's theoretical solution (Fig. 4). The other
383 wells were found to be experiencing interfracture interference.
7. Reservoir quality tiering
Knowledge of the EUR and location for every well in the field allowed us to map the
geographical distribution of productivity by individual section. A straightforward application of
EUR would have been inappropriate because the well population contained a variety of
completion technologies that affect EUR.
Therefore, we first analyzed the relationship between EUR and lateral well length, finding that
EUR of a well increases with lateral well length, but that the average incremental EUR per unit
of lateral length does not change significantly with length.
Using this information, we normalized EUR as if all wells had been drilled to a uniform length
(we used 4,400 lateral ft in order to reflect current drilling practices). The normalized EURs for
all wells were then split into 300-ft long horizontal segments along the well-drilling path.5
Directional surveys for all wells were plotted, and all length-normalized EUR/foot values for
300-ft-long segments within each section were averaged. The resulting average length-
normalized EUR/foot for each section allowed for a productivity ranking of all sections
penetrated by at least one horizontal well.
These drilled ranked sections were then divided into six productivity tiers. The undrilled sections
were assigned tiers with mathematical interpolation in order to yield a full-field productivity-tier
map (Fig. 5).
8. Tiering indicates areas of higher productivity. We refer to this map as a "rock quality" map
because of this close correspondence. That said, the map indicates that the reservoir has
considerable heterogeneity, with better performing blocks interspersed with poorer performing
blocks. In some cases, better performing wells and poorer performing wells exist next to each
other in the same block. The field flanks, where the reservoir thins, have relatively low
productivity.
Well recovery, drainage area
Reservoir volumetrics are calculated with the following:
PhiH.
An assumption of 25% connate-water saturation.
Reservoir pressure and temperature for each well as a function of well depth using
normal gradients.
Typical gas properties in order to derive the gas expansion factor (Bg).
Original OGIPfree
is mapped by section. Total OGIPfree
for the 2,737-sq mile study area is 80 tcf,
with about 45 tcf in sections drilled by yearend 2011.
We then use EUR calculated for every well, combined with reservoir volumetrics, to quantify the
volume of reservoir drained by each well. We call the surface expression of this volume
"drainage area" and represent it with a rectangle.
We recognize that actual drainage areas are not ideal rectangles and that the combination of
hydraulic and natural fractures can extend production reach farther than one location away, but
rectangles provide a shape that is somewhat consistent with microseismic results, as well as a
means of accounting for the drained volume.
Initially, it is unclear whether wells drained a large volume with a small recovery factor (RF) or a
small volume with a large RF to achieve the EUR calculated for a given well. Adsorbed gas
contribution also affects the calculation of drainage area.
To determine RF, we first observed closely spaced wells that appeared to interfere with each
other based on changes in the original well-decline pattern as nearby wells are added.
We found that many closely spaced wells exhibit some interference, indicating that drainage
areas were about equal to current well spacing in closely spaced sections. Calculated solely on a
free-gas basis, the drainage areas appear to be much larger than what can be assumed on the
basis of current well spacing.
We next developed 3D well simulations of specific closely spaced sections and adjusted
recovery factor and adsorbed gas contribution until the recovery factor, drainage area, and
predicted well declines matched actual well performance. On the basis of the simulation results,
we incorporated adsorbed gas to match declines across the field.
9. From drainage-area calculations for every well, we were able to approximate the amount of
drained and undrained acreage for each section (about 1 sq mile) across the reservoir. Then,
assuming that we know the acreage left undrained by the wells in each section, we created an
inventory of future feasible drilling locations based on expected recovery factors, expected EUR,
and estimated OGIPfree
by tier for every location (Fig. 6). The better tiers are more developed,
and the lower tiers remain uneconomic at almost any foreseeable gas price.
Well economics
We analyzed the production history of every well in each tier to determine average well profiles
in each productivity tier. As discussed, the EUR of every well was determined with linear
transient-flow-decline equations and including the effect of interfracture interference and
adsorbed gas. An average production profile for a 4,400-ft horizontal well is developed for each
tier on the basis of estimates for wells in that tier. This procedure lays down the foundation for
future production modeling.
The study looks at average EUR/well/tier, assuming a 20-year well life (Table 1). For the top
five tiers, about 65% of EUR is recovered during the first 5 years, roughly 85% in first 10 years,
and 94% in first 15 years. The actual average EUR for all wells is likely to be lower because
attrition and economic limits will prevent some wells from producing for the full 20 years.
The study's production model includes the effect of historical attrition rates, which are found to
increase as the rock-quality tier decreases. This finding indicates the importance of
understanding the distribution of rock quality for economics of future drilling and production
forecasts and the risks of using a single fieldwide average.
The average well profile in each tier is used to estimate average well economics. A
representative set of well economic parameters was validated with input from operators in the
Fayetteville field (Tables 1, 2).
10. A comprehensive well–cash-flow model to determine the internal rate of return (IRR, %) for an
average well in each tier for three depth ranges in the field was used to account for the impact on
drilling costs (Fig. 7).
Production outlook
On the basis of the productivity tier map, inventory of future well locations available in each tier,
and an understanding of the economics of an average new well in each tier, we model the pace of
future development activity in the field. An activity-based model allows for prediction of new
drilling on the basis of available-location inventory and well economics. The pace of activity is
adjusted annually in the model, constrained by the economics of the average well in a given tier.
With respect to economic incentives to drill, our model distinguishes six productivity tiers and
three TVD depth ranges. The historical pace of drilling is used to help scale the model's reaction
to changing price in the future. The model tracks the number of wells drilled in each tier each
year and totals the production effect with average well profiles by tier.
11. The production impact of new drilling activity is then layered on top of the extrapolated
production decline of all historical wells drilled. In other words, the model accounts for the
observed inertia of drilling to predict how the pace of drilling will increase or decrease as a
function of price incentive (change in IRR) and size of the remaining well inventory, based on
reservoir quality.
The model allows for variation of many parameters in addition to the price of natural gas. For
example, we can restrict the developable area, i.e., due to surface limitations or spacing
inefficiencies such as leasing obstacles, and make many other such realistic adjustments. The
result is a forecast of future completions from the field through 2030 and a resulting full-field
EUR through 2050 for any set of assumed parameters.
The model is driven by key assumptions that include:
Average well declines.
Effects of late-life deterioration in decline.
Effects of attrition.
Maximum 20-year life for all wells.
In the base-case scenario, we allow development of a maximum of 80% of the acreage in
currently producing sections but only 40% of the acreage in undeveloped sections. We also set
minimum activity levels in each tier, reflecting past performance in low price periods and
incorporate several other assumptions (Table 3).
Minimum completions are based on historical drilling patterns in each tier across three depth
intervals 2005-11.
Given the base set of modeling assumptions, we generate a production forecast (Fig. 8).
12. In the environment of a $4/Mcf natural gas price at Henry Hub (HH), production reaches a
plateau in 2012-15 and begins a gradual decline as annual well count decreases as a function of
limited higher quality drilling locations.
These better locations in Tiers 1 through 3 are developed, and the lower tiers do not justify
development at this price. The outlook yields a full-field EUR of 18.2 tcf, which includes the 6.1
tcf expected from 3,689 wells drilled through 2011.
The production outlook and resulting EUR are only moderately sensitive to natural gas price
(Fig. 8). Higher prices will extend the buildup and plateau period. Natural gas price is only one
of several variables considered. We developed low and high cases around the base to capture the
impact of other key variables.
We then use a stochastic simulation analysis to vary an array of input variables over reasonable
distribution ranges, accounting for correlations between variables. This stochastic approach
provides a range of EUR outcomes and accompanying risking that can be expected from the
Fayetteville play. The mean of the resulting distribution is 18 tcf.
"Uneconomic"
Finally, there is public discussion that some shale gas basins are "uneconomic." The rigorous
technical and economic analysis described here shows that it makes little sense to label an entire
basin as "economic" or "uneconomic" because the high degree of heterogeneity within any play
or basin makes such generalizations misleading.
13. Some regions in the Fayetteville and Barnett are indeed uneconomic, some are marginally
economic, and some are very profitable.6
Conventional reservoir plays exhibit a distribution of
economic results, and unconventional reservoir plays are no different. As such, assessments on
the basis of an "average well" or "average economics" within a shale gas play are not useful
when forecasting future production and reserves.
Our work provides boundaries for the areas where future drilling is likely to occur, when and
under what economic conditions drilling will occur, what the resulting drilling and production
profile will look like, and the reserve additions that will result.
Acknowledgements
This research was conducted within the Bureau of Economic Geology (BEG), Jackson School of
Geosciences, the University of Texas at Austin. This study is part of "Role of shale Gas in the
US Energy Transition: Recoverable Resources, Production Rates, and Implications," a larger
program funded at the BEG by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation as the second of several basins to
be analyzed using consistent, detailed, bottom-up methodologies. The authors thank IHS and
DrillingInfo for access to their databases.
The Fayetteville shale study team consists of geoscientists, engineers, and economists. The
workflow was developed to allow iterative input from all disciplines, ultimately leading to a
rigorous production outlook model.7
References
1. Patzek, T. W., Male, F. and Marder, M., "Simple models for gas production from
hydrofractured shales," AAPG Bulletin, in press.
2. Fu, Q., Horvath, S., Potter, E., Roberts, F., et al. "Log-based thickness and porosity mapping
of the Barnett shale Play, Fort Worth Basin, Texas: A proxy for reservoir quality assessment,"
AAPG Bulletin, publication date to be announced.
3. Ver Hoeve, M., Meyer, C., Preusser, J., and Makowitz, A., "Basin-wide delineation of gas
shale ‘sweet spots' using density and neutron logs: Implications for qualitative and quantitative
assessment of gas shale resources," poster presented at AAPG Hedberg Conference, Dec. 5–10,
2010, Austin, Tex.
4. Fault layer originally sourced from the Arkansas Oil & Gas Commission, compiled and
prepared by the Arkansas Geological Survey: http://www.aogc.state.ar.us.
5. Ikonnikova, S., Browning, J., Horvath, S., and Tinker, S.W., "Well Recovery, Drainage Area,
and Future Drill-well Inventory: Empirical Study of the Barnett shale Gas Play," SPE Reservoir
Evaluation & Engineering, under review.
14. 6. Gülen, G., Browning, J., Ikonnikova, S., and Tinker, S.W., "Well economics across ten tiers in
low and high Btu (British thermal unit) areas, Barnett shale, Texas," Energy,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.07.041.
7. Browning, J., Ikonnikova, S., Gülen, G., and Tinker, S.W., et al. "Barnett shale Production
Outlook," SPE Economics & Management, Vol. 5 (2013), No. 3, pp. 89-104. SPE-165585-PA.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/165585-PA.
The authors
Scott W. Tinker (scott.tinker@beg.utexas.edu) is the director of the Bureau of Economic
Geology at the University of Texas at Austin, the State Geologist of Texas, a professor holding
the Allday Endowed Chair, and acting Associate Dean of Research in the Jackson School of
Geosciences at the university. He spent 17 years in the oil and gas industry before joining UT in
2000. He is past president of American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Association of
American State Geologists, and Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies. He is a
Geological Society of America Fellow and holds appointments on the National Petroleum
Council and Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission among other boards. Tinker holds a
PhD in geological sciences from the University of Colorado, an MS in geological sciences from
the University of Michigan, and a BS in geology and business administration from Trinity
University.
John Browning (txbrowning@gmail.com) has been a senior research fellow since 2010 at the
BEG, having retired from ExxonMobil after 33 years. He holds a BS (1977) in mechanical
engineering from the University of Tennessee.
Svetlana Ikonnikova (svetlana.ikonnikova@beg.utexas.edu) is a research associate and energy
economist in the BEG. She holds an MS (2003) in applied mathematics and physics from the
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, and a PhD (2007) in economics from
Humboldt University of Berlin.
Gürcan Gülen (gurcan.gulen@beg.utexas.edu) is a research associate and energy economist at
the BEG in Houston. He is a member of the United States Association of Energy Economics
(USAEE), the International Association of Energy Economics, and the Society of Petroleum
Engineers. He holds a PhD (1996) in economics from Boston College and a BA (1990) in
economics from Bosphorus University in Istanbul.
Tadeusz Patzek (patzek@mail.utexas.edu) is the Lois K. and Richard D. Folger Leadership
Professor and chair of the Petroleum and Geosystems Engineering Department at the University
of Texas at Austin. He also holds the Cockrell Family Regents Chair No. 11. He was professor of
geoengineering at the University of California, Berkeley, 1990-2008, and before that was a
researcher at Shell Development for 7 years. Patzek is a member of the Ocean Energy Safety
Advisory Committee for the US Department of Interior's Bureau of Safety and Environmental
Enforcement and of the SPE. Patzek holds an MS (1974) and PhD (1980) in chemical
engineering from the Silesian Technical University in Poland.
15. Eric Potter (eric.potter@beg.utexas.edu) is program director for energy research at the BEG,
joining in 2001 after 25 years with Marathon Oil Co. as an exploration geologist and as
geoscience technology manager at Marathon's technology center in Denver. He holds a BA
(1972) in earth science from Dartmouth College and an MS (1975) in geology from Oregon State
University.
Qilong Fu (qilong.fu@beg.utexas.edu) is a geologist with the BEG, joining in 2008. He holds a
BS in geology from the Changchun College of Geology (Jilin University) in China, an MS in
geology from the Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and a PhD in geology
from the University of Regina, Sask.
Katie Smye (katie.smye@beg.utexas.edu) is a postdoctoral fellow at the BEG, joining in 2013.
She holds BS (2008) degrees in geology and chemistry from the University of Oklahoma, and a
PhD (2012) in earth sciences from the University of Cambridge. She is a member of AAPG.
Susan Horvath (susan.horvath@beg.utexas.edu) is a research scientist associate at the BEG.
Previously, she worked as a GIS analyst for the Arkansas Geological Survey. She holds a BS
(2002) and an MSc (2007) in geographic information systems from Eastern Michigan University.
She is a member of AAPG, the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association, and
Supporting Women in Geography and GIS.
Frank Male (frank.r.male+ut@gmail.com) is a graduate student in the Center for Nonlinear
Dynamics and the Department of Physics at the University of Texas at Austin. Before joining the
university in 2010, he worked with the Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization
in Göttingen, Germany, as a computational microfluidics researcher. Male holds a BS in physics
and BA (2009) in political science from Kansas State University.
Forrest Roberts (roberts.forrest@gmail.com) is a graduate research assistant at the BEG, working
on an MS in geology. He worked as a geology intern with Apache Corp. in Houston during
summer 2012. He holds a BS (2011) in geological sciences from Brigham Young University and
is a member of the AAPG and the Society of Exploration Geophysicists.