Fun for mover student's book- English book for teaching.pdf
STS-UNIT 4 CLIMATE CHANGE POWERPOINT PRESENTATION
1. 4/11/2024
1
CLIMATE CHANGE
Compiled/Prepared by:
Eve V. Fernandez-Gamalinda
Faculty, Department of Biology
(STS)
Unit 4.
5/8-26/2017
CHEDGETADMU CHEDGET PNUMINDANAO
The greenhouse
effect is bad for us
and the planet.
agree
disagree
CHEDGETADMU 2017
It’s already difficult to
predict weatherfrom day
to day, so it is impossible
to project climate decades
from now.
CHEDGETADMU 2017
agree
disagree
2. 4/11/2024
2
Climate naturallyvariesover
time so the changes we see
now are just part of the natural
cycle.
CHEDGETADMU 2017
agree
disagree
https://co2cards.com/climate-change-current-situation-can-help
Typhoon
Yolanda was
caused by
climate
change.
CHEDGETADMU 2017
agree
disagree
https://www.rappler.com/nation/43316-timeline-super-typhoon-yolanda
If we stop emitting
greenhouse gases now,
we can stop climate
change from happening.
CHEDGETADMU
agree
disagree
“It was so hot
this morning,
but now it’s
raining!”
Is this climate change?
CHEDGETADMU 2017
Yes
No
3. 4/11/2024
3
Weather and Climate
Is there any difference?
Weather vs. Climate
Conditions at one
particular time and place,
including temperature and
rainfall
Can change very rapidly
from day to day, and from
year to year.
Changes involve shifts in
temperatures, precipitation,
winds, and clouds.
Long-term average weather
pattern in one place.
Influenced by slow changes in
the ocean, the land, the orbit of
the Earth about the sun, and
the energy output of the sun
Fundamentally controlled by
the balance of energy of the
Earth and its atmosphere
What is CLIMATE CHANGE?
Climate Change
“A change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to
human activity that alters the composition of the global
atmosphere which is in addition to natural climate variability
observed over a comparable period of time.” - United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
“Any change in climate over time, whether due to natural variability
or as a result of human activity.” - Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC)
4. 4/11/2024
4
Climate Variability vs. Climate Change
“Variations in the mean
state and other statistics
(such as standard
deviations, the
occurrenceofextremes,
etc.) of the climateon all
temporaland spatial
scales beyond that of
individual weather
events. “ (IPCC AR4)
“Statistically
significant variation
in the mean state of
the climate or its
variability, persisting
for an extended
period (typically
decades or longer).”
(IPCC AR4)
CHEDGETADMU 2017
Natural Interannual Variability
CHEDGETADMU 2017
What’s causing
this trend?
What’s causing
this trend?
http://www.earth-policy.org/indicators/C51
https://rwer.wordpress.com/2019/03/25/global-average-temperature-1850-2018/
5. 4/11/2024
5
What is the CLIMATE SYSTEM?
The Earth’s climate system is created by complex interactions between the Sun, our atmosphere,
oceans, land, ice and biosphere which in turn are affected by an area’s latitude, elevation, terrain, and
distance from coasts, mountainsand lakes.
Greenhouse effect refers to rise in global temperature due to the process by which the gases in the
atmosphere trap the heat coming from the sun that is re-radiated by the earth’s surface and re-emit it
downwards. Because of how they warm our world, these gases are referred to as greenhouse gases.
http://www.dnrec.delaware.gov/ClimateC hange/P
ages/Greenhouse%20Effect.a spx
Natural
Most greenhouses look like a small glass house. Greenhouses are used to grow plants,
especially in the winter. Greenhouses work by trapping heat from the sun. The glass panels
of the greenhouse let in light but keep heat from escaping. This causes the greenhouse to
heat up, much like the inside of a car parked in sunlight, and keeps the plants warm enough
to liveinthecool seasons.
How does the greenhouseeffect work?
What are the greenhouse gases (GHGs)?
Water vapor
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Methane (CH4)
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Ozone (O3)
6. 4/11/2024
6
The GHGs are
produced by natural
processes such as the
water cycle, growth
and death of plants
and animals,
decaying of wood and
other biodegradable
materials and
volcanic activities.
http://www.eohandbook.com/eohb201
1/casestudy_carbon.html
These are naturally occurring gases that keep the Earth comfortably warm enough
for plants and animals to live in at an average temperature of 15o
C. They act as a
natural blanket around the earth, trapping heat much like a glass roof of a
greenhouse.
Why are greenhouse gases (GHGs) important?
Without the greenhouse effect, the Earth’s average surface temperature would be
some 30°C colder or approximately -15°C and possibly not warm enough to
sustain life.
7. 4/11/2024
7
Enhanced greenhouse effect
http://www.environment.gov.au/climate-change/climate-science-data/climate-science/greenhouse-effect
How do greenhouse gases influence climate
change?
By burning fossil fuels due to industrialization and to sustain our
modern lifestyle, the level of GHGs increase rapidly. The higher the
concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the stronger
the greenhouse effect making it into enhanced greenhouse effect.
Industrial Revolution → Combustion of fossil fuels → More Carbon
dioxide Emissions → Enhanced Greenhouse Effect
Climate change, therefore, is caused by both natural events and
human (anthropogenic) activities. Scientists now agree that most of
the global warming today have been caused by human activities.
https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climate-change-science/causes-climate-change_.html
Greenhouse
Gasesover a
century
https://www.economis
t.com/briefing/2019/09
/21/the-past-present-
and-future-of-climate-
change
8. 4/11/2024
8
GreenhouseGasesovera century
http://www.iceandclimate.nbi.ku.dk/research/past_atmos/compositio
n_greenhouse/greenhouse_gases_temp/
https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/
GHG Lifetime
GWP
(CO2-e)
% Total world
emissions
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 5-200 years 1 77%
Methane (CH4) 12 years 21 14%
Nitrous Oxide (N2O) 114 years 310 8%
Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) 3,200 years 23,900 <1%
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) 140 to 11,700 <1%
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) 6,500 to 9,200 <1%
Carbon Tetrafluoride (CF4) 50,000 years
Greenhouse Gases (GHGs)
Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Heat-trapping ability of a GHG relative to that of carbon dioxide, it describes the degree of harm to the atmosphere
of a unit of a given GHG to an equivalent unit of CO2 over a given period of time.
Measured in metric tons of CO2 equivalent (CO2-e)
1 metric ton = 1.1 short to
https://archive.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg1/016.htm
IPCCAR4WG-I Report.
https://www.severe-weather.eu/recent-events/covid19-significant-drop-nitrogen-dioxide-italy-mk/
The comparison map
indicates the NO2
concentrations of China
for Jan 1-20thversus Feb
10-25th,2020.
COVID-19 outbreak
started in Wuhan,China.
10. 4/11/2024
10
Skeptics:
“Climate change is due
to the solar activity.”
CHEDGETADMU
Temperature
vs Solar
Activity
CHEDGETADMU
NOPE.
Not the
sun!
5/8-26/2017
CHEDGETADMU CHEDGET PNUMINDANAO
Carbon Dioxide Moves Permanently Above 400 PPM
At Least In Our Lifetimes
CHEDGETADMU 2017
http://www.climatecentral.org/news/co2-are-we-permanently-above-400-ppm-20351
11. 4/11/2024
11
Global Climate Drivers
CHEDGETADMU
https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-
indicators-global-greenhouse-gas-emissions
Coupled Human-Natural System (CHNS)
Various influences
shape and change our
climate
Climate drivers
Climate forcing
mechanisms
Climate forcings
FACTS:
1. Carbon dioxide traps heat and plays a vital role in
our climate.
2. Increasing the carbon dioxide results in more heat
being trapped.
3. WE have roughly doubled the carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere.
Therefore, WE are causing the climate to warm.
https://thelogicofscience.com/2016/06/06/global-warming-isnt-natural-and-heres-how-we-know/
12. 4/11/2024
12
Climate change as a “ Tragedy of the
Commons”
What impact does this have?
Can we project what may happen?
CHEDGETADMU
https://i2.wp.com/www.countercurrents.org/wp-
content/uploads/2016/07/climatechange.jpg?fit=768%2C401
https://hikingartist.files.wordpress.com
/2012/10/illustration-public-domain-
tragedy.jpg?w=862
Projected Impacts of Climate Change
CHEDGETADMU
State of the Climate in 2018
shows accelerating climate
change impacts
Food security
Displacement
Heat, Air Quality and
Health
Environmental Impacts
13. 4/11/2024
13
Health:
Disease vectors like mosquitoes can
expand range; water conflicts can
intensify
Water Resources
Climate Change and Environmental Impacts
Changes in temperature, weatherpatterns and sea level rise
Agriculture
Forests/
Biodiversity
Coastal/Marine Ecosystem Human Health
Industry and
Energy
• Added heat stress, shifting monsoons, drier soils, water
shortages
• Decreased rice/crop production
• Impact on livestock production
• Occurrence of weed infestation & diseases
• Coastal erosion
• Storm surges
• Coastal flooding
• Saltwater
intrusion
• Coral bleaching
• Ocean
acidification
• Increase in vector-borne diseases
• Increase in cardio-vascular illnesses
• Increase in upper respiratory illnesses
• Occurrence of infectious diseases
• Impact on hydrological cycle, changing
evaporation, precipitation and runoff patterns
which could affect water resources (freshwater
quantity and quality)
• Impact on power generation
• Shift in feeding point and disruption in flight patterns for
migratory birds.
• Extinction of some mountain plants and animals
• Changes in species distribution, composition
• Invasion of weeds and alien species
• Loss and migration of plant and animal species
• Energy supply and demand
• Impact on energy infrastructure
• Impact on industries such aswine, tourism, livestock,
fishing, insurance, holiday resorts, mining, andothers
Wilting Rice
1oC increase in overall
temperature for the day
leads to 15% decrease
in rice yield.
Global temps are
projected to rise by
1.4to 5.8 oC.
What will happen to our
food supply?
CHEDGETADMU
Energy:
Bulk of local supply comes from hydroelectricity
Any decrease means more reliance on coal,
oil.
CHEDGETADMU
Angat Dam
Maria Cristina Falls
16. 4/11/2024
16
Are Heat Islands and Global Warming Related?
CHEDGETADMU
Urban Heat
IslandEffect
Demandsfor
Cooling
Warmer
climate
IncreasedGHG
emissions
https://scied.ucar.edu/longcontent/urban-heat-islands
In the Philippines
https://www1.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/images/cab/figure10.jpg
Impacts of
Extreme
Climate and
Weather –
related
Events in
Cities…
CHEDGETADMU
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/BmwE4GIyCz0/Thq5v
1CcnQI/AAAAAAAAAEk/Ng8DqcENv3A/s1600/k
etsana.jpg
http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/files/2014/03/
Ondoy-deluge.jpg
https://operationnaturechronicles.files.wo
rdpress.com/2010/04/k15_205195311.jpg
http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/files/2014/0
3/Ondoy-deluge.jpg
What can/should we
do about climate
change?
CHEDGETADMU
17. 4/11/2024
17
What can we do?
Limit the cause of climate change through
measures that could slow down the build
up of atmospheric GHGs concentrations
by reducing current and future emissions
and by increasing GHG sinks (Mitigation)
Adjustment in natural or human
systems in response to actual or expected
climatic stimuli or their effects, which
moderates harm or exploits beneficial
opportunities (Adaptation)
Increasetheresilienceand coping capacity of
the sector with thecurrent and future
changes
Types of Adaptation
Various typesof adaptation exist, e.g. anticipatory and reactive, private and public, and
autonomous and planned.
Anticipatory adaptation (proactive) – takes places before impacts of climatechange are
observed. Example: early warning systems
Autonomous adaptation (spontaneous) – does not constitute a conscious responseto climate
stimuli butis triggered by ecological changes innatural systems andby market or welfare
changes inhuman systems. Example:flood-control program
Planned adaptation – is a resultof a deliberate policy decision, basedonawareness that
conditions havechanged or are about to change and that action is required to return to,
maintain, or achievea desiredstate. Example: constructionof seawalls/dikes, identificationof
drought-resistant crops
We can make a difference . . .
Read and share what we have learned about climate change
Save electricity
turn off lights and electric appliance whennot inuse
use more energy efficient electric appliances
use compact fluorescent bulbs (CFLs) that last 4 times
longer and use just 1/4 of the electricity compared to
incandescent bulbs
Plant trees in your neighborhood and look after them. Trees
absorb carbon dioxide from the air.
We can make a difference . . .
Take the bus, ride a bike or walk; maximize the use
of public transport systems.
Recycle cans, bottles, plastic bags and newspapers.
When you recycle, you help save natural resources.
Generate as little trash as possible, because trash in
landfill sites emit large quantities of methane, and if
burned, carbon dioxide is released.
Reduce on the use of non-renewable sources of
energy and increase in the use of renewable energy
sources such as solar, hydro, and wind energy.
18. 4/11/2024
18
We can make a difference . . .
Review on your institution’s current policies and
programs that may work as either mitigation or
adaptation strategies and measures in addressing
climate change.
Encourage cooperation and partnerships among
other institutions in programs and activities that
would help fight global warming.
Strengthen environmental awareness and action
among your colleagues by initiating innovative and
creative information and education campaigns.
Consume less, share more, live simply.
“Climate changewill not be
effectively manageduntil
individuals and communities
recognisethat their behaviour
can makea difference.”
-The Royal Society, Climate Change: what we know
and what we need to know. (2002)
Legal and Policy Framework
on Climate Change in the
Philippines
72
The Philippines’ response to the international call
to address climate change
Signed the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC) on June 1992 and ratified it on
August 2, 1994
• The foundation of global efforts to combat climate change
Signed the Kyoto Protocol on April 15, 1998 and ratified it
on November 20, 2003
19. 4/11/2024
19
Climate Change Act of 2009
(RA 9729)
Signed by the President on 23 October 2009.
An Act Mainstreaming Climate Change into
Government Policy Formulations, Establishing the
Framework, Strategy and Program on Climate
Change, Creating for this Purpose the Climate
Change Commission (CCC), and for Other Purposes
Ensure and strengthen the adaptation of the
country’s natural ecosystems and human
communities to climate change.
73
The Philippine Strategyon ClimateChange
Adaptation (2010-2022)
Formulation was facilitated by the GIZ
Project on Adaptation to Climate Change
and Conservation ofBiodiversity (ACCBio).
The Adaptation Strategy is seen as a
practical tool to assist national and local
institutions to manage the devastating
impacts of climate change and aims to guide
the country’s climate change adaptation
actions for the next twelve years.
74
The National Framework Strategy on
Climate Change (2010-2022)
Signed by the President on 28 April
2010.
Adopted by the CCC and is the country’s
roadmap towards climate change
resiliency.
It is to be implemented at the local level
with the LGU as the frontline agency in
the formulation, planning and
implementation of its climate change
action plan.
Building an economically stable and
ecologically sustainable town, known as
Ecotown, is a key approach.
75 76
SOCIETY ENVIRONMENT
ECONOMY
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
Goal: To build the adaptive capacity of
communities and increase the resilience of
natural ecosystems to climate change,and
optimize mitigation opportunities towards
sustainable development.
VISION:
A climate risk-resilient Philippines with healthy, safe,
prosperous and self-reliant communities, andthriving
and productive ecosystems
CLIMATE CHANGE
• Increasing temperatures
• Changing rainfallpatterns
• Sea levelrise
• Extreme weather events
IMPACTS AND VULNERABILITY
• Ecosystems(River Basins, Coastal& Marine,
Biodiversity)
• Foodsecurity
• Water resources
• Humanhealth
• Infrastructure
• Energy
• Humansociety
ADAPTATION
• Enhanced Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments
• Integrated Ecosystem-Based Management
• Climate-Responsive Agriculture
• Water Governance &Management
• Climate-Responsive Health Sector
• Disaster Risk Reduction &Management
• Climate-proofing of Infrastructure
MITIGATION
• Energy Efficiency & Conservation
• Renewable Energy
• Environmentally-Susta ina ble Transport
• Sustainable Infrastructure
• National REDD+ Strategy
• Waste Management
CLIMATE PROCESS DRIVERS
• Energy
• Transport
• LandUse Change & Forestry
• Agriculture
• Waste
Capacity
Development
Knowledge Management ResearchandDevelopment
Technology Transfer
Financing Policy, Planning and
Mainstreaming
CROSS-CUTTING STRATEGIES
NationalFrameworkStrategy on
Climate Change
Multi-stakeholder
Partnerships
MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION
IECand
Advocacy
Gender
Mainstreaming Valuation
20. 4/11/2024
20
National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) –
2011-2028
Outlines the specificprograms and strategies for adaptation and
mitigation.It is a comprehensiveplanthat provides key actions
that enhanceadaptive capacity and resilience of communities and
nationalecosystems toclimate change,amongothers.
Consists of 7 priorities
Food security
Water sufficiency
Ecologicaland environmentalsustainability
Human security
Climate-friendly industries andservices
Sustainable energy
Knowledge and capacity development
It eventually seeks toguide thelocalgovernment units in the
preparationof their respective LocalClimate Change Action Plans
(LCCAP).
77
The Cabinet Cluster System
Section 10. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation
a. Adopting climatechange adaptation and
mitigationmeasures by local government
units and their respectivecommunities,
NGAs, and the general public;and ensure
that these are incorporated intheir annual
work plans and budgets, where applicable;
A SocialContract with the Filipino People
(EO 43)
The DisasterRisk Reduction and Management Act of 2010 (DRRM Act) -
R.A. 10121
Source: LGA and AECID, Pampanga River Basin Collaboration Workshop,07 June 2012,Clark, Pampanga
Mainstreaming DRRand
CCA in Planning and
Implementation
The Act providesfor the development of policies and
plans and the implementation of actions and measures
pertaining to all aspects of disaster risk reduction and
management, to include:
• Good governance
• Risk assessment and early warning
• Knowledge building and awareness raising
• Reducing underlying risk factors
• Preparednessfor effective response and early
recovery
21. 4/11/2024
21
National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan
Road map on how disasterrisk reduction management shall contribute to
gender-responsive and rights-based sustainable management.
Four distinct yet mutually reinforcing thematic areas:
1. Disasterprevention and mitigation
2. Disasterpreparedness
3. Disasterresponse
4. Disasterrehabilitation and recovery
DRR-CCA Integration into the Philippine EnvironmentalImpact
Statement System (PEISS)
• To ensure that hazardsand risksare taken into account in siting
development projects
• Shall serve as the standard for the scope ofthe EIA Studies required for
ECC applications
• Where applicable, climate projections by PAGASA for 2020 and 2050
shall be used in the conduct of relevant modelling studies and
assessments as may be required in the EIA reports
• Natural hazards, as identified ordetermined by mandated agencies
(e.g.,MGB, PhiVolcs), in the proposed project location shall be
considered in the conduct of the EIA and integrated in the
formulation of the environmentalmanagementand monitoringplan.
The National DRRM Plan (2011-2028)
Priority Programs and Projects (2011-2013)
Development ofplans – Joint work plan for DRRM and CCA, Local
DRRM plans, National DisasterResponse Plan
Development ofTools – DRRM and CCA mainstreaming in the
national and local-level planning
Institutional capability program on DRRM and CCA for decision-
makers, local chief executives,public sectoremployees, and key
stakeholders
Mainstreaming DRRM and CCA in local development planning
The People’s Survival Fund
(R.A. 10174)
• Signed by the President on 16 August
2012.
• Amendments to Sections of RA 9729 –
Climate Change Act of 2009
• Insertion and renumbering of Sections
18-25 – Creation of the People’s
Survival Fund (PSF) which is established
as a special fund in the national Treasury
for the financing of adaptation
programs and projects based on the
“National Strategic Framework”.
22. 4/11/2024
22
Barack Hussein Obama II,The Former Presidentof United States
“There’s one issue that will
define the contours of this
century more dramatically than
any other, and that is the urgent
threat of a changing climate.”
References
Chen, D. and Chen, HW. 2013. Using the Koppen classification to quantify climate variation and change: An example for 1901 –
2010. Environmental Development, 6: 69-79.
Vaughan, NE. and Lenon, TM. 2011. A review ofclimate geoengineering
Rutledge, DT., Sinclair, RJ., Tait, A., Poot, J., Dresser, M., Greenhalgh, S., Cameron, M. 2011. Triggers and Thresholds ofLand-Use
Change in Relation to Climate Change and Other Key Trends: A Review and Assessment ofPotential Implications for New Zealand.
Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd for The Ministry ofAgriculture and Forestry.
Co-benefits ofclimate policy. Retrieved on May 15, 2015 @ http://www.theclimatebonus.org/cobenefits.php
The IPCC Assessment Reports: https: //www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/
The first Philippine Climate ChangeAssessment By OML and PAGASA
Schmunck, Robert B. National Aeronotics and Space Adminsitration: Goddard Space Flight Center. NASA. [Online] April 9, 2018-04-
09 18:18. [Cited: April 24, 2018.] https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/news/20170118/.
Smit B., Burton I., Klein R.J.T., Wandel J. (2000). An Anatomy ofAdaptation to Climate Change and Variability. In: Kane S.M., Yohe
G.W. (eds) Societal Adaptation to Climate Variability and Change. Springer, Dordrecht, Societal Adaptation to Climate Variability
and Change pp 223-251
Assign.
Watch the film: BEFORE THE FLOOD
Reflection paper (1 page, A4 size bond paper,
font style - Cambria, font size 10)
23. 11/04/2024
1
ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS:
(a) Basic concepts (Lesson 29);
(b)Threats & Mitigation efforts (Lesson 30)
LaurenceB. Calagui
Chapter objectives
(a) Gain understanding on basic concepts and
processes in environment.
(b) Learn the different environmental
threats/issues in Philippines and Global settings.
(c) Gain understanding on the different mitigation
efforts on the different environmental threats.
(d) Apply the learning and incorporate
precise/specific mitigation efforts.
ACTIVITY
GUESS THE PICTURE
25. 11/04/2024
3
LESSON 29: Basic concepts in
Environment
Lesson Objectives
Gain understanding on basic concepts and processes
in environment specifically:
1. Ecosystem and other ecological terms.
2. Basic physical and chemical processes involved in
an ecosystem.
3. Different biomes of the earth.
4. Natural Selection, Speciation and evolution, Basic
Life Processes
5. Philippine settings and its physical environment.
Ecosystem and other ecological terms
ECOSYSTEM VS ENVIRONMENT
Basic concepts in Environment
Living/Non Living habitat
Organisms + Environment
Driver of basic physical and chemical
processes
Basic concepts in Environment
Integrated Plate Tectonic Theory by Alfred Wegener
Source:https://www.livescience.com/38218-facts-about-pangaea.html
Basic physical and chemical processes
Basic concepts in Environment
Global Wind Patterns
Source:https://www.slideshare.net/renurajbahak/global-wind-patterns
26. 11/04/2024
4
Basic physical and chemical processes
Basic concepts in Environment
Different bio-geochemical cycles
Source:Cummings 2005
Law of Carrying Capacity
Basic concepts in Environment
Biomes of the Earth
Basic concepts in Environment
Terrestrial
Aquatic
Sources:(a)http://www.pixoto.com/images-photography/landscapes/mountains-and-hills/mount-mayon-volcano-76975563;(b) Betty McLaughlin
Mey er/WWF-US;(c) https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Experiments/Biome/biograssland.php and (d) PETEOXFORD/CORBIS. (The different marine
a)http://www.feow.org/background and (b)https://thenanitesolution.wordpress
.com/2015/09/11/the-big-blue-planet-oceans-an-introduction/
BASIC LIFE PROCESSES
a. COMPETITION – of limiting resources of
space and food. This may lead to dominance by a
single species in a given habitat.
b. PREDATION– domination by a superior
competitor.
c. DISTURBANCES – disastrous phenomenon
(e.g. tsunami, storms etc.) and anthropogenic
disturbances (human intervention).
Basic concepts in Environment
27. 11/04/2024
5
BASIC LIFE PROCESSES
d. PARASITISM AND DISEASES – organisms
that will get their food from their host, thus,
harming their hosts. Diseases can cause swift
decline in population
e. FACILITATION – community that will
originally thrive in a certain habitat
f. SUCCESSION – comes after facilitation where
another community will invade the facilitative
community and it may lead to the extinction of the
facilitative community.
Basic concepts in Environment
PHILIPPINES SETTINGS AND ITS
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
• Archipelagic Country (Luzon, Visayas and
Mindanao)
• 7,641 islands
• Monsoons (Northeast/Amihan and
Southwest/Habagat)
• Home of Typhoons and Earthquakes
• One of the 18 Mega Biodiverse Countries in the
World
Basic concepts in Environment
ASSIGNMENT:
WATCH YOUTUBE VIDEOS!
(Enumerate the impacts and
environmental issues)
1. HUMAN IMPACTS TO ENVIRONMENT:
https://www.youtube.com/5eTCZ9L834s -
5 Human Impacts on the Environment:
Crash Course Ecology #10
2. GLOBAL ENVI. ISSUES:
https://www.youtube.com/85a6utGUDPY -
Top 10 Worst Environmental Issues Facing
Our Planet
RECAP!
WHAT ARE THE BASIC CONCEPTS IN
ENVIRONMENT?
WHAT ARE THE IMPORTANCE OF THESE
BASIC CONCEPTS TO THE ENVIRONMENT?
WRITE ON THE BOARD THE
ENVIRONMENTAL THREATSAND ISSUES
YOU HAVE WATCHED IN YOUTUBE.
28. 11/04/2024
6
PRIMING ACTIVITY:
DESCRIBE THE PICTURE
Source:https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/typhoon-kammuri-slams-philippines-killing-2-191203100719531.html
Source:https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/southern-philippines-hit-by-68-magnitude-earthquake-usgs
LESSON 30: Threats and Mitigation
Efforts
Lesson Objectives
(a)Learn the different environmental
threats/issues in Philippines and global settings.
(b)Gain understanding on the different mitigation
efforts on the different environmental threats.
(c)Apply the learning and incorporate
precise/specific mitigation efforts.
29. 11/04/2024
7
THREATS TO ENVIRONMENT
Threats and Mitigation efforts
Natural
Anthropogenic
Sources:(a) https://ph-static.z-dn.net/files/d62/f536b725c747222c57850e876ac3d68d.jpg;(b) Department ofNational Defence (DND) / AFP/GettyImages;
(c) https://www.illegal-logging.info/topics/tenure-land-rightsand
(d https://philihappy.com/mining-in-the-philippines/.
.
(greatest) THREAT TO ENVIRONMENT
Threats and Mitigation efforts
Source:http://www.radiotataouine.tn.
.
STATUS OF PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENT
Threats and Mitigation efforts
Imagine forest
cover in
2019…………
Source:http://rainforests.mongabay.com
.
STATUS OF PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENT
Threats and Mitigation efforts
HOWEVER, FOREST COVER RISES AGAIN!
30. 11/04/2024
8
STATUS OF PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENT
Coral reef cover (as of
2010)
Philippine Mangrove Status (as of 2010)
Threats and Mitigation efforts
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
1918 1990 1995 2010
hectares
Year
Sources:(a) Aliño et al., 2002.and (b) Brown and Fisher, 1992 and DENR, 1994 and 2010.
.
EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL LOSS
Threats and Mitigation efforts
Sources:(a) Discovering Archaeology via Wikimedia Commonsand (b) KJ Rosalesvia the Archaeology Network.
MITIGATION
is the effort to reduce loss of life and
property by lessening the impact of
disasters. In order for mitigation to be
effective we need to take action now—
before the next disaster—to reduce
human and financial consequences later
(analyzing risk, reducing risk, and
insuring againstrisk).
Threats and Mitigation efforts
MITIGATION EFFORTS
• Abatement of pollution.
• Integrated resource management.
• Economic incentive/ Economic valuation of
ecological services.
• Creation/establishments of protected areas.
• Regulation of all resources.
• Gene bank
• Policies, Laws, Regulations and Enforcement
Threats and Mitigation efforts
31. 11/04/2024
9
PHILLIPINE ORGANIZATIONS THAT
HELP IN ENVIRONMENT MITIGATION
• World Wildlife Funds Philippines.
• Tawi-Tawi Coastal Resources andFisheries Conservation
Project.
• Babuyan Islands Humpback Whales research & Conservation
Project in the Babuyan Islands.
• Malampaya Sound - Irrawaddy Dolphin Conservation Project.
• Tañon Strait /Bais Bay Initiative.
• Biodiversity Conservation of Apo Reef .
• Community-BasedResource Management andFoodSecurity of
the Northern Guimaras Strait .
• Puerto Galera Coastal Resources andMarine Biodiversity
Conservation Project.
• Community-BasedEcotourism Project in Donsol, Sorsogon.
Threats and Mitigation efforts
Individual Reflection Essay:
• If you are the President of the
Philippines, choose atleast three(3)
specific environmental threats and what
mitigation efforts will you do to fight
these threats.
Please refer to the Rubrics in the lecture
guide for your guidance in writing your
essay.
ARE YOU NOW AWARE???
REFERENCES
1. Lalli,C.M. andT.R. Parsons TR(1993) Biologicaloceanography:an introduction. Pergamon
Press, Oxford.
2. Campbell,N. and J. Reece.2005.Biology. 7thed.Pearson, San Francisco.
3. The World's Biomes, RetrievedAugust 19, 2008, fromUniversity ofCaliforniaMuseum of
Paleontology.
4. Cain, M., Bowman,W. and S. Hacker.2014.Ecology(Third ed.). Massachusetts:Sinauer.p.
51. ISBN 9780878939084.
5. Alexander, DavidE. 1999. EncyclopediaofEnvironmental Science. Springer. ISBN 0-412-
7 4050-8.
6. Levinton,J.S. &B.J. Allen.(2005)The paradox oftheweakening combatant:
trade-offbetweenclosing force andgripping speedin a sexually selectedcombat structure.
Functional Ecology 19, 159–165.
